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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025

Commission File Number: 1-1927

THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Ohio						34-0253240
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

200 Innovation Way, Akron, Ohio						44316-0001
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)						(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (330) 796-2121

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered

Common Stock, Without Par Value

The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:


			None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Yes

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☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes

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☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes

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☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large Accelerated Filer

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Accelerated Filer

☐

Non-accelerated Filer

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Smaller Reporting Company

☐

Emerging Growth Company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☑

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).

Yes

☐

☑

The aggregate market value of the common stock held by nonaffiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the last sales price of such common stock as of the closing of trading on June 30, 2025, was approximately $3.0 billion.

Shares of Common Stock, Without Par Value, outstanding at January 31, 2026:


			286,247,045

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:

Portions of the Company’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on April 13, 2026 are incorporated by reference in Part III.

Table of Contents

THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY

Annual Report on Form 10-K

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2025

Table of Contents


Item Number		Page Number
	PART I
1	Business	1
1A	Risk Factors	10
1B	Unresolved Staff Comments	20
1C	Cybersecurity	20
2	Properties	22
3	Legal Proceedings	23

	PART II
5	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	24
7	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	25
7A	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	52
8	Financial Statements	54
9	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	121
9A	Controls and Procedures	121
9B	Other Information	121

	PART III
10	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	122
11	Executive Compensation	122
12	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	122
13	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	122
14	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	122

	PART IV
15	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	123
16	Form 10-K Summary	123
Index to Financial Statement Schedules		FS-1
Index of Exhibits		X-1
Signatures		S-1

Table of Contents

PART I.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS.

BUSINESS OF GOODYEAR

The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company (the “Company”) is an Ohio corporation organized in 1898. Its principal offices are located at 200 Innovation Way, Akron, Ohio 44316-0001. Its telephone number is (330) 796-2121. The terms “Goodyear,” “Company” and “we,” “us” or “our” wherever used herein refer to the Company together with all of its consolidated U.S. and foreign subsidiary companies, unless the context indicates to the contrary.

We are one of the world’s leading manufacturers of tires, engaging in operations in most regions of the world. In 2025, our net sales were $18,280 million and Goodyear net loss was $1,721 million. We develop, manufacture, distribute and sell tires for most applications. We are one of the world’s largest operators of commercial truck service and tire retreading centers. We also operate approximately 750 retail outlets where we offer our products for sale to consumer and commercial customers and provide repair and other services. We manufacture our products in 49 manufacturing facilities in 19 countries, including the United States, and we have marketing operations in almost every country around the world. We employ approximately 63,000 full-time and temporary associates worldwide.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

We make available free of charge on our website, http://www.goodyear.com, our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after we file or furnish such reports to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Our reports filed with the SEC may be found on the SEC's website at http://www.sec.gov. The information on our website and the SEC's website is not incorporated by reference in or considered to be a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

DESCRIPTION OF GOODYEAR’S BUSINESS

Goodyear’s strategic vision is to be #1 in tires and service. We are committed to designing leading technologies, products and services that anticipate and satisfy the mobility needs of consumers and fleets. These initiatives are intended to capture the value of our brands and grow our market share, support our customers in winning in their markets, and ensure we are the preferred choice of consumers. They also strengthen our ability to improve our safety, quality and efficiency and to build an advantaged supply chain that delivers the right tire to the right place at the right time, at the right cost.

Our multi-year transformation plan, called “Goodyear Forward,” that was intended to optimize our portfolio, deliver margin expansion and reduce leverage, was completed in 2025. In furtherance of the goals set out in our Goodyear Forward plan, key activities included:

•Delivering gross proceeds of approximately $2.2 billion from portfolio optimization by completing the sales of our off-the-road (“OTR”) tire business, the Dunlop brand and our polymer chemicals business during 2025;

•Executing cost reduction actions driving an annual, run-rate benefit of approximately $1.5 billion, including actions related to our manufacturing footprint, plant optimization, further improvement of our purchasing leverage, reduction of Selling, Administrative and General expenses (“SAG”) and improvements in our supply chain planning and logistics;

•Engaging in brand optimization and tiering; and

•Improving our leverage, utilizing proceeds from divestitures to reduce our debt.

GENERAL INFORMATION REGARDING OUR SEGMENTS

For the year ended December 31, 2025, we operated our business through three operating segments representing our regional tire businesses: Americas; Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”); and Asia Pacific.

Our principal business is the development, manufacture, distribution and sale of tires and related products and services worldwide. We manufacture and sell numerous lines of rubber tires for:

•automobiles

•trucks

•buses

•aircraft

•motorcycles

•farm implements, and

•various other applications.

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In each case, our tires are offered for sale to vehicle manufacturers for mounting as original equipment (“OE”) and for replacement worldwide. We also continue to manufacture and sell OTR tires pursuant to a product supply agreement. We manufacture and sell tires under the Goodyear, Cooper, Kelly, Mastercraft, Roadmaster, Debica, Sava, Fulda, Mickey Thompson, Avon and Remington brands and various “house” brands, and the private-label brands of certain customers. In certain geographic areas we also:

•retread truck and aviation tires,

•manufacture and sell tread rubber and other tire retreading materials, and/or

•provide automotive and commercial repair services and miscellaneous other products and services.

Our principal products are new tires for most applications. Approximately 84% of our sales in 2025, 85% in 2024 and 86% in 2023 were for tire units. Sales of chemical products to unaffiliated customers were 2% of our consolidated sales in 2025, 3% in 2024 and 2% in 2023 (4%, 5% and 4% of Americas total sales in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively). The percentages of each segment’s sales attributable to tire units during the periods indicated were:

Each segment exports tires to other segments. The financial results of each segment exclude sales of tires exported to other segments, but include operating income derived from such transactions.

Goodyear does not include motorcycle, aviation or race tires in reported tire unit sales.

Tire unit sales for each segment during the periods indicated were:

GOODYEAR’S ANNUAL TIRE UNIT SALES — SEGMENT


	Year Ended December 31,
(In millions of tires)	2025	2024	2023
Americas	78.2	81.6	87.3
Europe, Middle East and Africa	47.9	48.9	49.9
Asia Pacific	32.6	36.1	36.1
Goodyear worldwide tire units	158.7	166.6	173.3

Our replacement and OE tire unit sales during the periods indicated were:

GOODYEAR’S ANNUAL TIRE UNIT SALES — REPLACEMENT AND OE


	Year Ended December 31,
(In millions of tires)	2025	2024	2023
Replacement tire units	113.1	120.7	130.2
OE tire units	45.6	45.9	43.1
Goodyear worldwide tire units	158.7	166.6	173.3

New tires are sold under highly competitive conditions throughout the world. On a worldwide basis, we have two major competitors: Bridgestone (based in Japan) and Michelin (based in France). Other significant competitors include Continental, Hankook, Kumho, Pirelli, Sumitomo, Toyo, Yokohama and various regional tire manufacturers.

We compete with other tire manufacturers on the basis of product design, performance, price and terms, reputation, warranty terms, customer service and consumer convenience. Goodyear, Cooper and Mickey Thompson branded tires enjoy a high recognition factor and have a reputation for performance and product design. The Kelly, Mastercraft, Roadmaster, Debica, Sava, Fulda, Avon and Remington brands and various house brand tire lines offered by us, and tires manufactured and sold by us to private brand customers, compete primarily on the basis of value and price.

We do not consider our tire businesses to be seasonal to any significant degree.

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AMERICAS

Americas, our largest segment in terms of revenue, develops, manufactures, distributes and sells tires and related products and services in North, Central and South America, and sells tires to various export markets, primarily through intersegment sales. Americas manufactures tires in eight plants in the United States, two plants in Canada, two plants in Mexico and one plant each in Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Peru.

Americas manufactures and sells tires for automobiles, trucks, buses, aircraft, and various other applications.

Goodyear brand radial passenger tire lines sold throughout Americas include the Assurance family of product lines for the premium and mid-tier passenger and cross-over utility segments; the Eagle Performance family of product lines for the high-performance segment; the Wrangler family of product lines for the sport utility vehicle and light truck segments; as well as the WinterCommand and Ultra Grip family of winter tires. Cooper brand radial passenger tire lines sold throughout Americas include those sold under the Cooper and Mastercraft brands. We also offer Mickey Thompson brand radial tire lines, including the Baja family of product lines and Street Comp for the light truck, off-road and performance enthusiast segments. Americas also manufactures and sells several lines of Kelly brand radial tires for passenger cars and light trucks including the Kelly Edge Touring Plus, Edge Sport and Safari AT. Our Americas commercial business provides commercial truck tires, retreads, services and business solutions to trucking fleets. Cooper brand commercial tires sold throughout Americas include those sold under the Roadmaster brand. Americas also:

•manufactures tread rubber and other tire retreading materials for trucks, heavy equipment and aviation,

•retreads truck and aviation tires, primarily as a service to its commercial customers,

•sells products and installation services online through our websites, www.goodyear.com for consumer tires and www.goodyeartrucktires.com for commercial tires,

•provides automotive maintenance and repair services at approximately 505 Company-owned retail outlets primarily under the Goodyear or Just Tires names,

•provides trucking fleets with new tires, retreads, mechanical service, preventative maintenance and roadside assistance from approximately 180 Company-owned locations, primarily Goodyear Commercial Tire & Service Centers,

•sells automotive repair and maintenance items, automotive equipment and accessories and other items to dealers and consumers, and

•provides miscellaneous other products and services.

Markets and Other Information

Tire unit sales to replacement and OE customers served by Americas during the periods indicated were:

AMERICAS UNIT SALES — REPLACEMENT AND OE


	Year Ended December 31,
(In millions of tires)	2025	2024	2023
Replacement tire units	63.7	66.6	73.2
OE tire units	14.5	15.0	14.1
Total tire units	78.2	81.6	87.3

Americas is a major supplier of tires to most manufacturers of automobiles, trucks, buses and aircraft that have production facilities located in the Americas.

Americas' primary competitors are Bridgestone and Michelin. Other significant competitors include Continental, Pirelli, and imports from other regions, primarily Asia.

The principal channel for the sale of Goodyear and Cooper brand tires in Americas is a large network of independent dealers. Goodyear, Cooper, Kelly and Mastercraft brand tires are also sold to numerous national and regional retailers, in Goodyear Company-owned stores in the United States, and through the wholesale channel, including through TireHub, LLC ("TireHub"), our national wholesale tire distributor in the United States, and a network of aligned U.S. regional wholesale tire distributors.

Our products sold in the United States are subject to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (“FMVSS”) promulgated and enforced by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (“NHTSA”), which has established various standards and regulations applicable to tires sold in the United States and tires sold in a foreign country that are identical or substantially similar to tires sold in the United States. NHTSA has the authority to order the recall of automotive products, including tires, having a defect related to motor vehicle safety or that do not comply with a motor vehicle safety standard. In addition,

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the Transportation Recall Enhancement, Accountability, and Documentation Act (the “TREAD Act”) imposes numerous reporting requirements with respect to the early warning reporting of warranty claims, property damage claims, and bodily injury and fatality claims. The FMVSS also require tire manufacturers to comply with rigorous tire testing standards.

EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA

Europe, Middle East and Africa, our second largest segment in terms of revenue, develops, manufactures, distributes and sells tires for automobiles, trucks, buses, aircraft and motorcycles throughout Europe, the Middle East and Africa under the Goodyear, Cooper, Debica, Sava, Fulda and Avon brands and other house brands, and sells tires to various export markets, primarily through intersegment sales. Following the sale of the Dunlop brand, Cooper is being introduced as Goodyear’s primary second‑tier brand in EMEA. EMEA manufactures tires in thirteen plants in France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Serbia, Slovenia and Turkey. EMEA also:

•sells aviation tires and manufactures and sells retreaded aviation tires,

•provides various retreading and related services for truck tires, primarily for its commercial truck tire customers,

•provides trucking fleets with new tires, digital tools, connected technologies and related services,

•offers automotive repair services at Company-owned retail outlets, and

•provides miscellaneous other products and services.

Markets and Other Information

Tire unit sales to replacement and OE customers served by EMEA during the periods indicated were:

EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA UNIT SALES — REPLACEMENT AND OE


	Year Ended December 31,
(In millions of tires)	2025	2024	2023
Replacement tire units	33.6	36.0	36.8
OE tire units	14.3	12.9	13.1
Total tire units	47.9	48.9	49.9

EMEA is a significant supplier of tires to most vehicle manufacturers across the region.

EMEA’s primary competitors are Michelin, Bridgestone, Continental, Pirelli, several regional and local tire producers, and imports from other regions, primarily Asia.

Goodyear and Cooper brand tires are sold for replacement in EMEA through various channels of distribution, principally independent multi-brand tire dealers. In some areas, Goodyear brand tires, as well as Cooper, Debica, Sava, Fulda and Avon brand tires, are distributed through independent dealers, regional distributors and retail outlets, of which 55 are owned by Goodyear.

Our European operations are subject to regulation by the European Union. The Tire Safety Regulation sets performance standards that tires for passenger cars and light and commercial trucks need to meet for rolling resistance, wet grip braking (passenger car tires only) and noise in order to be sold in the European Union. The Tire Labeling Regulation applies to all passenger car, light truck and commercial truck tires and requires that consumers be informed about the tire's fuel efficiency, wet grip and noise characteristics. Our European operations or tires produced or sold in Europe also have to comply, or may have to comply in the future, with various other standards, including Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemical Substances (REACH), which regulates the use of chemicals in the European Union; Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) and Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD), as amended by the EU Omnibus Directive, which establish certain disclosure and due diligence requirements; Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR), which establishes product design requirements to meet certain sustainability criteria; and European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), which requires due diligence for certain products, including natural rubber, to address deforestation.

ASIA PACIFIC

Our Asia Pacific segment develops, manufactures, distributes and sells tires for automobiles, trucks, buses, aircraft, and farm throughout the Asia Pacific region, and sells tires to various export markets, primarily through intersegment sales. Asia Pacific manufactures tires in seven plants in China, India, Indonesia and Thailand. Asia Pacific also:

•retreads truck and aviation tires,

•manufactures tread rubber and other tire retreading materials for aviation tires,

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•provides automotive maintenance and repair services through a network of licensed retail stores, and

•provides miscellaneous other products and services.

Markets and Other Information

Tire unit sales to replacement and OE customers served by Asia Pacific during the periods indicated were:

ASIA PACIFIC UNIT SALES — REPLACEMENT AND OE


	Year Ended December 31,
(In millions of tires)	2025	2024	2023
Replacement tire units	15.8	18.1	20.2
OE tire units	16.8	18.0	15.9
Total tire units	32.6	36.1	36.1

Asia Pacific’s major competitors are Bridgestone and Michelin along with many other global brands present in different parts of the region, including Continental, Dunlop, Hankook and a large number of regional and local tire producers.

Asia Pacific sells primarily Goodyear and Cooper brand tires throughout the region. Other brands of tires, such as Mickey Thompson, Kelly and Mastercraft, are sold in smaller quantities. Tires are sold through a network of licensed and franchised retail stores and multi-brand retailers through a network of wholesale dealers as well as through an increasing number of on-line outlets.

GENERAL BUSINESS INFORMATION

Sources and Availability of Raw Materials

The principal raw materials used by Goodyear are synthetic and natural rubber. Synthetic rubber accounted for approximately 50% of all rubber consumed by us in 2025. Our former plants located in Beaumont and Houston, Texas supplied, and will continue to supply, a major portion of our global synthetic rubber requirements. We transferred ownership of the plants located in Beaumont and Houston, Texas on October 31, 2025 in connection with the sale of our chemical business. We purchase all of our requirements for natural rubber in the world market.

Other important raw materials and components we use are carbon black, steel cord, fabrics and petrochemical-based commodities. Substantially all of these raw materials and components are purchased from independent suppliers. We purchase most raw materials and components in significant quantities from several suppliers, except in those instances where only one or a few qualified sources are available. Raw material costs were higher in 2025 as compared to 2024. We anticipate the continued availability of raw materials and components we will require during 2026, subject to spot shortages and unexpected disruptions caused by natural disasters, such as hurricanes, or other events.

Substantial quantities of fuel and other petrochemical-based commodities are used in the production of tires, synthetic rubber and other products. Supplies of such fuels and commodities have been and are expected to continue to be available to us in quantities sufficient to satisfy our anticipated requirements, subject to spot shortages.

Human Capital Management

At December 31, 2025, we employed approximately 63,000 full-time and temporary associates throughout the world, including approximately 36,000 associates covered under collective bargaining agreements. Approximately 4,300 of our associates in the United States are covered by a master collective bargaining agreement between Goodyear and the United Steelworkers ("USW"), which expires in July 2026. Approximately 2,000 of our associates at our Texarkana and Findlay plants in the United States are covered by separate collective bargaining agreements with the USW, which expire in October 2028. In addition, approximately 500 of our associates in the United States are covered by other contracts with the USW and various other unions. Approximately 19,000 of our associates outside of the United States are covered by union contracts that currently have expired or that will expire in 2026, primarily in Luxembourg, Poland, China, Mexico, Slovenia, France, Turkey, Indonesia, India and Peru. Unions represent a major portion of our associates in the United States and Europe.

Engaging and enabling our associates to realize their full potential is one of our core strategies. This starts with attracting top talent and is followed by fostering inclusion, promoting engagement, offering opportunities for skill and career development, supporting health and wellness, providing a safe and healthy workplace, making a positive impact in our communities, and expecting our associates to know and comply with our compliance and ethics policies.

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Talent Management — Our associates are the driving force behind our success. They underpin every aspect of our strategy and help us deliver value to our customers, shareholders and communities. We provide integrated talent management and learning solutions aimed at enabling our associates to reach their full personal and professional potential at Goodyear. We are guided by our talent strategy which focuses on talent attraction, talent development and talent engagement and retention. An example of how we attract talent is through campus recruiting into our intern and job rotational programs utilized by several of our functional teams. We offer a range of talent developmental tools, including an internal collection of courses and learning resources available to all associates. In our manufacturing plants, one of the pillars of our plant optimization efforts is Continuous Skills Development, which focuses on developing problem-solving and decision-making skills.

Engagement and Inclusion — An engaged and inclusive workforce is critical to our long-term success. Embracing and valuing differences allows us to attract top talent, improve associate satisfaction and engagement, foster innovation, and meld varying experiences and perspectives to drive enhanced customer service, business creativity and decision-making. Our goal is to create a work environment where people have a real sense of belonging and are able to thrive. Our commitment is reflected in the policies that govern our workforce, such as our Business Conduct Manual and Global Zero Tolerance policy and is evidenced in our recruiting strategies, succession planning, training and Employee Resource Groups (“ERGs”), which are key to our inclusion efforts. Our ERGs provide all participating associates access to coaching, mentoring and professional development, and include ADAPT (Abled and Disabled Associates Partnering Together), Goodyear Asia India Middle East (AIM), Goodyear Black Network, Goodyear Veterans Association, Goodyear Women’s Network, Goodyear Pride Network, HOLA (Hispanic/Latino) and Next Generation Leaders.

Health and Wellness — Our wellness initiatives take a holistic view of associate health, including physical, emotional, financial and social health, to enable our associates to thrive and bring their best selves to work each day. Goodyear strives to be at the forefront of corporate wellness, and that goal is the driver behind our “GoodLife” wellness program, which fosters a culture of wellness for all Goodyear associates and their families. To meet the needs of our diverse workforce and their dependents, we offer varying robust benefits packages for our full-time and part-time associates globally.

Workforce Safety and Wellness — Our vision is to have the safest operations in the world. We have established a goal of eliminating all serious injuries and fatalities in our workplace. To reduce the risk of serious injuries we invest in systems that enable us to receive reliable and structured data to enable decision making. We also work to improve our industrial hygiene to prevent work-related illness from noise and the substances used in the manufacturing process and we focus on ergonomics using a six-step problem-solving process to reduce injuries and maximize workplace performance.

Community Engagement — Collaborating with community organizations energizes our associates and helps us build a better future. Our global strategy and efforts are an extension of our business and are aimed at safe mobility, inspiring students to reach their full potential and reducing our environmental impacts. We encourage our associates to participate in our Global Week of Volunteering.

Compliance and Ethics — To “Act with Integrity” is a core component of our global strategy. Each associate is responsible for acting with honesty, integrity and respect every day and everywhere we do business. Our Business Conduct Manual guides our Board of Directors, executive team and all associates globally. We require our global salaried associates to complete training annually on our Business Conduct Manual and periodically on subjects such as workplace respect (including discrimination and harassment), financial integrity, privacy and data protection, competition law, anti-corruption and anti-bribery, and being a compliance leader.

Patents and Trademarks

We own approximately 1,400 product, process and equipment patents issued by the United States Patent Office and approximately 3,500 patents issued or granted in other countries around the world. We have approximately 300 applications for United States patents pending and approximately 500 patent applications on file in other countries around the world. While such patents and patent applications as a group are important, we do not consider any patent or patent application to be of such importance that the loss or expiration thereof would materially affect Goodyear or any business segment.

We own, control or use approximately 1,300 different trademarks, including several using the word “Goodyear” or the word “Cooper.” Approximately 8,100 registrations and 200 pending applications worldwide protect these trademarks. While such trademarks as a group are important, the only trademarks we consider material to our business, or to the business of any of our segments, are those using the word “Goodyear” or the word “Cooper.” We believe our trademarks are valid and most are of unlimited duration as long as they are adequately protected and appropriately used.

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Compliance with Government Regulations

We are subject to extensive regulation under environmental and occupational safety and health laws and regulations worldwide. These laws and regulations relate to, among other things, air emissions, discharges to surface and underground waters, the generation, handling, storage, transportation and disposal of waste materials and hazardous substances, and workplace safety and health. We have several continuing programs designed to ensure compliance with foreign, federal, state and local environmental and occupational safety and health laws and regulations. We expect capital expenditures for pollution control facilities and occupational safety and health projects to be approximately $55 million and $45 million in 2026 and 2027, respectively.

We also incur ongoing expenses to maintain and operate our pollution control facilities and conduct our other environmental activities, including the control and disposal of hazardous substances. These expenditures are expected to be sufficient to comply with existing environmental laws and regulations and are not expected to have a material adverse effect on our competitive position. In the future, we may incur increased costs and additional charges associated with environmental compliance and cleanup projects necessitated by the identification of new waste sites, the impact of new environmental laws and regulatory standards, or the availability of new technologies. Compliance with foreign, federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations in the future may require a material increase in our capital expenditures and could adversely affect our earnings and competitive position.

Refer to “Description of Goodyear’s Business – Americas” and “Description of Goodyear’s Business – Europe, Middle East and Africa” included in this Item 1, “Business” for information regarding compliance with government regulations in each of those segments.

Climate Change and Sustainability

We are committed to reaching net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across our value chain by 2050 from a 2019 base year. In addition, we are committed to reducing Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions by 46% by 2030 from a 2019 base year, and certain Scope 3 GHG emissions from purchased goods and services, fuel and energy-related activities and upstream transportation by 28% within the same timeframe. Our science-based near-term and net-zero GHG reduction targets were validated by the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) in 2023.

Climate considerations continue to drive change in the transportation sector. Advanced forms of mobility—such as fleets, autonomous, connected, electric and sustainable vehicles—are impacting the transport industry and have the potential to make driving safer and transition the industry to a low-GHG-emissions industry. Goodyear remains committed to advancing safe, energy-efficient and sustainable products and services through tire design and digital-based solutions.

The move to a low-carbon economy creates growth opportunities within the tire industry that we are positioned to leverage through our continued innovation. We have a proven track record of producing tires for electric and autonomous vehicles, developing tires and rubber compounds that contribute to reduced GHG emissions by lowering rolling resistance and reducing tire weight, and providing fleet solution services that promote fuel efficiency. We maintain strong relationships with our supply chain partners which, coupled with our global scale, can be leveraged to either avoid or minimize climate-related supply chain disruptions.

Additionally, we have established a robust process that uses internal and external insights to identify, assess and report climate-related risks and opportunities. Such risks include an increase in severe weather events that could temporarily disrupt our operations, supply chain or the operations of our customers and the cost of compliance associated with increased climate-related regulations globally, including increased disclosure obligations or being subject to increased carbon taxes or similar mechanisms in the European Union or the emergence of such programs in other countries. Refer to Item 1A. "Risk Factors" for a discussion of these and our other risk factors.

We strive to comply with all applicable laws and regulations, and set company-wide and facility-specific goals to reduce our operational impacts. As part of this commitment, we continue to focus on reducing energy consumption and emissions in our manufacturing facilities and utilizing renewable energy sources. Goodyear has committed to using 100% renewable electricity in all manufacturing facilities by 2030 and 100% renewable energy in all manufacturing facilities by 2040.

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We continue to focus on the resiliency of our supply chain and business by developing more sustainable material sources and increasing our use of sustainable materials that deliver product performance while meeting our high standards of safety and quality. Goodyear currently defines a “sustainable material” as a bio-based (originating from biological sources), renewable (composed of replenishable biomass) or recycled (reprocessed from reclaimed materials) material, or one produced using or contributing to other practices designed to promote resource conservation and/or emissions reductions.

Goodyear has a goal to introduce the industry's first 100% sustainable material tire by 2030. In addition, we continue to use bio-based oils to help us reach our goal of fully replacing petroleum-based oils in our products by 2040. We remain committed to continuing to advance the science and technology and conduct research to bring new materials that deliver safety, quality and performance.

INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Set forth below are: (1) the names and ages of all executive officers of the Company at February 10, 2026, (2) all positions with the Company presently held by each such person, and (3) the positions held by, and principal areas of responsibility of, each such person during the last five years.

Name

Position(s) Held

Age

Mark W. Stewart

Chief Executive Officer and President

Mr. Stewart was named Chief Executive Officer and President on January 29, 2024. He is the principal executive officer of the Company. Mr. Stewart joined Goodyear from Stellantis N.V., a leading global automaker and provider of innovative mobility solutions, where he served as Chief Operating Officer of North America and a member of the Group Executive Council from December 2018 to January 2024.

Christina L. Zamarro

Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Ms. Zamarro was named Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer on January 1, 2023. She is Goodyear’s principal financial officer. Ms. Zamarro joined Goodyear in 2007 and has served as Vice President, Finance and Treasurer (May 2020 to December 31, 2022).

Nathaniel Madarang

President, Asia Pacific

Mr. Madarang was named President, Asia Pacific in March 2021. He is the executive officer responsible for Goodyear’s operations in Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the Western Pacific. Mr. Madarang joined Goodyear in 2008 and has served as Managing Director, China (October 2019 to February 2021).

