Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2025

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Except as disclosed below for Digital Assets and Warrants, there have been no material changes to our significant accounting policies from those described in the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements contained in the 2025 Annual Report.

Risks and Uncertainties

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to the valuation of share-based awards, including warrants issued for services, clinical trial accruals, deferred income taxes and related valuation allowances, and the assessment of our ability to fund our operations for at least the next 12 months from the date of issuance of these interim condensed consolidated financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience and other market-specific or other relevant assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Estimates are assessed each reporting period and updated to reflect current information. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results may materially differ from those estimates or assumptions.

Market, Custody and Operational Risks of Digital Assets

We are subject to various risks including market risk, liquidity risk, and other risks related to our concentration in a single asset, LTC. Investing in LTC is currently highly speculative and volatile.

Because the fair value of our digital assets is calculated by reference to the principal market price in accordance with U.S. GAAP, fluctuations in the price of LTC could materially and adversely affect an investment in us. LTC prices have been volatile and subject to influence by many factors, including LTC's levels of liquidity, which have historically been limited. If digital asset markets continue to experience significant price fluctuations, we may experience losses. During LTC's limited history, it has been subject to various factors affecting the price of LTC, including, but not limited to, global LTC supply and demand, compliance and internal control failures leading to the theft of LTC from global trading platforms or vaults, limited liquidity and trading volumes compared to sovereign currencies market and competition from other forms of digital currency or payment services, and global or regional political, economic or financial conditions.

There is a risk that some or all our LTC could be lost or stolen. There can be no assurance that the custodian will maintain adequate insurance or that such coverage will cover losses with respect to our LTC. Further, transactions in LTC are irrevocable. Stolen or incorrectly transferred LTC may be irretrievable. Further, any LTC we hold with our custodians and transact with our trade

execution partners does not enjoy the same protections as are available to cash or securities deposited with or transacted by institutions subject to regulation by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or the Securities Investor Protection Corporation. As a result, any incorrectly executed LTC transactions could adversely affect an investment in us.

We rely on third-party service providers to perform certain functions essential to our operations. Any disruptions to our service providers’ business operations resulting from business failures, financial instability, security failures, government mandated regulation or operational problems could have an adverse impact on our ability to access critical services and be disruptive to our operations.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid investments with a maturity date of three months or less, when purchased, to be cash equivalents. We maintain cash and cash equivalent balances at financial institutions that are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). At times, deposits held may exceed the amount of insurance provided by the FDIC. We have not experienced any losses in our cash and cash equivalents and management believes we are not exposed to significant credit risk with respect to such accounts. Our cash equivalents are classified as Level 1 inputs within the fair value hierarchy.

Digital Assets

In accordance with our Litecoin Treasury Strategy, we intend to hold our LTC for long-term investment purposes. We seek to generate returns on our LTC holdings, as LTC appreciates and actively pursue risk-adjusted return opportunities to generate cash flows that support our operating expenses. As a result, our LTC digital assets are included in non-current assets in the interim condensed consolidated balances sheets, due to our intent to retain and hold our LTC. Pursuant to Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 350-60 Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Crypto Assets (ASC 350-60) in-scope crypto assets are required to be measured at fair value in the statement of financial position, with gains and losses from changes in the fair value of such crypto assets recognized in net loss each reporting period.

ASC 350-60 does not address the initial measurement, recognition, and derecognition of crypto assets. As such, our digital assets were initially recorded at cost plus fees in accordance with ASC 350-30 Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - General Intangibles Other Than Goodwill. Our digital assets will be recorded at fair value at each reporting period with changes in fair value included within operating activities as net gain or loss in the interim condensed consolidated statements of operations; as our LTC tokens could, if needed, be sold for use in our operations.

Our first purchase of LTC was on July 30, 2025. In accordance with ASC 350-60, our required adoption date was July 1, 2025 (beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period of adoption). LTC tokens are measured using Level 1 inputs under ASC 820 Fair Value Measurement (ASC 820), based on quoted prices from a principal market, Coinbase. We track the cost basis of our digital assets based upon a first-in-first-out methodology. See Note 4. Digital Assets for further information. As of September 30, 2025, our digital asset holdings are not subject to any contractual sale restrictions.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Our financial instruments consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, prepaid expenses and other current assets, digital assets, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and Advisory Warrants (as defined below). The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued liabilities are considered to be representative of their respective fair values because of the relatively short-term nature of those instruments.

