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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒

QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025

☐

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _____to_____

Commission file number: 001-11416

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

California	33-0459135
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(IRS Employer Identification No.)

3800 Howard Hughes Parkway, Suite 1400, Las Vegas, Nevada	89169
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including Area Code: (949) 753-6800

Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report: N/A

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, no par value	CPSS	The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (Global Market)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated Filer ☐	Accelerated Filer ☒
Non-accelerated Filer ☐	Smaller reporting company ☒
	Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of October 23, 2025, the registrant had 22,071,046 common shares outstanding.

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

INDEX TO FORM 10-Q

For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2025

		Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements	3
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024	3
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025, and 2024	4
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three- month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025, and 2024	5
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025, and 2024	6
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the three month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025, and 2024	7
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	8
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	31
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	50

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	51
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	51
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	52
Item 5.	Other Information	52
Item 6.	Exhibits	53
	Signatures	54

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)


	September 30,			December 31,
	2025			2024
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	9,388		$	11,713
Restricted cash and equivalents		142,506			125,684
Finance receivables measured at fair value		3,624,941			3,313,767
Finance receivables, net		977			4,987
Furniture and equipment, net		882			943
Other assets		31,082			36,774
Total assets	$	3,809,776		$	3,493,868

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	67,037		$	70,151
Warehouse lines of credit		340,645			410,898
Residual interest financing		149,501			99,176
Securitization trust debt		2,916,439			2,594,384
Subordinated renewable notes		28,589			26,489
Total liabilities		3,502,211			3,201,098
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES		–			–
Shareholders' Equity
Preferred stock, $1 par value; authorized 4,998,130 shares; none issued		–			–
Series A preferred stock, $1 par value; authorized 5,000,000 shares; none issued		–			–
Series B preferred stock, $1 par value; authorized 1,870 shares; none issued		–			–
Common stock, no par value; authorized 75,000,000 shares; 22,143,708 and 21,432,698 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively		26,171			25,720
Retained earnings		281,404			267,060
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(10	)		(10	)
Total shareholders' equity		307,565			292,770

	$	3,809,776		$	3,493,868

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In thousands, except per share data)


	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
Revenues:
Interest income	$	107,166		$	93,158		$	314,462		$	265,812
Mark to finance receivables measured at fair value		–			5,500			6,500			16,000
Other income		1,255			1,922			4,098			6,391
Total revenues		108,421			100,580			325,060			288,203

Expenses:
Employee costs		22,465			24,162			71,860			72,303
General and administrative		13,421			13,276			40,147			40,288
Interest		59,098			50,056			172,720			138,735
Provision for credit losses		(712	)		(994	)		(2,472	)		(4,579	)
Sales		5,682			5,723			17,314			16,476
Occupancy		1,228			1,292			4,000			4,250
Depreciation and amortization		207			214			705			650
Total expenses		101,389			93,729			304,274			268,123
Income before income tax expense		7,032			6,851			20,786			20,080
Income tax expense		2,179			2,055			6,442			6,022
Net income	$	4,853		$	4,796		$	14,344		$	14,058

Earnings per share:
Basic	$	0.22		$	0.22		$	0.66		$	0.66
Diluted	$	0.20		$	0.20		$	0.59		$	0.58

Number of shares used in computing earnings per share:
Basic		22,209			21,343			21,852			21,250
Diluted		24,046			24,153			24,187			24,340

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(In thousands)


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024

Net income	$	4,853	$	4,796	$	14,344	$	14,058

Other comprehensive income/(loss); change in funded status of pension plan		–		–		–		–
Comprehensive income	$	4,853	$	4,796	$	14,344	$	14,058

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)


	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
	2025			2024
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	14,344		$	14,058
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Net interest income accretion on fair value receivables		193,415			164,394
Depreciation and amortization		705			650
Amortization of deferred financing costs		9,317			7,740
Mark to finance receivables measured at fair value		(6,500	)		(16,000	)
Provision for credit losses		(2,472	)		(4,579	)
Stock-based compensation expense		1,862			2,368
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Deferred tax assets, net		1,010			2,171
Other assets		4,682			(15,126	)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		(3,114	)		10,082
Net cash provided by operating activities		213,249			165,758

Cash flows from investing activities:
Payments received on finance receivables held for investment		6,482			21,475
Purchases of finance receivables measured at fair value		(1,275,701	)		(1,195,886	)
Payments received on finance receivables at fair value		777,612			637,844
Change in repossessions held in inventory		–			88
Purchase of furniture and equipment		(644	)		(356	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(492,251	)		(536,835	)

Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of securitization trust debt		1,280,700			1,453,921
Proceeds from issuance of subordinated renewable notes		4,013			8,784
Payments on subordinated renewable notes		(1,913	)		(1,684	)
Net proceeds from (repayments of) warehouse lines of credit		(72,297	)		(125,566	)
Net Proceeds from (repayment of) residual interest financing debt		51,110			50,000
Repayment of securitization trust debt		(957,621	)		(840,480	)
Payment of financing costs		(9,082	)		(14,274	)
Purchase of common stock		(6,119	)		(12,828	)
Exercise of options and warrants		4,708			6,825
Net cash provided by financing activities		293,499			524,698
Increase in cash and cash equivalents		14,497			153,621
Cash and restricted cash at beginning of period		137,397			125,431
Cash and restricted cash at end of period	$	151,894		$	279,052

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest	$	162,493		$	129,335
Income taxes	$	6,729		$	9,552

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In thousands)


	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
Common Stock (Shares Outstanding)
Balance, beginning of period		22,224			21,305			21,433			21,175
Common stock issued upon exercise of options and warrants		34			272			1,352			1,700
Repurchase of common stock		(114	)		(172	)		(641	)		(1,470	)
Balance, end of period		22,144			21,405			22,144			21,405

Common Stock
Balance, beginning of period	$	26,560		$	25,062		$	25,720		$	28,678

Common stock issued upon exercise of options and warrants		91			910			4,708			6,825
Repurchase of common stock		(981	)		(1,656	)		(6,119	)		(12,828	)
Stock-based compensation		501			727			1,862			2,368
Balance, end of period	$	26,171		$	25,043		$	26,171		$	25,043

Retained Earnings
Balance, beginning of period	$	276,551		$	257,119		$	267,060		$	247,857
Net income		4,853			4,796			14,344			14,058
Balance, end of period	$	281,404		$	261,915		$	281,404		$	261,915

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Balance, beginning of period	$	(10	)	$	(1,867	)	$	(10	)	$	(1,867	)
Pension benefit obligation		–			–			–			–
Balance, end of period	$	(10	)	$	(1,867	)	$	(10	)	$	(1,867	)

Balance, beginning of period		–			–			292,770			–
Pension benefit obligation		–			–			–			–
Total Shareholders' Equity	$	307,565		$	285,091		$	307,565		$	285,091

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(1) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business

We were formed in California on March 8, 1991. We specialize in purchasing and servicing retail automobile installment sale contracts (“automobile contracts” or “finance receivables”) originated by licensed motor vehicle dealers located throughout the United States (“dealers”) in the sale of new and used automobiles, light trucks and passenger vans. Through our purchases, we provide indirect financing to dealer customers for borrowers with limited credit histories or past credit problems (“sub-prime customers”). We serve as an alternative source of financing for dealers, allowing sales to customers who otherwise might not be able to obtain financing. In addition to purchasing installment purchase contracts directly from dealers, we have also (i) lent money directly to consumers for loans secured by vehicles, (ii) purchased immaterial amounts of vehicle purchase money loans from non-affiliated lenders, and (iii) acquired installment purchase contracts in four merger and acquisition transactions. In this report, we refer to all of such contracts and loans as "automobile contracts."