Grégory Boucharlat

Senior Vice President, Global Commercial

Mr. Bourcharlat was named Senior Vice President, Global Commercial, effective May 15, 2025. He is the executive officer responsible for strategic coordination of Goodyear’s commercial tire business. Mr. Bourcharlat joined Goodyear in 1994 and has served as Vice President, Commercial Europe (October 2019 to February 2023) and Vice President, Tires-as-a-Service (March 2023 to May 2025).

Laura P. Duda

Senior Vice President and Chief Communications Officer

Ms. Duda was named Senior Vice President and Chief Communications Officer in January 2019. She is the executive officer responsible for Goodyear’s communications activities worldwide. Ms. Duda joined Goodyear in 2016.

Nicole Gray

Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer

Ms. Gray was named Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer in July 2024. She is the executive officer responsible for Goodyear’s global human resources activities. Ms. Gray joined Goodyear in 2016 and has served as Senior Director, Human Resources – Corporate Functions (April 2019 to February 2021), Vice President, Human Resources – Global Corporate Functions (March 2021 to January 2023), and Vice President, Human Resources – Global Corporate Functions & Strategic Business Initiatives (February 2023 to June 2024).

Christopher P. Helsel

Senior Vice President and Chief Technical Officer

Mr. Helsel was named Senior Vice President and Chief Technical Officer on January 13, 2025. He is the executive officer responsible for Goodyear’s product design and research and development activities. Mr. Helsel joined Goodyear in 1996 and has served as Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer (February 2019 to February 2021) and Senior Vice President, Global Operations and Chief Technology Officer (March 2021 to January 12, 2025).

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Name

Position(s) Held

Age

Don Metzelaar

Senior Vice President, Global Manufacturing and Supply Chain

Mr. Metzelaar joined Goodyear and was named Senior Vice President, Global Manufacturing and Supply Chain, on January 13, 2025. He is the executive officer responsible for Goodyear’s global manufacturing and supply chain activities. Prior to joining Goodyear, Mr. Metzelaar was employed by several global industrial manufacturers, including as Vice President, Global Supply Chain Strategy & Transformation at Honeywell International Inc. (May 2019 to January 2021), Vice President, Integrated Supply Chain, Manufacturing & Quality at Whirlpool Corporation (January 2021 to August 2023), and Global Vice President and Chief Manufacturing Officer at Johnson Controls International plc (August 2023 to January 2025).

David E. Phillips

Senior Vice President and Chief Legal Officer

Mr. Phillips was named Senior Vice President and General Counsel in June 2019. He is Goodyear's chief legal officer. Mr. Phillips joined Goodyear in 2011.

No family relationship exists between any of the above executive officers or between the executive officers and any director of the Company.

Each executive officer is elected by the Board of Directors of the Company at its annual meeting to a term of one year or until his or her successor is duly elected. In those instances where the person is elected at other than an annual meeting, such person’s term will expire at the next annual meeting.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

You should carefully consider the risks described below and other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K when considering an investment decision with respect to our securities. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial, may also impair our business operations. Any of the events discussed in the risk factors below may occur. If they do, our business, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity could be materially adversely affected. In such an instance, the trading price of our securities could decline, and you might lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Strategic Initiatives and Operations

If we do not successfully implement our strategic initiatives, our operating results, financial condition and liquidity may be materially adversely affected.

As part of our strategic vision to be #1 in tires and service, we are pursuing important strategic initiatives. If we fail to execute these initiatives successfully or if the assumptions used in developing the initiatives vary significantly from actual conditions, we may fail to achieve our financial goals.

We completed our Goodyear Forward transformation plan in 2025. Although we achieved a substantial amount of savings from Goodyear Forward through 2025, these savings may not be sustainable, which may adversely affect our future operating results or cash flows.

We continue to believe that our manufacturing footprint is less cost-competitive than that of our principal competitors. To address this competitive disadvantage, we are closing several high-cost manufacturing facilities and curtailing production of tires for declining, less profitable segments of the tire market. We are also modernizing certain manufacturing facilities around the world to strengthen the competitiveness of our manufacturing footprint and increase production of premium, large-rim diameter consumer tires. These activities may temporarily disrupt our manufacturing operations and lead to temporary increases in our costs. The failure to implement successfully this or our other important strategic initiatives may materially adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and liquidity.

Our performance is also dependent on our ability to improve the volume and mix of higher margin tires we sell in our targeted market segments. In order to do so, we must be successful in developing, producing, marketing and selling products that consumers desire and that offer higher margins to us. Shifts in consumer demand away from higher margin tires could materially adversely affect our business. We have been capacity constrained from time to time with respect to the production of certain higher margin tires, particularly in the United States. When faced with these constraints, we try to alleviate them by utilizing our global manufacturing footprint to meet the demand for our tires and by adding manufacturing capacity. However, in spite of these initiatives, we may not be able to meet all of the demand for certain of our higher margin tires, which could harm our competitive position and limit our growth.

We cannot assure you that our strategic initiatives will be successful. If not, we may not be able to achieve or sustain future profitability, which would impair our ability to meet our debt and other obligations and would otherwise negatively affect our operating results, financial condition and liquidity.

The sales of our OTR tire business, the Dunlop brand and our polymer chemical business may disrupt our current and future plans or operations.

The ancillary agreements for the sale of the OTR tire business include a product supply agreement and a transition services agreement. The ancillary agreements for the sale of the Dunlop brand include a transition license agreement, a transition offtake agreement and a commercial truck tire license from SRI to us. The ancillary agreements for the sale of the chemical business include a master supply agreement and a transition services agreement. As a result, we will have significant continuing obligations to the respective purchasers of these businesses.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully separate these businesses or otherwise fully realize the expected benefits of these asset sales. Difficulties in separating the businesses may result in us performing differently than expected, in operational challenges or in unabsorbed overhead and other costs, especially during the implementation of the wind-down periods contemplated by the OTR product supply agreement and the Dunlop transition offtake agreement. Difficulties in transitioning to an external supplier for the purchase of certain polymer chemicals may also result in us performing differently than expected, in supply chain challenges or in increased costs, especially during the term of the 15-year chemical master supply agreement. The separation of these businesses may result in material challenges, including the diversion of management’s attention from ongoing business concerns; retaining key management and other employees; retaining or attracting business and operational relationships, including retaining Goodyear brand consumer tire customers and positioning the Cooper brand as our primary second-tier brand in EMEA; the possibility of faulty assumptions

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underlying expectations regarding the benefits from the ancillary agreements, the separation process and associated expenses; separating corporate and administrative infrastructures, including information technology, manufacturing and other systems; coordinating these activities in geographically dispersed locations; as well as potential unknown liabilities or unforeseen expenses relating to the ancillary agreements, the business separations or any delays in separation activities.

We face significant global competition and our market share could decline.

New tires are sold under highly competitive conditions throughout the world. We compete with other tire manufacturers on the basis of product design, performance, price and terms, reputation, warranty terms, customer service and consumer convenience. On a worldwide basis, we have two major competitors, Bridgestone (based in Japan) and Michelin (based in France), that have large shares of the markets of the countries in which they are based and are aggressively seeking to maintain or improve their worldwide market share. Other significant competitors include Continental, Hankook, Kumho, Pirelli, Sumitomo, Toyo, Yokohama and various regional tire manufacturers. Our competitors produce significant numbers of tires in low-cost countries, and have announced plans to further increase their production capacity in countries around the globe. Increasingly, our competitors are making decisions on where to produce tires based not only on production cost, but in combination with total delivery cost, supply chain reliability, tariffs and trade policy and sustainability considerations. These increases in production capacity may result in even greater competition in the United States and elsewhere.

Our ability to compete successfully will depend, in significant part, on our ability to continue to innovate and manufacture the types of tires demanded by consumers, and to reduce costs by such means as reducing excess and high-cost capacity, leveraging global purchasing, improving productivity, eliminating redundancies and increasing production at low-cost supply sources. If we are unable to compete successfully, our market share may decline, materially adversely affecting our results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, the automotive industry may experience significant changes due to the introduction of new technologies, such as electric and autonomous vehicles, or new services, business models or methods of travel, such as ride sharing. As the automotive industry evolves, we may need to provide a wider range of products and services to remain competitive, including products that we do not currently have the capability to manufacture or services that we do not currently offer. The demand for our products may also decline if automotive production declines and/or total vehicle miles traveled declines, including as a result of increasing fuel costs. If we do not accurately predict, prepare for and respond to market developments, technological innovations and changing customer and consumer needs and preferences, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

Our capital expenditures may not be adequate to maintain our competitive position and may not be implemented in a timely or cost-effective manner.

Our capital expenditures are limited by our liquidity and capital resources and by the need to pay our other expenses and to maintain adequate cash reserves and borrowing capacity to meet unexpected demands that may arise. We believe that our ratio of capital expenditures to sales is lower than the comparable ratio for our principal competitors.

Productivity improvements and manufacturing cost improvements may be required to offset potential increases in labor and raw material costs, including inflationary increases, and competitive price pressures. In addition, as part of our strategy to reduce high-cost and excess manufacturing capacity and to increase our capacity to produce higher margin tires, we may need to modernize or expand our facilities. We may also need to make additional capital expenditures in order to achieve our global climate ambition and related goals.

We may not have sufficient resources to implement planned capital expenditures with minimal disruption to our existing manufacturing operations, or within desired time frames and budgets. Any disruption to our operations, delay in implementing capital improvements or unexpected costs may materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

If we are unable to make sufficient capital expenditures, or to maximize the efficiency of the capital expenditures we do make, we may be unable to achieve productivity improvements, which may harm our competitive position, to manufacture the products necessary to compete successfully in our targeted market segments, or to achieve our global climate ambition and related goals. In addition, plant construction and modernization may temporarily disrupt our manufacturing operations and lead to temporary increases in our costs.

A prolonged economic downturn or economic uncertainty could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Deterioration of global or regional economic conditions, including recession, financial instability, inflation, trade wars, labor shortages or energy availability and costs (including fuel surcharges), could negatively impact our business and our

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results of operations. A prolonged economic downturn can adversely affect OE production levels and consumer spending habits on replacement tires, resulting in lower-than-expected net sales. Inflation, which has risen significantly in recent years, has and may continue to increase our operational costs, including labor, transportation and energy costs, and increases in interest rates in response to concerns about inflation may have the effect of further increasing economic uncertainty or creating recessionary economic conditions. As a result, instability and weakness of the U.S. and global economies, including due to recession, inflation, trade wars, high unemployment, disruptions to financial markets, geopolitical events and public health crises, and the corresponding negative effects on consumer spending, may materially negatively affect our business and results of operations, including impairment charges relating to goodwill, intangible assets, investments and other long-lived assets.

Raw material, energy and transportation costs may materially adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

Raw material, energy and transportation costs can be volatile. Inflationary cost pressures, among other factors, may cause increases in the prices of natural and synthetic rubber, carbon black and petrochemical-based commodities. Market conditions, including actions by competitors, or contractual obligations may prevent us from passing any such increased costs on to our customers through timely price increases. Additionally, increased demand for consumer products and supply chain disruptions as a result of global events, including disruptions to transportation routes, port congestion and container shortages, has led to inflationary cost pressures on transportation. Higher raw material, energy and transportation costs around the world may offset our efforts to reduce our cost structure. High demand for and/or limited availability of raw materials and other energy sources could result in declining margins and operating results and adversely affect our financial condition. The volatility of raw material costs may cause our margins, operating results and liquidity to fluctuate. In addition, lower raw material costs may put downward pressure on the price of tires, which could ultimately reduce our margins and adversely affect our results of operations. If the Company is unable to obtain adequate sources of raw materials, energy or transportation, its operations could be interrupted. In addition, fluctuations in the price of gasoline for consumers can affect driving and purchasing habits and impact demand for tires.

If we fail to extend or renegotiate significant collective bargaining contracts with our labor unions as they expire from time to time, or if our unionized employees were to engage in a strike or other work stoppage or interruption, our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity could be materially adversely affected.

We are a party to collective bargaining contracts with our labor unions, which represent a significant number of our employees, including our collective bargaining agreements with the USW. Our primary collective bargaining agreement with the USW, which covers approximately 4,300 of our associates in the United States at December 31, 2025, expires in July 2026. Approximately 2,000 of our associates at our Texarkana and Findlay plants in the United States at December 31, 2025 are covered by separate collective bargaining agreements with the USW, which expire in October 2028. In addition, approximately 19,000 of our associates outside of the United States are covered by union contracts that have expired or are expiring in 2026, primarily in Luxembourg, Poland, China, Mexico, Slovenia, France, Turkey, Indonesia, India and Peru. Although we believe that our relations with our associates are satisfactory, no assurance can be given that we will be able to successfully extend or renegotiate our collective bargaining agreements as they expire from time to time. If we fail to extend or renegotiate our collective bargaining agreements, if disputes with our unions arise, or if our unionized workers engage in a strike or other work stoppage or interruption, we could experience a significant disruption of, or inefficiencies in, our operations or incur higher labor costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

We have been, and could continue to be, negatively impacted by changes in tariffs, trade agreements or other trade restrictions on imported tires, raw materials and other goods or equipment.

The maintenance of existing tariffs, the imposition of new tariffs, changes in existing tariff rates, changes in or the repeal of trade agreements or other trade restrictions, such as those the United States has considered with respect to Canada and Mexico, may reduce our flexibility to utilize our global manufacturing footprint to meet demand for our tires around the world. In addition, the imposition of tariffs in the United States may result in the tires subject to such tariffs being diverted to other regions of the world, such as Europe, Latin America or Asia, or in retaliatory tariffs or other actions by affected countries. Broad-based tariffs and other trade restrictions have resulted in increased costs for our suppliers who have, and may in the future, increase prices to us. Finally, tariffs and other trade restrictions may weaken the economies of key markets for us, such as China, resulting in lower economic growth rates and weakened demand for our products and services. These factors, individually or together, could materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

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Our international operations have certain risks that may materially adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and liquidity.

We have manufacturing and distribution facilities throughout the world. Our international operations are subject to certain inherent risks, including:

•exposure to local economic conditions;

•adverse foreign currency fluctuations;

•adverse currency exchange controls;

•withholding taxes and restrictions on the withdrawal of foreign investment and earnings;

•tax policies and regulations;

•labor regulations;

•tariffs;

•government price and profit margin controls;

•expropriations of property;

•adverse changes in the diplomatic relations of foreign countries with the United States;

•the potential instability of foreign governments;

•hostility from local populations and insurrections or armed conflicts;

•risks of renegotiation or modification of existing agreements with governmental authorities;

•export and import restrictions; and

•other changes in laws or government policies.

The likelihood of such occurrences and their potential effect on us vary from country to country and are unpredictable. Certain regions, including Latin America, Asia, Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Africa, are inherently more economically and politically volatile and, as a result, our business units that operate in these regions could be subject to significant fluctuations in sales and operating income from quarter to quarter. Because a significant percentage of our operating income in recent years has come from these regions, adverse fluctuations in the operating results in these regions could have a significant impact on our results of operations in future periods.

In addition, compliance with complex foreign and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations increases our cost of doing business in international jurisdictions. These numerous and sometimes conflicting laws and regulations include import and export laws, anti-competition laws, anti-corruption laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act and other local laws prohibiting corrupt payments to governmental officials, data privacy laws such as the GDPR, labor laws, tax laws, and accounting, internal control and disclosure requirements. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in civil and criminal fines, penalties and sanctions against us, our officers or our employees, prohibitions on the conduct of our business and on our ability to offer our products and services in one or more countries, and could also materially affect our reputation, business and results of operations. In certain foreign jurisdictions, there is a higher risk of fraud or corruption and greater difficulty in maintaining effective internal controls and compliance programs. Although we have implemented policies and procedures designed to promote compliance with applicable laws and regulations, there can be no assurance that our employees, contractors or agents will not violate our policies or applicable laws and regulations.

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the resulting government sanctions could result in significant macroeconomic consequences, including increased inflationary pressures, market volatility, economic restrictions and business disruptions, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We suspended all shipments of tires to Russia during the first quarter of 2022 and discontinued our Russian operations in January 2023. The war between Russia and Ukraine has not had and is not expected to have a direct material impact on our financial results.

In response to Russia’s invasion in Ukraine, a number of countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom and members of the European Union, have implemented economic sanctions on Russia and certain Russian enterprises and individuals. The conflict could result in further sanctions and embargoes, regional instability and potential retaliatory action by the Russian government, including cyber-attacks. While we continue to take actions to ensure the safety of our

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associates and the continuity of our business operations, the extent of the conflict’s impact on the global economy cannot be predicted, particularly if the conflict were to intensify or expand.

Financial difficulties, work stoppages, supply disruptions or economic conditions affecting our major customers, dealers or suppliers could harm our business.

Automotive vehicle production and global tire industry demand continues to be difficult to predict. Although sales to our OE customers accounted for approximately 19% of our net sales in 2025, demand for our products by OE customers and production levels at our facilities are impacted by automotive vehicle production. Automotive production and sales are highly cyclical and sensitive to general economic conditions and other factors, such as credit availability, interest rates, tariffs, fuel prices, and consumer preference and confidence. Economic declines that result in a significant reduction in automotive production would have an adverse effect on our sales to OE customers. We may experience future declines in sales volume due to declines in new vehicle production and sales, the performance, discontinuation or sale of certain OE brands, platforms or programs, increased competition, or weakness in the demand for replacement tires, which could result in us incurring under-absorbed fixed costs at our production facilities or slowing the rate at which we are able to recover those costs. At various times, some regions around the world may be more particularly impacted by these factors than other regions.

Automotive production can also be affected by labor relation issues or shortages, financial difficulties or supply disruptions. Our OE customers could experience production disruptions resulting from their own or supplier labor, financial or supply difficulties. Such events may cause an OE customer to reduce or suspend vehicle production. Other customers, such as dealers, retailers or distributors, may experience similar disruptions to their operations. As a result, a customer could halt or significantly reduce purchases of our products, which would harm our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. We cannot predict when customers will decide to increase or decrease inventory levels or whether new inventory levels will approximate historical inventory levels. Uncertainty and other unexpected fluctuations could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Our suppliers could also experience production disruptions due to labor, financial, supply or transportation difficulties, or new environmental laws or stricter enforcement of existing environmental laws. Any such production disruptions may result in the unexpected closure of our suppliers' facilities or increases in the cost of our raw materials, which would adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, the bankruptcy, restructuring or consolidation of one or more of our major customers, dealers or suppliers could result in the write-off of accounts receivable, a reduction in purchases of our products or a supply disruption to our facilities, which could negatively affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

If we are unable to attract and retain key personnel our business could be materially adversely affected.

Our business substantially depends on the continued service of key members of our management. The loss of the services of a significant number of members of our management could have a material adverse effect on our business. Our future success will also depend on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled personnel, such as engineering, marketing and senior management professionals. Competition for these employees is intense, and we could experience difficulty from time to time in hiring and retaining the personnel necessary to support our business. Our ability to attract and retain employees may also be hampered by downturns in the automotive and tire industries, which could result in reduced payments under our incentive compensation plans, as well as by greater competition due to the use of remote working environments. If we do not succeed in retaining our current employees and attracting new high-quality employees, our business could be materially adversely affected.

Increasing competition for highly skilled and talented workers, as well as labor shortages, could adversely affect our business.

A number of factors may adversely affect the labor force available to us or increase labor costs, including high employment levels and government regulations. Although we have not experienced any material labor shortages to date, we have observed an increasingly competitive labor market. The increasing competition for highly skilled and talented employees has resulted, and could in the future result, in higher compensation costs and could result in difficulties in maintaining a capable workforce. If we are unable to hire and retain employees capable of performing at a high-level, or if mitigation measures we may take to respond to a decrease in labor availability, such as overtime and third-party outsourcing, have unintended negative effects, our business could be adversely affected. A sustained labor shortage, lack of skilled labor, increased turnover or labor cost inflation as a result of general macroeconomic factors could lead to increased costs, such as increased overtime to meet demand and increased wage rates to attract and retain employees, which could negatively affect

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our ability to efficiently operate our manufacturing and distribution facilities and overall business and have other adverse effects on our results of operations and financial condition.

We have substantial fixed costs and, as a result, our operating income fluctuates disproportionately with changes in our net sales.

We operate with significant operating and financial leverage. Significant portions of our manufacturing, selling, administrative and general expenses are fixed costs that neither increase nor decrease proportionately with sales. In addition, a significant portion of our interest expense is fixed. There can be no assurance that we would be able to reduce our fixed costs proportionately in response to a decline in our net sales, and therefore our competitiveness could be significantly impacted. As a result, a decline in our net sales could result in a higher percentage decline in our income from operations and net income.

Environmental issues, including climate change, or legal, regulatory or market measures to address environmental issues, may negatively affect our business and operations and cause us to incur significant costs.

Our manufacturing and distribution facilities are subject to numerous federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations designed to protect the environment, including increased government regulations to limit carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions as a result of concern over climate change, and we expect that additional requirements with respect to environmental matters, including reporting requirements, will be imposed on us in the future. In addition, we have contractual indemnification obligations for environmental remediation costs and liabilities that may arise relating to certain divested operations.

There is also growing concern that carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere may have an adverse impact on global temperatures, weather patterns, and the frequency and severity of extreme weather and natural disasters. In the event that issues related to such climate change have a negative effect on our business, we may be subjected to decreased availability or less favorable pricing for certain raw materials, including natural rubber. Natural disasters and extreme weather conditions may also disrupt the productivity of our facilities, our supply chain or the operations of our customers. If the frequency or severity of extreme weather and natural disasters increases over time, we may experience a greater number of losses at certain of our facilities. Such losses could lead to further increases in the deductibles or cost of insurance for those facilities, a reduction of insurance available to us, or the unavailability of insurance on terms that are acceptable to us.

Our manufacturing facilities may become subject to further limitations on the emission of greenhouse gases due to public policy concerns regarding climate change issues or other environmental or health and safety concerns. While the form of any additional regulations cannot be predicted, a “cap-and-trade” system similar to the one adopted in the European Union could be adopted in the United States. Any such “cap-and-trade” system (including the system currently in place in the European Union) or other limitations imposed on the emission of greenhouse gases could require us to increase our capital expenditures, use our cash to acquire emission credits or restructure our manufacturing operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, financial condition and liquidity.

Material future expenditures may be necessary if compliance standards change, if material unknown conditions that require remediation are discovered, or if required remediation of known conditions becomes more extensive than expected. If we fail to comply with present and future environmental laws and regulations, we could be subject to future liabilities or the suspension of production, which could harm our business or results of operations. Environmental laws could also restrict our ability to expand our facilities or could require us to acquire costly equipment or to incur other significant expenses in connection with our manufacturing processes.

Risks Related to Our Capital Structure

Our long-term ability to meet our obligations, to repay maturing indebtedness or to implement strategic initiatives may be dependent on our ability to access capital markets in the future and to improve our operating results.

The adequacy of our liquidity depends on our ability to achieve an appropriate combination of operating improvements, financing from third parties and access to capital markets. We may need to undertake additional financing actions in the capital markets in order to ensure that our future liquidity requirements are addressed or to implement strategic initiatives. These actions may include the issuance of additional debt or equity, or the factoring of our accounts receivable.

Our access to the capital markets cannot be assured and is dependent on, among other things, the ability and willingness of financial institutions to extend credit on terms that are acceptable to us or our suppliers, or to honor future draws on our existing lines of credit, and the degree of success we have in implementing our strategic initiatives. We have continued our use of supplier financing programs and the factoring of our accounts receivable in order to improve our working capital

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efficiency and reduce our costs. If these programs become unavailable or less attractive to us or our suppliers, our liquidity could be adversely affected.

Future liquidity requirements, or our inability to access cash deposits or make draws on our lines of credit, also may make it necessary for us to incur additional debt. A substantial portion of our assets is subject to liens securing our indebtedness. As a result, we are limited in our ability to pledge our remaining assets as security for additional secured indebtedness.

Our inability to access the capital markets or incur additional debt in the future could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and operations, and could require us to consider further measures, including deferring planned capital expenditures, reducing discretionary spending, selling additional assets and restructuring existing debt.

We have a substantial amount of debt, which could restrict our growth, place us at a competitive disadvantage or otherwise materially adversely affect our financial health.

We have a substantial amount of debt. As of December 31, 2025, our debt (including finance leases) on a consolidated basis was approximately $6.2 billion. Our substantial amount of debt and other obligations could have important consequences. For example, it could:

•make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations;

•impair our ability to obtain financing in the future for working capital, capital expenditures, research and development, acquisitions or general corporate requirements;

•increase our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions;

•limit our ability to use cash flows from operating activities in other areas of our business or to return cash to shareholders because we would need to dedicate a substantial portion of these funds for payments on our indebtedness;

•limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate; and

•place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors.

The agreements governing our debt, including our credit agreements, limit, but do not prohibit, us from incurring additional debt and we may incur a significant amount of additional debt in the future, including additional secured debt. If new debt is added to our current debt levels, our ability to satisfy our debt obligations may become more limited.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on, or to refinance, our debt and other obligations will depend on our financial and operating performance, which, in turn, is subject to our ability to implement our strategic initiatives, prevailing economic conditions and certain financial, business and other factors beyond our control. If our cash flow and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service and other obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay expansion plans and capital expenditures, sell material assets or operations, obtain additional capital or restructure our debt. We cannot assure you that our operating performance, cash flow and capital resources will be sufficient to pay our debt obligations when they become due. We cannot assure you that we would be able to dispose of material assets or operations, obtain additional capital or restructure our debt or other obligations if necessary or, even if we were able to take such actions, that we could do so on terms that are acceptable to us.

Any failure to be in compliance with any material provision or covenant of our debt instruments, or a material reduction in the borrowing base under our revolving credit facility, could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and operations.

The agreements governing our secured credit facilities and certain of our other outstanding indebtedness impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us. These restrictions may affect our ability to operate our business or implement strategic initiatives, and may limit our ability to take advantage of potential business opportunities as they arise. These restrictions limit our ability to, among other things:

•incur additional debt or issue redeemable preferred stock;

•pay dividends, repurchase shares or make certain other restricted payments or investments;

•incur liens;

•sell assets;

•incur restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or to make other payments to us;

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•enter into affiliate transactions;

•engage in sale/leaseback transactions; and

•engage in certain mergers or consolidations or transfers of substantially all of our assets.