Master Loan Agreement

As discussed in Note 7. Master Loan Agreement, we entered into a master loan agreement (the MLA) with BitGo Prime (the Lender). The MLA provides a framework under which we may borrow any digital assets or cash from the Lender, from time-to-time. Each loan is documented in a separate loan request agreed to by the parties setting forth the specific terms, including principal amount, fees, collateral requirements and the date on which the loan is to commence and mature (each a Loan). Each Loan may have a fixed term, or may include a call option or prepayment option, as specified in each loan request. In general, either party may terminate a Loan by providing notice within the time frame set forth in the respective Loan. Upon termination, the borrowed digital assets or cash must be returned and the related collateral released.

Warrants

We account for the Pre-Funded Warrants issued in the PIPE as equity-classified instruments based on an assessment of the Pre-Funded Warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (ASC 480)

and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (ASC 815). The assessment considers whether the Pre-Funded Warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and meet all the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including but not limited to, whether the Pre-Funded Warrants are indexed to our own Common Stock and whether the Pre-Funded Warrant holders could potentially require “net cash settlement” in a circumstance outside our control. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of the Pre-Funded Warrant's issuance and as of each subsequent quarterly period end date while the Pre-Funded Warrants are outstanding.

For other warrants that meet all criteria for equity classification, such warrants are required to be recorded as additional paid-in capital in the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets at the time of issuance.

We issued the following warrants for services rendered in connection with the PIPE: (i) the Asset Manager GSR 1 Warrant (AMA GSR 1 Warrant), (ii) Asset Manager GSR 2 Warrant (AMA GSR 2 Warrant), (iii) Asset Manager GSR 3 Warrant (AMA GSR 3 Warrant), (iv) Asset Manager GSR 4 Warrant (AMA GSR 4 Warrant), (v) Placement Agent (PA) Warrant and (vi) Strategic Advisor (SA) Warrant (collectively the Advisory Warrants), and we issued the Asset Manager's Pre-Funded Warrant (AMA Pre-Funded Warrant) after the Closing Date. The Advisory Warrants are accounted for in accordance with ASC 718, Stock Compensation (ASC 718), which requires us to recognize the fair value of the Advisory Warrants at either (i) the fair value of the equity instruments issued or (ii) the liabilities settled. The fair value of the Advisory Warrants was determined based upon the Common Stock underlying the Advisory Warrants using the Black-Scholes-Merton (BSM) option pricing model (BSM Model) based on the applicable assumptions, which include the exercise price of the warrants, our stock price and historical volatility, the expected warrant term, the risk-free interest rate, the expected dividends, and if applicable, the vesting behavior. See Note 12. Warrants for a summary of the fair value assumptions used to value the Advisory Warrants upon the closing of the PIPE and a summary of the Warrants outstanding as of September 30, 2025.

The fair value of the AMA Pre-Funded Warrant was determined by the settlement amount of the Asset-based Fee (as defined in Note 14. Related Party Transactions).

Share-based Compensation

For fully vested, nonforfeitable equity instruments that are granted at the date we and nonemployee enter into an agreement for goods or services, we recognize the equity instruments when they are granted. The corresponding cost is recognized as an immediate expense or a prepaid asset depending on the specific facts and circumstances of the agreement with the nonemployee. For the three months ended September 30, 2025, 546,348 Pre-Funded Warrants were issued as fully vested, nonforfeitable equity instruments to a nonemployee. The agreement with the nonemployee does not include any provisions to claw back the share-based payments in the event of nonperformance by the nonemployee. Before July 21, 2026, GSR Strategies LLC (GSR or Asset Manager) is expected to provide asset management services related to our LTC holdings. As of September 30, 2025, we recorded $1.5 million in current unamortized deferred prepaid assets.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per share is computed using the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, without consideration for common stock equivalents. Issued and outstanding warrants to purchase shares of our Common Stock are included in the calculation of basic net loss per common share if the exercise price of the warrants represents de minimis consideration and is non-substantive in relation to the price paid for the warrant and if the warrants are immediately exercisable with no further vesting conditions or contingencies associated with them. The 1,676,638 shares of our Common Stock underlying Pre-Funded Warrants, as described in Note 12. Warrants, are included in the weighted-average outstanding Common Stock in the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share due to their nominal exercise price.