Basis of Presentation

Our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, with the instructions to Form 10-Q and with Article 10 of Regulation S-X of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and include all adjustments that are, in management’s opinion, necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods presented. All such adjustments are, in the opinion of management, of a normal recurring nature. Results for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results to be expected for the full year.

Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America have been condensed or omitted from these Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. These Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reported periods.

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Finance Receivables Measured at Fair Value

Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted the fair value method of accounting for finance receivables acquired on or after that date. For each finance receivable acquired after 2017, we consider the price paid on the purchase date as the fair value for such receivable. We estimate the cash to be received in the future with respect to such receivables, based on our experience with similar receivables acquired in the past. We then compute the internal rate of return that results in the present value of those estimated cash receipts being equal to the purchase date fair value. Thereafter, we recognize interest income on such receivables on a level yield basis using that internal rate of return as the applicable interest rate. Cash received with respect to such receivables is applied first against such interest income, and then to reduce the recorded value of the receivables.

We re-evaluate the fair value of such receivables at the close of each measurement period. If the reevaluation were to yield a value materially different from the recorded value, an adjustment would be required.

Anticipated credit losses are included in our estimation of cash to be received with respect to receivables. In accordance with the fair value accounting standards, credit losses are included in our computation of the appropriate level yield, therefore we do not thereafter make periodic provision for credit losses, as our best estimate of the lifetime aggregate of credit losses is included in that initial computation. Also, because we include anticipated credit losses in our computation of the level yield, the computed level yield is materially lower than the average contractual rate applicable to the receivables. Because our initial recorded value is fixed as the price we pay for the receivable, rather than the contractual principal balance, we do not record acquisition fees as an amortizing asset related to the receivables, nor do we capitalize costs of acquiring the receivables. Rather we recognize the costs of acquisition as expenses in the period incurred.

Other Income

The following table presents the primary components of Other Income for the three-month and nine-month periods ending September 30, 2025, and 2024:

Schedule of other income
	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
	(In thousands)				(In thousands)
Origination and servicing fees from third party receivables	$	1,248	$	1,647	$	4,063	$	5,485
Sales tax refunds		–		254		–		803
Other		7		21		35		103
Other income for the period	$	1,255	$	1,922	$	4,098	$	6,391

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Leases

The Company has operating leases for corporate offices, equipment, software and hardware. The Company has entered into operating leases for the majority of its real estate locations, primarily office space. These leases are generally for periods of three to seven years with various renewal options. The depreciable life of leased assets is limited by the expected lease term. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet and the related lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The following table presents the supplemental balance sheet information related to leases:


	September 30,			December 31,
	2025			2024
	(In thousands)
Operating Leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	51,770		$	51,093
Less: Accumulated amortization right-of-use assets		(35,055	)		(31,644	)
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net	$	16,715		$	19,449

Operating lease liabilities	$	(18,748	)	$	(21,471	)

Finance Leases
Property and equipment, at cost	$	4,039		$	3,794
Less: Accumulated depreciation		(3,635	)		(3,488	)
Property and equipment, net	$	404		$	306

Finance lease liabilities	$	(418	)	$	(315	)

Weighted Average Discount Rate
Operating lease		5.0%			5.0%
Finance lease		6.4%			6.5%

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Maturities of lease liabilities were as follows:


(In thousands)	Operating			Finance
Year Ending December 31,	Lease			Lease
2025 (excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2025)	$	938		$	52
2026		5,084			207
2027		5,242			149
2028		5,408			30
2029		3,761			10
Thereafter		985			–
Total undiscounted lease payments		21,418			448
Less amounts representing interest		(2,670	)		(30	)
Lease Liability	$	18,748		$	418

The following table presents the lease expense included in General and administrative and Occupancy expense on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations:

Schedule of lease cost
	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
	(In thousands)				(In thousands)
Operating lease cost	$	1,126	$	1,311	$	3,748	$	3,996
Finance lease cost		55		34		164		82
Total lease cost	$	1,181	$	1,345	$	3,912	$	4,078

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following table presents the supplemental cash flow information related to leases:


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:	(In thousands)				(In thousands)
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	1,126	$	1,311	$	3,748	$	3,996
Operating cash flows from finance leases		48		29		142		70
Financing cash flows from finance leases		7		6		22		13

Stock-based Compensation

We recognize compensation costs in the financial statements for all share-based payments based on the grant date fair value estimated in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718 “Stock Compensation”.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we recorded stock-based compensation costs in the amount of $500,000 and $1.9 million, respectively. These stock-based compensation costs were $727,000 and $2.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. As of September 30, 2025, unrecognized stock-based compensation costs to be recognized over future periods equaled $6.0 million. This amount will be recognized as expense over a weighted-average period of 3.47 years.

The following represents stock option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2025:

Schedule of stock option activity
						Weighted
	Number of			Weighted		Average
	Shares			Average		Remaining
	(in thousands)			Exercise Price		Contractual Term
Options outstanding at the beginning of period		6,157		$	5.37	N/A
Granted		1,430			8.19	N/A
Exercised		(1,352	)		3.48	N/A
Forfeited		(7	)		4.95	N/A
Options outstanding at the end of period		6,228		$	6.43	3.47 years

Options exercisable at the end of period		4,438		$	5.55	2.35 years

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following table presents the price distribution of stock options outstanding and exercisable as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:


	Number of shares as of				Number of shares as of
	September 30, 2025				December 31, 2024
	Outstanding		Exercisable		Outstanding		Exercisable
Range of exercise prices:	(In thousands)				(In thousands)
$2.00 - $2.99		1,098		1,098		1,197		1,197
$3.00 - $3.99		897		897		2,026		2,026
$4.00 - $4.99		1,190		1,190		1,262		972
$8.00 - $8.99		1,430		–		–		–
$10.00 - $10.99		1,613		1,253		1,612		892
Total shares		6,228		4,438		6,097		5,087

At September 30, 2025, the aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding and exercisable was $12.3 million. There were 1.4 million options exercised for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to 1.7 million for the comparable period in 2024. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $8.4 million and $8.0 million for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025, and 2024. There were 1,501,000 shares available for future stock option grants under existing plans as of September 30, 2025.

Purchases of Company Stock

The table below describes the purchase of our common stock for the nine-months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024:


	Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2025				September 30, 2024
	Shares		Avg. Price		Shares		Avg. Price
Open market purchases		89,362	$	9.48		473,202	$	8.67
Shares redeemed upon net exercise of stock options		451,937		9.76		876,456		8.66
Other		100,000		8.62		120,000		9.49
Total stock purchases		641,299	$	9.54		1,469,658	$	8.73

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Reclassifications

Some items in the prior year financial statements were reclassified to conform to the current presentation. Reclassifications had no effect on net income or shareholders’ equity.

