SECURITIES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

5. SECURITIES

Equity Securities

Equity securities owned by the Company consist of common stock of various financial services providers (“Bank Stocks”). The Company had $1.3 million and $1.2 million in equity securities recorded at fair value on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The Company sold $46,000 in equity securities at fair value during the year ended December 31, 2025. No equity securities were sold by the Company during the year ended December 31, 2024. No gains or losses were recorded on the sale of equity securities for the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded a net gains of $131,000 and $115,000, respectively, on the Consolidated Statements of Income because of the change in fair value of the Company’s equity securities portfolio.

Debt Securities

The Company’s investment portfolio includes primarily mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. Government sponsored agencies backed by residential mortgages (approximately 74%), bonds issued by U.S. Government sponsored agencies (approximately 19%), corporate debt securities (approximately 4%) and municipalities (approximately 3%) as of December 31, 2025. Most of the municipal bonds are general obligation bonds with maturities or pre-refunding dates within 5 years.

At December 31, 2025, in addition to securities of the U.S. Government and its agencies, the Company had holdings of securities from one issuer in excess of 10% of stockholders’ equity; holdings of Federal Farm Credit Bank securities had a fair value of $12.2 million. At December 31, 2024, in addition to securities of the U.S. Government and its agencies, the Company had holdings of securities from two issuers in excess of 10% of stockholders’ equity; holdings in Federal Farm Credit Bank and Pennsylvania Housing Finance securities had fair values of $11.6 million and $4.8 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2024.

On October 1, 2022, the Company reassessed classifications of certain investments transferring $212.3 million in securities from the available for sale to the held to maturity security classification. The transfer occurred at fair value. The combined related unrealized loss of $46.8 million was recorded to other comprehensive income and is being amortized out of other comprehensive income with an offsetting entry to interest income as a yield adjustment through earnings over the remaining term of the securities. The remaining unamortized balance of the transferred unrealized loss was $24.8 million at December 31, 2025 and $28.4 million at December 31, 2024.

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because the securities may be called or prepaid with or without prepayment penalties. Securities not due at a single maturity date are shown separately.


(Dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2025
					Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Fair		Unrealized		Unrealized
Debt Securities Available for Sale	Cost		Value		Gains		Losses
Obligations of U.S. Government sponsored enterprises
Within one year	$	6,000	$	5,865	$	—	$	(135)
After one year but within five years		7,000		6,754		—		(246)
		13,000		12,619		—		(381)
Obligations of state and political subdivisions
Within one year		1,465		1,465		—		—
After one year but within five years		1,338		1,266		—		(72)
After five years but within ten years		4,103		3,614		—		(489)
		6,906		6,345		—		(561)
Corporate debt securities
Within one year		2,000		1,967		—		(33)
After five years but within ten years		10,000		9,031		—		(969)
		12,000		10,998		—		(1,002)
Mortgage-backed securities, residential		26,719		25,638		—		(1,081)
Total debt securities available for sale	$	58,625	$	55,600	$	—	$	(3,025)


(Dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2025
					Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Fair		Unrecognized		Unrecognized
Debt Securities Held to Maturity	Cost		Value		Gains		Losses
Obligations of U.S. Government sponsored enterprises
After one year but within five years	$	31,481	$	32,009	$	528	$	—
		31,481		32,009		528		—
Mortgage-backed securities, residential		150,724		147,975		2,177		(4,926)
Total debt securities held for sale	$	182,205	$	179,984	$	2,705	$	(4,926)


(Dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2024
					Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Fair		Unrealized		Unrealized
Debt Securities Available for Sale	Cost		Value		Gains		Losses
Obligations of U.S. Government sponsored enterprises
Within one year	$	2,500	$	2,495	$	—	$	(5)
After one year but within five years		13,000		12,081		—		(919)
		15,500		14,576		—		(924)
Obligations of state and political subdivisions
After one year but within five years		2,780		2,643		—		(137)
After five years but within ten years		4,107		3,390		—		(717)
		6,887		6,033		—		(854)
Corporate debt securities
After one year but within five years		4,542		4,286		—		(256)
After five years but within ten years		13,000		11,072		—		(1,928)
		17,542		15,358		—		(2,184)
Mortgage-backed securities, residential		30,939		28,656		—		(2,283)
Total debt securities available for sale	$	70,868	$	64,623	$	—	$	(6,245)


(Dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2024
					Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Fair		Unrecognized		Unrecognized
Debt Securities Held to Maturity	Cost		Value		Gains		Losses
Obligations of U.S. Government sponsored enterprises
After one year but within five years	$	25,389	$	25,263	$	—	$	(126)
After five years but within ten years		5,090		5,059		—		(31)
		30,479		30,322		—		(157)
Mortgage-backed securities, residential		161,148		152,451		—		(8,697)
Total debt securities held for sale	$	191,627	$	182,773	$	—	$	(8,854)