Availability under our first lien revolving credit facility is subject to a borrowing base, which is based on eligible accounts receivable and inventory, the value of our principal trademarks, the value of eligible machinery and equipment, and certain cash in an amount not to exceed $275 million. To the extent that our eligible accounts receivable and inventory and other components of the borrowing base decline in value, our borrowing base will decrease and the availability under that facility may decrease below its stated amount. In addition, if at any time the amount of outstanding borrowings and letters of credit under that facility exceeds the borrowing base, we are required to prepay borrowings and/or cash collateralize letters of credit sufficient to eliminate the excess.

Our ability to comply with these covenants or to maintain our borrowing base may be affected by events beyond our control, including deteriorating economic conditions, and these events could require us to seek waivers or amendments of covenants or alternative sources of financing or to reduce expenditures. We cannot assure you that such waivers, amendments or alternative financing could be obtained, or if obtained, would be on terms acceptable to us.

A breach of any of the covenants or restrictions contained in any of our existing or future financing agreements, including the financial covenants in our secured credit facilities, could result in an event of default under those agreements. Such a default could allow the lenders under our financing agreements, if the agreements so provide, to discontinue lending, to accelerate the related debt as well as any other debt to which a cross-acceleration or cross-default provision applies, and/or to declare all borrowings outstanding thereunder to be due and payable. In addition, the lenders could terminate any commitments they have to provide us with further funds. If any of these events occur, we cannot assure you that we will have sufficient funds available to pay in full the total amount of obligations that become due as a result of any such acceleration, or that we will be able to find additional or alternative financing to refinance any such accelerated obligations. Even if we obtain additional or alternative financing, we cannot assure you that it would be on terms that would be acceptable to us.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to remain in compliance with the covenants to which we are subject in the future and, if we fail to do so, that we will be able to obtain waivers from our lenders or amend the covenants.

Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.

Certain of our borrowings are at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness would increase even though the amount borrowed remained the same, which would require us to use more of our available cash to service our indebtedness. There can also be no assurance that we will be able to enter into swap agreements or other hedging arrangements in the future if we desire to do so, or that any existing or future hedging arrangements will offset increases in interest rates. As of December 31, 2025, we had approximately $1.2 billion of variable rate debt outstanding.

Risks Related to Information Technology and Intellectual Property

We may be adversely affected by any disruption in, or failure of, our information technology systems.

We rely upon the capacity, reliability and security of our information technology ("IT") systems across all of our major business functions, including our research and development, manufacturing, retail, financial and administrative functions. We also face the challenge of supporting our older systems and simultaneously implementing upgrades. Our security measures are focused on the prevention, detection, response and recovery of damage from unauthorized access, cyber-attack, natural disasters and other similar disruptions. We may incur significant costs in order to implement the security measures that we feel are necessary to protect our IT systems. However, our IT systems may remain vulnerable to damage despite our implementation of security measures that we deem to be appropriate. In addition, we are also dependent on third parties to provide important IT services relating to, among other things, human resources, electronic communications and certain finance functions.

We collect and store sensitive data, including intellectual property, proprietary business information and the proprietary business information of our customers and suppliers, as well as personally identifiable information of our customers and associates, in data centers and on IT networks.

Additionally, we are subject to privacy, data protection, and information security laws and regulations (“Data Protection Laws”) in the United States and in jurisdictions around the globe that restrict the use, disclosure, transfer and processing of

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personal data. For example, we are subject to the GDPR, the California Privacy Rights Act, and the Brazilian Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados. Costs to comply with these Data Protection Laws are significant and the failure to comply with these laws could result in material legal exposure and business impact. The GDPR, for example, imposes meaningful accountability obligations on companies, with penalties for non-compliance of up to the greater of €20 million or four percent of annual global revenue. The GDPR, and other Data Protection Laws, also grant corrective powers to supervisory authorities, including the ability to impose a limit on processing personal data or to order companies to cease operations.

The Data Protection Laws are part of an evolving global data protection landscape in which the number, complexity, requirements and consequences of non-compliance with these laws are increasing. This landscape includes legislative proposals recently adopted or currently pending in the United States, at both the federal and state levels, as well as in other jurisdictions, implementing new or additional requirements for data protection that could further increase compliance costs and the cost and complexity of delivering our products and services, and could significantly affect our business.

A system failure, accident or security breach involving our or our third party's IT systems could result in disruptions to our operations. A breach in the security of our IT systems could include the theft of our intellectual property or trade secrets, negatively impact our manufacturing or retail operations, or result in the compromise of personal information of our customers, employees or suppliers. While we have, from time to time, experienced system failures, accidents and security and privacy incidents involving our IT systems, these incidents have not had a material impact on our operations, and we are not aware of any resulting theft, loss or disclosure of, or damage to, material data or confidential information. To the extent that any system failure, accident or security or privacy breach results in material disruptions to our operations or the theft, loss or disclosure of, or damage to, material data or confidential information, our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights adequately.

Our success depends in part upon our ability to use and protect our proprietary technology and other intellectual property, which generally covers various aspects of the design and manufacture of our products and processes. We own and use tradenames and trademarks worldwide. We rely upon a combination of trade secrets, confidentiality policies, nondisclosure and other contractual arrangements and patent, copyright and trademark laws to protect our intellectual property rights. The steps we take in this regard may not be adequate to protect our intellectual property or to prevent or deter challenges or infringement or other violations of our intellectual property, and we may not be able to detect unauthorized use or take appropriate and timely steps to enforce our intellectual property rights.

In addition, the laws of some countries may not protect and enforce our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the U.S. Further, while we believe we have rights to use all of the intellectual property we use, if we are found to infringe on the rights of others, we could be adversely impacted.

Damage to our brand and reputation could have an adverse effect on our business.

Our well-known and trusted brand names are a key competitive advantage. We believe that our future success depends, in part, on preserving, enhancing, and leveraging the value of our brands and executing our brand strategies, which are designed to drive end-user demand for our products. A decline in the reputation of one or more of our brands as a result of deficiencies or defects in the design or manufacture of our products, or from legal proceedings, product recalls or warranty claims resulting from such deficiencies or defects, may harm our reputation, reduce demand for our products and adversely affect our business.

Risks Related to Litigation, Laws and Regulations

We may incur significant costs in connection with our contingent liabilities and tax matters.

We have significant reserves for contingent liabilities and tax matters. The major categories of our contingent liabilities include workers' compensation and other employment-related claims, product liability and other tort claims, including asbestos claims, and environmental matters. Our recorded liabilities and estimates of reasonably possible losses for our contingent liabilities are based on our assessment of potential liability using the information available to us at the time and, where applicable, any past experience and recent and current trends with respect to similar matters. Our contingent liabilities are subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable judicial or administrative decisions could occur that we did not anticipate. Such an unfavorable decision could include monetary damages, fines or other penalties or an injunction prohibiting us from taking certain actions or selling certain products. If such an unfavorable decision were to occur, it could result in a material adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations in the period in which the decision occurs, or in future periods.

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The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations, including with respect to transfer pricing. While we apply consistent transfer pricing policies and practices globally, support transfer prices through economic studies, seek advance pricing agreements and joint audits to the extent possible and believe our transfer prices to be appropriate, such transfer prices, and related interpretations of tax laws, are occasionally challenged by various taxing authorities globally. We have received various tax assessments challenging our interpretations of applicable tax laws in various jurisdictions. Although we believe we have complied with applicable tax laws, have strong positions and defenses and have historically been successful in defending such claims, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected in the case we are unsuccessful in the defense of existing or future claims.

If we wish to appeal any future adverse judgment in any of these proceedings, we may be required to post an appeal bond with the relevant court. If we were subject to a significant adverse judgment or experienced an interruption or reduction in the availability of bonding capacity, we may be required to provide letters of credit or post cash collateral, which may have a material adverse effect on our liquidity.

We have significant deferred tax assets that have been reduced by valuation allowances due to our determination that it is more likely than not that the tax benefits associated with some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We must generate sufficient earnings of the appropriate character in order to utilize our deferred tax assets. If our earnings remain flat or decline over an extended period of time, we may not be able to utilize our deferred tax assets and we may need to record additional valuation allowances against them that could adversely affect our results of operations in the period in which the valuation allowance is recorded.

For further information regarding our contingent liabilities and tax matters, refer to Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 20, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities, and No. 7, Income Taxes. For further information regarding our accounting policies with respect to certain of our contingent liabilities and uncertain income tax positions, refer to “Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Policies.”

We are subject to extensive government regulations that may materially adversely affect our operating results.

We are subject to regulation by the Department of Transportation through NHTSA, which has established various standards and regulations applicable to tires sold in the United States and tires sold in a foreign country that are identical or substantially similar to tires sold in the United States. NHTSA has the authority to order the recall of automotive products, including tires, having safety-related defects or that do not comply with a motor vehicle safety standard, and, in some cases, to assess penalties.

The TREAD Act imposes numerous requirements with respect to the early warning reporting of warranty claims, property damage claims, and bodily injury and fatality claims and also requires tire manufacturers, among other things, to comply with rigorous tire testing standards. We have been subject to recalls in the past and it is possible that a recall of our tires could occur in the future. A substantial recall or related penalties could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, operating results and financial condition.

In addition, pursuant to the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, NHTSA may establish a national tire fuel efficiency consumer information program. If a related rule-making process is completed, certain tires sold in the United States would be required to be rated for rolling resistance, traction and tread wear. While the federal law preempts state tire fuel efficiency laws adopted after January 1, 2006, we may become subject to additional tire fuel efficiency legislation, either in the United States or other countries.

Our European operations are subject to regulation by the European Union. Two regulations, the Tire Safety Regulation and the Tire Labeling Regulation, applicable to tires sold in the European Union, have been adopted. The Tire Safety Regulation sets performance standards that tires for cars and light and commercial trucks need to meet for rolling resistance, wet grip braking (passenger car tires only) and noise in order to be sold in the European Union. The Tire Labeling Regulation applies to all passenger car, light truck and commercial truck tires and requires that consumers be informed about the tire's fuel efficiency, wet grip and noise characteristics. Other countries, such as Brazil, have also adopted tire labeling regulations, and additional countries may also introduce similar regulations in the future.

Operations in Europe or tires produced or sold in Europe also have to comply, or may have to comply in the future, with various other standards, including REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemical Substances), which regulates the use of chemicals in the European Union; CSRD (Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive) and CSDDD (Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive), as amended by the EU Omnibus Directive, which establish certain disclosure and due diligence requirements; ESPR (Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation), which establishes product design requirements to meet certain sustainability criteria; and EUDR (European Union Deforestation Regulation), which requires due diligence for certain products, including natural rubber, to address deforestation.

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These U.S. and European regulations, rules adopted to implement these regulations, or other similar regulations that may be adopted in the United States, Europe or elsewhere in the future may require us to alter or increase our capital spending and research and development plans or cease the production of certain tires, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

Laws and regulations governing environmental and occupational safety and health are complicated, change frequently and have tended to become stricter over time. As a manufacturing company, we are subject to these laws and regulations both inside and outside the United States. Our costs or liabilities relating to them may be more than the amount we have reserved, and that difference may be material.

Compliance with the laws and regulations described above or any of the myriad of applicable foreign, federal, state and local laws and regulations currently in effect or that may be adopted in the future could materially adversely affect our competitive position, operating results, financial condition and liquidity.

General Risk Factors

We have foreign currency translation and transaction risks that may materially adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and liquidity.

The financial position and results of operations of many of our international subsidiaries are initially recorded in various foreign currencies and then translated into U.S. dollars at the applicable exchange rate for inclusion in our financial statements. The strengthening of the U.S. dollar against these foreign currencies ordinarily has a negative impact on our reported sales and operating margin (and conversely, the weakening of the U.S. dollar against these foreign currencies has a positive impact). For the year ended December 31, 2025, foreign currency translation unfavorably affected sales by $18 million and favorably affected segment operating income by $3 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The volatility of currency exchange rates may materially adversely affect our operating results. For the year ended December 31, 2025, net foreign currency exchange losses were $14 million.

We may be impacted by economic and supply disruptions associated with events beyond our control, such as war, including the current conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and in the Middle East, acts of terror, political unrest, public health concerns, labor disputes or natural disasters.

We manage businesses and facilities worldwide. Our facilities and operations, and the facilities and operations of our suppliers and customers, could be disrupted by events beyond our control, such as war, acts of terror, political unrest, public health concerns, labor disputes, or severe weather conditions or natural disasters. In addition, our operations could be adversely affected as a result of other disruptions at our facilities due to fire, electrical blackouts, power losses, telecommunications failures or other similar effects. Any such disruption could cause delays in the production and distribution of our products and the loss of sales and customers. We may not be insured against all such potential losses and, if insured, the insurance proceeds that we receive may not adequately compensate us for all of our losses. Such losses could lead to further increases in the deductibles or cost of insurance for those facilities, a reduction of insurance available to us, or the unavailability of insurance on terms that are acceptable to us.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

None.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY.

Risk Management and Strategy

We recognize the importance of cybersecurity risk management, strategy and governance, and we have implemented policies and procedures reasonably designed to manage and reduce cybersecurity risk as part of our overall risk management program. Our global information technology organization, led by our Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer (“CIO”), is responsible for enterprise-wide information technology, including our overall information security strategy, policies, operations, and threat detection and response. The global information technology organization manages and maintains the cybersecurity program with the goal of preventing, detecting and remediating incidents, and works to increase our system resilience to minimize the business impact should an incident occur. Our cybersecurity program is informed by multiple, overlapping cybersecurity frameworks. These include the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cyber Security Framework (NIST-CSF) and Trusted Information Security Assessment Exchange (TISAX). Our cybersecurity program has achieved TISAX certification, or “labeling”, for its demonstrated ability to identify, protect, detect, respond and recover from cyber risks. The “labeling” process requires independent, third-party auditors to test and confirm the controls we have implemented. Key elements of the program include formal information

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management policies; employee training and awareness; phishing resiliency campaigns; periodic risk assessments; penetration tests; tabletop exercises; and incident response testing and reviews.

We also engage third-party services to conduct evaluations of our security controls, whether through penetration testing, independent audits, cybersecurity maturity assessments or consulting on best practices to address current and new challenges. These evaluations include testing both the design and operational effectiveness of our security controls.

We recognize a cybersecurity incident experienced by a supplier or joint venture partner could materially impact us. We assess third-party cybersecurity controls as part of our third-party IT risk due diligence and engage in cybersecurity consultant-led solution design reviews when integrating new tools or third parties. We contractually require third parties to meet specified baseline customary standards of information security and report cybersecurity incidents to us so we can assess the impact of the incident and any necessary regulatory reporting obligations that may be required.

Depending on what events may occur, our cybersecurity incident response team is always ready and supported by a 24/7/365 industry leading security operations center. These teams balance following existing protocols with agile response to novel threats. We escalate potentially significant incidents to the Cybersecurity Disclosure Committee and the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, as outlined in Goodyear’s policies and support documents. Our Cybersecurity Disclosure Committee is comprised of senior leadership across multiple functional areas and is responsible for reviewing and evaluating potentially significant cybersecurity incidents and for determining whether any notification or disclosure is required under applicable laws, including federal securities laws.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, we did not identify any cybersecurity threats that have materially impacted Goodyear’s operations or financial position. Notwithstanding our risk management efforts related to cybersecurity, we may not be successful in preventing or mitigating a cybersecurity incident that could have a material or other adverse effect on us in the future. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors” for a discussion of our information technology and cybersecurity risks.

Governance

The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors is responsible for overseeing the risks associated with information technology and cybersecurity threats, and reports on its activities to the full Board following each committee meeting. Management is responsible for identifying, monitoring and mitigating the material risks facing the Company, including cybersecurity risks.

The Audit Committee exercises its risk oversight function by carefully evaluating information and cybersecurity reports they receive from management; assessing the priorities and roadmap of the cybersecurity program; and making inquiries of management with respect to areas of particular interest to the Board. Senior leadership, including our CIO and our Senior Director, Global IT Risk & Security, periodically briefs the Audit Committee on our cybersecurity and information security programs and reviews relevant cybersecurity incidents.

Our current CIO has more than two decades of experience in the manufacturing industry and has held multiple executive technology leadership roles at several companies in North America and Asia.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.

We manufacture our products in 49 manufacturing facilities located around the world, including 16 plants in the United States.

AMERICAS MANUFACTURING FACILITIES. Americas owns or leases and operates 26 manufacturing facilities in 7 countries, including:

•16 tire plants,

•2 chemical plants,

•3 tire manufacturing equipment plants,

•2 tire retread plants,

•2 aviation retread plants, and

•1 mix plant.

EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MANUFACTURING FACILITIES. EMEA owns or leases and operates 15 manufacturing facilities in 8 countries, including:

•13 tire plants,

•1 tire retread plant, and

•1 aviation retread plant.

ASIA PACIFIC MANUFACTURING FACILITIES. Asia Pacific owns and operates 8 manufacturing facilities in 4 countries, including 7 tire plants and 1 aviation retread plant.

PLANT UTILIZATION. Our worldwide tire capacity utilization rate was approximately 83% during 2025 compared to approximately 83% in 2024 and 81% in 2023. Our utilization rate can vary significantly between product lines, depending on the complexity of the tires, and between consumer and commercial tires, and can also vary between business segments. The reported capacity utilization is an overall average for the Company.

OTHER FACILITIES. We also own and operate four research and development facilities and technical centers, two development centers, and seven tire proving grounds. We lease our Corporate and Americas headquarters and our research and development facility and technical center in Akron, Ohio. We operate approximately 750 retail outlets for the sale of our tires to consumer and commercial customers, approximately 30 tire retreading facilities and approximately 350 warehouse distribution facilities. Substantially all of these facilities are leased. We do not consider any one of these leased properties to be material to our operations. For additional information regarding leased properties, refer to Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 14, Property, Plant and Equipment, and No. 15, Leases. Certain of our manufacturing facilities are mortgaged as collateral for our secured credit facilities. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 16, Financing Arrangements and Derivative Financial Instruments.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

Asbestos Litigation

We are currently one of numerous defendants in legal proceedings in certain state and federal courts involving approximately 30,400 claimants at December 31, 2025 relating to their alleged exposure to materials containing asbestos in products allegedly manufactured by us or asbestos materials present at our facilities. We manufactured, among other things, rubber coated asbestos sheet gasket materials from 1914 through 1973 and aircraft brake assemblies containing asbestos materials prior to 1987. Some of the claimants are independent contractors or their employees who allege exposure to asbestos while working at certain of our facilities. It is expected that in a substantial portion of these cases there will be no evidence of exposure to a Goodyear manufactured product containing asbestos or asbestos in our facilities. The amount expended by us and our insurers on defense and claim resolution was $16 million during 2025. The plaintiffs in the pending cases allege that they were exposed to asbestos and, as a result of such exposure, suffer from various respiratory diseases, including in some cases mesothelioma and lung cancer. The plaintiffs are seeking unspecified actual and punitive damages and other relief. For additional information on asbestos litigation, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 20, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities.

Environmental Matter

On August 15, 2025, we received a Notice of Violation from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency alleging violations of the Clean Air Act at our former chemical manufacturing facility in Beaumont, Texas. Potential monetary penalties associated with the alleged violations could exceed our $1 million reporting threshold described below. Goodyear intends to defend this matter, the ultimate outcome of which cannot be predicted at this time.

European Commission Antitrust Investigation

On January 30, 2024, the European Commission carried out unannounced inspections at the premises of companies active in the tire industry in several Member States in the European Union in connection with an investigation into potential violations of European Union antitrust rules with respect to new replacement tires for passenger cars, vans, trucks and busses sold in the European Economic Area. We were one of the companies that was inspected. We are cooperating with the European Commission’s investigation.

In addition, a number of civil lawsuits have been subsequently filed in the United States and elsewhere against companies active in the tire industry, including us, alleging violations of antitrust laws with respect to new replacement tires for passenger cars, vans, trucks and busses sold in the relevant jurisdictions, and similar additional lawsuits could be brought against us in the future. The U.S. lawsuits have been transferred to a multidistrict litigation in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio. On February 25, 2025, the District Court granted our motion to dismiss the U.S. lawsuits and, on April 11, 2025, the plaintiffs filed motions for leave to file amended complaints. We intend to defend these lawsuits, the ultimate outcome of which cannot be predicted at this time.

Other Matters

In addition to the legal proceedings described above, various other legal actions, indirect tax assessments, claims and governmental investigations and proceedings covering a wide range of matters are pending against us, including claims and proceedings relating to several waste disposal sites that have been identified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and similar agencies of various states or foreign jurisdictions for remedial investigation and cleanup, which sites were allegedly used by us in the past for the disposal of industrial waste materials. Based on available information, we do not consider any such action, assessment, claim, investigation or proceeding to be material, within the meaning of that term as used in Item 103 of Regulation S-K and the instructions thereto. As permitted by SEC regulations, we use a threshold of $1 million for purposes of determining whether disclosure is required with respect to any environmental proceedings in which a governmental authority is a party and we reasonably believe that such proceeding will result in monetary sanctions (exclusive of interest and costs). For additional information regarding our legal proceedings, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 20, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities.

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PART II.

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

The principal market for our common stock is the Nasdaq Global Select Market (Stock Exchange Symbol: GT). At December 31, 2025, there were 7,883 holders of record of the 286,247,045 shares of our common stock then outstanding.

Set forth in the table below is certain information regarding the number of shares of our common stock that were subject to outstanding stock options or other compensation plan awards at December 31, 2025.


Plan Category	Number of Shares to be Issued upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights	Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights		Number of Shares Remaining Available for Future Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Shares Reflected in Column (a))
	(a)
Equity compensation plans approved by shareholders	2,635,593	$	15.67	23,537,236	(1)
Equity compensation plans not approved by shareholders	—	—		—
Total	2,635,593	$	15.67	23,537,236

(1)Under our equity compensation plans, up to a maximum of 1,613,880 performance shares in respect of performance periods ending on or subsequent to December 31, 2025, 103,492 shares of restricted stock and 3,082,420 restricted stock units have been awarded. The number of performance shares indicated assumes the maximum possible payout that may be earned during the relevant performance periods.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

All per share amounts are diluted and refer to Goodyear net income (loss).

OVERVIEW

The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company is one of the world’s leading manufacturers of tires, with one of the most recognizable brand names in the world and operations in most regions of the world. We have a broad global footprint with 49 manufacturing facilities in 19 countries, including the United States. We operate our business through three operating segments representing our regional tire businesses: Americas; Europe, Middle East and Africa ("EMEA"); and Asia Pacific.

This management's discussion and analysis provides comparisons of material changes in the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. For a comparison of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, refer to Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Goodyear Forward

Our multi-year transformation plan, called “Goodyear Forward,” that was intended to optimize our portfolio, deliver margin expansion and reduce leverage was completed in 2025. In furtherance of the goals set out in our Goodyear Forward plan, key activities included delivering gross proceeds of approximately $2.2 billion from portfolio optimization by completing the sales of our off-the-road (“OTR”) tire business, the Dunlop brand and our polymer chemicals business during 2025. In addition, we executed margin enhancement actions driving an annual, run-rate benefit of approximately $1.5 billion, including actions related to our manufacturing footprint, plant optimization, further improvement of our purchasing leverage, reduction of Selling, Administrative and General expenses (“SAG”), improvements in our supply chain planning and logistics, and brand optimization and tiering. We also improved our leverage, utilizing proceeds from divestitures to reduce our debt.

On February 3, 2025, we completed the sale of our OTR tire business to The Yokohama Rubber Company, Limited (“Yokohama”) pursuant to the terms of the Share and Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of July 22, 2024 (the “OTR Purchase Agreement”). Yokohama acquired our OTR tire business for a purchase price of $905 million in cash, subject to certain adjustments set forth in the OTR Purchase Agreement. In conjunction with the sale of the OTR tire business, we entered into several ancillary agreements, including a trademark license agreement, whereby we license certain trademarks to Yokohama for an initial period of ten years from the date of the sale, and a product supply agreement, pursuant to which we will supply to Yokohama certain OTR tires for an initial period of up to five years, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, including an exit and asset relocation plan to be mutually agreed upon by the parties pursuant to which, beginning no earlier than the second anniversary of closing of the transaction, the production of those OTR tires will transition to Yokohama’s facilities. The cash received of $905 million included $185 million for deferred amounts related to the trademark license and product supply agreements that are presented in operating activities and $720 million for proceeds that are presented in investing activities on our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

On May 7, 2025, we completed the sale of our rights to the Dunlop brand in Europe, North America and Oceania for consumer, commercial and other specialty tires, together with certain associated intellectual property and other intangible assets, for a purchase price of $526 million to Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. ("SRI") pursuant to the terms of the Purchase Agreement, dated as of January 7, 2025 (as amended, the "Dunlop Purchase Agreement"). SRI also paid us an up-front transition support fee of $105 million for our support in transitioning the Dunlop brand, related intellectual property and Dunlop customers to SRI. SRI also acquired our existing Dunlop tire inventory for approximately $104 million. We also entered into a number of ancillary agreements, including (a) a transition license agreement, pursuant to which we continued to manufacture, sell and distribute Dunlop-branded consumer tires in Europe from the closing of the transaction until December 31, 2025, and during which we paid SRI a royalty on such Dunlop sales; (b) a transition offtake agreement, pursuant to which we will sell to SRI certain Dunlop-branded consumer tire products for a period of up to five years, commencing after termination or expiration of the transition license agreement; and (c) we will license back the Dunlop brand from SRI for commercial tires in Europe on a long-term basis, subject to a royalty on sales.

As a result of the transaction, we received gross proceeds of $735 million at closing for the Dunlop brand, related intellectual property and other intangible assets, the transition support fee and the tire inventory. We allocated $105 million of those proceeds related to the up-front transition support fee to deferred income, which will be recognized over the combined lives of the transition license and transition offtake agreements. We also allocated $86 million of those proceeds to deferred income for tire inventory in Europe, which will be recognized upon transfer of title. The deferred amounts related to the transition agreements and inventory are presented in operating activities and the $526 million purchase price is presented in investing activities on our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

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On October 31, 2025, we completed the $650 million sale of our polymer chemicals business (the “Chemical Business”) pursuant to the Asset Purchase Agreement (the “Chemical Purchase Agreement”) with G-3 Chickadee Purchaser, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Purchaser”). At the closing, we received gross cash proceeds of approximately $580 million, which reflects working capital adjustments, including an adjustment for intercompany receivables. The purchase price remains subject to customary post-closing adjustments as set forth in the Chemical Purchase Agreement. The assets acquired and the liabilities assumed by the Purchaser are generally those primarily related to the Chemical Business, including our chemical plants in Houston, Texas and Beaumont, Texas and a research and development facility in Akron, Ohio.