Financial Covenants

Certain of our securitization transactions, our warehouse credit facilities and our residual interest financing contain various financial covenants requiring minimum financial ratios and results. Such covenants include maintaining minimum levels of liquidity and net worth and not exceeding maximum leverage levels. As of September 30, 2025, we were in compliance with all such covenants. In addition, certain of our debt agreements other than our term securitizations contain cross-default provisions. Such cross-default provisions would allow the respective creditors to declare a default if an event of default occurred with respect to other indebtedness of ours, but only if such other event of default were to be accompanied by acceleration of such other indebtedness.

Provision for Contingent Liabilities

We are routinely involved in various legal proceedings resulting from our consumer finance activities and practices, both continuing and discontinued. Our legal counsel has advised us on such matters where, based on information available at the time of this report, there is an indication that it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably determined.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740),” which is intended to provide greater transparency in various income tax components that affect the rate reconciliation based on the applicable taxing jurisdictions, as well as the qualitative and quantitative aspects of those components. This new standard will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2023-09; however, at the current time, the Company does not believe this ASU will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

(2) Finance Receivables, net

Our portfolio of finance receivables, net consists of small-balance homogeneous contracts comprising a single segment and class that is collectively evaluated for impairment on a portfolio basis according to delinquency status. Our contract purchase guidelines are designed to produce a homogenous portfolio. For key terms such as interest rate, length of contract, monthly payment and amount financed, there is relatively little variation from the average for the portfolio. We report delinquency on a contractual basis. Once a contract becomes greater than 90 days delinquent, we do not recognize additional interest income until the obligor under the contract makes sufficient payments to be less than 90 days delinquent. Any payments received on a contract that is greater than 90 days delinquent are first applied to accrued interest and then to principal reduction.

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In January 2018 the Company adopted the fair value method of accounting for finance receivables, net acquired after 2017. Finance receivables, net measured at fair value are recorded separately on the Company’s Balance Sheet and are excluded from all tables in this footnote.

The following table presents the components of Finance Receivables, net of allowance for finance credit losses:


	September 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
	(In thousands)
Finance receivables	$	977	$	5,420
Less: Allowance for finance credit losses		–		(433	)
Finance receivables, net	$	977	$	4,987

We consider an automobile contract delinquent when an obligor fails to make at least 90% of a contractually due payment by the following due date, which date may have been extended within limits specified in the servicing agreements. The period of delinquency is based on the number of days payments are contractually past due, as extended where applicable. Automobile contracts less than 31 days delinquent are not reported as delinquent. In certain circumstances we will grant obligors one-month payment extensions. The only modification of terms is to advance the obligor’s next due date by one month and extend the maturity date of the receivable by one month. In certain limited cases, a two-month extension may be granted. There are no other concessions, such as a reduction in interest rate, forgiveness of principal or of accrued interest. Accordingly, we consider such extensions to be insignificant delays in payments. The following table summarizes the delinquency status of finance receivables as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024:


	September 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
Delinquency Status	(In thousands)
Current	$	556	$	2,994
31-60 days		154		1,184
61-90 days		227		971
91 + days		40		271
	$	977	$	5,420

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Finance receivables totaling $40,000 and $271,000 at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, have been placed on non-accrual status as a result of their delinquency status.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Finance Receivables

The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of finance receivables to present the net amount expected to be collected. Charge offs are deducted from the allowance when management believes that collectability is unlikely.

Management estimates the allowance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. We believe our historical credit loss experience provides the best basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Consequently, we use historical loss experience for older receivables, aggregated into vintage pools based on their calendar quarter of origination, to forecast expected losses for less seasoned quarterly vintage pools.

We measure the weighted average monthly incremental change in cumulative net losses for the vintage pools in the relevant historical period. For the pools in the relevant historical period, we consider each pool’s performance from its inception through the end of the current period. We then apply the results of the historical analysis to less seasoned vintage pools beginning with each vintage pool’s most recent actual cumulative net loss experience and extrapolating from that point based on the historical data. We believe the pattern and magnitude of losses on older vintages allows us to establish a reasonable and supportable forecast of less seasoned vintages.

The following table presents a summary of the activity for the allowance for finance credit losses for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025, and 2024:


	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
	(In thousands)						(In thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	145		$	684		$	433		$	2,869
Provision for credit losses on finance receivables		(712	)		(994	)		(2,472	)		(4,579	)
Charge-offs		(120	)		(544	)		(584	)		(1,976	)
Recoveries		687			1,340			2,623			4,172
Balance at end of period	$	–		$	486		$	–		$	486

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(3) Securitization Trust Debt

We have completed many securitization transactions that are structured as secured borrowings for financial accounting purposes. The debt issued in these transactions is shown on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as “Securitization trust debt,” and the components of such debt are summarized in the following table:

Schedule of securitization trust debt
										Weighted
										Average
	Final	Receivables				Outstanding		Outstanding		Contractual Debt
	Scheduled	Pledged at				Principal at		Principal at		Interest Rate at
	Payment	September 30,		Initial		September 30,		December 31,		September 30,
Series	Date (1)	2025 (2)		Principal		2025		2024		2025
	(Dollars in thousands)
CPS 2020-C	November 2027	$	–	$	252,200	$	–	$	22,453		–
CPS 2021-A	March 2028		–		230,545		–		22,396		–
CPS 2021-B	June 2028		24,710		240,000		19,436		31,903		3.41%
CPS 2021-C	September 2028		38,935		291,000		30,814		49,739		2.89%
CPS 2021-D	December 2028		55,549		349,202		46,683		72,090		3.76%
CPS 2022-A	April 2029		63,523		316,800		49,477		77,872		3.93%
CPS 2022-B	October 2029		101,335		395,600		85,400		132,002		6.36%
CPS 2022-C	April 2030		123,463		391,600		89,070		141,176		7.32%
CPS 2022-D	June 2030		112,715		307,018		96,940		135,857		9.58%
CPS 2023-A	August 2030		137,807		324,768		96,162		146,020		7.45%
CPS 2023-B	November 2030		152,355		332,885		117,944		172,154		7.53%
CPS 2023-C	February 2031		147,251		291,732		123,154		175,219		7.26%
CPS 2023-D	May 2031		156,958		286,149		136,229		191,621		7.99%
CPS 2024-A	August 2031		167,533		280,924		145,377		206,348		6.41%
CPS 2024-B	November 2031		214,128		319,871		192,643		262,768		6.57%
CPS 2024-C	March 2032		312,286		436,310		283,539		379,254		6.33%
CPS 2024-D	June 2032		327,936		416,816		298,515		390,983		5.26%
CPS 2025-A	August 2032		384,422		442,420		354,756		–		5.49%
CPS 2025-B	March 2033		398,857		419,950		369,875		–		5.42%
CPS 2025-C	May 2033		415,633		418,330		396,919		–		5.08%
	–	$	3,335,398	$	6,744,120	$	2,932,933	$	2,609,855

_________________

(1)

The Final Scheduled Payment Date represents final legal maturity of the securitization trust debt. Securitization trust debt is expected to become due and to be paid prior to those dates, based on amortization of the finance receivables pledged to the trusts. Expected payments, which will depend on the performance of such receivables, as to which there can be no assurance, are $279.4 million in 2025, $1,055.9 million in 2026, $736.0 million in 2027, $451.5 million in 2028, $257.3 million in 2029, $116.5 million in 2030, and $19.8 million in 2031.