Certain obligations of the U.S. Government and state and political subdivisions are pledged to secure public deposits, securities sold under agreements to repurchase and for other purposes as required or permitted by law. The carrying value of the pledged assets was $174.7 million and $171.5 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

In addition to cash received from the scheduled maturities of securities, some investment securities available for sale are sold at current market values through normal operations. There were no sales of debt securities during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

The following table summarizes securities available for sale with unrealized and unrecognized losses at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, aggregated by category and length of time in a continuous unrealized or unrecognized loss position:


	Unrealized Losses at December 31, 2025
	Less Than 12 Months					12 Months or More					Total
(Dollars in thousands)	Number					Number					Number
	of	Fair		Unrealized		of	Fair		Unrealized		of	Fair		Unrealized
	Securities	Value		Losses		Securities	Value		Losses		Securities	Value		Losses
Securities available for sale
Obligations of U.S. Government sponsored enterprises	—	$	—	$	—	2	$	12,619	$	(381)	2	$	12,619	$	(381)
Obligations of state and political subdivisions	—		—		—	6		4,880		(561)	6		4,880		(561)
Corporate debt securities	—		—		—	6		10,998		(1,002)	6		10,998		(1,002)
Mortgage-backed securities, residential	—		—		—	33		25,638		(1,081)	33		25,638		(1,081)
Total temporarily impaired securities available for sale	—	$	—	$	—	47	$	54,135	$	(3,025)	47	$	54,135	$	(3,025)


	Unrealized Losses at December 31, 2024
	Less Than 12 Months					12 Months or More					Total
(Dollars in thousands)	Number					Number					Number
	of	Fair		Unrealized		of	Fair		Unrealized		of	Fair		Unrealized
	Securities	Value		Losses		Securities	Value		Losses		Securities	Value		Losses
Securities available for sale
Obligations of U.S. Government sponsored enterprises	—	$	—	$	—	3	$	14,576	$	(924)	3	$	14,576	$	(924)
Obligations of state and political subdivisions	—		—		—	7		6,033		(854)	7		6,033		(854)
Corporate debt securities	—		—		—	9		15,358		(2,184)	9		15,358		(2,184)
Mortgage-backed securities, residential	—		—		—	33		28,656		(2,283)	33		28,656		(2,283)
Total temporarily impaired securities available for sale	—	$	—	$	—	52	$	64,623	$	(6,245)	52	$	64,623	$	(6,245)

At December 31, 2025, two obligations of U.S. Government sponsored enterprises, six obligations of state and political subdivisions, six corporate debt securities and thirty-three mortgage-backed securities available for sale had unrealized losses. All of these securities were in a continuous loss position for 12 months or more, with the majority of the unrealized losses related to the Company’s mortgage-backed securities portfolio. The mortgage-backed securities in the Company’s portfolio are government sponsored enterprise (“GSE”) pass-through instruments issued by the Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”) or Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”), which guarantees the timely payment of principal on these investments.

Under ASC 326, held to maturity debt securities may be pooled and evaluated for credit impairment, while available for sale securities are evaluated on an individual level, and pooling of securities is not allowed.

For available for sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or if it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For debt securities available for sale that do not meet the criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as credit loss expense (or reversal). Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of an available for sale security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. As of December 31, 2025, management determined that an immaterial credit loss existed because the decline in fair value of the available for sale debt securities was mostly attributable to changes in interest rates and other market conditions, rather than erosion of issuer credit quality and, as a result, timely payment of contractual cash flows, including principal and interest, has continued and is not considered at risk. Therefore, the Company did not record an allowance for credit losses for these securities as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Credit Quality Indicators

All the Company’s held to maturity debt securities are issued by U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises. These securities are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, except for the Federal Farm Credit Bank securities, but all are highly rated by major rating agencies and have a long history of no credit losses. The Company monitors the credit quality of held to maturity debt securities using credit ratings. The credit ratings are sourced from nationally recognized rating agencies. All held to maturity debt securities were current in their payment of principal and interest as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The following tables summarize the amortized cost of held to maturity debt securities aggregated by credit quality indicator based on the latest information available at December 31, 2025 and 2024.


(Dollars in thousands)

December 31, 2025	AAA		Total
Securities held to maturity
Obligations of U.S. Government sponsored enterprises	$	31,481	$	31,481
Mortgage-backed securities, residential		150,724		150,724
Total	$	182,205	$	182,205


(Dollars in thousands)

December 31, 2024	AAA		Total
Securities held to maturity
Obligations of U.S. Government sponsored enterprises	$	30,479	$	30,479
Mortgage-backed securities, residential		161,148		161,148
Total	$	191,627	$	191,627

JUNIATA VALLEY FINANCIAL CORP 10-K