In conjunction with the sale of the Chemical Business, we also entered into a number of ancillary agreements including (a) a master supply agreement, pursuant to which the Purchaser will, or will cause its affiliates to, supply to us certain polymer chemical products for a period of fifteen (15) years, (b) a transition services agreement, pursuant to which we will provide certain transition services to the Purchaser for the Chemical Business for a period of up to eighteen (18) months, and (c) a patent and know-how license agreement, pursuant to which the Purchaser will license back to us certain intellectual property related to the Chemical Business for use in connection with certain retained businesses. Under the terms of the master supply agreement we are required to purchase minimum quantities on a quarterly basis or we are subject to a shortfall fee. The cash received of $580 million included $110 million for deferred amounts primarily related to the master supply agreement that are presented in operating activities and $470 million for proceeds that are presented in investing activities on our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Results of Operations

Our results for 2025 include a 4.7% decrease in tire unit shipments compared to 2024 due to lower global replacement and OE tire volume. In 2025, we experienced approximately $211 million of inflationary cost pressures.

Net sales were $18,280 million in 2025, compared to $18,878 million in 2024. Net sales decreased in 2025 due to the impacts of our divestitures, primarily the sale of the OTR tire business, lower global tire volume and the negative impact of changes in foreign exchange rates. These decreases were partially offset by favorable price and product mix and benefits from the Goodyear Forward plan.

Goodyear net loss in 2025 was $1,721 million, or $5.99 per share, compared to Goodyear net income of $46 million, or $0.16 per share, in 2024. The change in Goodyear net income (loss) was primarily due to the change in U.S. and Foreign Tax Expense, driven by the establishment of a full valuation allowance on our net deferred tax assets in the U.S., a non-cash goodwill impairment charge in Americas and lower segment operating income, partially offset by gains on the sales of the OTR tire business, the Dunlop brand and the Chemical Business.

Our total segment operating income for 2025 was $1,057 million, compared to $1,302 million in 2024. The $245 million decrease was primarily due to higher raw material costs of $443 million, increased conversion costs of $402 million, driven by inflation, higher SAG of $199 million when excluding Goodyear Forward savings, lower tire volume of $148 million, increases in other costs of $135 million, primarily related to tariff and transportation costs, the impact of the sale of the OTR tire business of $80 million, and a net decrease of $62 million from insurance proceeds for property damages and business interruptions received in 2024 and 2025. These decreases were partially offset by benefits from the Goodyear Forward plan of $772 million and global improvements in price and product mix of $465 million. Refer to "Results of Operations — Segment Information" for additional information.

Liquidity

At December 31, 2025, we had $801 million of Cash and Cash Equivalents as well as $4,421 million of unused availability under our various credit agreements, compared to $810 million and $3,555 million, respectively, at December 31, 2024. Net cash used by financing activities was $1,770 million, primarily due to net debt repayments of $1,759 million. Cash provided by investing activities was $997 million, primarily representing proceeds from the sales of the OTR tire business, the Dunlop brand and the Chemical Business, as well as other asset dispositions, of $1,802 million, partially offset by capital expenditures of $826 million. Net cash provided by operating activities was $796 million, driven by current year segment operating income and deferred revenue and income from asset sales. Refer to "Liquidity and Capital Resources" for additional information.

Outlook

With a backdrop of current macroeconomic and regulatory uncertainties, we have limited visibility to global tire unit volumes for 2026.

We expect our Goodyear Forward plan to deliver approximately $300 million of incremental savings in 2026. In addition, the 2025 sales of the Dunlop brand and Chemical Business are expected to impact segment operating income by approximately $185 million in 2026.

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Based on current spot prices, we expect raw material costs to provide a benefit of approximately $300 million in 2026 compared to 2025. Natural and synthetic rubber prices and other commodity prices historically have been volatile, and our raw material costs could change based on future price fluctuations and changes in foreign exchange rates. We continue to focus on price and product mix, to substitute lower cost materials where possible, to work to identify additional substitution opportunities, and to reduce the amount of material required in each tire to minimize the impact of higher raw material costs.

We also forecast an estimated annualized cost of tariffs on finished goods and raw materials of approximately $300 million in 2026, based on current tariff rates.

Refer also to “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for commentary regarding our outlook on 2026 cash flows; “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for a discussion of the factors that may impact our business, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity; and “Forward-Looking Information – Safe Harbor Statement” for a discussion of our use of forward-looking statements.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONSOLIDATED

Net Sales

Net sales in 2025 of $18,280 million decreased $598 million, or 3.2%, compared to $18,878 million in 2024, due to the impacts of divestitures, primarily the sale of the OTR tire business, of $671 million, excluding product supply agreement revenue of $268 million, lower global tire volume of $669 million and the negative impact of changes in foreign exchange rates of $18 million. These decreases were partially offset by favorable global price and product mix of $370 million and benefits from the Goodyear Forward plan of $64 million. Goodyear worldwide tire unit net sales were $15,390 million and $15,993 million in 2025 and 2024, respectively. Consumer and commercial net sales were $12,234 million and $3,124 million in 2025, respectively. Consumer and commercial net sales were $12,303 million and $3,247 million in 2024, respectively.

The following table presents our tire unit sales for the periods indicated:


	Year Ended December 31,
(In millions of tires)	2025	2024	% Change
Replacement Units
United States	50.2	52.8	(4.9)	%
International	62.9	67.9	(7.4)	%
Total	113.1	120.7	(6.3)	%
OE Units
United States	9.3	9.6	(3.1)	%
International	36.3	36.3	—	%
Total	45.6	45.9	(0.5)	%
Goodyear worldwide tire units	158.7	166.6	(4.7)	%

The decrease in worldwide tire unit sales of 7.9 million units, or 4.7%, compared to 2024, included a decrease of 7.6 million replacement tire units, or 6.3%, reflecting decreases in each region. OE tire units decreased by 0.3 million units, or 0.5%. Consumer and commercial unit sales in 2025 were 147.1 million and 10.0 million, respectively. Consumer and commercial unit sales in 2024 were 154.0 million and 10.9 million, respectively.

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of Goods Sold ("CGS") was $14,909 million in 2025, decreasing $283 million, or 1.9%, from $15,192 million in 2024. CGS was 81.6% of sales in 2025 compared to 80.5% of sales in 2024. CGS in 2025 decreased primarily due to savings related to the Goodyear Forward plan of $578 million, lower tire volume of $521 million, benefits from divestitures, primarily related to the sale of the OTR tire business, of $262 million, and foreign currency translation of $19 million. These decreases were partially offset by higher raw material costs of $443 million, higher conversion costs of $402 million, an increase in other costs of $138 million, primarily related to tariff and transportation costs, a net decrease of $62 million ($30 million after-tax and minority) from insurance proceeds for property damages and business interruptions received in 2024 and 2025, an increase in asset write-offs, accelerated depreciation and accelerated lease charges of $32 million, primarily related to the closures of our Fulda, Germany ("Fulda"), Fürstenwalde, Germany ("Fürstenwalde"), and Kariega, South Africa ("Kariega") tire manufacturing facilities and the elimination of commercial tire production at our Danville, Virginia tire manufacturing facility ("Danville"), and a benefit received in 2024 related to a reduction in U.S. duty rates on various commercial tires from China of $14 million. CGS in 2024 included a favorable $8 million ($6 million after-tax and minority) tax item in Brazil and a $3 million ($3 million after-tax and minority) charge related to a flood in South Africa.

CGS in 2025 and 2024 included pension expense of $12 million and $15 million, respectively.

Selling, Administrative and General Expense

SAG was $2,719 million in 2025, decreasing $63 million, or 2.3%, from $2,782 million in 2024. SAG was 14.9% of sales in 2025 compared to 14.7% of sales in 2024. SAG decreased primarily due to savings related to the Goodyear Forward

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plan of $132 million, benefits related to divestitures, primarily the sale of the OTR tire business, of $56 million, and a decrease in asset write-offs, accelerated depreciation and accelerated lease charges of $18 million. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in other costs of $151 million, including an investment in systems and technology for customer facing support and higher costs associated with product liability claims, an increase of $53 million related to inflation and wages and benefits and increased advertising costs of $30 million. SAG in 2025 also included costs related to the Goodyear Forward plan of $15 million ($15 million after-tax and minority) compared to $105 million ($80 million after-tax and minority) in 2024, primarily consisting of advisory, legal and consulting fees incurred to support development and execution of the plan, including costs associated with planned asset sales.

SAG in 2025 and 2024 included pension expense of $9 million and $11 million, respectively. SAG in 2025 included incremental savings from rationalization plans of $44 million compared to $46 million in 2024.

CGS and SAG in 2025 included $160 million ($149 million after-tax and minority) of asset write-offs, accelerated depreciation and accelerated lease charges, primarily relate to the announced closures of Fulda, Fürstenwalde and Kariega and the plan to reduce our production capacity at Danville. Asset write-offs, accelerated depreciation and accelerated lease charges for 2025 were primarily recorded in CGS.

CGS and SAG in 2024 included $146 million ($126 million after-tax and minority) of asset write-offs, accelerated depreciation and accelerated lease charges, primarily related to plant closures in Asia Pacific and EMEA, closure of a development center in the U.S. and the exit of our retail operations in Australia and New Zealand.

Rationalizations

We recorded net rationalization charges of $194 million ($172 million after-tax and minority) in 2025. Net rationalization charges include $73 million related to the elimination of commercial tire production at Danville, $61 million related to the closures of Fulda and Fürstenwalde, $34 million related to the closure of Kariega, $13 million related to the plan to reduce headcount at our Fayetteville, North Carolina tire manufacturing facility ("Fayetteville"), $9 million related to the rationalization and workforce reorganization plan in EMEA, $5 million related to the closure of our tire manufacturing facility in Melksham, United Kingdom ("Melksham"), and various other plans to reduce headcount and improve operating efficiency. These charges were partially offset by reversals of $21 million, primarily related to voluntary attrition in our rationalization and workforce reorganization plan in EMEA.

We recorded net rationalization charges of $86 million ($72 million after-tax and minority) in 2024. Net rationalization charges include $52 million related to Fulda and Fürstenwalde, $15 million related to the rationalization and workforce reorganization plan in EMEA, $15 million related to opening a shared service center in Costa Rica, the exit of certain Commercial Tire and Service Center locations and global SAG reductions, $12 million related to the closure of our tire manufacturing facility in Malaysia, $11 million related to the closure of Melksham, $4 million related to the closure of certain retail and warehouse locations in Americas, $3 million related to the permanent closure of our Gadsden, Alabama tire manufacturing facility, $3 million related to a plan to reduce SAG headcount globally and $3 million related to the plan to streamline our EMEA distribution network. These charges were partially offset by reversals of $45 million, primarily related to voluntary attrition in our rationalization and workforce reorganization plan in EMEA.

Upon completion of new plans initiated in 2025, we estimate that annual segment operating income will improve by approximately $120 million (approximately $50 million SAG and approximately $70 million CGS). The savings realized in 2025 from rationalization plans totaled approximately $43 million (primarily SAG).

For further information, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 4, Costs Associated with Rationalization Programs.

Goodwill and Intangible Asset Impairment

During 2025, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $674 million ($674 million after-tax and minority) to fully impair our North America reporting unit's goodwill in our Americas segment. During 2024, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $125 million ($94 million after-tax and minority) primarily related to our lower tier indefinite-lived intangible assets related to the acquisition of Cooper Tire as a result of increased competition from lower tier imports in the market. For further information, refer to "Critical Accounting Policies - Goodwill and Intangible Assets" and Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 12, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, in this Form 10-K.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $445 million in 2025, decreasing $77 million from $522 million in 2024. The decrease is due to lower interest rates on lower average debt levels in 2025, due to the repayment of debt with proceeds from asset sales. The average interest rate was 5.76% in 2025 compared to 6.24% in 2024. The average debt balance was $7,729 million in 2025 compared to $8,368 million in 2024.

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Gains on Asset Sales

During 2025, net gains on asset sales of $816 million ($747 million after-tax and minority) primarily relate to an estimated gain of $385 million ($368 million after-tax and minority) on the sale of the Dunlop brand, an estimated gain of $255 million ($232 million after-tax and minority) on the sale of the OTR tire business, an estimated gain of $104 million ($104 million after-tax and minority) on the sale of the Chemical Business, and other asset sales of $72 million ($43 million after-tax and minority), compared to net gains on asset sales of $93 million ($66 million after-tax and minority) during 2024, primarily due to the sale of a distribution center in EMEA.

For further information, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 2, Divestitures.

Other (Income) Expense

Other (Income) Expense in 2025 was $288 million of expense, compared to $134 million of expense 2024. The change in Other (Income) Expense was primarily due to pension settlement charges of $201 million ($200 million after-tax and minority) in 2025 compared to pension settlement credits of $3 million ($2 million after-tax and minority) in 2024 and a decrease in interest income of $17 million, partially offset by an increase in royalty and other income of $43 million. 2024 included transaction costs of $19 million ($14 million after-tax and minority) related to the sale of the OTR tire business, an $8 million ($6 million after-tax and minority) loss related to the sale of receivables in Argentina and a favorable $2 million ($1 million after-tax and minority) tax item in Brazil.

For further information, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 6, Other (Income) Expense.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense in 2025 was $1,567 million on a loss before income taxes of $133 million. In 2025, income tax expense includes net discrete tax expense totaling $1,453 million ($1,450 million after minority interest). Discrete tax expense was primarily related to the establishment of a full valuation allowance on our net deferred tax assets in the U.S.

Income tax expense in 2024 was $95 million on income before income taxes of $130 million. In 2024, income tax expense includes net discrete tax benefits totaling $2 million ($2 million after minority interest).

The difference between our effective tax rate and the U.S. statutory rate of 21% for 2025 is mainly impacted by the establishment of a full valuation allowance on our net deferred tax assets of $1.4 billion in the U.S. The difference between our effective tax rate and the U.S. statutory rate of 21% for 2024 primarily relates to losses in certain foreign jurisdictions in which no tax benefits are recorded, income in certain foreign jurisdictions taxed at rates higher than the U.S. statutory rate, and the discrete items noted above.

In the U.S., we had a cumulative loss for the three-year period ending December 31, 2025 primarily driven by non-recurring items such as goodwill and intangible asset impairments, rationalization charges, pension curtailments and settlements, and one-time costs associated with the Goodyear Forward plan. During 2025, industry disruption and various macroeconomic factors such as the impact of tariff, transportation, labor and energy costs have negatively impacted our U.S. operating results and future forecasted U.S. earnings. In addition, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act ("OBBBA") amended the business interest expense limitation. The reduction in current and expected future earnings, as a result of industry disruption, represented significant negative evidence in the assessment of the realizability of our deferred tax assets. We concluded that it is more likely than not that our U.S. net deferred tax assets will not be fully realized and recorded a non-cash charge of $1.4 billion to establish a full valuation allowance in the U.S. during the third quarter of 2025. We intend to maintain a valuation allowance until sufficient positive evidence exists to support realization of these deferred tax assets. At December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had approximately $1.4 billion and $1.3 billion of U.S. federal, state and local net deferred tax assets, respectively, and related valuation allowances totaling $1.4 billion and $26 million, respectively.

At December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we also had approximately $1.5 billion of foreign net deferred tax assets and related valuation allowances of approximately $1.3 billion. Our losses in various foreign taxing jurisdictions in recent periods represented sufficient negative evidence to require us to maintain a full valuation allowance against certain of these net foreign deferred tax assets. Most notably, in Luxembourg, we maintain a valuation allowance of approximately $1.1 billion on all of our net deferred tax assets. Each reporting period, we assess available positive and negative evidence and estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to utilize these existing deferred tax assets. We do not believe that sufficient positive evidence required to release valuation allowances on our foreign deferred tax assets having a significant impact on our financial position or results of operations will exist within the next twelve months.

On July 4, 2025, OBBBA was enacted in the U.S. The OBBBA includes significant provisions, such as the permanent extension of certain expiring provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, modifications to the international tax framework,

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and the restoration of tax treatment for certain business provisions. We did not have a material impact from OBBBA on our 2025 operating tax rates. We will continue to assess the impact on us as regulations develop in the future.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD") have published the Pillar Two model rules which adopt a global corporate minimum tax of 15% for multinational enterprises with average revenue in excess of €750 million. Certain jurisdictions in which we operate enacted legislation consistent with one or more of the OECD Pillar Two model rules effective in 2025. The model rules include minimum domestic top-up taxes, income inclusion rules and undertaxed profit rules, all aimed to ensure that multinational corporations pay a minimum effective corporate tax rate of 15% in each jurisdiction in which they operate. The Pillar Two model rules did not materially impact our annual effective tax rate in 2025. However, we are continuing to evaluate the Pillar Two model rules and related developments, including the side-by-side safe harbor package for U.S.-based multinationals, and their potential impact on future periods.

For further information regarding income taxes and the realizability of our deferred tax assets, refer to "Critical Accounting Policies" and Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 7, Income Taxes.

Minority Shareholders’ Net Income (Loss)

Minority shareholders’ net income was $21 million in 2025, primarily related to the sale of property in Asia Pacific, compared to a net loss of $11 million in 2024, primarily due to the closure of our Malaysia tire manufacturing facility.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — SEGMENT INFORMATION

Segment information reflects our strategic business units ("SBUs"), which are organized to meet customer requirements and global competition and are segmented on a regional basis.

Results of operations are measured based on net sales to unaffiliated customers and segment operating income. Each segment exports tires to other segments. The financial results of each segment exclude sales of tires exported to other segments, but include operating income derived from such transactions. Segment operating income is computed as follows: Net Sales less CGS (excluding asset write-offs, accelerated depreciation charges and accelerated lease costs) and SAG (including certain allocated corporate administrative expenses). Segment operating income also includes certain royalties and equity in earnings of most affiliates. Segment operating income does not include net rationalization charges, asset sales, goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges and certain other items.

Total segment operating income in 2025 was $1,057 million, a decrease of $245 million, or 18.8%, from $1,302 million in 2024. Total segment operating margin (segment operating income divided by segment sales) in 2025 was 5.8% compared to 6.9% in 2024.

Management believes that total segment operating income is useful because it represents the aggregate value of income created by our SBUs and excludes items not directly related to the SBUs for performance evaluation purposes. Total segment operating income is the sum of the individual SBUs’ segment operating income. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 9, Business Segments, for further information and for a reconciliation of total segment operating income to Income (Loss) before Income Taxes.

Americas


	Year Ended December 31,
(In millions)	2025			2024			2023
Tire Units	78.2			81.6			87.3
Net Sales	$	10,768		$	11,033		$	11,993
Operating Income	735			933			749
Operating Margin	6.8		%	8.5		%	6.2		%

Americas unit sales in 2025 decreased 3.4 million units, or 4.1%, to 78.2 million units. Replacement tire volume decreased 2.9 million units, or 4.3%, primarily due to a decrease in our consumer business, mainly driven by increased competitiveness in the U.S. from the lower tier market. OE tire volume decreased 0.5 million units, or 3.1%, primarily due to weakness in the OE industry in North America.

Net sales in 2025 were $10,768 million, decreasing $265 million, or 2.4%, from $11,033 million in 2024. The decrease in net sales was primarily due to lower tire volume of $363 million, the impact of the sale of the OTR tire business of $143 million, the impact of the sale of the Chemical Business of $82 million and the negative impact of changes in foreign exchange rates of $71 million, primarily related to the weakening of the Brazilian real and Mexican peso. These decreases were partially offset by favorable price and product mix of $172 million, product supply agreement revenue related to the sale of the OTR tire business of $145 million and a $64 million benefit related to the Goodyear Forward plan.

Operating income in 2025 was $735 million, decreasing $198 million, or 21.2%, from $933 in 2024. The decrease in operating income was due to higher conversion costs of $305 million, driven by the effect of lower tire production on fixed cost absorption and inflation, higher raw material costs of $277 million, higher SAG of $136 million when excluding Goodyear Forward savings, an increase in other costs of $131 million, primarily related to tariff and transportation costs, a $92 million benefit received in 2024 related to insurance proceeds for property damage and business interruptions resulting from storm damage events in prior years, and lower tire volume of $79 million. These decreases were partially offset by a $564 million benefit related to the Goodyear Forward plan and favorable price and product mix of $246 million. Operating income for 2025 included incremental savings from rationalization plans of $19 million.

Operating income in 2025 excluded a non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $674 million, net rationalization charges of $94 million, asset write-offs, accelerated depreciation and accelerated lease costs of $71 million, and net gains on asset sales of $16 million. Operating income in 2024 excluded a non-cash intangible asset impairment of $125 million, net rationalization charges of $23 million, asset write-offs, accelerated depreciation and accelerated lease costs of $14 million, and net gains on asset sales of $13 million.

Americas results are highly dependent upon the United States, which accounted for 85% and 84% of Americas net sales in 2025 and 2024, respectively. Results of operations in the United States are expected to continue to have a significant impact on Americas' future performance.

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Europe, Middle East and Africa


	Year Ended December 31,
(In millions)	2025			2024			2023
Tire Units	47.9			48.9			49.9
Net Sales	$	5,550		$	5,425		$	5,606
Operating Income (Loss)	114			92			(8)
Operating Margin	2.1		%	1.7		%	(0.1)		%

EMEA unit sales in 2025 decreased 1.0 million units, or 2.2%, to 47.9 million units. Replacement tire volume decreased 2.4 million units, or 7.0%, mainly driven by our consumer business, reflecting market softness and increased competition from the lower tier market. OE tire volume increased 1.4 million units, or 11.2%, primarily in our consumer business, reflecting share gains driven by new fitments.

Net sales in 2025 were $5,550 million, increasing $125 million, or 2.3%, from $5,425 million in 2024. The increase in net sales was primarily driven by improvements in price and product mix of $157 million, higher sales in the other tire-related businesses of $69 million, primarily due to growth in fleet solutions, and the positive impact of changes in foreign exchange rates of $69 million, driven by a stronger euro, Polish zloty and British pound, partially offset by a weaker Turkish lira. These increases were partially offset by the impact of the sale of the OTR tire business of $195 million, excluding product supply agreement revenue of $120 million, and lower tire volume of $102 million.

Operating income in 2025 was $114 million, increasing $22 million, or 23.9%, from income of $92 million in 2024. The increase in operating income was primarily due to favorable price and product mix of $173 million, benefits related to the Goodyear Forward plan of $137 million and a net increase of $30 million from insurance proceeds received in 2024 and 2025 related to a fire that significantly damaged and caused a temporary shutdown of our tire manufacturing facility in Debica, Poland. These increases were partially offset by higher raw material costs of $119 million, higher conversion costs of $74 million, higher SAG of $62 million when excluding Goodyear Forward savings, lower tire volume of $21 million, lower earnings in other tire-related businesses of $17 million, primarily due to mileage contracts, higher transportation costs of $13 million and higher costs related to the sale of the OTR tire business of $12 million. Operating income in 2025 included incremental savings from rationalization plans of $24 million.

Operating income in 2025 excluded net rationalization charges of $87 million and asset write-offs, accelerated depreciation and accelerated lease costs of $83 million. Operating income in 2024 excluded $79 million of net gains on asset sales, asset write-offs, accelerated depreciation and accelerated lease costs of $68 million, and net rationalization charges of $36 million.

EMEA’s results are highly dependent upon Germany, which accounted for 17% and 15% of EMEA’s net sales in 2025 and 2024, respectively. Results of operations in Germany are expected to continue to have a significant impact on EMEA’s future performance.

Asia Pacific


	Year Ended December 31,
(In millions)	2025			2024			2023
Tire Units	32.6			36.1			36.1
Net Sales	$	1,962		$	2,420		$	2,467
Operating Income	208			277			202
Operating Margin	10.6		%	11.4		%	8.2		%

Asia Pacific unit sales in 2025 decreased 3.5 million units, or 9.7%, to 32.6 million units. Replacement tire volume decreased 2.3 million units, or 12.7%, driven by actions taken to reduce lower margin business and softness in consumer replacement. OE tire volume decreased 1.2 million units, or 6.7%, primarily in China.

Net sales in 2025 were $1,962 million, decreasing $458 million, or 18.9%, from $2,420 million in 2024. The decrease in net sales was primarily due to lower tire volume of $204 million, the sale of the OTR tire business of $202 million, the sale of the Dunlop brand of $49 million, and the negative impact of changes in foreign exchange rates of $16 million. These decreases were partially offset by favorable price and product mix of $41 million.

Operating income in 2025 was $208 million, decreasing $69 million, or 24.9%, from $277 million in 2024. The decrease in operating income was primarily due to decreased earnings of $81 million due to the sale of the OTR tire business, lower tire volume of $48 million, higher raw material costs of $47 million, and the negative impact of changes in foreign

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exchange rates of $3 million. These decreases were partially offset by benefits related to the Goodyear Forward plan of $71 million and favorable price and product mix of $46 million.

Operating income in 2025 excluded net gains on asset sales of $55 million and asset write-offs, accelerated depreciation and accelerated lease costs of $6 million. Operating income in 2024 excluded asset write-offs, accelerated depreciation and accelerate lease costs of $44 million, net rationalization charges of $13 million, and net gains on asset sales of $1 million.

Asia Pacific’s results are highly dependent upon China and India. China accounted for 44% and 38% of Asia Pacific’s net sales in 2025 and 2024, respectively. India accounted for 21% and 17% of Asia Pacific’s net sales for 2025 and 2024, respectively. Results of operations in China and India are expected to have a significant impact on Asia Pacific's future performance.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Overview

Our primary sources of liquidity are cash generated from our operating and financing activities. Our cash flows from operating activities are driven primarily by our operating results and changes in our working capital requirements and our cash flows from financing activities are dependent upon our ability to access credit or other capital. In 2025, we also improved our liquidity position through our Goodyear Forward portfolio optimization initiatives by completing the sales of the OTR tire business, the Dunlop brand and the Chemical Business.

At December 31, 2025, we had $801 million of Cash and Cash Equivalents, compared to $810 million at December 31, 2024. Net cash used by financing activities was $1,770 million, primarily due to net debt repayments of $1,759 million. Cash provided by investing activities was $997 million, primarily representing proceeds from the sales of the OTR tire business, the Dunlop brand and the Chemical Business, as well as other asset dispositions, of $1,802 million, partially offset by capital expenditures of $826 million. Net cash provided by operating activities was $796 million, driven by our current year segment operating income and deferred revenue and income from asset sales.