(2)

Includes repossessed assets that are included in other assets on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Debt issuance costs of $16.5 million and $15.5 million as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, have been excluded from the table above. These debt issuance costs are presented as a direct deduction to the carrying amount of the Securitization trust debt on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

All the securitization trust debt was sold in private placement transactions to qualified institutional buyers. The debt was issued through our wholly owned bankruptcy remote subsidiaries and is secured by the assets of such subsidiaries, but not by our other assets.

The terms of the various securitization agreements related to the issuance of the securitization trust debt require that certain delinquency and credit loss criteria be met with respect to the collateral pool and require that we maintain minimum levels of liquidity and net worth and not exceed maximum leverage levels. We followed all such covenants as of September 30, 2025.

We are responsible for the administration and collection of the contracts. The securitization agreements also require certain funds be held in restricted cash accounts to provide additional credit enhancement for the Notes or to be applied to make payments on the securitization trust debt. As of September 30, 2025, restricted cash under the various agreements totaled approximately $142.5 million. Interest expense on the securitization trust debt is composed of the stated rate of interest plus amortization of additional costs of borrowing. Additional costs of borrowing include facility fees, insurance premiums, amortization of deferred financing costs, and amortization of discounts required on the notes at the time of issuance. Deferred financing costs related to the securitization trust debt are amortized using the interest method. Accordingly, the effective cost of borrowing of the securitization trust debt is greater than the stated rate of interest.

Our wholly owned, bankruptcy remote subsidiaries were formed to facilitate the above asset-backed financing transactions. Similar bankruptcy remote subsidiaries issue the debt outstanding under our warehouse line of credit. Bankruptcy remote refers to a legal structure in which it is expected that the applicable entity would not be included in any bankruptcy filing by its parent or affiliates. All of the assets of these subsidiaries have been pledged as collateral for the related debt. All such transactions, treated as secured financing for accounting and tax purposes, are treated as sales for all other purposes, including legal and bankruptcy purposes. None of the assets of these subsidiaries are available to pay any of our other creditors.

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(4) Debt

The terms and amounts of our other debt outstanding at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, are summarized below:

Schedule of debt outstanding
				Amount Outstanding at
				September 30,		December 31,
				2025		2024
				(In thousands)
Description	Interest Rate	Subordinate Lender Interest Rate	Maturity
Warehouse lines of credit	2.85% over CP yield rate (Minimum 3.75%) 7.18% and 7.52% at September 30, 2025 and December 31 2024, respectively	6.40% over SOFR yield rate (Minimum 7.15%) 10.78% and 11.09% at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively	July 2026	$	291,217	$	269,602

Warehouse lines of credit	4.50% over a commercial paper rate (Minimum 7.50%) 8.65% and 8.90% at September 30 2025, and December 31 2024, respectively		March 2026		51,685		145,597

Residual interest financing	7.86%		June 2026		36,490		50,000

Residual interest financing	11.50%		March 2029		49,988		50,000

Residual interest financing	11.00%		June 2032		64,632		–

Subordinated renewable notes	Weighted average rate of 8.99% and 9.24% at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively		Weighted average maturity of October 2027 and December 2026 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively		28,589		26,489
				$	522,601	$	541,688

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

On March 20, 2025, we completed a $65 million securitization of residual interests from previously issued securitizations. In the transaction, a qualified institutional buyer purchased $65.0 million of asset-backed notes secured by an 80% interest in a CPS affiliate that owns the residual interests in five CPS securitizations issued from October 2023 through September 2024. The sold notes (“2025-1 Notes”), issued by CPS Auto Securitization Trust 2025-1, consist of a single class with a coupon of 11.00%. At September 30, 2025, there was $64.6 million outstanding under this facility.

On December 19, 2024, we increased the capacity of our revolving credit agreement with Citibank, N.A., to $335 million. This follows the November 2024 closing of a revolving credit agreement with Oaktree Capital Management, which is subordinate to our credit agreement with Citibank, N.A. The facility provides effective advances up to 10.00% of eligible finance receivables, effectively increasing the advance rate up to 95% across the facility for eligible receivables. The revolving credit agreement with Citibank, N.A. was last renewed in July 2024, extending the maturity date to July 2026 followed by an amortization period through July 2027 for any receivables pledged at the end of the revolving period. There was $291.2 million outstanding under this facility at September 30, 2025.

On March 29, 2024, we renewed our two-year $200 million revolving credit agreement with Ares Agent Services, L.P. The revolving period for this facility was extended to March 2026 followed by an amortization period through March 2028 for any receivables pledged at the end of the revolving period. There was $51.7 million outstanding under this facility at September 30, 2025.

On March 22, 2024, we completed a $50 million securitization of residual interests from previously issued securitizations. In the transaction, a qualified institutional buyer purchased $50.0 million of asset-backed notes secured by an 80% interest in a CPS affiliate that owns the residual interests in five CPS securitizations issued from January 2022 through January 2023. The sold notes (“2024-1 Notes”), issued by CPS Auto Securitization Trust 2024-1, consist of a single class with a coupon of 11.50%. At September 30, 2025, there was $50.0 million outstanding under this facility.

On June 30, 2021, we completed a $50 million securitization of residual interests from previously issued securitizations. In this residual interest financing transaction, qualified institutional buyers purchased $50.0 million of asset-backed notes secured by residual interests in eleven CPS securitizations consecutively issued from January 2018 and September 2020. The sold notes (“2021-1 Notes”), issued by CPS Auto Securitization Trust 2021-1, consist of a single class with a coupon of 7.86%. At September 30, 2025, there was $36.5 million outstanding under this facility.