We consider our Pre-Funded Warrants and our Advisory Warrants (collectively the Warrants) to be participating securities, because the holders of such instruments participate when a dividend is paid on common stock. The holders of the Warrants do not have a contractual obligation to share in our losses. Because such losses are attributable entirely to common stockholders, for periods in which we have reported a net loss, diluted loss per common share is the same as basic loss per common share. Diluted net loss per share is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of common stock and common stock equivalents outstanding for the period determined using the treasury-stock method.

For each of the periods presented, basic and diluted net loss per share were the same.

The following table presents potentially dilutive shares that have been excluded from the calculation of net loss per share because of their anti-dilutive effect (in thousands):


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024
Stock options		736		1,124
Warrants
Advisory Warrants		3,070		—
Other warrants		103		103
Total anti-dilutive shares		3,909		1,227

Recent Accounting Pronouncement

Recently Adopted

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2023-08, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Crypto Assets (Subtopic 350-60): Accounting for and Disclosure of Crypto Assets (ASC 350-60). The amendments in ASC 350-60 are intended to improve the accounting for certain crypto assets by requiring an entity to measure those crypto assets at fair value each reporting period with changes in fair value recognized in net income. The amendments also improve the information provided to investors about an entity’s crypto asset holdings by requiring disclosure about significant holdings, contractual sale restrictions, and changes during the reporting period. The amendments were effective for us beginning July 1, 2025. ASC 350-60 requires a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings (or other appropriate components of equity or net assets) as of the beginning of the annual reporting period in which an entity adopts the amendments. As we did not hold crypto currency prior to July 30, 2025, the adoption of ASC 350-60 did not impact our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. See Digital Assets discussion within Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Note 4. Digital Assets and Note 5. Fair Value Measurements for related disclosures related to our LTC holdings.

Recently Issued

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standards setting bodies that are adopted as of the specified effective date. We believe the impact of recently issued standards and any issued but not yet effective standards will not have a material impact on our interim condensed consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which focuses on the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU No. 2023-09 requires a public business entity (PBE) to disclose, on an annual basis, a tabular rate reconciliation using both percentages and currency amounts, broken out into specified categories with certain reconciling items further broken out by nature and jurisdiction to the extent those items exceed a specified threshold. In addition, all entities are required to disclose income taxes paid, net of refunds received disaggregated by federal, state/local, and foreign and by jurisdiction if the amount is at least 5% of total income tax payments, net of refunds received. For PBEs, the new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. An entity may apply the amendments in this ASU prospectively by providing the revised disclosures for the period ending December 31, 2025, and continuing to provide the pre-ASU disclosures for the prior periods, or may apply the amendments retrospectively by providing the revised disclosures for all periods presented. We expect this ASU to only impact our disclosures with no impact to our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). The amendments in this update require disclosure, in the notes to the financial statements, of specific expense categories present within expense captions presented on the face of the statements of operations (income statement) within continuing operations of PBEs. The amendments in this update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied either prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date of this ASU or retrospectively to any and all prior periods presented in the financial statements. We are currently evaluating this ASU to determine its impact on our disclosures.

In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-01, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date. The amendment in this update clarifies the effective date of ASU 2024-03, which is that public business entities are required to adopt the guidance in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and in interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The impact of adoption of this ASU on our disclosures is currently being evaluated.

In July 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) was enacted. The OBBBA makes permanent key elements of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, including 100% bonus depreciation, domestic research cost expensing and the business interest expense limitation, among other tax changes. Many of the tax provisions of the OBBBA are designed to accelerate tax deductions, which could lead to lower cash tax payments. The new legislation has multiple effective dates, with certain provisions effective in 2025 and others in the future. While we continue to assess the impact of the tax provisions of the OBBBA on our interim condensed consolidated financial statements, we currently believe that the tax provisions of the legislation are not expected to have a material impact on our statement of operations.

Lite Strategy, Inc. 10-Q