At December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had $4,421 million and $3,555 million, respectively, of unused availability under our various credit agreements. The table below provides unused availability by our significant credit facilities as of December 31:


(In millions)	2025		2024
First lien revolving credit facility	$	2,749	$	2,049
European revolving credit facility	940		832
Chinese credit facilities	531		500

Other foreign and domestic debt	201		174
	$	4,421	$	3,555

We expect our 2026 cash flow requirements to include capital expenditures of approximately $825 million. We also expect interest expense to be $400 million to $425 million. We estimate rationalization payments to be approximately $225 million; income tax payments to be $150 million to $175 million, excluding one-time items; and contributions to our funded pension plans to be $25 million to $50 million. We expect to generate approximately $100 million of cash from working capital in 2026.

We actively monitor our liquidity and intend to operate our business in a way that allows us to address our cash flow needs with our existing cash and available credit if they cannot be funded by cash generated from operating or other financing activities. We believe that our liquidity position is adequate to fund our operating and investing needs and debt maturities for the next twelve months and to provide us with the ability to respond to further changes in the business environment.

Our ability to service debt and operational requirements is also dependent, in part, on the ability of our subsidiaries to make distributions of cash to various other entities in our consolidated group, whether in the form of dividends, loans or otherwise. In certain countries where we operate, such as China, South Africa, Serbia and Argentina, transfers of funds into or out of such countries by way of dividends, loans, advances or payments to third-party or affiliated suppliers are generally or periodically subject to certain requirements, such as obtaining approval from the foreign government and/or currency exchange board before net assets can be transferred out of the country. In addition, certain of our credit agreements and other debt instruments limit the ability of foreign subsidiaries to make distributions of cash. Thus, we would have to repay and/or amend these credit agreements and other debt instruments in order to use this cash to service our consolidated debt. Because of the inherent uncertainty of satisfactorily meeting these requirements or limitations, we do not consider the net assets of our subsidiaries, including our Chinese, South African, Serbian and Argentinian subsidiaries, which are subject to such requirements or limitations to be integral to our liquidity or our ability to service our debt and operational requirements. At December 31, 2025, approximately $731 million of net assets, including approximately $175 million of cash and cash equivalents, were subject to such requirements. The requirements we must comply with to transfer funds out of China, South Africa, Serbia and Argentina have not adversely impacted our ability to make transfers out of those countries.

Cash Position

At December 31, 2025, significant concentrations of cash and cash equivalents held by our international subsidiaries included the following amounts:

•$296 million or 37% in EMEA, primarily Luxembourg and Belgium ($193 million or 24% at December 31, 2024),

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•$206 million or 26% in Asia Pacific, primarily China, India and Taiwan ($242 million or 30% at December 31, 2024), and

•$204 million or 26% in Americas, primarily Brazil, Chile and Mexico ($199 million or 25% at December 31, 2024).

We have deposited our cash and cash equivalents and entered into various credit agreements and derivative contracts with financial institutions that we considered to be substantial and creditworthy at the time of such transactions. We seek to control our exposure to these financial institutions by diversifying our deposits, credit agreements and derivative contracts across multiple financial institutions, by setting deposit and counterparty credit limits based on long term credit ratings and other indicators of credit risk such as credit default swap spreads and default probabilities, and by monitoring the financial strength of these financial institutions on a regular basis. We also enter into master netting agreements with counterparties when possible. By controlling and monitoring exposure to financial institutions in this manner, we believe that we effectively manage the risk of loss due to nonperformance by a financial institution. However, we cannot provide assurance that we will not experience losses or delays in accessing our deposits or lines of credit due to the nonperformance of a financial institution. Our inability to access our cash deposits or make draws on our lines of credit, or the inability of a counterparty to fulfill its contractual obligations to us, could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition or results of operations in the period in which it occurs.

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $796 million in 2025, compared to $698 million in 2024. The $98 million increase in net cash provided by operating activities was primarily due to $486 million of deferred revenue and income related to the product supply agreements, trademark licensing agreements and transition agreements entered into in connection with the sales of the OTR tire business, the Dunlop brand and the Chemical Business and a decrease in cash payments for interest of $101 million, partially offset by lower earnings in our SBUs of $245 million and an increase in rationalization payments of $233 million.

The net decrease in cash used for working capital of $36 million reflects an increase in cash provided by Accounts Receivable of $88 million and a decrease in cash used for Inventories of $118 million, partially offset by an increase in cash used for Accounts Payable - Trade of $170 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was $997 million in 2025, compared to net cash used for investing activities of $1,005 million in 2024. The $2,002 million increase in cash provided by investing activities was primarily due to net cash provided by the sales of the OTR tire business, the Dunlop brand and the Chemical Business, as well as other asset dispositions, of $1,802 million in 2025, compared to $115 million in 2024. Capital expenditures were $826 million in 2025, compared to $1,188 million in 2024.

Financing Activities

Net cash used for financing activities was $1,770 million in 2025, compared to cash provided by financing activities of $225 million in 2024. The $1,995 million increase in cash used for financing activities reflects an increase in overall net debt repayments in 2025 of $1,759 million, due to the repayment of debt with proceeds from asset sales, compared to overall net borrowings in 2024 of $264 million.

Credit Sources

In aggregate, we had total credit arrangements of $10,525 million available at December 31, 2025, of which $4,421 million were unused, compared to $11,223 million available at December 31, 2024, of which $3,555 million were unused. At December 31, 2025, we had long term credit arrangements totaling $9,707 million, of which $4,145 million were unused, compared to $10,352 million and $3,263 million, respectively, at December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2025, we had short term committed and uncommitted credit arrangements totaling $818 million, of which $276 million were unused, compared to $871 million and $292 million, respectively, at December 31, 2024. The continued availability of the short term uncommitted arrangements is at the discretion of the relevant lender and may be terminated at any time.

Outstanding Notes

At December 31, 2025, we had $4,391 million of outstanding notes, compared to $5,240 million at December 31, 2024.

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$2.75 Billion Amended and Restated First Lien Revolving Credit Facility due 2030

On May 19, 2025, we amended and restated our U.S. first lien revolving credit facility. The principal change to the facility was the extension of its maturity from June 8, 2026 to May 19, 2030. The interest rate for loans under the facility remained at SOFR plus 125 basis points.

Our amended and restated first lien revolving credit facility is available in the form of loans or letters of credit. Up to $800 million in letters of credit and $50 million of swingline loans are available for issuance under the facility. Subject to the consent of the lenders whose commitments are to be increased, we may request that the facility be increased by up to $250 million.

Our obligations under the facility are guaranteed by most of our wholly-owned U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries. Our obligations under the facility and our subsidiaries' obligations under the related guarantees are secured by first priority security interests in a variety of collateral. Based on our current liquidity, amounts drawn under this facility bear interest at SOFR plus 125 basis points. Undrawn amounts under the facility are subject to an annual commitment fee of 25 basis points.

Availability under the facility is subject to a borrowing base, which is based on (i) eligible accounts receivable and inventory of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company and certain of its U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries, (ii) the greater of 50% of the appraised value, if any, of our principal trademarks or $400 million, (iii) the value of eligible machinery and equipment, and (iv) certain cash in an amount not to exceed $275 million. To the extent that our eligible accounts receivable, inventory and other components of the borrowing base decline in value, our borrowing base will decrease and the availability under the facility may decrease below $2.75 billion. In addition, if the amount of outstanding borrowings and letters of credit under the facility exceeds the borrowing base, we would be required to prepay borrowings and/or cash collateralize letters of credit sufficient to eliminate the excess. As of December 31, 2025, our borrowing base was above the facility's stated amount of $2.75 billion.

At December 31, 2025, we had no borrowings and $1 million of letters of credit issued under the revolving credit facility. At December 31, 2024, we had $700 million of borrowings and $1 million of letters of credit issued under the revolving credit facility.

€800 Million Amended and Restated Senior Secured European Revolving Credit Facility due 2028

The European revolving credit facility matures on January 14, 2028 and consists of (i) a €180 million German tranche that is available only to Goodyear Germany GmbH and (ii) a €620 million all-borrower tranche that is available to Goodyear Europe B.V. ("GEBV"), Goodyear Germany and Goodyear Operations S.A. Up to €175 million of swingline loans and €75 million in letters of credit are available for issuance under the all-borrower tranche. Subject to the consent of the lenders whose commitments are to be increased, we may request that the facility be increased by up to €200 million. Amounts drawn under this facility will bear interest at SOFR plus 150 basis points for loans denominated in U.S. dollars, EURIBOR plus 150 basis points for loans denominated in euros, and SONIA plus 150 basis points for loans denominated in pounds sterling. Undrawn amounts under the facility are subject to an annual commitment fee of 25 basis points.

At December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had no borrowings and no letters of credit outstanding under the European revolving credit facility.

Each of our first lien revolving credit facility and our European revolving credit facility have customary representations and warranties including, as a condition to borrowing, that all such representations and warranties are true and correct, in all material respects, on the date of the borrowing, including representations as to no material adverse change in our business or financial condition since December 31, 2024 under the first lien facility and December 31, 2021 under the European facility.

Accounts Receivable Securitization Facilities (On-Balance Sheet)

On October 10, 2025, GEBV and certain other of our European subsidiaries amended and restated our pan-European accounts receivable securitization facility. The principal change to the facility was the extension of its maturity from October 19, 2027 to October 18, 2032. The terms of the facility provide the flexibility to designate annually the maximum amount of funding available under the facility in an amount of not less than €30 million and not more than €450 million. For the period from October 2025 through October 2027, the designated maximum amount of the facility is €300 million.

The facility involves an ongoing daily sale of substantially all of the trade accounts receivable of certain GEBV subsidiaries. These subsidiaries retain servicing responsibilities. Utilization under this facility is based on eligible receivable balances.

The funding commitments under the facility will expire upon the earliest to occur of: (a) October 18, 2032, (b) the non-renewal and expiration (without substitution) of all of the back-up liquidity commitments, (c) the early termination of the

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facility according to its terms (generally upon an Early Amortisation Event (as defined in the facility), which includes, among other things, events similar to the events of default under our first lien revolving credit facility; certain tax law changes; or certain changes to law, regulation or accounting standards), or (d) our request for early termination of the facility. The facility’s current back-up liquidity commitments will expire in October 2027.

The facility has customary representations, warranties, covenants and Early Amortisation Events. In addition, it is an Early Amortisation Event under the facility if GEBV's ratio of Consolidated Net GEBV Indebtedness to Consolidated GEBV EBITDA for a period of four consecutive fiscal quarters is greater than 3.0 to 1.0 at the end of any fiscal quarter. The financial covenant is substantially similar to the covenant included in our European revolving credit facility.

At December 31, 2025, the amounts available and utilized under this program totaled $292 million (€249 million). At December 31, 2024, the amounts available and utilized under this program totaled $227 million (€218 million). The program does not qualify for sale accounting, and accordingly, these amounts are included in Long Term Debt and Finance Leases.

Accounts Receivable Factoring Facilities (Off-Balance Sheet)

We have sold certain of our trade receivables under off-balance sheet programs. For these programs, we have concluded that there is generally no risk of loss to us from non-payment of the sold receivables. At December 31, 2025, the gross amount of receivables sold was $892 million, compared to $773 million at December 31, 2024.

Letters of Credit

At December 31, 2025, we had $206 million in letters of credit issued under bilateral letter of credit agreements and other foreign credit facilities.

Supplier Financing

We have entered into payment processing agreements with several financial institutions. Under these agreements, the financial institutions act as our paying agents with respect to accounts payable due to our suppliers. These agreements also allow our suppliers to sell their receivables to the financial institutions at the sole discretion of both the supplier and the financial institution on terms that are negotiated between them. We are not always notified when our suppliers sell receivables under these programs. Our obligations to our suppliers, including the amounts due and scheduled payment dates, are not impacted by our suppliers' decisions to sell their receivables under these programs. Agreements for such supplier financing programs totaled up to $876 million and $775 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The amounts confirmed to the financial institutions were $551 million and $604 million at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and are included in Accounts Payable — Trade in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. All activity related to these obligations is presented within operating activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Further Information

For a further description of the terms of our outstanding notes, first lien revolving credit facility, European revolving credit facility and pan-European accounts receivable securitization facility, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 16, Financing Arrangements and Derivative Financial Instruments.

Covenant Compliance

Our first lien revolving credit facility contains certain covenants that, among other things, limit our ability to incur additional debt or issue redeemable preferred stock, pay dividends, repurchase shares or make certain other restricted payments or investments, incur liens, sell assets, incur restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or to make other payments to us, enter into affiliate transactions, engage in sale and leaseback transactions, and consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. The indentures governing our notes contain covenants that, among other things, limit our ability to incur certain liens, engage in sale and leaseback transactions, and consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. These covenants are subject to significant exceptions and qualifications. Our first lien revolving credit facility and the indentures governing our notes also have customary defaults, including cross-defaults to material indebtedness of Goodyear and its subsidiaries.

We have an additional financial covenant in our first lien revolving credit facility that is currently not applicable. We become subject to that financial covenant when the aggregate amount of our Parent Company (The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company) and guarantor subsidiaries cash and cash equivalents (“Available Cash”) plus our availability under our first lien revolving credit facility is less than $275 million. If this were to occur, our ratio of EBITDA to Consolidated Interest Expense may not be less than 2.0 to 1.0 for the most recent period of four consecutive fiscal quarters. As of December 31, 2025, our unused availability under this facility of $2,749 million plus our Available Cash of $92 million totaled $2,841 million, which is in excess of $275 million.

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In addition, our European revolving credit facility contains non-financial covenants similar to the non-financial covenants in our first lien revolving credit facility that are described above, similar non-financial covenants specifically applicable to GEBV and its subsidiaries, and a financial covenant applicable only to GEBV and its subsidiaries. This financial covenant provides that we are not permitted to allow GEBV’s ratio of Consolidated Net GEBV Indebtedness to Consolidated GEBV EBITDA for a period of four consecutive fiscal quarters to be greater than 3.0 to 1.0 at the end of any fiscal quarter. Consolidated Net GEBV Indebtedness is determined net of the sum of cash and cash equivalents in excess of $100 million held by GEBV and its subsidiaries, cash and cash equivalents in excess of $150 million held by the Parent Company and its U.S. subsidiaries, and availability under our first lien revolving credit facility if the ratio of EBITDA to Consolidated Interest Expense described above is not applicable and the conditions to borrowing under the first lien revolving credit facility are met. Consolidated Net GEBV Indebtedness also excludes loans from other consolidated Goodyear entities. This financial covenant is also included in our pan-European accounts receivable securitization facility. At December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with this financial covenant.

Our credit facilities also state that we may only incur additional debt or make restricted payments that are not otherwise expressly permitted if, after giving effect to the debt incurrence or the restricted payment, our ratio of EBITDA to Consolidated Interest Expense for the prior four fiscal quarters would exceed 2.0 to 1.0. Our credit facilities also permit the incurrence of additional debt through other provisions in those agreements without regard to our ability to satisfy the ratio-based incurrence test described above. We believe that these other provisions provide us with sufficient flexibility to incur additional debt necessary to meet our operating, investing and financing needs without regard to our ability to satisfy the ratio-based incurrence test.

Covenants could change based upon a refinancing or amendment of an existing facility, or additional covenants may be added in connection with the incurrence of new debt.

As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with the currently applicable material covenants imposed by our principal credit facilities and indentures.

The terms “Available Cash,” “EBITDA,” “Consolidated Interest Expense,” “Consolidated Net GEBV Indebtedness” and “Consolidated GEBV EBITDA” have the meanings given them in the respective credit facilities.

Potential Future Financings

In addition to the financing activities described above, we may seek to undertake additional financing actions which could include restructuring bank debt or capital markets transactions, possibly including the issuance of additional debt or equity. Given the inherent uncertainty of market conditions, access to the capital markets cannot be assured.

Our future liquidity requirements may make it necessary for us to incur additional debt. However, a substantial portion of our assets are already subject to liens securing our indebtedness. As a result, we are limited in our ability to pledge our remaining assets as security for additional secured indebtedness. In addition, no assurance can be given as to our ability to raise additional unsecured debt.

Dividends and Common Stock Repurchase Program

Under our primary credit facilities, we are permitted to pay dividends on and repurchase our capital stock (which constitute restricted payments) as long as no default will have occurred and be continuing, additional indebtedness can be incurred under the credit facilities following the payment, and certain financial tests are satisfied.

No cash dividends were paid on our common stock in 2025, 2024 or 2023.

We may repurchase shares delivered to us by employees as payment for the exercise price of stock options and the withholding taxes due upon the exercise of stock options or the vesting or payment of stock awards. During 2025, 2024 and 2023, we did not repurchase any shares from our employees.

The restrictions imposed by our credit facilities are not expected to affect our ability to pay dividends or repurchase our capital stock in the future.

Asset Dispositions

Historically, the restrictions on asset sales and sale and leaseback transactions imposed by our material indebtedness have not affected our ability to divest non-core businesses or assets. We may undertake additional asset sales and sale and leaseback transactions in the future. The restrictions imposed by our material indebtedness may require us to seek further waivers or amendments of covenants or alternative sources of financing to proceed with future transactions. We cannot assure you that such waivers, amendments or alternative financing could be obtained, or if obtained, would be on terms acceptable to us.

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Supplemental Guarantor Financial Information

Certain of our subsidiaries, which are listed on Exhibit 22.1 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and are generally holding or operating companies, have guaranteed our obligations under the $700 million outstanding principal amount of 4.875% senior notes due 2027, the $850 million outstanding principal amount of 5% senior notes due 2029, the $500 million outstanding principal amount of 6.625% senior notes due 2030, the $550 million outstanding principal amount of 5.25% senior notes due April 2031, the $600 million outstanding principal amount of 5.25% senior notes due July 2031 and the $450 million outstanding principal amount of 5.625% senior notes due 2033 (collectively, the “Notes”).

The Notes have been issued by The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company (the “Parent Company”) and are its senior unsecured obligations. The Notes rank equally in right of payment with all of our existing and future senior unsecured obligations and senior to any of our future subordinated indebtedness. The Notes are effectively subordinated to our existing and future secured indebtedness to the extent of the assets securing that indebtedness. The Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a joint and several basis by each of our wholly-owned U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries that also guarantee our obligations under our first lien revolving credit facility (such guarantees, the “Guarantees”; and, such guaranteeing subsidiaries, the “Subsidiary Guarantors”). The Guarantees are senior unsecured obligations of the Subsidiary Guarantors and rank equally in right of payment with all existing and future senior unsecured obligations of our Subsidiary Guarantors. The Guarantees are effectively subordinated to existing and future secured indebtedness of the Subsidiary Guarantors to the extent of the assets securing that indebtedness.

The Notes are structurally subordinated to all of the existing and future debt and other liabilities, including trade payables, of our subsidiaries that do not guarantee the Notes (the “Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries”). The Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries will have no obligation, contingent or otherwise, to pay amounts due under the Notes or to make funds available to pay those amounts. Certain Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries are limited in their ability to remit funds to us by means of dividends, advances or loans due to required foreign government and/or currency exchange board approvals or limitations in credit agreements or other debt instruments of those subsidiaries.

The Subsidiary Guarantors, as primary obligors and not merely as sureties, jointly and severally irrevocably and unconditionally guarantee on a senior unsecured basis the performance and full and punctual payment when due of all obligations of the Parent Company under the Notes and the related indentures, whether for payment of principal of or interest on the Notes, expenses, indemnification or otherwise. The Guarantees of the Subsidiary Guarantors are subject to release in limited circumstances only upon the occurrence of certain customary conditions.

Although the Guarantees provide the holders of Notes with a direct unsecured claim against the assets of the Subsidiary Guarantors, under U.S. federal bankruptcy law and comparable provisions of U.S. state fraudulent transfer laws, in certain circumstances a court could cancel a Guarantee and order the return of any payments made thereunder to the Subsidiary Guarantor or to a fund for the benefit of its creditors.

A court might take these actions if it found, among other things, that when the Subsidiary Guarantors incurred the debt evidenced by their Guarantee (i) they received less than reasonably equivalent value or fair consideration for the incurrence of the debt and (ii) any one of the following conditions was satisfied:

•the Subsidiary Guarantor was insolvent or rendered insolvent by reason of the incurrence;

•the Subsidiary Guarantor was engaged in a business or transaction for which its remaining assets constituted unreasonably small capital; or

•the Subsidiary Guarantor intended to incur, or believed (or reasonably should have believed) that it would incur, debts beyond its ability to pay as those debts matured.

In applying the above factors, a court would likely find that a Subsidiary Guarantor did not receive fair consideration or reasonably equivalent value for its Guarantee, except to the extent that it benefited directly or indirectly from the issuance of the Notes. The determination of whether a guarantor was or was not rendered “insolvent” when it entered into its guarantee will vary depending on the law of the jurisdiction being applied. Generally, an entity would be considered insolvent if the sum of its debts (including contingent or unliquidated debts) is greater than all of its assets at a fair valuation or if the present fair salable value of its assets is less than the amount that will be required to pay its probable liability on its existing debts, including contingent or unliquidated debts, as they mature.

Under Canadian federal bankruptcy and insolvency laws and comparable provincial laws on preferences, fraudulent conveyances or other challengeable or voidable transactions, the Guarantees could be challenged as a preference, fraudulent conveyance, transfer at undervalue or other challengeable or voidable transaction. The test to be applied varies

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among the different pieces of legislation, but as a general matter these types of challenges may arise in circumstances where:

•such action was intended to defeat, hinder, delay, defraud or prejudice creditors or others;

•such action was taken within a specified period of time prior to the commencement of proceedings under Canadian bankruptcy, insolvency or restructuring legislation in respect of a Subsidiary Guarantor, the consideration received by the Subsidiary Guarantor was conspicuously less than the fair market value of the consideration given, and the Subsidiary Guarantor was insolvent or rendered insolvent by such action and (in some circumstances, or) such action was intended to defraud, defeat or delay a creditor;

•such action was taken within a specified period of time prior to the commencement of proceedings under Canadian bankruptcy, insolvency or restructuring legislation in respect of a Subsidiary Guarantor and such action was taken, or is deemed to have been taken, with a view to giving a creditor a preference over other creditors or, in some circumstances, had the effect of giving a creditor a preference over other creditors; or

•a Subsidiary Guarantor is found to have acted in a manner that was oppressive, unfairly prejudicial to or unfairly disregarded the interests of any shareholder, creditor, director, officer or other interested party.

In addition, in certain insolvency proceedings a Canadian court may subordinate claims in respect of the Guarantees to other claims against a Subsidiary Guarantor under the principle of equitable subordination if the court determines that (1) the holder of Notes engaged in some type of inequitable or improper conduct, (2) the inequitable or improper conduct resulted in injury to other creditors or conferred an unfair advantage upon the holder of Notes and (3) equitable subordination is not inconsistent with the provisions of the relevant solvency statute.

If a court canceled a Guarantee, the holders of Notes would no longer have a claim against that Subsidiary Guarantor or its assets.

Each Guarantee is limited, by its terms, to an amount not to exceed the maximum amount that can be guaranteed by the applicable Subsidiary Guarantor without rendering the Guarantee, as it relates to that Subsidiary Guarantor, voidable under applicable law relating to fraudulent conveyance or fraudulent transfer or similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally.

Each Subsidiary Guarantor is a consolidated subsidiary of the Parent Company at the date of the balance sheet presented. The following tables present summarized financial information for the Parent Company and the Subsidiary Guarantors on a combined basis after elimination of (i) intercompany transactions and balances among the Parent Company and the Subsidiary Guarantors and (ii) equity in earnings from and investments in any Non-Guarantor Subsidiary.


	Summarized Balance Sheet
(In millions)	December 31, 2025
Total Current Assets(1)	$	5,058
Total Non-Current Assets	5,948

Total Current Liabilities	$	3,121
Total Non-Current Liabilities	6,929

(1)Includes receivables due from Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries of $1,574 million as of December 31, 2025.

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	Summarized Statement of Operations
(In millions)	Year Ended December 31, 2025
Net Sales	$	10,348
Cost of Goods Sold	8,530
Selling, Administrative and General Expense	1,505
Goodwill Impairment	674
Rationalizations	133
Interest Expense	385
Other (Income) Expense	(159)
Net (Gain) Loss on Asset Sales	(254)
Income (Loss) before Income Taxes(2)	$	(466)

Net Income (Loss)(3)	$	(1,851)
Goodyear Net Income (Loss)(3)	$	(1,851)

(2)Includes income from intercompany transactions with Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries of $557 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, primarily from royalties, dividends, interest and intercompany product sales.

(3)Includes U.S. tax expense primarily related to the establishment of a full valuation allowance on our net deferred tax assets in the U.S. See Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 7, Income Taxes, for details.

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COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES

Contractual Obligations

The following table presents our contractual obligations and commitments to make future payments as of December 31, 2025:


(In millions)	Total		2026		2027		2028		2029		2030		Beyond 2030
Debt Obligations(1)	$	5,946	$	1,173	$	1,025	$	794	$	853	$	501	$	1,600
Finance Lease Obligations(2)	261		10		8		8		10		5		220
Interest Payments(3)	1,573		330		264		216		190		141		432
Operating Lease Obligations(4)	1,419		264		226		178		144		120		487
Pension Benefits(5)	225		55		40		40		50		40		N/A
Other Postretirement Benefits(6)	191		21		20		20		20		19		91
Workers’ Compensation(7)	185		28		20		16		12		10		99
Binding Commitments(8)	5,520		1,517		537		345		319		293		2,509
Uncertain Income Tax Positions(9)	23		2		3		18		—		—		—
	$	15,343	$	3,400	$	2,143	$	1,635	$	1,598	$	1,129	$	5,438

(1)Debt obligations include Notes Payable and Overdrafts, and excludes the impact of deferred financing fees, unamortized discounts, and the fair value step-up related to the Cooper Tire acquisition.

(2)The minimum lease payments for finance lease obligations are $710 million.

(3)These amounts represent future interest payments related to our existing debt obligations and finance leases based on fixed and variable interest rates specified in the associated debt and lease agreements. The amounts provided relate only to existing debt obligations and do not assume the refinancing or replacement of such debt or future changes in variable interest rates.

(4)Operating lease obligations have not been reduced by minimum sublease rentals of $8 million, $6 million, $5 million, $2 million, $2 million and $1 million in each of the periods above, respectively, for a total of $24 million. Payments, net of minimum sublease rentals, total $1,395 million. The present value of the net operating lease payments, including sublease rentals, is $1,038 million. The operating leases relate to, among other things, real estate, vehicles, data processing equipment and miscellaneous other assets. No asset is leased from any related party.