Unamortized debt issuance costs of $1.6 million and $824,000 as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, have been excluded from the amount reported above for residual interest financing. Similarly, unamortized debt issuance costs of $2.3 million and $4.3 million as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, have been excluded from the warehouse lines of credit amounts in the table above. These debt issuance costs are presented as a direct deduction to the carrying amount of the debt on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(5) Interest Income and Interest Expense

The following table presents the components of interest income:

Schedule of interest income
	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
	(In thousands)				(In thousands)
Interest on finance receivables at fair value	$	104,890	$	89,942	$	307,484	$	255,546
Interest on finance receivables		844		1,516		2,949		5,634
Other interest income		1,432		1,700		4,029		4,632

Interest income	$	107,166	$	93,158	$	314,462	$	265,812

The following table presents the components of interest expense:

Schedule of interest expense
	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
	(In thousands)				(In thousands)
Securitization trust debt	$	47,581	$	42,998	$	138,182	$	116,859
Warehouse lines of credit		6,710		4,000		21,439		14,022
Residual interest financing		4,085		2,477		11,048		6,225
Subordinated renewable notes		722		581		2,051		1,629

Interest expense	$	59,098	$	50,056	$	172,720	$	138,735

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(6) Earnings Per Share

Earnings per share for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025, and 2024 were calculated using the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the related period. The following table reconciles the number of shares used in the computations of basic and diluted earnings per share for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025, and 2024:

Schedule of earnings per share
	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
	(In thousands)				(In thousands)
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period used to compute basic earnings per share		22,209		21,343		21,852		21,250

Incremental common shares attributable to exercise of outstanding options and warrants		1,837		2,810		2,335		3,090

Weighted average number of common shares used to compute diluted earnings per share		24,046		24,153		24,187		24,340

If the anti-dilutive effects of common stock equivalents were considered, shares included in the diluted earnings per share calculation for the three-month and nine-month period ended September 30, 2025, would have included an additional 1.6 million shares attributable to the exercise of outstanding options and warrants. For the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024, 1.6 million and 1.7 million shares, respectively, would be included in the diluted earnings per share calculation.

(7) Income Taxes

We file numerous consolidated and separate income tax returns with the United States and with many states. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, or local examinations by tax authorities for years before 2015.

As of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, we had no unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions. We do not anticipate that total unrecognized tax benefits will significantly change due to any settlements of audits or expirations of statutes of limitations over the next 12 months.

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The Company and its subsidiaries file a consolidated federal income tax return and combined or stand-alone state franchise tax returns for certain states. We utilize the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes, under which deferred income taxes are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to the differences between the financial statement values of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the financial statements. A valuation allowance is recognized to reduce a deferred tax asset if, based on the weight of all available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. When making this judgment, both positive and negative evidence is considered, with the most weight given to evidence that can be objectively verified. The recognition of deferred tax liabilities, however, does not require a similar more likely than not test for realization. They are recognized with the expectation that they will be settled in future periods when the related taxable temporary differences reverse. As of September 2025, we have a net deferred tax liabilities of $674,000. Our net deferred tax liabilities of $674,000 consists of approximately $847,000 of net U.S. federal deferred tax liabilities and $173,000 of net state deferred tax assets.

Income tax expense was $2.2 million for the three months and $6.4 million nine months ended September 30, 2025, representing effective income tax rates of 31%, compared to income tax expense of $2.1 million and 6.0 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024, and representing effective income tax rates of 30% respectively.

(8) Legal Proceedings

Consumer Litigation. We are routinely involved in various legal proceedings resulting from our consumer finance activities and practices, both continuing and discontinued. Consumers can and do initiate lawsuits against us alleging violations of law applicable to collection of receivables, and such lawsuits sometimes allege that resolution as a class action is appropriate. For the most part, we have legal and factual defenses to consumer claims, which we routinely contest or settle (for immaterial amounts) depending on the particular circumstances of each case.

Following our filing of a complaint for a deficiency judgment in the Superior Court at Waterbury, Connecticut, the defendant filed a cross-claim on October 16, 2019, alleging that our deficiency notices were not compliant with Connecticut law, and seeking relief on behalf of a class of Connecticut obligors whose vehicles we had repossessed. The complaint seeks primarily damages, injunctive relief, waiver of contract deficiencies, and attorney fees and interest. The defendant’s contract provided for resolution of disputes exclusively by arbitration, and exclusively on an individual basis, not a class basis. Nevertheless, in August 2021, the court denied our motion to compel arbitration, without opinion. In April 2024, a motion for certification of a class was filed. Prior to the motion being ruled upon, summary judgment was granted in our favor, disposing of the claims against CPS. An appeal of the summary judgment ruling was filed on October 25, 2024, and we filed a cross appeal of the denial of the motion to compel arbitration on October 31, 2024.

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In General. There can be no assurance as to the outcomes of the matters described or referenced above. We record at each measurement date, most recently as of September 30, 2025, our best estimate of probable incurred losses for legal contingencies, including the matters identified above. The amount of losses that may ultimately be incurred cannot be estimated with certainty. However, based on such information as is available to us, we believe that the range of reasonably possible losses for the legal proceedings and contingencies we face, including those described or identified above, as of September 30, 2025, does not exceed $3.2 million.

Accordingly, we believe that the ultimate resolution of such legal proceedings and contingencies should not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition. We note, however, that in light of the uncertainties inherent in contested proceedings there can be no assurance that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not be material to our operating results for a particular period, depending on, among other factors, the size of the loss or liability imposed and the level of our income for that period.

(9) Fair Value Measurements

ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements" clarifies the principle that fair value should be based on the assumptions market participants would use when pricing an asset or liability and establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the information used to develop those assumptions. Under the standard, fair value measurements would be separately disclosed by level within the fair value hierarchy.

ASC 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurement and enhances disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The three levels are defined as follows: level 1 - inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets; level 2 – inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument; and level 3 – inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

Effective January 2018 we have elected to use the fair value method to value our portfolio of finance receivables acquired in January 2018 and thereafter.

Our valuation policies and procedures have been developed by our Accounting department in conjunction with our Risk department and with consultation with outside valuation experts. Our policies and procedures have been approved by our Chief Executive and our Board of Directors and include methodologies for valuation, internal reporting, calibration and back testing. Our periodic review of valuations includes an analysis of changes in fair value measurements and documentation of the reasons for such changes. There is little available third-party information such as broker quotes or pricing services available to assist us in our valuation process.

Our level 3, unobservable inputs reflect our own assumptions about the factors that market participants use in pricing similar receivables and are based on the best information available in the circumstances. They include such inputs as estimates for the magnitude and timing of net charge-offs and the rate of amortization of the portfolio of finance receivable. Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation would have a significant effect on our fair value measurement.

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the quarter ended September 30, 2025, the Company evaluated the appropriate fair value and future earnings rate of existing receivables compared to recently acquired receivables and our assessment of potential additional future net losses on the portfolio of finance receivables carried at fair value and did not record a mark down to that portfolio.

The table below presents a reconciliation of the finance receivables measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs:


	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
	(In thousands)						(In thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	3,559,029		$	2,960,375		$	3,313,767		$	2,722,662
Finance receivables at fair value acquired during period		392,822			442,126			1,275,701			1,195,886
Payments received on finance receivables at fair value		(260,043	)		(217,945	)		(777,612	)		(637,844	)
Net interest income accretion on fair value receivables		(66,867	)		(57,746	)		(193,415	)		(164,394	)
Mark to fair value		–			5,500			6,500			16,000
Balance at end of period	$	3,624,941		$	3,132,310		$	3,624,941		$	3,132,310

The table below compares the fair values of these finance receivables to their contractual balances for the periods shown:


	September 30, 2025				December 31, 2024
	Contractual		Fair		Contractual		Fair
	Balance		Value		Balance		Value
	(In thousands)
Finance receivables measured at fair value	$	3,759,339	$	3,624,941	$	3,485,540	$	3,313,767

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following table provides certain qualitative information about our level 3 fair value measurements:


Financial Instrument	Fair Values as of					Weight Avg. Inputs as of
	September 30,		December 31,			September 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024		Unobservable	2025		2024
	(In thousands)
Assets:
Finance receivables measured at fair value	$	3,624,941	$	3,313,767	Discount rate		11.29%		11.37%
					Cumulative net losses		15.85%		15.47%

The following table summarizes the delinquency status of these finance receivables measured at fair value as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024:


	September 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
	(In thousands)
Delinquency Status
Current	$	3,234,924	$	2,969,864
31 - 60 days		247,787		241,883
61 - 90 days		111,169		113,662
91 + days		58,631		64,810
Repo		106,828		95,321
	$	3,759,339	$	3,485,540

There were no transfers in or out of level 1, level 2 or level 3 assets and liabilities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024.

