Commitments and contingencies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

(a)Self‑insured risks

The Company is self‑insured for workers’ compensation costs, with the Company’s workers’ compensation plan having an individual claim stop‑loss deductible of $1 million. Self‑insurance liabilities are determined by third-party actuaries. The Company has established restricted cash accounts with banks or directly with the insurers or letters of credit that are collateral for its self‑insured workers’ compensation obligations. The combined amount included in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities and Other long-term liabilities related to workers’ compensation liabilities as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $53 million and $52 million, respectively. The liability represents the gross amount excluding amounts receivable from the insurers. The total included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other assets related to the receivables from insurers as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $16 million and $17 million, respectively.

The Company is also self‑insured for a portion of employee medical costs. The Company has a medical plan with a retained deductible. Medical self‑insurance liabilities are determined by third‑party actuaries. The total included in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities related to medical liabilities as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $15 million and $11 million, respectively.

(b)Legal and regulatory proceedings

The Company, from time to time and in the normal course of business, is party to various claims, lawsuits, arbitrations, and regulatory actions (collectively, “Claims”). In particular, as the result of numerous ongoing construction activities, the Company may be a party to construction and/or contractor related liens and claims, including mechanic’s and materialmen’s liens. The Company is also party to various Claims related to commercial disagreements with customers or suppliers. Additionally, given the Company’s substantial workforce, and, in particular, its warehouse related workforce, the Company is party to various labor and employment related Claims, including, without limitation, Claims related to workers’ compensation, wage and hour, discrimination, and related matters. Finally, given the Company’s business of warehousing refrigerated food products and its utilization of anhydrous ammonia for its refrigeration systems (a known hazardous material), the Company is subject to the jurisdiction of various U.S. regulatory agencies, including, without limitation, the Department of Agriculture, Food and Drug Administration, Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”), Department of Justice, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and various other agencies in the locations in which the Company operates. Management of the Company believes the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

(c)Environmental matters

The Company is subject to a wide range of environmental laws and regulations in each of the locations in which the Company operates. Compliance with these requirements can involve significant capital and operating costs. Failure to comply with these requirements can result in civil or criminal fines or sanctions, claims for environmental damages, remediation obligations, the revocation of environmental permits, or restrictions on the Company’s operations.

The Company records accruals for environmental matters when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be reasonably estimated based on current law and existing technologies. The Company believes it is in compliance with applicable environmental regulations in all material respects. Under various U.S. federal, state, and local environmental laws, a current or previous owner or operator of real estate may be liable for the entire cost of investigating, removing, and/or remediating hazardous or toxic substances on such property. Such laws often impose liability, whether or not the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the contamination. Even if more than one person may have been responsible for the contamination, each person covered by the environmental laws may be held responsible for the entire clean-up cost. Most of the Company’s warehouses utilize anhydrous ammonia as a refrigerant. Anhydrous ammonia is classified as a hazardous chemical regulated by the EPA and various other agencies in the locations in which the Company operates, and an accident or significant release of anhydrous ammonia from a warehouse could result in injuries, loss of life, and property damage. There are no material liabilities arising out of environmental matters as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(d)Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)

The Company’s warehouses located in the U.S. are subject to regulation under OSHA, which requires employers to provide employees with an environment free from hazards, such as exposure to toxic chemicals, excessive noise levels, mechanical dangers, heat or cold stress, and unsanitary conditions. The cost of complying with OSHA and similar laws enacted by states and other jurisdictions in which the Company operates can be substantial, and any failure to comply with these regulations could expose the Company to substantial penalties and/or liabilities to employees who may be injured at the Company’s warehouses. The Company records accruals for OSHA matters when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be reasonably estimated. The Company believes that it is in compliance with all OSHA regulations in all material respects and that no material unrecorded liabilities exist as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(e)Kennewick, Washington warehouse fire

On April 21, 2024, a fire occurred at the Company’s warehouse in Kennewick, Washington, destroying the building and customer inventories. No employees or other parties were injured. The Company expects all repair, replacement, and clean-up costs to be covered by its insurance policies, excluding any deductibles and self-insured retentions. The net gain or loss is presented in Restructuring, impairment, and (gain) loss on disposals in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) and consisted of the following:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Loss of carrying value of impaired assets	$	—	$	24	$	—	$	24
Clean-up costs	—		9		1		9
Less: Insurance reimbursement	(13)		(32)		(38)		(32)
Net (gain) loss	$	(13)	$	1	$	(37)	$	1

On December 30, 2024, the Company received a demand letter regarding a potential class action lawsuit for damages to the local residents from the Kennewick fire. To date, no such lawsuit has been served or filed. The potential loss from such a lawsuit cannot be estimated at this time. In July 2025, the Company received a customer claim for inventories losses associated with the fire, which the Company believes it has a strong defense to. The Company is not able to estimate the possible loss or range of loss in connection with this matter at this time but believes the ultimate outcome will not have a material adverse impact on the consolidated financial statements.

(f)Tax inquiry

The Company received an inquiry from a foreign tax authority related to a historical tax matter. The Company believes the tax authority’s position lacks merit and, if the tax authority were to pursue it, the Company has strong bases on which to vigorously defend the matter. If the tax authority were successful in challenging the Company’s position, it could have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial statements.

(g)City of St. Clair Shores v. Lineage, Inc., et al.

On August 1, 2025, a putative class action complaint was filed against the Company in the Eastern District of Michigan captioned City of St. Clair Shores Police and Fire Retirement System v. Lineage, Inc., et al., Case No. 2:25-cv-12383 (the “St. Clair Lawsuit”). The St. Clair Lawsuit alleges violations of Sections 11 and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933 on behalf of a putative class of investors who purchased the Company's common stock in the IPO. The complaint names as defendants the Company, certain of its current officers and directors, Bay Grove Capital Group LLC, and the Company’s underwriters in the IPO. The complaint alleges, among other things, that the Company and certain of its current officers and directors made false and misleading statements and failed to disclose certain information regarding the Company’s business prospects in the lead-up to the IPO. Plaintiffs seek damages, interest, costs, expenses, attorneys' fees, and other unspecified equitable relief. The case is at a preliminary stage. Defendants intend to vigorously defend against the claims in the St. Clair Lawsuit. The Company is not able to estimate the possible loss or range of loss in connection with this matter at this time.

Lineage, Inc. 10-Q