(5)The obligation related to pension benefits is actuarially determined and is reflective of obligations as of December 31, 2025. Although subject to change, the amounts set forth in the table represent the mid-point of the range of our expected contributions for funded U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans, plus expected cash funding of direct participant payments to our U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans.

We made significant contributions to fully fund our U.S. pension plans in 2013 and 2014. We have no minimum funding requirements for our funded U.S. pension plans under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA") or the provisions of our USW collective bargaining agreement, including a provision which requires us to maintain an annual ERISA funded status for the Goodyear U.S. hourly pension plan of at least 97%.

Future U.S. pension contributions will be affected by our ability to offset changes in future interest rates with returns from our asset portfolios and any changes to ERISA. For further information on the U.S. pension investment strategy, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 18, Pension, Savings and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans.

Future non-U.S. contributions are affected by factors such as:

•future interest rate levels,

•the amount and timing of asset returns, and

•how contributions in excess of the minimum requirements could impact the amount and timing of future contributions.

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(6)The payments presented above are expected payments for the next 10 years. The payments for other postretirement benefits reflect the estimated benefit payments of the plans using the provisions currently in effect. Under the relevant summary plan descriptions or plan documents, we have the right to modify or terminate the plans. The obligation related to other postretirement benefits is actuarially determined on an annual basis.

(7)The payments for workers’ compensation obligations are based upon recent historical payment patterns on claims. The present value of anticipated claims payments for workers’ compensation is $145 million.

(8)Binding commitments are for raw materials, capital expenditures, utilities, and various other types of contracts. The obligations to purchase raw materials include supply contracts at both fixed and variable prices. Those with variable prices are based on index rates for those commodities at December 31, 2025.

(9)These amounts primarily represent expected payments with interest for uncertain income tax positions as of December 31, 2025. We have reflected them in the period in which we believe they will be ultimately settled based upon our experience with these matters.

Additional other long term liabilities include items such as general and product liabilities, environmental liabilities and miscellaneous other long term liabilities. These other liabilities are not contractual obligations by nature. We cannot, with any degree of reliability, determine the years in which these liabilities might ultimately be settled. Accordingly, these other long term liabilities are not included in the above table.

In addition, pursuant to certain long term agreements, we will purchase varying amounts of certain raw materials and finished goods at agreed upon base prices that may be subject to periodic adjustments for changes in raw material costs and market price adjustments, or in quantities that may be subject to periodic adjustments for changes in our or our suppliers' production levels. These contingent contractual obligations, the amounts of which cannot be estimated, are not included in the table above.

We do not engage in the trading of commodity contracts or any related derivative contracts. We generally purchase raw materials and energy through short term, intermediate and long term supply contracts at fixed prices or at formula prices related to market prices or negotiated prices. We may, however, from time to time, enter into contracts to hedge our energy costs.

We have an agreement to provide a revolving loan commitment of up to $130 million to TireHub, LLC. At December 31, 2025, $103 million was drawn on this commitment, which includes $2 million of interest.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

An off-balance sheet arrangement is any transaction, agreement or other contractual arrangement involving an unconsolidated entity under which a company has:

•made guarantees,

•retained or held a contingent interest in transferred assets,

•undertaken an obligation under certain derivative instruments, or

•undertaken any obligation arising out of a material variable interest in an unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit risk support to the company, or that engages in leasing, hedging or research and development arrangements with the company.

We have entered into certain arrangements under which we have provided guarantees that are off-balance sheet arrangements. Those guarantees totaled $15 million at December 31, 2025. For further information about our guarantees, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 20, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and related notes to the financial statements. On an ongoing basis, management reviews its estimates based on currently available information. Changes in facts and circumstances may alter such estimates and affect our results of operations and financial position in future periods. Our critical accounting policies relate to:

•goodwill and intangible assets,

•general and product liability and other litigation,

•workers’ compensation,

•deferred tax asset valuation allowances and uncertain income tax positions, and

•pensions and other postretirement benefits.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment annually or more frequently if an indicator of impairment is present. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their useful lives and are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances warrant such review. Goodwill and intangible assets are written down to fair value if considered impaired. Goodwill and Intangible Assets totaled $42 million and $663 million, respectively, at December 31, 2025, compared to $756 million and $805 million, respectively, at December 31, 2024. The goodwill associated with the reporting unit in our Asia Pacific segment was $42 million at December 31, 2025. The goodwill associated with the reporting units in our Americas and Asia Pacific segments was $715 million and $41 million, respectively, at December 31, 2024. Goodwill associated with the reporting unit in our Americas segment was allocated to assets held for sale in the second quarter of 2025 in the amount of $41 million in connection with the anticipated sale of the Chemical Business, which was consummated in the fourth quarter of 2025. The remaining $674 million was written off, resulting in a non-cash impairment charge during the third quarter of 2025. We recorded an intangible asset impairment charge of $125 million in the third quarter of 2024 primarily related to our lower tier indefinite-lived intangible assets related to the acquisition of Cooper Tire.

Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized but are assessed for impairment annually on October 31 with the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary or to perform a quantitative assessment by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit or indefinite-lived intangible asset to its carrying value. In addition to the annual assessment, impairment evaluation is considered during interim periods when events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the asset below its carrying value. During our annual impairment assessment and in subsequent interim periods, we review events that occur or circumstances that change, including the macroeconomic environment, our business performance and our market capitalization, to determine if a quantitative impairment assessment is necessary. We review our business performance and the macroeconomic environment against our recent expectations and evaluate book value compared to market capitalization, including fluctuations in our stock price, to determine if this could be an indicator of potential impairment. Consideration is given as to whether a fluctuation in our stock price is a result of current market conditions, due to a transitory event or an event that is expected to continue to affect us, or is consistent with our historical stock price volatility. We also consider these factors compared to the results of our most recent quantitative goodwill impairment assessment.

Under the qualitative assessment, we assess whether it is more likely than not (defined as a likelihood of more than 50%) that the fair value of our goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets is less than the respective carrying values. If it is more likely than not that an impairment exists, then a quantitative impairment assessment is performed. If under the quantitative assessment the fair value is less than the carrying value, an impairment loss will be recorded for the difference between the carrying value and the fair value. Under the quantitative assessment, we estimate the fair value of goodwill using the discounted cash flows of a reporting unit. For indefinite-lived intangible assets we estimate the fair value using discounted cash flows following a relief-from-royalty method utilizing a market-based royalty rate. Forecasts of future cash flows are based on our best estimate of projected revenue and projected operating margin, based primarily on sales and production volume, pricing, raw material costs, market share, industry outlook, general economic conditions, and certain strategic actions we plan to implement. Cash flows are discounted using our weighted average cost of capital.

In the third quarter of 2025, we experienced continued industry disruption in Americas, which resulted in a reduction in our near-term and long-term outlook. We also experienced a decline in our market capitalization as a result of a decrease in our stock price. Our stock price has a history of volatility; however, given the decrease was sustained throughout the quarter, combined with the reduction in outlook, we viewed these events as triggering events for purposes of testing goodwill for impairment and performed a quantitative analysis of the fair value of the North America reporting unit in our Americas segment. We determined the estimated fair value of our North America reporting unit based on a discounted cash flow model. The most critical assumptions used in the calculation of the fair value of our North America reporting unit are the

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projected revenue, projected operating margin and discount rate. Our forecast of future cash flows is based on our best estimate of projected revenue and projected operating margin, based primarily on pricing, raw material costs, market share, industry outlook and general economic conditions. Based on our interim impairment test, the fair value of the North America reporting unit as of September 30, 2025 was less than its carrying value, resulting in full goodwill impairment and a non-cash charge of $674 million during the third quarter of 2025.

As part of our annual impairment analysis as of October 31, 2025, we completed a qualitative impairment analysis of our Asia Pacific reporting unit. After considering the results of our most recent quantitative annual testing, the capital markets environment, macroeconomic conditions, tire industry competition and trends, our results of operations, and other factors, we concluded that it was not more likely than not that the fair value of our Asia Pacific reporting unit was less than the carrying value and, therefore, did not perform a quantitative analysis.

As part of our annual impairment analysis as of October 31, 2025, we completed a quantitative impairment analysis of our indefinite-lived intangible assets to determine if their fair values were less than their carrying amounts. Based on the results of the quantitative impairment assessments, the Company determined that no impairment was required as the estimated fair values of our indefinite-lived intangible assets exceeded or approximated their respective carrying values. We identified $435 million of indefinite-lived intangible assets related to the Cooper Tire acquisition for which the estimated fair values approximated their respective carrying values. We determined the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets using the relief-from-royalty method, which calculates the cost savings associated with owning rather than licensing the assets. The most critical assumptions used in the calculation of the fair value are projected revenue, discount rate and royalty rate. The fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets is sensitive to differences between estimated and actual revenue, including changes in the discount rate and royalty rate used to evaluate the fair value of these assets. Although we believe our estimate of fair value is reasonable, the indefinite-lived intangible asset performance is dependent on our ability to execute our business plan. If our future financial performance falls below our expectations, or there are adverse revisions to significant assumptions, including projected revenues, discount rates or royalty rates, this could be indicative that the fair values of these indefinite-lived intangible assets has declined below their carrying values, and therefore we may need to record a material, non-cash impairment charge in a future period.

We assessed the period from October 31, 2025 to December 31, 2025 and determined there were no factors that caused us to change our conclusions.

For further information on goodwill and intangible assets, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 12, Goodwill and Intangible Assets.

General and Product Liability and Other Litigation. We have recorded liabilities for both asserted and unasserted claims totaling $417 million and $406 million, including related legal fees expected to be incurred, for potential product liability and other tort claims, including asbestos claims, at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. General and product liability and other litigation liabilities are recorded based on management’s assessment that a loss arising from these matters is probable. If the loss can be reasonably estimated, we record the amount of the estimated loss. If the loss is estimated within a range and no point within the range is more probable than another, we record the minimum amount in the range. As additional information becomes available, any potential liability related to these matters is assessed and the estimates are revised, if necessary. Loss ranges are based upon the specific facts of each claim or class of claims and are determined after review by counsel. Court rulings on our cases or similar cases may impact our assessment of the probability and our estimate of the loss, which may have an impact on our reported results of operations, financial position and liquidity. We record receivables for insurance recoveries related to our litigation claims when it is probable that we will receive reimbursement from the insurer. Specifically, we are a defendant in numerous lawsuits alleging various asbestos-related personal injuries purported to result from alleged exposure to asbestos in certain products previously manufactured by us or present in certain of our facilities. Typically, these lawsuits have been brought against multiple defendants in federal and state courts.

We periodically, and at least annually, update, using actuarial analyses, our existing reserves for pending claims, including a reasonable estimate of the liability associated with unasserted asbestos claims, and estimate our receivables from probable insurance recoveries. In determining the estimate of our asbestos liability, we evaluated claims over the next ten-year period. Due to the difficulties in making these estimates, analysis based on new data and/or changed circumstances arising in the future may result in an increase in the recorded obligation, and that increase may be significant. We had recorded gross liabilities for both asserted and unasserted asbestos claims, inclusive of defense costs, totaling $107 million and $115 million, respectively, at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

We maintain certain primary and excess insurance coverage under coverage-in-place agreements, and also have additional excess liability insurance with respect to asbestos liabilities. We record a receivable with respect to such policies when we determine that recovery is probable and we can reasonably estimate the amount of a particular recovery. This determination

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is based on consultation with our outside legal counsel and takes into consideration agreements with certain of our insurance carriers, the financial viability and legal obligations of our insurance carriers, and other relevant factors.

As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we recorded a receivable related to asbestos claims of $57 million and $63 million, respectively, and we expect that approximately 55% of asbestos claim related losses would be recoverable through insurance through the period covered by the estimated liability. Of this amount, $10 million and $11 million was included in Current Assets as part of Accounts Receivable at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The recorded receivable consists of an amount we expect to collect under coverage-in-place agreements with certain primary and excess insurance carriers as well as an amount we believe is probable of recovery from certain of our other excess insurance carriers. Although we believe these amounts are collectible under primary and certain excess policies today, future disputes with insurers could result in significant charges to operations.

Workers’ Compensation. We have recorded liabilities, on a discounted basis, of $145 million and $158 million for anticipated costs related to U.S. workers’ compensation claims at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The costs include an estimate of expected settlements on pending claims, defense costs and a provision for claims incurred but not reported. These estimates are based on our assessment of potential liability using an analysis of available information with respect to pending claims, historical experience and current cost trends. The amount of our ultimate liability in respect of these matters may differ from these estimates. We periodically, and at least annually, update our loss development factors based on actuarial analyses. The liability is discounted using the risk-free rate of return.

For further information on general and product liability and other litigation and workers’ compensation, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 20, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities.

Deferred Tax Asset Valuation Allowances and Uncertain Income Tax Positions. At December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our valuation allowances on certain of our U.S. federal, state and local net deferred tax assets totaled $1.4 billion and $26 million, respectively, and our valuation allowances on our foreign net deferred tax assets totaled approximately $1.3 billion.

We record a reduction to the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets by recording a valuation allowance if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not such assets will not be realized. The valuation of deferred tax assets requires judgment in assessing future profitability by year, including the impact of tax planning strategies, relative to the expiration dates, if any, of the assets.

We consider both positive and negative evidence when measuring the need for a valuation allowance. The weight given to the evidence is commensurate with the extent to which it may be objectively verified. Current and cumulative financial reporting results are a source of objectively verifiable information. We give operating results during the most recent three-year period a significant weight in our analysis. We perform scheduling exercises to determine if sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character exists in the periods required in order to realize our deferred tax assets with limited lives (such as tax loss carryforwards and tax credits) prior to their expiration. We also consider prudent tax planning strategies (including an assessment of their feasibility) to accelerate taxable income if required to utilize expiring deferred tax assets. A valuation allowance is not required to the extent that, in our judgment, positive evidence exists with a magnitude and duration sufficient to result in a conclusion that it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets will be realized.

In the U.S., we had a cumulative loss for the three-year period ending December 31, 2025 primarily driven by non-recurring items such as goodwill and intangible asset impairments, rationalization charges, pension curtailments and settlements, and one-time costs associated with the Goodyear Forward plan. During 2025, industry disruption and various macroeconomic factors such as the impact of tariff, transportation, labor and energy costs have negatively impacted our U.S. operating results and future forecasted U.S. earnings. In addition, OBBBA amended the business interest expense limitation. The reduction in current and expected future earnings, as a result of industry disruption, represented significant negative evidence in the assessment of the realizability of our deferred tax assets. We concluded that it is more likely than not that our U.S. net deferred tax assets will not be fully realized and recorded a non-cash charge of $1.4 billion to establish a full valuation allowance in the U.S. during the third quarter of 2025. We intend to maintain a valuation allowance until sufficient positive evidence exists to support realization of these deferred tax assets. At December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had approximately $1.4 billion and $1.3 billion of U.S. federal, state and local net deferred tax assets, respectively, and related valuation allowances totaling $1.4 billion and $26 million, respectively.

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that sufficient positive evidence required to release valuation allowances on our foreign deferred tax assets having a significant impact on our financial position or results of operations will exist within the next twelve months.

We recognize the effects of changes in tax rates and laws on deferred tax balances in the period in which legislation is enacted. We remeasure existing deferred tax assets and liabilities considering the tax rates at which they will be realized. We also consider the effects of enacted tax laws in our analysis of the need for valuation allowances.

The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations, including those for transfer pricing. We recognize liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. If we ultimately determine that payment of these amounts is unnecessary, we reverse the liability and recognize a tax benefit during the period in which we determine that the liability is no longer necessary. We also recognize income tax benefits to the extent that it is more likely than not that our positions will be sustained when challenged by the taxing authorities. We derecognize income tax benefits when, based on new information, we determine that it is no longer more likely than not that our position will be sustained. To the extent we prevail in matters for which liabilities have been established, or determine we need to derecognize tax benefits recorded in prior periods, our results of operations and effective tax rate in a given period could be materially affected. An unfavorable tax settlement would require use of our cash, and lead to recognition of expense to the extent the settlement amount exceeds recorded liabilities, resulting in an increase in our effective tax rate in the period of resolution. To reduce our risk of an unfavorable transfer price settlement, we apply consistent transfer pricing policies and practices globally, support pricing with economic studies and seek advance pricing agreements and joint audits to the extent possible. A favorable tax settlement would be recognized as a reduction of expense to the extent the settlement amount is lower than recorded liabilities and, in the case of an income tax settlement, would result in a reduction in our effective tax rate in the period of resolution. We report interest and penalties related to uncertain income tax positions as income tax expense.

For additional information regarding uncertain income tax positions and tax valuation allowances, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 7, Income Taxes.

Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits. We have recorded net liabilities for pensions of $138 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024 and other postretirement benefits of $231 million and $232 million, respectively, at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Our recorded liabilities and net periodic costs for pensions and other postretirement benefits are based on a number of assumptions, including:

•life expectancies,

•retirement rates,

•discount rates,

•long term rates of return on plan assets,

•inflation rates,

•future health care costs, and

•maximum company-covered benefit costs.

Certain of these assumptions are determined with the assistance of independent actuaries. Assumptions about life expectancies, retirement rates, future compensation levels and future health care costs are based on past experience and anticipated future trends. The discount rate for our U.S. plans is based on a yield curve derived from a portfolio of corporate bonds from issuers rated AA or higher by established rating agencies as of December 31 and is reviewed annually. Our expected benefit payment cash flows are discounted based on spot rates developed from the yield curve. The mortality assumption for our U.S. plans is based on actual historical experience or published actuarial tables, an assumed long term rate of future improvement based on published actuarial tables, and current government regulations related to lump sum payment factors. The long term rate of return on U.S. plan assets is based on estimates of future long term rates of return similar to the target allocation of substantially all fixed income securities. Actual U.S. pension fund asset allocations are reviewed on a monthly basis and the pension fund is rebalanced to target ranges on an as-needed basis. These assumptions are reviewed regularly and revised when appropriate. Changes in one or more of them may affect the amount of our recorded net liabilities and net periodic costs for these benefits. Other assumptions involving demographic factors such as retirement age and turnover are evaluated periodically and are updated to reflect our experience and expectations for the future. If actual experience differs from expectations, our financial position, results of operations and liquidity in future periods may be affected.

The weighted average discount rate used in estimating the total liability for our U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plans was 5.19% and 5.29%, respectively, at December 31, 2025, compared to 5.55% and 5.62%, respectively, at December 31, 2024. The decrease in the discount rate at December 31, 2025 was due primarily to lower yields on highly

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rated corporate bonds. Interest cost included in our U.S. net periodic pension cost was $158 million in 2025, compared to $174 million in 2024. Interest cost included in our global net periodic other postretirement benefits cost was $13 million in 2025, compared to $15 million in 2024.

The following table presents the sensitivity of our U.S. projected pension benefit obligation and accumulated other postretirement benefits obligation to the indicated increase/decrease in the discount rate:

+/- Change at December 31, 2025

(Dollars in millions)

Change

PBO/ABO

Annual Expense

Assumption:

Pensions

+/- 0.5%

116

Other Postretirement Benefits

+/- 0.5%

Changes in general interest rates and corporate (AA or better) credit spreads impact our discount rate and thereby our U.S. pension benefit obligation. Our U.S. pension plans are invested in a portfolio of substantially all fixed income securities designed to offset the impact of future discount rate movements on liabilities for these plans. If corporate (AA or better) interest rates increase or decrease in parallel (i.e., across all maturities), the investment portfolio described above is designed to mitigate a substantial portion of the expected change in our U.S. pension benefit obligation. For example, if corporate (AA or better) interest rates increased or decreased by 0.5%, the investment portfolio described above would be expected to mitigate approximately 95% of the expected change in our U.S. pension benefit obligation.

At December 31, 2025, our net actuarial loss included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss ("AOCL") related to global pension plans was $1,951 million, $1,449 million of which related to our U.S. pension plans. The net actuarial loss included in AOCL related to our U.S. pension plans continues to decrease and is primarily due to declines in U.S. discount rates and plan asset losses that occurred prior to the funding and investment de-risking actions we undertook in 2013 and 2014, which were designed to mitigate further actuarial losses of a similar nature. For purposes of determining our 2025 U.S. pension total benefits cost, we recognized $295 million of the net actuarial losses in 2025. We will recognize approximately $85 million of net actuarial losses in 2026 U.S. net periodic pension cost. If our future experience is consistent with our assumptions as of December 31, 2025, actuarial loss recognition over the next few years will remain at an amount near that to be recognized in 2026 before it begins to gradually decline. In addition, if annual lump sum payments from a pension plan exceed annual service and interest cost for that plan, accelerated recognition of net actuarial losses will be required through a settlement in total benefits cost.

The actual rate of return on our U.S. pension fund was 7.45%, 1.70% and 7.90% in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively, as compared to the expected rate of 6.20%, 5.95% and 6.27% in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We use the fair value of our pension assets in the calculation of pension expense for all of our U.S. pension plans.

The weighted average amortization period for our U.S. pension plans is approximately 14 years.

Service cost of pension plans was recorded in CGS, as part of the cost of inventory sold during the period, or SAG in our Consolidated Statements of Operations, based on the specific roles (i.e., manufacturing vs. non-manufacturing) of employee groups covered by each of our pension plans. In 2025, 2024 and 2023, the amount of service cost included in CGS and SAG is approximately equal. Non-service related net periodic pension costs were recorded in Other (Income) Expense.

Globally, we expect our 2026 net periodic pension cost to be $90 million to $100 million, including approximately $20 million of service cost, compared to $108 million in 2025, which included $21 million of service cost.

The net actuarial gain of $76 million included in AOCL for our global other postretirement benefit plans as of December 31, 2025 is a result of past increases in discount rates. For purposes of determining 2025 global net periodic other postretirement benefits cost, we recognized $8 million of net actuarial gains in 2025. We will recognize approximately $6 million of net actuarial gains in 2026. If our future experience is consistent with our assumptions as of December 31, 2025, actuarial gain recognition over the next few years will remain at an amount near that to be recognized in 2026.

For further information on pensions and other postretirement benefits, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 18, Pension, Savings and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans.

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FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION — SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT

Certain information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (other than historical data and information) may constitute forward-looking statements regarding events and trends that may affect our future operating results and financial position. The words “estimate,” “expect,” “intend” and “project,” as well as other words or expressions of similar meaning, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Such statements are based on current expectations and assumptions, are inherently uncertain, are subject to risks and should be viewed with caution. Actual results and experience may differ materially from the forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including:

•if we do not successfully implement our strategic initiatives, our operating results, financial condition and liquidity may be materially adversely affected;

•our ongoing obligations to the purchasers of our OTR tire business, the Dunlop brand and our Chemical Business may disrupt our current and future plans or operations;

•we face significant global competition and our market share could decline;

•our capital expenditures may not be adequate to maintain our competitive position and may not be implemented in a timely or cost-effective manner;

•raw material, energy and transportation cost increases may materially adversely affect our operating results and financial condition;

•we have experienced inflationary cost pressures, including with respect to wages, benefits and energy costs, that may materially adversely affect our operating results and financial condition;

•if we experience a labor strike, work stoppage, labor shortage or other similar event at the Company or its joint ventures, our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity could be materially adversely affected;

•we have been, and may continue to be, negatively impacted by changes in tariffs, trade agreements or trade restrictions on imported tires, raw materials and other goods or equipment;

•delays or disruptions in our supply chain or in the provision of services, including utilities, to us could result in increased costs or disruptions in our operations;

•a prolonged economic downturn or economic uncertainty could adversely affect our business and results of operations;

•deteriorating economic conditions in any of our major markets, or an inability to access capital markets or third-party financing when necessary, may materially adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and liquidity;

•our international operations have certain risks that may materially adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and liquidity;

•we have foreign currency translation and transaction risks that may materially adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and liquidity;

•financial difficulties, work stoppages, labor shortages, supply disruptions or economic conditions affecting our major OE customers, dealers or suppliers could harm our business;

•our long-term ability to meet our obligations, to repay maturing indebtedness or to implement strategic initiatives may be dependent on our ability to access capital markets in the future and to improve our operating results;

•we have a substantial amount of debt, which could restrict our growth, place us at a competitive disadvantage or otherwise materially adversely affect our financial health;

•any failure to be in compliance with any material provision or covenant of our debt instruments, or a material reduction in the borrowing base under our first lien revolving credit facility, could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and operations;

•our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly;

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•we have substantial fixed costs and, as a result, our operating income fluctuates disproportionately with changes in our net sales;

•we may incur significant costs in connection with our contingent liabilities and tax matters;

•our reserves for contingent liabilities and our recorded insurance assets are subject to various uncertainties, the outcome of which may result in our actual costs being significantly higher than the net amount recorded;

•environmental issues, including climate change, or legal, regulatory or market measures to address environmental issues, may negatively affect our business and operations and cause us to incur significant costs;

•we are subject to extensive government regulations that may materially adversely affect our operating results;

•we may be adversely affected by any disruption in, or failure of, our information technology systems due to computer viruses, unauthorized access, cyber-attack, natural disasters or other similar disruptions;

•we may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights adequately;

•if we are unable to attract and retain key personnel, our business could be materially adversely affected; and

•we may be impacted by economic and supply disruptions associated with events beyond our control, such as war, including the current conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and in the Middle East, acts of terror, political unrest, public health concerns, labor disputes or natural disasters.

It is not possible to foresee or identify all such factors. We will not revise or update any forward-looking statement or disclose any facts, events or circumstances that occur after the date hereof that may affect the accuracy of any forward-looking statement.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

We utilize derivative financial instrument contracts and nonderivative instruments to manage interest rate, foreign exchange and commodity price risks. We have established a control environment that includes policies and procedures for risk assessment and the approval, reporting and monitoring of derivative financial instrument activities. We do not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading purposes.

Commodity Price Risk

The raw material costs to which our operations are principally exposed include the cost of natural rubber, synthetic rubber, carbon black, fabrics, steel cord and other petrochemical-based commodities. Approximately two-thirds of our raw materials are petroleum-based, the cost of which may be affected by fluctuations in the price of oil. We currently do not hedge commodity prices. We do, however, use various strategies to partially offset cost increases for raw materials, including centralizing purchases of raw materials through our global procurement organization in an effort to leverage our purchasing power, expanding our capabilities to substitute lower cost raw materials, and reducing the amount of material required in each tire.

Interest Rate Risk

We continuously monitor our fixed and floating rate debt mix. Within defined limitations, we manage the mix using refinancing. At December 31, 2025, 20% of our debt was at variable interest rates averaging 7.06% compared to 25% at an average rate of 9.23% at December 31, 2024.