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The estimated fair values of financial assets and liabilities, excluding assets carried at fair value, on September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, were as follows:


	As of September 30, 2025
Financial Instrument	(In thousands)
	Carrying		Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	9,388	$	9,388	$	–	$	–	$	9,388
Restricted cash and equivalents		142,506		142,506		–		–		142,506
Finance receivables, net		977		–		–		806		806
Accrued interest receivable		14		–		–		14		14
Liabilities:
Warehouse lines of credit	$	340,645	$	–	$	–	$	340,645	$	340,645
Residual interest financing		149,501						149,501		149,501
Accrued interest payable		11,573		–		–		11,573		11,573
Securitization trust debt		2,916,439		–		–		2,912,901		2,912,901
Subordinated renewable notes		28,589		–		–		28,589		28,589


	As of December 31, 2024
Financial Instrument	(In thousands)
	Carrying		Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	11,713	$	11,713	$	–	$	–	$	11,713
Restricted cash and equivalents		125,684		125,684		–		–		125,684
Finance receivables, net		4,987		–		–		3,996		3,996
Accrued interest receivable		65		–		–		65		65
Liabilities:
Warehouse lines of credit	$	410,898	$	–	$	–	$	410,898	$	410,898
Accrued interest payable		10,663		–		–		10,663		10,663
Securitization trust debt		2,594,384		–		–		2,614,352		2,614,352
Subordinated renewable notes		26,489		–		–		26,489		26,489

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(10) Business Segment Information

The company has one reportable segment. This determination is made by our Chief Executive Officer, who acts as the chief operating decision-maker (“CODM”), in assessing performance and making decisions regarding resource allocation. The CODM assesses performance by reviewing the consolidated financial statements, which reflect the financial results of our one reportable operating segment.

Within the Company’s one reportable segment, it provides indirect vehicle financing to motor vehicle dealer’s less credit- worthy borrowers. The Company’s revenue primarily consists of interest income and is derived from the interest recorded on contracts the Company has purchased. The revenue generated from any individual borrower is deemed to be immaterial.

(11) Subsequent Events

On October 17, 2025, we closed a new two-year $167.5 million revolving credit agreement with Capital One, N.A. The credit facility includes a subordinate lender, in which it will provide effective advances up to 10% of eligible finance receivables, effectively increasing the advance rate up to 95.5% across the facility. The revolving period for this facility will extend to October 2027 followed by an amortization period through April 2028 for any receivables pledged at the end of the revolving period.

On October 23, 2025, we executed our fourth securitization of 2025. In the transaction, qualified institutional buyers purchased $384.6 million of asset-backed notes secured by $392.5 million in automobile receivables originated by CPS. The sold notes, issued by CPS Auto Receivables Trust 2025-D, consist of five classes. Ratings of the notes were provided by Standard & Poor’s and DBRS Morningstar, and were based on the structure of the transaction, the historical performance of similar receivables and CPS’s experience as a servicer. The weighted average yield on the notes is approximately 5.72%.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Discussions of certain matters contained in this report may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Exchange Act, and as such, may involve risks and uncertainties. You can generally identify forward-looking statements as statements containing the words “will,” “would,” “believe,” “may,” “could,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “judgment,” “assume,” “plans,” “goals, “strategy,” “future,” “likely,” “should” or other similar expressions.

Examples of forward-looking statements include, among others, statements we make regarding:

•	charge-offs and recovery rates;
•	the willingness or ability of obligors to pay pursuant to contractual terms;
•	our ability to enforce rights under contracts;
•	our ability to and rates at which we plan to acquire automobile contracts;
•	the anticipated levels of recoveries upon sale of repossessed vehicles;
•	revenues or expenses;
•	provisions for credit losses;
•	expected industry and general economic trends;
•	accrued losses for legal contingencies;
•	anticipated deferred tax assets;
•	estimates of taxable income;
•	our ability to service and repay our debt;
•	the structuring of securitization transactions as secured financings and the effects of such structures on financial items and future profitability; or
•	the effect of the change in structure on our profitability and the duration of the period in which our profitability would be affected by the change in securitization structure.

Our actual results, performance and achievements may differ materially from the results, performance and achievements expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements. Some of the factors that might cause such a difference include, but are not limited to, the following:

•	unexpected exogenous events, such as a widespread public health emergency;
•	mandates imposed in reaction to such events, such as prohibitions of otherwise permissible activity;
•	changes in general economic conditions;
•	changes in performance of our automobile contracts;
•	increases in interest rates;
•	our ability to generate sufficient operating and financing cash flows;
•	competition;
•	the level of losses incurred on contracts in our managed portfolio;
•	adverse decisions by courts or regulators;
•	regulatory changes with respect to consumer finance;

•	changes in the market for used vehicles;
•	levels of cash releases from existing pools of contracts;
•	the terms on which we are able to finance contract purchases;
•	the willingness or ability of dealers to assign contracts to us on acceptable terms;
•	the terms on which we are able to complete term securitizations once contracts are acquired;
•	any breach in the security of our systems; and
•	such other factors as discussed through the “Risk Factors” section of this report.

Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts nor guarantees of performance. Instead, they are based only on our current beliefs, expectations and assumptions regarding the future of our business, plans and strategies, projections, anticipated events and trends, the economy and other uncertain conditions. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Actual results may differ from expectations due to many factors beyond our ability to control or predict, including those described herein, and in any documents incorporated by reference in this report. Therefore, you should not rely on any of these forward-looking statements. For these statements, we claim the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking information. You are advised to consult any additional disclosure we make in our periodic reports filed with the SEC.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

We are a specialty finance company. Our business is to purchase and service retail automobile contracts originated primarily by franchised automobile dealers and, to a lesser extent, by select independent dealers in the United States in the sale of new and used automobiles, light trucks and passenger vans. Through our automobile contract purchases, we provide indirect financing to the customers of dealers who have limited credit histories or past credit problems, who we refer to as sub-prime customers. We serve as an alternative source of financing for dealers, facilitating sales to customers who otherwise might not be able to obtain financing from traditional sources, such as commercial banks, credit unions and the captive finance companies affiliated with major automobile manufacturers. In addition to purchasing installment purchase contracts directly from dealers, we have also (i) originated vehicle purchase money loans by lending directly to consumers, (ii) acquired installment purchase contracts in four merger and acquisition transactions, and (iii) purchased immaterial amounts of vehicle purchase money loans from non-affiliated lenders. In this report, we refer to all of such contracts and loans as "automobile contracts."

