FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2025

GAAP defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. GAAP describes three approaches to measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities: the market approach, the income approach and the cost approach. Each approach includes multiple valuation techniques. GAAP does not prescribe which valuation technique should be used when measuring fair value, but does establish a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used in applying the various techniques. Inputs broadly refer to the assumptions that market participants use to make pricing decisions, including assumptions about risk. Level 1 inputs are given the highest priority in the hierarchy while Level 3 inputs are given the lowest priority. Assets and liabilities carried at fair value are classified in one of the following three categories based on the nature of the inputs to the valuation technique used:

•Level 1 — Observable inputs that reflect unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets as of the reporting date. Active markets are those in which transactions for the asset or liability occur in sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.

•Level 2 — Observable market-based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data.

•Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data. These inputs reflect management’s best estimate of fair value using its own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the asset or liability.

Summary of Significant Valuation Techniques for Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Level 1

Common stock: Comprise actively traded, exchange-listed U.S. and international equity securities. Valuation is based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets that the Company can access.

Mutual funds: Comprise actively traded funds. Valuation is based on daily quoted net asset values for identical assets in active markets that the Company can access.

Level 2

U.S. government obligations and agencies: Comprise U.S. Treasury Bills or Notes or U.S. Treasury Inflation Protected Securities. The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical assets in inactive markets or similar assets in active or inactive markets, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.

Corporate bonds: Comprise investment-grade debt securities. The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical assets in inactive markets or similar assets in active or inactive markets, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.

Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities: Comprise securities that are collateralized by mortgage obligations and other assets. The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical assets in inactive markets or similar assets in active or inactive markets, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields, collateral performance and credit spreads.

Municipal bonds: Comprise debt securities issued by a state, municipality, or county. The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical assets in inactive markets or similar assets in active or inactive markets, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.

Redeemable preferred stock: Comprise preferred stock securities that are redeemable. The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active.

Level 3

Other investments in private equity funds: Comprise of passive interest in non-marketable private equity fund securities. The primary inputs to the valuation include the cost basis of consideration tendered for the investments, the Trailing-Twelve Month (TTM) EBITDA, and TTM EBITDA Multiple.

As required by GAAP, assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment, and may affect the placement of the asset or liability within the fair value hierarchy levels.

The following tables set forth by level within the fair value hierarchy the Company’s assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of the dates presented (in thousands):


	Fair Value Measurements
	As of September 30, 2025
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Available-For-Sale Debt Securities:
U.S. government obligations and agencies	$	—	$	23,503	$	—	$	23,503
Corporate bonds	—		957,844		—		957,844
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities	—		410,999		—		410,999
Municipal bonds	—		13,372		—		13,372
Redeemable preferred stock	—		7,903		—		7,903
Equity Securities:
Common stock	40,626		—		—		40,626
Mutual funds	55,366		—		—		55,366

Total assets accounted for at fair value	$	95,992	$	1,413,621	$	—	$	1,509,613
Assets carried at NAV, which approximates fair value and which are not categorized within the fair value hierarchy, reported as of:
Investment in Private Equity Limited Partnerships							$	3,903
Total assets at fair value							$	1,513,516


	Fair Value Measurements
	As of December 31, 2024
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Available-For-Sale Debt Securities:
U.S. government obligations and agencies	$	—	$	19,747	$	—	$	19,747
Corporate bonds	—		868,948		—		868,948
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities	—		357,030		—		357,030
Municipal bonds	—		14,354		—		14,354
Redeemable preferred stock	—		9,000		—		9,000
Equity Securities:
Common stock	14,409		—		—		14,409
Mutual funds	63,343		—		—		63,343
Investment in Private Equity Limited Partnership	—		—		12,202		12,202

Total assets accounted for at fair value	$	77,752	$	1,269,079	$	12,202	$	1,359,033
Assets carried at NAV, which approximates fair value and which are not categorized within the fair value hierarchy, reported as of:
Investment in Private Equity Limited Partnerships							$	3,921
Total assets at fair value							$	1,362,954

The table below is a reconciliation of the change in Level 3 assets with recurring fair value measurements for the reported period:


	Assets Reported at Fair Value
Balance as of December 31, 2024	$	12,202
Change in unrealized gains (losses)	(7,408)
Realized gains (losses)	6,669
Sale of investment	(11,463)
Balance as of September 30, 2025	$	—

The following table summarizes quantitative information related to the significant unobservable inputs for Level 3 investments, which were carried at fair value as of the dates presented (in thousands):

Fair Value as of:

Range

September 30, 2025

December 31, 2024

Valuation

Methodology

Unobservable Input

Weighted Average Mean

Minimum

Maximum

Assets:

Investment in Private Equity Limited Partnership

—

12,202

Market

Approach

Trailing Twelve Month EBITDA Multiple

5.8x

5.3x

7.0x

These estimates may be subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and, therefore, cannot be determined with precision.

The Company utilizes third-party independent pricing services that provide a price quote for each available-for-sale debt security and equity security. Management reviews the methodology used by the pricing services. If management believes that the price used by the pricing service does not reflect an orderly transaction between participants, management will use an alternative valuation methodology. There were no adjustments made by the Company to the prices obtained from the independent pricing source for any security included in the tables above. The Company elected the fair value option because it allowed the investment to be valued based on current market conditions.

Additionally, the timing of the delivery of the fund’s financial statements and financial information is on a three-month lag which results in a three-month delay in the recognition of our share of the limited partnership’s earnings or losses. Effective in 2024, as this is the best information available, it will be used as an estimate for the fair value at our reporting dates, unless conditions have changed significantly in the economy or securities markets. In such a case, we will adjust our estimate with the assistance from the general partner.

The following table summarizes the carrying value and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments not carried at fair value as of the dates presented (in thousands):


	As of September 30, 2025				As of December 31, 2024
	Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value		Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value
Liabilities (debt):
Surplus note (1)	$	1,470	$	1,433	$	2,573	$	2,481
5.625% Senior unsecured notes (2)	100,000		98,469		100,000		99,086
Total debt	$	101,470	$	99,902	$	102,573	$	101,567

(1) The fair value of the surplus note was determined by management from the expected cash flows discounted using the interest rate quoted by the holder. The SBA is the holder of the surplus note and the quoted interest rate is below prevailing rates quoted by private lending institutions. However, as the Company’s use of funds from the surplus note is limited by the terms of the agreement, the Company has determined the interest rate quoted by the SBA to be appropriate for the purpose of establishing the fair value of the note (Level 2).

(2) The fair value of the senior unsecured notes was determined based on pricing from quoted prices for similar assets in active markets and was included as Level 2.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

+ References

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+ Details

UNIVERSAL INSURANCE HOLDINGS, INC. 10-Q