The following table presents information about long term fixed rate debt, excluding finance leases, at December 31:


(In millions)	2025		2024
Carrying amount — liability	$	4,496	$	5,367
Fair value — liability	4,422		5,076
Pro forma fair value — liability	4,558		5,234

The pro forma information assumes an 100 basis point decrease in market interest rates at December 31 of each year, and reflects the estimated fair value of fixed rate debt outstanding at that date under that assumption. The sensitivity of our fixed rate debt to changes in interest rates was determined using current market pricing models.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

We enter into foreign currency contracts in order to reduce the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates on our consolidated results of operations and future foreign currency-denominated cash flows. These contracts reduce exposure to currency movements affecting existing foreign currency-denominated assets, liabilities, firm commitments and forecasted transactions resulting primarily from trade purchases and sales, equipment acquisitions, intercompany loans and royalty agreements. Contracts hedging short term trade receivables and payables normally have no hedging designation.

The following table presents foreign currency derivative information at December 31:


(In millions)	2025		2024
Fair value — liability (asset)	$	(24)	$	25
Pro forma decrease in fair value	(194)		(173)
Contract maturities	01/26-12/26		01/25-12/25

The pro forma decrease in fair value assumes a 10% adverse change in underlying foreign exchange rates at December 31 of each year, and reflects the estimated change in the fair value of contracts outstanding at that date under that assumption. The sensitivity of our foreign currency positions to changes in exchange rates was determined using current market pricing models.

Fair values are recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31 as follows:


(In millions)	2025		2024
Current asset (liability):
Accounts receivable	$	6	$	28
Other current liabilities	(30)		(3)

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For further information on foreign currency contracts, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 16, Financing Arrangements and Derivative Financial Instruments.

Refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources” for a discussion of our management of counterparty risk.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


			Page

Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting			55
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 238)			56
Consolidated Financial Statements of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company:

Consolidated Statements of Operations for each of the three years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023			58
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for each of the three years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023			59

Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024			60
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for each of the three years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023			61

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the three years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023			64
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements			65
Financial Statement Schedule:
The following consolidated financial statement schedule of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company is filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company:

Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for each of the three years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023			FS-2

Schedules not listed above have been omitted since they are not applicable or are not required, or the information required to be set forth therein is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements or Notes thereto.

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MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit the preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with appropriate authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management conducted an assessment of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 using the framework specified in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013), published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on such assessment, management has concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2025.

The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the consolidated financial statements, including the related notes and financial statement schedule, of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as listed in the index appearing under Item 8 (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

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Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Interim Goodwill Impairment Assessment – North America Reporting Unit

As described in Notes 1 and 12 to the consolidated financial statements, goodwill is assessed for impairment annually. In addition to annual testing, impairment testing is conducted when events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the asset below its carrying amount. During the third quarter of 2025, the Company experienced continued industry disruption in its Americas reportable segment, which resulted in a reduction in the near-term and long-term outlook. The Company also experienced a decline in market capitalization as a result of a decrease in the stock price. Management viewed these events as triggering events and performed a quantitative analysis of the fair value of the North America reporting unit as of September 30, 2025, which resulted in a full goodwill impairment of $674 million. Management determined the estimated fair value of the North America reporting unit based on a discounted cash flow model. The most critical assumptions used in the calculation of the fair value of the North America reporting unit were the projected revenue, projected operating margin, and discount rate.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the interim goodwill impairment assessment of the North America reporting unit is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value estimate of the North America reporting unit; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions related to the projected revenue, projected operating margin, and discount rate; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s interim goodwill impairment assessment, including controls over the valuation of the North America reporting unit. These procedures also included, among others, (i) testing management's process for developing the fair value estimate of the North America reporting unit; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow model used by management; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the discounted cash flow model; and (iv) evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumptions used by management related to the projected revenue, projected operating margin, and discount rate. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to the projected revenue and projected operating margin involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the North America reporting unit; (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data; and (iii) whether the assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating (i) the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow model and (ii) the reasonableness of the discount rate assumption.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Cleveland, Ohio

February 10, 2026

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1898.

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THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS


	Year Ended December 31,
(In millions, except per share amounts)	2025		2024		2023
Net Sales (Note 3)	$	18,280	$	18,878	$	20,066
Cost of Goods Sold	14,909		15,192		16,582
Selling, Administrative and General Expense	2,719		2,782		2,814
Goodwill and Intangible Asset Impairment (Note 12)	674		125		230
Rationalizations (Note 4)	194		86		502
Interest Expense (Note 5)	445		522		532
Other (Income) Expense (Note 6)	288		134		231
Net (Gain) Loss on Asset Sales (Note 2)	(816)		(93)		(104)
Income (Loss) before Income Taxes	(133)		130		(721)
United States and Foreign Tax Expense (Note 7)	1,567		95		10
Net Income (Loss)	(1,700)		35		(731)
Less: Minority Shareholders’ Net Income (Loss)	21		(11)		(2)
Goodyear Net Income (Loss)	$	(1,721)	$	46	$	(729)
Goodyear Net Income (Loss) — Per Share of Common Stock
Basic	$	(5.99)	$	0.16	$	(2.56)
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding (Note 8)	288		287		285
Diluted	$	(5.99)	$	0.16	$	(2.56)
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding (Note 8)	288		288		285

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)


	Year Ended December 31,
(In millions)	2025		2024		2023
Net Income (Loss)	$	(1,700)	$	35	$	(731)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss):
Foreign currency:
Foreign currency translation, net of tax of $0 in 2025 ($(7) in 2024, $2 in 2023)	45		(95)		54
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in income, net of tax of $0 in 2025 ($0 in 2024, $0 in 2023)	8		—		—

Defined benefit plans:
Amortization of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses included in total benefit cost, net of tax of $4 in 2025 ($27 in 2024, $26 in 2023)	97		81		80
Decrease/(increase) in net actuarial losses, net of tax of $(4) in 2025 ($0 in 2024, $(36) in 2023)	(82)		(16)		(125)
Immediate recognition of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses due to curtailments, settlements, and divestitures, net of tax of $0 in 2025 ($(1) in 2024, $11 in 2023)	199		(2)		36
Prior service credit (cost) from plan amendments, net of tax of $0 in 2025 ($8 in 2024, $0 in 2023)	—		23		—
Deferred derivative gain:
Deferred derivative losses, net of tax of $0 in 2025 ($0 in 2024, $0 in 2023)	—		—		(5)
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in income, net of tax of $0 in 2025 ($0 in 2024, $0 in 2023)	—		(1)		4
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	267		(10)		44
Comprehensive Income (Loss)	(1,433)		25		(687)
Less: Comprehensive Income (Loss) Attributable to Minority Shareholders	32		(12)		2
Goodyear Comprehensive Income (Loss)	$	(1,465)	$	37	$	(689)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS


	December 31,
(In millions, except share data)	2025		2024
Assets:
Current Assets:
Cash and Cash Equivalents (Note 1)	$	801	$	810
Accounts Receivable (Note 10)	2,341		2,482
Inventories (Note 11)	3,572		3,554
Assets Held for Sale (Note 1)	58		466
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets	446		277
Total Current Assets	7,218		7,589
Goodwill (Note 12)	42		756
Intangible Assets (Note 12)	663		805
Deferred Income Taxes (Note 7)	348		1,686
Other Assets (Note 13)	1,096		1,052
Operating Lease Right-of-Use Assets (Note 15)	998		951
Property, Plant and Equipment (Note 14)	7,843		8,082
Total Assets	$	18,208	$	20,921
Liabilities:
Current Liabilities:
Accounts Payable — Trade	$	3,879	$	4,092
Compensation and Benefits (Notes 18 and 19)	578		606
Other Current Liabilities	1,259		1,089
Notes Payable and Overdrafts (Note 16)	506		558
Operating Lease Liabilities due Within One Year (Note 15)	196		200
Long Term Debt and Finance Leases due Within One Year (Notes 15 and 16)	364		832
Total Current Liabilities	6,782		7,377
Operating Lease Liabilities (Note 15)	862		804
Long Term Debt and Finance Leases (Notes 15 and 16)	5,328		6,392
Compensation and Benefits (Notes 18 and 19)	787		789
Deferred Income Taxes (Note 7)	105		108
Other Long Term Liabilities	941		628
Total Liabilities	14,805		16,098
Commitments and Contingent Liabilities (Note 20)
Shareholders’ Equity:
Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity:
Common Stock, no par value:
Authorized, 450 million shares, Outstanding shares — 286 million (285 million in 2024)	286		285
Capital Surplus	3,175		3,159
Retained Earnings	3,360		5,081
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (Note 22)	(3,588)		(3,844)
Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity	3,233		4,681
Minority Shareholders’ Equity — Nonredeemable	170		142
Total Shareholders’ Equity	3,403		4,823
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity	$	18,208	$	20,921

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY


(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)	Common Stock			Capital Surplus		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Goodyear Shareholders' Equity		Minority Shareholders' Equity — Non- Redeemable		Total Shareholders' Equity
	Shares	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2022
(after deducting 41,391,555 common treasury shares)	282,896,352	$	283	$	3,117	$	5,764	$	(3,875)	$	5,289	$	163	$	5,452
Net income (loss)						(729)				(729)		(2)		(731)
Other comprehensive income (loss)								40		40		4		44
Total comprehensive income (loss)										(689)		2		(687)
Stock-based compensation plans				17						17				17
Dividends declared												(3)		(3)
Common stock issued from treasury	889,911	1		(1)
Balance at December 31, 2023
(after deducting 40,501,644 common treasury shares)	283,786,263	$	284	$	3,133	$	5,035	$	(3,835)	$	4,617	$	162	$	4,779

There were no dividends declared or paid for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY - (Continued)


(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)	Common Stock			Capital Surplus		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Goodyear Shareholders' Equity		Minority Shareholders' Equity — Non- Redeemable		Total Shareholders' Equity
	Shares	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2023
(after deducting 40,501,644 common treasury shares)	283,786,263	$	284	$	3,133	$	5,035	$	(3,835)	$	4,617	$	162	$	4,779
Net income (loss)						46				46		(11)		35
Other comprehensive income (loss)								(9)		(9)		(1)		(10)
Total comprehensive income (loss)										37		(12)		25
Stock-based compensation plans				30						30				30
Dividends declared												(8)		(8)
Common stock issued from treasury	1,188,000	1		(4)						(3)				(3)
Balance at December 31, 2024
(after deducting 39,313,644 common treasury shares)	284,974,263	$	285	$	3,159	$	5,081	$	(3,844)	$	4,681	$	142	$	4,823

There were no dividends declared or paid for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY - (Continued)


(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)	Common Stock			Capital Surplus		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Goodyear Shareholders' Equity		Minority Shareholders' Equity — Non- Redeemable		Total Shareholders' Equity
	Shares	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2024
(after deducting 39,313,644 common treasury shares)	284,974,263	$	285	$	3,159	$	5,081	$	(3,844)	$	4,681	$	142	$	4,823
Net income (loss)						(1,721)				(1,721)		21		(1,700)
Other comprehensive income (loss)								256		256		11		267
Total comprehensive income (loss)										(1,465)		32		(1,433)
Stock-based compensation plans				23						23				23
Dividends declared												(4)		(4)
Common stock issued from treasury	1,272,782	1		(7)						(6)				(6)
Balance at December 31, 2025
(after deducting 38,040,862 common treasury shares)	286,247,045	$	286	$	3,175	$	3,360	$	(3,588)	$	3,233	$	170	$	3,403

There were no dividends declared or paid for the year ended December 31, 2025.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS


	Year Ended December 31,
(In millions)	2025		2024		2023
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net Income (Loss)	$	(1,700)	$	35	$	(731)
Adjustments to Reconcile Net Income (Loss) to Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Depreciation and Amortization	1,045		1,049		1,001
Amortization and Write-Off of Debt Issuance Costs	19		14		15
Goodwill and Intangible Asset Impairment (Note 12)	674		125		230
Provision for Deferred Income Taxes (Note 7)	1,357		(65)		(230)
Net Pension Curtailments and Settlements (Note 18)	201		(3)		40
Net Rationalization Charges (Note 4)	194		86		502
Rationalization Payments	(431)		(198)		(99)
Net Gains on Asset Sales (Note 2)	(816)		(93)		(104)
Loss (Gain) on Insurance Recoveries for Damaged Property, Plant and Equipment	—		(75)		—
Operating Lease Expense (Note 15)	318		326		302
Operating Lease Payments (Note 15)	(287)		(277)		(278)
Pension Contributions and Direct Payments	(83)		(69)		(54)
Changes in Operating Assets and Liabilities, Net of Asset Acquisitions and Dispositions:
Accounts Receivable	215		127		(59)
Inventories	12		(106)		933
Accounts Payable — Trade	(248)		(78)		(531)
Compensation and Benefits	28		24		48
Other Current Liabilities	247		(151)		158
Other Assets and Liabilities	51		27		(111)
Total Cash Flows from Operating Activities	796		698		1,032
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Capital Expenditures	(826)		(1,188)		(1,050)
Insurance Recoveries for Damaged Property, Plant and Equipment	—		62		—
Cash Proceeds from Sale and Leaseback Transactions (Note 2)	—		16		99
Asset Dispositions	1,802		115		16
Short Term Securities Acquired	—		—		(97)
Short Term Securities Redeemed	—		2		94
Long Term Securities Acquired	—		—		(11)
Long Term Securities Redeemed	4		4		6
Notes Receivable	14		(23)		(79)
Other Transactions	3		7		(13)
Total Cash Flows from Investing Activities	997		(1,005)		(1,035)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Short Term Debt and Overdrafts Incurred	966		1,326		954
Short Term Debt and Overdrafts Paid	(1,033)		(1,095)		(1,009)
Long Term Debt Incurred	16,071		14,420		9,932
Long Term Debt Paid	(17,763)		(14,387)		(10,220)
Common Stock Issued	(6)		(3)		(2)
Transactions with Minority Interests in Subsidiaries	(4)		(8)		(3)
Debt Related Costs and Other Transactions	(1)		(28)		15
Total Cash Flows from Financing Activities	(1,770)		225		(333)
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash	23		(39)		10
Net Change in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash	46		(121)		(326)
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at Beginning of the Period	864		985		1,311
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at End of the Period	$	910	$	864	$	985

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1. Accounting Policies

A summary of the significant accounting policies used in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements follows:

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. Preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and notes. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Revision of Previously Issued Financial Statements

In preparing the consolidated financial statements for the quarter ended June 30, 2025, we identified errors in our previously issued financial statements related to our historical computation of currency remeasurement of our foreign operations in Turkey, which was designated as a highly inflationary economy beginning April 1, 2022. Upon that designation, the operations and balance sheet in that country should be remeasured into our parent company reporting currency, with remeasurement gains and losses recognized in earnings to reflect the impact of currency translation on our financial results. Our computation did not reflect the full inflationary impact. The identified errors impacted our previously issued 2023 and 2024 annual and interim financial statements. There were no impacts on previously reported cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities in any prior periods.

We evaluated the errors in accordance with SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin Nos. 99 and 108 and determined that the related impacts were not material in any previously issued annual or interim financial statements. We revised the prior period amounts presented in these financial statements to correct the errors. The applicable notes to the accompanying financial statements have also been corrected to reflect the impact of the revisions of the previously filed consolidated annual financial statements. A summary of the revisions to the previously issued financial information is included in Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 23, Revision Of Previously Issued Financial Statements.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

Effective January 2025, we adopted an Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") to improve disclosures required for income taxes, specifically related to existing rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information and the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and requiring income taxes paid to be disaggregated by jurisdiction. The prospective adoption of this standards update did not impact our consolidated financial statements; however, it resulted in changes to our consolidated financial statement disclosures primarily related to our effective tax rate reconciliation. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 7, Income Taxes.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

On November 4, 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued a final ASU to require disaggregated disclosure of income statement expenses. This new standard requires certain expense categories, including selling expenses, to be disaggregated in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. The standards update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. We are currently assessing the impact of this standards update on our disclosures in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

On September 18, 2025, the FASB issued a final ASU to modernize the accounting for internal-use software. This update replaces the previous stage-based capitalization model with a principles-based approach, allowing capitalization of software development costs once management has authorized and committed funding and it is probable the project will be completed and perform its intended function. The ASU also consolidates guidance for website development under the internal-use software framework and expands applicability to cloud-based and agile development methods. The standards update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, with early adoption permitted. We are currently assessing the impact of this standards update on our accounting policies and disclosures.

Acquisitions

We include the results of operations of the businesses in which we acquire a controlling financial interest in our consolidated financial statements beginning as of the acquisition date. On the acquisition date, we recognize, separate from goodwill, the assets acquired, including separately identifiable intangible assets, and the liabilities assumed at their fair

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values. The excess of the consideration transferred over the fair values assigned to the net identifiable assets and liabilities of the acquired business is recognized as goodwill. Transaction costs are recognized separately from the acquisition and are expensed as incurred.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all legal entities in which we hold a controlling financial interest. A controlling financial interest generally arises from our ownership of a majority of the voting shares of our subsidiaries. We would also hold a controlling financial interest in variable interest entities if we are considered to be the primary beneficiary. Investments in companies in which we do not own a majority interest and we have the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies are accounted for using the equity method. Investments in other companies are carried at cost. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and related notes to the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. On an ongoing basis, management reviews its estimates, including those related to:

•goodwill, intangibles and other long-lived assets,

•general and product liabilities and other litigation,

•workers’ compensation,

•deferred tax asset valuation allowances and uncertain income tax positions,

•rationalization plans,

•pension and other postretirement benefits, and

•various other operating allowances and accruals, based on currently available information.

Changes in facts and circumstances may alter such estimates and affect results of operations and financial position in future periods.

Revenue Recognition and Accounts Receivable Valuation

Sales are recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract are satisfied and control is transferred. This generally occurs with shipment or delivery, depending on the terms of the underlying contract, or when services have been rendered. Sales are measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. The amount of consideration we receive and sales we recognize can vary due to changes in sales incentives, rebates, rights of return or other items we offer our customers, for which we estimate the expected amounts based on an analysis of historical experience, or as the most likely amount in a range of possible outcomes. Payment terms with customers vary by region and customer, but are generally 30-90 days or at the point of sale for our consumer retail locations. Net sales exclude sales, value added and other taxes. Costs to obtain contracts are generally expensed as incurred due to the short term nature of individual contracts. Incidental items that are immaterial in the context of the contract are recognized as expense as incurred. We have elected to recognize the costs incurred for transportation of products to customers as a component of Cost of Goods Sold ("CGS").

Appropriate provisions are made for uncollectible accounts based on historical loss experience, portfolio duration, economic conditions and credit risk, considering both expected future losses as well as current incurred losses. The adequacy of the allowances are assessed quarterly.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs include, among other things, materials, equipment, compensation and contract services. These costs are expensed as incurred and included as a component of CGS. Research and development expenditures were $380 million, $426 million and $461 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Warranty

Warranties are provided on the sale of certain of our products and services and an accrual for estimated future claims is recorded at the time revenue is recognized. Tire replacement under most of the warranties we offer is on a prorated basis. Warranty reserves are based on past claims experience, sales history and other considerations. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 20, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities.

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Environmental Cleanup Matters

We expense environmental costs related to existing conditions resulting from past or current operations and from which no current or future benefit is discernible. Expenditures that extend the life of the related property or mitigate or prevent future environmental contamination are capitalized. We determine our liability on a site by site basis and record a liability at the time when it is probable and can be reasonably estimated. Our estimated liability is reduced to reflect the anticipated participation of other potentially responsible parties in those instances where it is probable that such parties are legally responsible and financially capable of paying their respective share of the relevant costs. Our estimated liability is not discounted or reduced for possible recoveries from insurance carriers. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 20, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities.

Legal Costs

We record a liability for estimated legal and defense costs related to pending general and product liability claims, environmental matters and workers’ compensation claims. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 20, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities.

Advertising Costs

Costs incurred for producing and communicating advertising are generally expensed when incurred as a component of Selling, Administrative and General Expense ("SAG"). Costs incurred under our cooperative advertising programs with dealers and franchisees are generally recorded as reductions of sales as related revenues are recognized. Advertising costs, including costs for our cooperative advertising programs with dealers and franchisees, were $362 million, $327 million and $364 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Rationalizations

We record costs for rationalization actions implemented to reduce excess and high-cost manufacturing capacity and operating and administrative costs. Associate-related costs include severance, supplemental unemployment compensation and benefits, medical benefits, pension curtailments, postretirement benefits, and other termination benefits. For ongoing benefit arrangements, a liability is recognized when it is probable that employees will be entitled to benefits and the amount can be reasonably estimated. For one-time benefit arrangements, a liability is incurred and must be accrued at the date the plan is communicated to employees, unless they will be retained beyond a minimum retention period. In this case, the liability is calculated at the date the plan is communicated to employees and is accrued ratably over the future service period. For voluntary benefit arrangements, a liability is not estimable and is not recognized until eligible associates apply for the benefit and we accept the applications. Other costs generally include contract termination and relocation costs. A liability for these costs is recognized in the period in which the liability is incurred. Rationalization actions related to accelerated depreciation or amortization, asset impairments, and non-cancelable leases, are recorded in CGS or SAG. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 4, Costs Associated with Rationalization Programs.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are recognized during the year in which transactions enter into the determination of financial statement income, with deferred taxes being provided for temporary differences between carrying values of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and such carrying values as measured under applicable tax laws. The effect on deferred tax assets or liabilities of a change in the tax law or tax rate is recognized in the period the change is enacted. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce net deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. The calculation of our tax liabilities also involves considering uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations. We recognize liabilities for uncertain income tax positions based on our estimate of whether it is more likely than not that additional taxes will be required and we report related interest and penalties as income taxes. To the extent that we incur expense under global intangible low-taxed income provisions, we will treat it as a component of income tax expense in the period incurred. Our policy is to utilize an item-by-item approach to release stranded income tax effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss ("AOCL"). Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 7, Income Taxes.

Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale

Assets and liabilities are classified as held for sale when management approves and commits to a formal plan to actively market the assets for sale at a price reasonable in relation to their estimated fair value, the assets are available for immediate sale in their present condition, an active program to locate a buyer and other actions required to complete the sale have been initiated, the sale of the assets is probable and expected to be completed within one year, and it is unlikely that significant changes will be made to the plan. When all of these criteria have been met, the assets and liabilities are classified as held for sale in the balance sheet. Assets classified as held for sale are reported at the lower of their carrying value or fair value less costs to sell. Depreciation of assets ceases upon designation as held for sale. At December 31, 2025, Assets Held for Sale of $58 million, related to the sale of the Dunlop tire inventory in Europe were included in the

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Consolidated Balance Sheets. At December 31, 2024, assets classified as held for sale of $466 million and liabilities classified as held for sale of $51 million related to the sale of our off-the-road ("OTR") tire business were included within Assets Held for Sale and Other Current Liabilities, respectively, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 2, Divestitures, for additional information.

Cash and Cash Equivalents / Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows / Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and marketable securities with original maturities of three months or less. Substantially all of our cash and short-term investment securities are held with investment grade rated counterparties. At December 31, 2025, our cash investments with any single counterparty did not exceed approximately $205 million.

Cash flows associated with derivative financial instruments designated as hedges of identifiable transactions or events are classified in the same category as the cash flows from the related hedged items. Cash flows associated with derivative financial instruments not designated as hedges are classified as operating activities. Bank overdrafts, if any, are recorded within Notes Payable and Overdrafts. Cash flows associated with bank overdrafts are classified as financing activities.

Customer prepayments for products and government grants received that predominately relate to operations are reported as operating activities. Government grants received that are predominately related to capital expenditures are reported as investing activities. The Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows are presented net of finance leases of $3 million, $8 million and $19 million originating in the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Cash flows from investing activities in 2025 exclude $238 million of accrued capital expenditures remaining unpaid at December 31, 2025, and include payment for $302 million of capital expenditures that were accrued and unpaid at December 31, 2024. Cash flows from investing activities in 2024 exclude $302 million of accrued capital expenditures remaining unpaid at December 31, 2024, and include payment for $348 million of capital expenditures that were accrued and unpaid at December 31, 2023. Cash flows from investing activities in 2023 exclude $348 million of accrued capital expenditures remaining unpaid at December 31, 2023, and include payment for $324 million of capital expenditures that were accrued and unpaid at December 31, 2022.

The following table provides a reconciliation of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash as reported within the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:


	December 31,
(In millions)	2025		2024		2023
Cash and Cash Equivalents	$	801	$	810	$	902
Restricted Cash	109		54		83
Total Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash	$	910	$	864	$	985

Restricted Cash primarily represents amounts required to be set aside for accounts receivable factoring programs. The restrictions lapse when cash from factored accounts receivable is remitted to the purchaser of those receivables. Restricted cash at December 31, 2025 also includes amounts collected in connection with ongoing agreements related to the sale of our OTR tire business. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, $109 million and $54 million was recorded in Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively.

Restricted Net Assets

In certain countries where we operate, transfers of funds into or out of such countries by way of dividends, loans or advances are generally or periodically subject to various governmental regulations. In addition, certain of our credit agreements and other debt instruments limit the ability of foreign subsidiaries to make cash distributions. At December 31, 2025, approximately $731 million of net assets were subject to such regulations or limitations.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out or the average cost method. Costs include direct material, direct labor and applicable manufacturing and engineering overhead. We allocate fixed manufacturing overheads based on normal production capacity and recognize abnormal manufacturing costs as period costs. We determine a provision for excess and obsolete inventory based on management’s review of inventories on hand compared to estimated future usage and sales. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 11, Inventories.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill is recorded when the cost of acquired businesses exceeds the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized but are assessed for impairment annually with the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary or to perform a

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quantitative assessment by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit or indefinite-lived intangible to its carrying amount. Under the qualitative assessment, an entity is not required to calculate the fair value unless the entity determines that it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than the carrying amount. If under the quantitative assessment the fair value is less than the carrying amount, then an impairment loss will be recorded for the difference between the carrying value and the fair value.

In addition to annual testing, impairment testing is conducted when events occur or circumstances change, including the macroeconomic environment, our business performance or our market capitalization, that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the asset below its carrying amount. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives would be written down to fair value if considered impaired. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized to their estimated residual values over such finite lives, and reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances warrant such a review. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 12, Goodwill and Intangible Assets.

Insurance Claims

We maintain third-party insurance coverage for property damage, repair expenses and business interruption, subject to a $50 million deductible per occurrence. After consultation with our legal counsel and giving consideration to agreements with certain of our insurance carriers, the financial viability and legal obligations of our insurance carriers and other relevant factors, we determine an amount we expect is probable of recovery from such carriers. We record a receivable for property damage and repair expenses as incurred. For business interruption recoveries, we do not record a receivable until the claim is substantially complete.

Investments

Investments in marketable securities are stated at fair value. Fair value is determined using quoted market prices at the end of the reporting period and, when appropriate, exchange rates at that date. Unrealized gains and losses on marketable equity securities are recorded in earnings. Unrealized gains and losses on marketable debt securities classified as available-for-sale are recorded in AOCL, net of tax. Our investments in TireHub, LLC (“TireHub”), a distribution joint venture in the U.S., and ACTR Company Limited ("ACTR"), a tire manufacturing joint venture in Vietnam, are accounted for under the equity method.

We regularly review our investments to determine whether a decline in fair value below their recorded amount is other than temporary. If the decline in fair value is judged to be other than temporary, the investment is written down to fair value and the amount of the write-down is included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Refer to Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 13, Other Assets and Investments, No. 17, Fair Value Measurements, and No. 22, Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method. Additions and improvements that substantially extend the useful life of property, plant and equipment, and interest costs incurred during the construction period of major projects are capitalized. Government grants to us that are predominately related to capital expenditures are recorded as reductions of the cost of the associated assets. Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Property, plant and equipment are depreciated to their estimated residual values over their estimated useful lives, and reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances warrant such a review. Depreciation expense for property, plant and equipment was $1,015 million, $1,011 million and $967 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Refer to Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 5, Interest Expense, and No. 14, Property, Plant and Equipment.

Leases

We determine if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. We enter into leases primarily for our distribution facilities, manufacturing equipment, administrative offices, retail stores, vehicles and data processing equipment under varying terms and conditions. Our leases have remaining lease terms of less than 1 year to approximately 50 years. Most of our leases include options to extend the lease, with renewal terms ranging from 1 to 50 years or more, and some include options to terminate the lease within 1 year. If it is reasonably certain that an option to extend or terminate a lease will be exercised, that option is considered in the lease term. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet, and we recognize short-term lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Certain of our lease agreements include variable lease payments, generally based on consumer price indices. Variable lease payments that are assigned to an index are determined based on the initial index at commencement, and the variability based on changes in the index is accounted for as it changes. The variable portion of payments is not included in the initial measurement of the right-of-use asset or lease liability due to the uncertainty of the payment amount and are recorded as lease expense in the period incurred. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or

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material restrictive covenants. We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for separately.

Operating leases are included in Operating Lease Right-of-Use (“ROU”) Assets, Operating Lease Liabilities due Within One Year and Operating Lease Liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Finance leases are included in Property, Plant and Equipment, Long Term Debt and Finance Leases due Within One Year, and Long Term Debt and Finance Leases on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Generally, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments, unless there is a rate stated in the lease agreement. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 15, Leases.

Foreign Currency Translation

The functional currency for most subsidiaries outside the United States is the local currency. Financial statements of these subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars using the exchange rate at each balance sheet date for assets and liabilities and a weighted average exchange rate for each period for revenues, expenses, gains and losses. The U.S. dollar is used as the functional currency in countries with a history of high inflation and in countries that predominantly transact in U.S. dollars. For all operations, gains or losses from remeasuring foreign currency transactions into the functional currency are included in Other (Income) Expense. Translation adjustments are recorded in AOCL. Income taxes are generally not provided for foreign currency translation adjustments.

Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities

To qualify for hedge accounting, hedging instruments must be designated as hedges and meet defined correlation and effectiveness criteria. These criteria require that the anticipated cash flows and/or changes in fair value of the hedging instrument substantially offset those of the position being hedged.

Derivative contracts are reported at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as Accounts Receivable, Other Assets, Other Current Liabilities or Other Long Term Liabilities. Deferred gains and losses on contracts designated as cash flow hedges are recorded net of tax in AOCL.

Interest Rate Contracts — Gains and losses on contracts designated as cash flow hedges are initially deferred and recorded in AOCL. Amounts are transferred from AOCL and recognized in income as Interest Expense in the same period that the hedged item is recognized in income. Gains and losses on contracts designated as fair value hedges are recognized in income in the current period as Interest Expense. Gains and losses on contracts with no hedging designation are recorded in the current period in Other (Income) Expense.

Foreign Currency Contracts — Gains and losses on contracts designated as cash flow hedges are initially deferred and recorded in AOCL. Amounts are transferred from AOCL and recognized in income in the same period and on the same line that the hedged item is recognized in income. Gains and losses on contracts designated as fair value hedges, excluding premiums and discounts, are recorded in Other (Income) Expense in the current period. Gains and losses on contracts with no hedging designation are also recorded in Other (Income) Expense in the current period. We do not include premiums or discounts on forward currency contracts in our assessment of hedge effectiveness. Premiums and discounts on contracts designated as hedges are recorded in AOCL. The amounts are recognized in the Statement of Operations on a straight-line basis over the life of the contract on the same line that the hedged item is recognized in the Statement of Operations.

Net Investment Hedging — Nonderivative instruments denominated in foreign currencies are used from time to time to hedge net investments in foreign subsidiaries. Gains and losses on these instruments are deferred and recorded in AOCL as Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments. These gains and losses are only recognized in income upon the complete or partial sale of the related investment or the complete liquidation of the investment.

Termination of Contracts — Gains and losses (including deferred gains and losses in AOCL) are recognized in Other (Income) Expense when contracts are terminated concurrently with the termination of the hedged position. To the extent that such position remains outstanding, gains and losses are amortized to Interest Expense or to Other (Income) Expense over the remaining life of that position. Gains and losses on contracts that we temporarily continue to hold after the early termination of a hedged position, or that otherwise no longer qualify for hedge accounting, are recognized in Other (Income) Expense. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 16, Financing Arrangements and Derivative Financial Instruments.

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Stock-Based Compensation

We measure compensation cost arising from the grant of stock-based awards to employees at fair value and recognize such cost in income over the period during which the service is provided, usually the vesting period. We recognize compensation expense using the straight-line approach.

Stock-based awards to employees include grants of performance share units, restricted stock units and stock options. We measure the fair value of grants of performance share units and restricted stock units based primarily on the closing market price of a share of our common stock on the date of the grant, modified as appropriate to take into account the features of such grants.

We estimate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes valuation model. Assumptions used to estimate compensation expense are determined as follows:

•Expected term represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding based on our historical experience of option exercises;

•Expected volatility is measured using the weighted average of historical daily changes in the market price of our common stock over the expected term of the award and implied volatility calculated for our exchange traded options with an expiration date greater than one year;

•Risk-free interest rate is equivalent to the implied yield on zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bonds with a remaining maturity equal to the expected term of the awards; and

•Forfeitures are based substantially on the history of cancellations of similar awards granted in prior years.

Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 19, Stock Compensation Plans.

Earnings Per Share of Common Stock

Basic earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share primarily reflects the dilutive impact of outstanding stock options and other stock based awards. All earnings per share amounts in these notes to the consolidated financial statements are diluted, unless otherwise noted. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 8, Earnings per Share.

Fair Value Measurements

Valuation Hierarchy

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified using the following hierarchy, which is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation as of the measurement date.

•Level 1 — Valuation is based upon quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

•Level 2 — Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, or other inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.

•Level 3 — Valuation is based upon other unobservable inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement.

The classification of fair value measurements within the hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the measurement. Valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value are as follows:

Investments

Where quoted prices are available in an active market, investments are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities include highly liquid government bonds, certain mortgage products and exchange-traded equities. If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are estimated using quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the security, and would be classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. In certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to the valuation, securities would be classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

Derivative Financial Instruments

Exchange-traded derivative financial instruments that are valued using quoted prices would be classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Derivative financial instruments valued using internally-developed models that use as their basis readily observable market parameters are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Derivative financial instruments that are valued based upon models with significant unobservable market parameters, and that are normally

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traded less actively, would be classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. Refer to Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 16, Financing Arrangements and Derivative Financial Instruments, and No. 17, Fair Value Measurements.

Reclassifications and Adjustments

Certain items previously reported in specific financial statement captions have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

Note 2. Divestitures

Net gains on asset sales were $816 million, $93 million and $104 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. None of our divestitures meet the criteria for presentation as discontinued operations as they do not represent a strategic shift that will have a major effect on our operations or financial results.

On February 3, 2025, we completed the sale of our OTR tire business to The Yokohama Rubber Company, Limited (“Yokohama”) pursuant to the terms of the Share and Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of July 22, 2024 (the “OTR Purchase Agreement”). In conjunction with the sale of the OTR tire business, we entered into several ancillary agreements, including a trademark license agreement, whereby we license certain trademarks to Yokohama for an initial period of ten years from the date of the sale, a product supply agreement, pursuant to which we supply to Yokohama certain OTR tires for an initial period of up to five years, and a transition services agreement, pursuant to which we are providing certain support services for a period of up to eighteen months. The activity related to these agreements is primarily recorded in Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets and Other Current Liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

As a result of the transaction, considering the receipt of the purchase price of $905 million, subject to certain adjustments set forth in the OTR Purchase Agreement, amounts allocated to deferred income related to the trademark license agreement of $90 million, amounts allocated to deferred revenue related to the product supply agreement of $95 million, and transaction costs of $26 million, and based upon the net assets of the OTR tire business of $439 million, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $255 million. We estimated the fair value of the deferred income related to the trademark license agreement using the relief-from-royalty method, with the most critical assumptions based on projected revenue, royalty rate and discount rate. We estimated the fair value of the deferred revenue related to the product supply agreement using a cost-plus-margin approach, with the most critical assumption based on projected cost of goods sold. The pre-tax income from the assets sold included within the Consolidated Statements of Operations was $72 million and $69 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These amounts exclude any ongoing obligations related to the product supply agreement and transition services agreement, as well as any amortization of deferred revenue or income.

As a result of the transaction, we received gross proceeds of $735 million at closing for the Dunlop brand, related intellectual property and other intangible assets, the transition support fee and the tire inventory. We allocated $105 million of those proceeds related to the up-front transition support fee to deferred income, which will be recognized over the combined lives of the transition license and transition offtake agreements. We also allocated $86 million of those proceeds to deferred income for tire inventory in Europe, which will be recognized upon transfer of title. We recognized an estimated pre-tax gain of $385 million based on the net assets sold of $133 million during the second quarter of 2025, net of transaction costs of $26 million.

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The assets acquired and the liabilities assumed by the Purchaser are generally those primarily related to the Chemical Business, including our chemical plants in Houston, Texas and Beaumont, Texas and a research and development facility in Akron, Ohio.

In conjunction with the sale of the Chemical Business, we also entered into a number of ancillary agreements including (a) a master supply agreement, pursuant to which the Purchaser will, or will cause its affiliates to, supply to us certain polymer chemical products for a period of fifteen (15) years (the "Chemical Supply Agreement"), (b) a transition services agreement, pursuant to which we will provide certain transition services to the Purchaser for the Chemical Business for a period of up to eighteen (18) months, and (c) a patent and know-how license agreement, pursuant to which the Purchaser will license back to us certain intellectual property related to the Chemical Business for use in connection with certain retained businesses. The Chemical Supply Agreement is a take-or-pay contract which requires us to purchase minimum quantities on a quarterly basis.

As a result of the transaction, considering the purchase price and related working capital adjustments, including an adjustment for intercompany receivables, of $580 million, amounts allocated to deferred income of $110 million and transaction costs of $29 million, and based upon the net assets of the Chemical Business of $337 million, we recognized an estimated pre-tax gain of approximately $104 million during the fourth quarter of 2025.

Net gains on asset sales for the year ended December 31, 2025 also included a $55 million gain ($26 million after-tax and minority) related to the sale of property in Asia Pacific and a $12 million gain related to the sale of Commercial Tire and Service Centers in Americas. Net gains on asset sales for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $93 million, primarily related to the sale of a distribution center in EMEA. Net gains on asset sales for the year ended December 31, 2023 were $104 million, primarily related to gains on sale and leaseback transactions of $88 million, with the remainder relating to the sale and exit of certain retail locations in Americas.

Note 3. Net Sales

The following table shows disaggregated net sales from contracts with customers by major source for the year ended December 31, 2025:


(In millions)	Americas		Europe, Middle East and Africa		Asia Pacific		Total
Tire unit sales	$	8,798	$	4,730	$	1,862	$	15,390
Other tire and related sales	771		640		94		1,505
Retail services and service related sales	756		180		—		936
Chemical sales	423		—		—		423
Other	20		—		6		26
Net Sales by reportable segment	$	10,768	$	5,550	$	1,962	$	18,280

The following table shows disaggregated net sales from contracts with customers by major source for the year ended December 31, 2024:


(In millions)	Americas		Europe, Middle East and Africa		Asia Pacific		Total
Tire unit sales	$	9,001	$	4,704	$	2,288	$	15,993
Other tire and related sales	769		573		112		1,454
Retail services and service related sales	742		148		15		905
Chemical sales	504		—		—		504
Other	17		—		5		22
Net Sales by reportable segment	$	11,033	$	5,425	$	2,420	$	18,878

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The following table shows disaggregated net sales from contracts with customers by major source for the year ended December 31, 2023:


(In millions)	Americas		Europe, Middle East and Africa		Asia Pacific		Total
Tire unit sales	$	10,028	$	4,924	$	2,336	$	17,288
Other tire and related sales	790		532		89		1,411
Retail services and service related sales	685		150		34		869
Chemical sales	467		—		—		467
Other	23		—		8		31
Net Sales by reportable segment	$	11,993	$	5,606	$	2,467	$	20,066

Tire unit sales consist of consumer, commercial, farm and OTR tire sales, including the sale of new Company-branded tires through Company-owned retail channels. OTR tire sales in 2025 primarily consist of tires sold to Yokohama pursuant to our product supply agreement. Other tire and related sales consist of aviation, race and motorcycle tire sales, retread sales and other tire related sales. Sales of tires in this category are not included in reported tire unit information. Retail services and service related sales consist of automotive services performed for customers through our Company-owned retail channels, and includes service related products. Chemical sales relate to the sale of synthetic rubber and other chemicals to third parties, and exclude intercompany sales. Other sales include items such as franchise fees and ancillary tire parts.

When we receive consideration from a customer prior to transferring goods or services under the terms of a sales contract, we record deferred revenue, which represents a contract liability. Deferred revenue included in Other Current Liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets totaled $34 million and $13 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Deferred revenue included in Other Long Term Liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets totaled $76 million and $6 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. We recognize deferred revenue after we have transferred control of the goods or services to the customer and all revenue recognition criteria are met. Revenue deferred during 2025 primarily relates to the product supply agreement we entered into in connection with the sale of our OTR tire business.

The following table presents the balances of deferred revenue related to contracts with customers, and changes during the year ended December 31:


(In millions)	2025		2024
Balance at January 1	$	19	$	28
Revenue deferred during period	289		220
Revenue recognized during period	(201)		(230)
Impact of foreign currency translation	3		1
Balance at December 31	$	110	$	19

Note 4. Costs Associated with Rationalization Programs

In order to improve our global competitiveness and as part of our execution of the Goodyear Forward transformation plan ("Goodyear Forward"), we have implemented, and are implementing, rationalization actions to reduce high-cost and excess manufacturing capacity and operating and administrative costs.

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The following table presents the roll-forward of the liability balance between periods:


(In millions)	Associate- Related Costs		Other Costs		Total
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	115	$	2	$	117
2023 charges	453		57		510
Incurred, net of foreign currency translation of $14 million and $0 million, respectively	(42)		(43)		(85)
Reversed to the Statement of Operations	(8)		—		(8)
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	518	$	16	$	534
2024 charges	66		65		131
Incurred, net of foreign currency translation of $(24) million and $(1) million, respectively	(143)		(80)		(223)
Reversed to the Statement of Operations	(45)		—		(45)
Balance at December 31, 2024	$	396	$	1	$	397
2025 charges(1)	135		76		211
Incurred, net of foreign currency translation of $38 million and $1 million, respectively	(316)		(76)		(392)
Reversed to the Statement of Operations	(21)		—		(21)
Balance at December 31, 2025	$	194	$	1	$	195
(1) Charges of $211 million exclude $4 million of benefit plan termination benefit charges recorded in Rationalizations in the Statement of Operations.

During the fourth quarter of 2025, we approved a plan to reduce headcount in our Fayetteville, North Carolina tire manufacturing facility. The proposed plan includes approximately 300 net headcount reductions. Total estimated pre-tax charges are expected to be approximately $17 million. We have accrued approximately $10 million for this plan at December 31, 2025.

During the second quarter of 2025, we approved a plan to close our manufacturing facility in Kariega, South Africa in the EMEA business unit in the third quarter of 2025. The plan includes approximately 900 job reductions, including associates and contracted positions. The total charges associated with this action are expected to be between $100 million and $110 million, of which $45 million to $55 million are expected to be cash charges primarily for associate-related and other exit costs and the remaining costs are expected to be non-cash charges primarily for accelerated depreciation and other asset-related charges. We have accrued approximately $4 million for this plan at December 31, 2025.

During the first quarter of 2025, we approved a rationalization plan to eliminate our production of commercial tires in our Danville, Virginia tire manufacturing facility ("Danville") in the second quarter of 2025 in order to reduce our production cost per tire in Americas. The plan includes approximately 950 job reductions, including associates and contracted positions. Total pre-tax charges are expected to be between $150 million and $160 million, of which $70 million to $80 million are expected to be cash charges primarily for associate-related and other exit costs and the remaining costs are expected to be non-cash charges primarily for accelerated depreciation, pension termination benefit charges and other asset-related charges. We have accrued approximately $13 million for this plan at December 31, 2025.

During the first quarter of 2025, we approved a plan to reduce SAG headcount in Americas and Corporate. The plan includes approximately 80 net headcount reductions. Total estimated pre-tax charges are expected to be approximately $6 million. We have accrued approximately $1 million for this plan at December 31, 2025.

The remainder of the accrual balance at December 31, 2025 includes $102 million related to the closures of our Fulda, Germany ("Fulda") and our Fürstenwalde, Germany ("Fürstenwalde") tire manufacturing facilities, $41 million related to a rationalization and workforce reorganization plan in EMEA, which reflects $13 million of reversals due to voluntary attrition, $5 million related to the closed Amiens, France tire manufacturing facility, and various other plans to reduce headcount and improve operating efficiency.

At December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $193 million and $296 million were recorded in Other Current Liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively.

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The following table shows net rationalization charges included in Income (Loss) before Income Taxes:


(In millions)	2025		2024		2023
Current Year Plans
Associate Severance and Other Related Costs	$	106	$	30	$	449
Benefit Plan Curtailments/Settlements/Termination Benefits	4		—		1
Other Exit Costs	13		5		23
Current Year Plans - Net Charges	$	123	$	35	$	473
Prior Year Plans
Associate Severance and Other Related Costs	$	8	$	(9)	$	(5)
Other Exit Costs	63		60		34
Prior Year Plans - Net Charges	$	71	$	51	$	29
Total Net Charges	$	194	$	86	$	502
Asset write-offs (recoveries), accelerated depreciation, and accelerated lease costs, net	$	160	$	146	$	36

Substantially all of the new charges in 2025 relate to future cash outflows. Current year plan charges for the year ended December 31, 2025 relate to the new plans approved during 2025 that are described above.

Net prior year plan charges for the year ended December 31, 2025 include $61 million related to the closures of Fulda and Fürstenwalde, $9 million related to the rationalization and workforce reorganization plan in EMEA, $5 million related to the closure of our Melksham, United Kingdom tire manufacturing facility ("Melksham"), $4 million related to plans to reduce SAG headcount, $4 million related to the closure of certain retail and warehouse locations in Americas, $3 million related to the plan to open a shared service center in Costa Rica and to exit certain Commercial Tire and Service Center ("CTSC") locations, and reversals of $20 million primarily related to voluntary attrition in our rationalization and workforce reorganization plan in EMEA.

Ongoing rationalization plans had approximately $950 million in rationalization charges through 2025 and approximately $100 million is expected to be incurred in future periods.

Approximately 2,200 associates will be released under new plans initiated in 2025, of which approximately 1,750 were released through December 31, 2025. In 2025, approximately 1,800 associates were released under plans initiated in prior years. Approximately 1,000 associates remain to be released under all ongoing rationalization plans.

Rationalization activities initiated in 2024 include current year charges primarily related to the plans to reduce SAG and manufacturing costs, a plan to open a shared service center in Costa Rica and to exit certain CTSC locations and the closure of our Malaysia tire manufacturing facility. Net prior year plan charges recognized in the year ended December 31, 2024 include $52 million related to the closures of Fulda and Fürstenwalde, $15 million related to the rationalization and workforce organization plan in EMEA, $11 million related to the closure of Melksham, $4 million related to the closure of certain retail and warehouse locations in Americas, $3 million related to the permanent closure of our Gadsden, Alabama tire manufacturing facility ("Gadsden"), $3 million related to a plan to reduce SAG headcount globally, $3 million related to the plan to streamline our EMEA distribution network, and reversals of $45 million primarily related to voluntary attrition in our rationalization and workforce reorganization plan in EMEA.

Rationalization activities initiated in 2023 include current year charges primarily related to the Goodyear Forward plan that resulted in the closure of certain retail and warehouse locations, primarily in Americas, the rationalization and workforce reorganization plan in EMEA to improve our cost structure, the closures of Fulda and Fürstenwalde and a plan to improve profitability in Australia and New Zealand. Net prior year plan charges recognized in the year ended December 31, 2023 include $16 million related to the closure of Melksham, $9 million related to the integration of Cooper Tire, $6 million related to the permanent closure of Gadsden, $2 million related to a plan in South Africa, and $2 million related to discontinued operations in Russia. Net prior plan charges also include reversals of $8 million for actions no longer needed for their originally intended purposes.

Asset write-off (recoveries), accelerated depreciation, and accelerated lease costs in 2025 primarily relate to the announced closures of our Fulda, Fürstenwalde and South Africa tire manufacturing facilities, and the announced elimination of commercial tire production at Danville. Asset write-off, accelerated depreciation, and accelerated lease charges for 2025 were primarily recorded in CGS.

Asset write-off (recoveries), accelerated depreciation, and accelerated lease costs in 2024 primarily related to plans to improve our cost structure through the closures of our Fulda, Fürstenwalde and Malaysia tire manufacturing facilities, as

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well as the closure of a development center and warehouse in the U.S. Asset write-off, accelerated depreciation, and accelerated lease charges for 2024 were primarily recorded in CGS.

Asset write-off (recoveries) and accelerated depreciation in 2023 primarily related to the integration of Cooper Tire, the closure of Melksham, and the announced closures of Fulda and Fürstenwalde, partially offset by recoveries of previously written-off accounts receivable and other assets in Russia. Asset write-off and accelerated depreciation charges for 2023 were primarily recorded in CGS.

Note 5. Interest Expense

Interest expense includes interest and the amortization of deferred financing fees and debt discounts, less amounts capitalized, as follows:


(In millions)	2025		2024		2023
Interest expense before capitalization	$	477	$	558	$	559
Capitalized interest	(32)		(36)		(27)
	$	445	$	522	$	532

Cash payments for interest, net of amounts capitalized, were $414 million, $515 million and $514 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Note 6. Other (Income) Expense


(In millions)	2025		2024		2023
Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits cost	$	291	$	99	$	148
Financing fees and financial instruments expense	61		62		59
Net foreign currency exchange losses	14		18		106
Interest income	(37)		(54)		(84)
General and product liability expense - discontinued products	5		3		6
Royalty and other (income)	(64)		(21)		(30)
Miscellaneous expense	18		27		26
	$	288	$	134	$	231

Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits cost consists primarily of the interest cost, expected return on plan assets and amortization components of net periodic cost, as well as curtailments and settlements which are not related to rationalization plans. Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits cost includes pension settlement charges of $201 million in 2025, a net pension settlement credit of $3 million in 2024, and pension settlement charges of $40 million in 2023. For further information, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 18, Pension, Savings and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans.

Net foreign currency exchange losses include losses of $8 million, $5 million and $80 million related to the Argentine peso in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively, losses of $20 million and $7 million related to the Turkish lira in 2025 and 2024, respectively, and a $12 million gain related to the euro in 2025.

Interest income includes interest income in Argentina of $3 million, $6 million and $44 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Royalty and other income in 2025 includes $27 million, primarily related to royalty income, and $37 million related to royalty income from the OTR tire business and Chemical Business license agreements and transition services income from the OTR tire business and the Dunlop brand transition services agreements. Royalty and other income for 2024 and 2023 is primarily related to royalty income.

Miscellaneous (income) expense in 2024 includes $19 million of transaction costs related to the sale of the OTR tire business and an $8 million loss related to the sale of receivables in Argentina. Miscellaneous (income) expense in 2023 includes non-indemnified costs for product liability claims related to products manufactured by a formerly consolidated joint venture entity totaling $31 million and a $10 million loss related to the sale of a receivable in Argentina, partially offset by $5 million of income for the write-off of accumulated foreign currency translation related to our exited business in Russia. Miscellaneous (income) expense in 2023 also includes $11 million of income related to a favorable court decision setting aside a previous unfavorable verdict on intellectual property-related legal claims.

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Other (Income) Expense also includes financing fees and financial instruments expense, which consists of commitment fees and charges incurred in connection with financing transactions, primarily due to accounts receivable factoring programs; and general and product liability expense - discontinued products, which consists of charges for claims against us related primarily to asbestos personal injury claims, net of probable insurance recoveries.

Note 7. Income Taxes

The components of Income (Loss) before Income Taxes follow:


(In millions)	2025		2024		2023
U.S.	$	(1,047)	$	(286)	$	(325)
Foreign	914		416		(396)
	$	(133)	$	130	$	(721)

In accordance with the adoption of ASU 2023-09, a reconciliation of income taxes at the U.S. statutory rate to United States and Foreign Tax Expense for the year ended December 31, 2025 is as follows:


(In millions)	2025		%
U.S. federal income tax expense (benefit) at the statutory rate of 21%	$	(28)	21.0	%
State income taxes, net of U.S. federal benefit(1)	183		(137.4)	%
Foreign tax effects
Luxembourg
Changes in valuation allowances	(53)		39.6	%
Rate differential	11		(8.0)	%
Other	(1)		1.1	%
Other foreign jurisdictions	57		(42.7)	%
Effect of cross-border tax laws	(13)

Year Ended December 31,

Tire Unit Sales

Europe, Middle East and Africa

Asia Pacific