We were incorporated and began our operations in March 1991. From inception through September 30, 2025, we have originated a total of approximately $24.3 billion of automobile contracts, primarily by purchasing retail installment sales contracts from dealers, and to a lesser degree, by originating loans secured by automobiles directly with consumers. In addition, we acquired a total of approximately $822.3 million of automobile contracts in mergers and acquisitions in 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2011. Recent contract purchase volumes and managed portfolio levels are shown in the table below:

Contract Purchases and Outstanding Managed Portfolio

	$ in thousands
Period	Contracts Purchased in Period		Managed Portfolio at Period End
2019		1,002,782		2,416,042
2020		742,584		2,174,972
2021		1,146,321		2,249,069
2022		1,854,385		3,001,308
2023		1,357,752		3,194,623
2024		1,681,941		3,665,725
Nine months ended September 30, 2025		1,275,293		3,892,856

In May 2021 we began purchasing some contracts for immediate sale to a third-party to whom we refer applications that don’t meet our lending criteria. We service all such contracts on behalf of the third-party. We earn fees for originating the receivable and also servicing fees on active accounts in the third-party portfolio. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we originated $11.0 million under this third-party program. As of September 30, 2025, our managed portfolio includes $132.5 million of such third-party receivables.

Our principal executive offices are in Las Vegas, Nevada. Most of our operational and administrative functions take place in Irvine, California. Credit and underwriting functions are performed primarily in that California branch with certain of these functions also performed in our Florida, Nevada, and Virginia branches. We service our automobile contracts from our California, Nevada, Virginia, Florida and Illinois branches.

The programs we offer to dealers and consumers are intended to serve a wide range of sub-prime customers, primarily through franchised new car dealers. We originate automobile contracts with the intention of financing them on a long-term basis through securitizations. Securitizations are transactions in which we sell a specified pool of contracts to a special purpose subsidiary of ours, which in turn issues asset-backed securities to fund the purchase of the pool of contracts from us.

Securitization and Warehouse Credit Facilities

Throughout the period for which information is presented in this report, we have purchased automobile contracts with the intention of financing them on a long-term basis through securitizations, and on an interim basis through warehouse credit facilities. All such financings have involved identification of specific automobile contracts, sale of those automobile contracts (and associated rights) to one of our special-purpose subsidiaries, and issuance of asset-backed securities to be purchased by institutional investors. Depending on the structure, these transactions may be accounted for under generally accepted accounting principles as sales of the automobile contracts or as secured financings. All of our active securitizations are structured as secured financings.

When structured to be treated as a secured financing for accounting purposes, the subsidiary is consolidated with us. Accordingly, the sold automobile contracts and the related debt appear as assets and liabilities, respectively, on our consolidated balance sheet. We then periodically (i) recognize interest and fee income on the contracts, and (ii) recognize interest expense on the securities issued in the transaction. For automobile contracts acquired after 2017 we take account of estimated credit losses in our computation of a level yield used to determine recognition of interest on the contracts. For contracts acquired before 2018, we adopted CECL on January 1, 2020, and we may, as circumstances warrant, record or reverse expense provisions for credit losses.

Since 1994 we have conducted 106 term securitizations of automobile contracts that we originated. As of September 30, 2025, 18 of those securitizations are active and all are structured as secured financings. We generally conduct our securitizations on a quarterly basis, near the beginning of each calendar quarter, resulting in four securitizations per calendar year.

Our recent history of term securitizations is summarized in the table below:

Recent Asset-Backed Term Securitizations

	$ in thousands
Period	Number of Term Securitizations		Receivables Pledged in Term Securitizations
2019		4		1,014,124
2020		3		741,867
2021		4		1,145,002
2022		4		1,537,383
2023		4		1,352,114
2024		4		1,533,854
Nine months ended September 30, 2025		3		1,335,329

Generally, prior to a securitization transaction we fund our automobile contract purchases primarily with proceeds from warehouse credit facilities. We currently have short-term funding capacity of $535 million over two credit facilities. The first credit facility was established in May 2012 with Citibank, N.A. This facility was most recently renewed in July 2024, extending the revolving period to July 2026, with an optional amortization period through July 2027. In addition, a subordinated lender was added to the credit facility in November 2024, effectively increasing our advance rate to a maximum of 95% for eligible receivables across the facility. The capacity was then increased from $200 million at the most recent renewal date to $335 million in December 2024.

In November 2015, we entered into another $100 million facility with Ares Agent Services, L.P.. In June 2022, we increased the capacity of that credit agreement from $100 million to $200 million. This facility was most recently renewed in March 2024, extending the revolving period to March 2026, followed by an amortization period to March 2028.

In a securitization and in our warehouse credit facilities, we are required to make certain representations and warranties, which are generally similar to the representations and warranties made by dealers in connection with our purchase of the automobile contracts. If we breach any of our representations or warranties, we may be required to repurchase the automobile contract at a price equal to the principal balance plus accrued and unpaid interest. We may then be entitled under the terms of our dealer agreement to require the selling dealer to repurchase the contract at a price equal to our purchase price, less any principal payments made by the customer. Subject to any recourse against dealers, we will bear the risk of loss on repossession and resale of vehicles under automobile contracts that we repurchase.

In a securitization, the related special purpose subsidiary may be unable to release excess cash to us if the credit performance of the securitized automobile contracts falls short of pre-determined standards. Such releases represent a material portion of the cash that we use to fund our operations. An unexpected deterioration in the performance of securitized automobile contracts could therefore have a material adverse effect on both our liquidity and results of operations.

In addition, from time to time, we have also completed financings of our residual interests in other securitizations that we and our affiliates previously sponsored. On March 20, 2025, we completed a $65 million securitization of residual interests from previously issued securitizations. In the transaction, a qualified institutional buyer purchased $65.0 million of asset-backed notes secured by an 80% interest in a CPS affiliate that owns the residual interests in five CPS securitizations issued from October 2023 through September 2024. The sold notes (“2025-1 Notes”), issued by CPS Auto Securitization Trust 2025-1, consist of a single class with a coupon of 11.00%.

Receivables we originate and service for third parties are not pledged to our warehouse facilities or included in our securitizations.

Financial Covenants

Certain of our securitization transactions and our warehouse credit facilities contain various financial covenants requiring certain minimum financial ratios and results. Such covenants include maintaining minimum levels of liquidity and net worth and not exceeding maximum leverage levels. In addition, certain of our debt agreements other than our term securitizations contain cross-default provisions. Such cross-default provisions would allow the respective creditors to declare a default if an event of default occurred with respect to other indebtedness of ours, but only if such other events of default were to be accompanied by acceleration of such other indebtedness. As of September 30, 2025, we were in compliance with all such covenants.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Operating Results for the three months ended September 30, 2025, with the three months ended September30, 2024

Revenues. During the three months ended September 30, 2025, our revenues were $108.4 million, an increase of $7.8 million, or 7.8% from the prior year revenue of $100.6 million. The primary reason for the increase in revenues is the increase in interest income resulting from the increase in the average outstanding balance of finance receivables measured at fair value. Revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2025, did not include a mark to the recorded value of the finance receivables measured at fair value. Marks are estimates based on our evaluation of the appropriate fair value and future earnings rate of existing receivables compared to recently acquired receivables and increases or decreases in our estimates of future net losses. In the current period, our re-evaluation of the fair values of these receivables resulted in no marks to finance receivables measured at fair value. There was a $5.5 million mark up to the fair value portfolio in the prior year period.

Interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2025, increased $14.0 million, or 15.0%, to $107.2 million from $93.2 million in the prior year. The primary reason for the increase in interest income is the 14.2% increase in the average balance of our loan portfolio over the prior year period. The interest yield on our total loan portfolio is 11.4% for both current and in the prior period. The interest yield on receivables measured at fair value is reduced to take account of expected losses and is therefore less than the yield on other finance receivables. The table below shows the average balance and interest yield of our loan portfolio for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2025						2024
	(Dollars in thousands)
	Average				Interest		Average				Interest
	Balance		Interest		Yield		Balance		Interest		Yield
Interest Earning Assets
Loan Portfolio	$	3,745,325	$	107,166		11.4%	$	3,278,336	$	93,158		11.4%

Other income was $1.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $1.9 million for the comparable period in 2024. This $667,000 decrease was primarily driven by the decrease in origination and servicing fees we earned from third party receivables. These fees were $1.2 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2025, compared to $1.6 million in the prior year period.

Expenses. Our operating expenses consist largely of interest expense, employee costs, sales and general and administrative expenses. Interest expense is significantly affected by the volume of automobile contracts we purchased during the trailing 12-month period and the use of our warehouse facilities and asset-backed securitizations to finance those contracts. Employee costs and general and administrative expenses are incurred as applications and automobile contracts are received, processed and serviced. Factors that affect profit margins and net income include changes in the automobile and automobile finance market environments, and macroeconomic factors such as interest rates and changes in the unemployment level.

Employee costs include base salaries, commissions and bonuses paid to employees, and certain expenses related to the accounting treatment of outstanding stock options and are one of our most significant operating expenses. These costs (other than those relating to stock options) generally fluctuate with the level of applications and automobile contracts purchased and serviced.

Other operating expenses consist largely of facilities expenses, telephone and other communication services, credit services, computer services, sales and advertising expenses, and depreciation and amortization.

Total operating expenses were $101.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $93.7 million for the prior period, an increase of $7.7 million, or 8.2%. The increase is primarily due to increases in interest expense.

Employee costs were $22.5 million during the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $24.2 million for the same quarter in the prior year, a decrease of $1.7 million, or 7.0%. The table below summarizes our employees by category as well as contract purchases and units in our managed portfolio as of, and for the three-month periods ended, September 30, 2025, and 2024:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024
	(Dollars in millions)
Contracts purchased (dollars)	$	391.1	$	445.9
Contracts purchased (units)		16,832		20,179
Managed portfolio outstanding (dollars)	$	3,760.3	$	3,329.8
Managed portfolio outstanding (units)		212,509		194,434

Number of Originations staff		180		200
Number of Sales staff		116		116
Number of Servicing staff		555		525
Number of other staff		67		84
Total number of employees		918		925

General and administrative expenses include costs associated with purchasing and servicing our portfolio of finance receivables, including expenses for facilities, credit services, and telecommunications. General and administrative expenses were $13.4 million, an increase of $145,000 from $13.3 million in the prior year period.

Interest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was $59.1 million and represented 58.3% of total operating expenses, compared to $50.1 million in the previous year, when it was 53.4% of total operating expenses. The $9.0 million increase in interest expense compared to the prior year period was largely due to increases in the average balance of our securitization trust debt, warehouse credit line debt and residual interest financing debt. To a lesser extent, the increase is also due to the increase in the interest rate on our securitization trust debt.

Interest on securitization trust debt increased by $4.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the prior period. The average balance of securitization trust debt increased to $2.830 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $2,706.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The annualized average rate on our securitization trust debt was 6.7% for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to 6.4% in the prior year period. For each quarterly securitization transaction, the blended cost of funds is ultimately the result of many factors including the market interest rates for benchmark swaps of various maturities against which our bonds are priced and the margin over those benchmarks that investors are willing to accept, which in turn, is influenced by investor demand for our bonds at the time of the securitization. These and other factors have resulted in fluctuations in our securitization trust debt interest costs. The blended interest rates of our recent securitizations are summarized in the table below:

Blended Cost of Funds on Recent Asset-Backed Term Securitizations

Period		Blended Cost of Funds
January 2022		2.54%
April 2022		4.83%
July 2022		6.02%
October 2022		8.48%
January 2023		6.48%
April 2023		7.17%
July 2023		7.13%
October 2023		7.89%
January 2024		6.51%
April 2024		6.69%
June 2024		6.56%
September 2024		5.52%
January 2025		5.88%
May 2025		5.96%
July 2025		5.43%

Interest expense on warehouse credit line debt increased by $2.7 million to $6.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $4.0 million in the prior year period. The increase was primarily due to the higher utilization of our credit lines during the quarter compared to last year. The average balance of our warehouse debt was $284.6 million during the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $132.3 million for the same period in 2024. The annualized average rate on our credit line debt was 9.4% for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to 12.1% in the prior year period.

Interest expense on subordinated renewable notes was $722,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2025. The average balance of the outstanding subordinated debt was $29.0 million for the three months September 30, 2025, compared to $23.2 million for the prior year period. The average yield of subordinated notes is 10.0% for both current and the prior period.

In June 2021, March 2024, and again on March 20, 2025, we completed a securitization of residual interests from other previously issued securitizations in the amount of $50 million, $50 million, and $65 million, respectively. Interest expense for these residual interest financings was $4.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to 2.5 million for the same period in 2024.

The following table presents the components of interest income and interest expense and a net interest yield analysis for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2025, and 2024:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2025						2024
	(Dollars in thousands)
					Annualized						Annualized
	Average				Average		Average				Average
	Balance (1)		Interest		Yield/Rate		Balance (1)		Interest		Yield/Rate
Interest Earning Assets
Loan Portfolio	$	3,745,325	$	107,166		11.4%	$	3,278,336	$	93,158		11.4%

Interest Bearing Liabilities
Warehouse lines of credit	$	284,638	$	6,710		9.4%	$	132,254	$	4,000		12.1%
Residual interest financing		165,000		4,085		9.9%		100,000		2,477		9.9%
Securitization trust debt		2,829,527		47,581		6.7%		2,706,266		42,998		6.4%
Subordinated renewable notes		28,976		722		10.0%		23,237		581		10.0%
	$	3,308,141		59,098		7.1%	$	2,961,757		50,056		6.8%

Net interest income/spread			$	48,068					$	43,102
Net interest yield (2)						4.3%						4.6%
Ratio of average interest earning assets to average interest bearing liabilities						113%						111%

_________________________

(1) Average balances are based on month end balances except for warehouse lines of credit, which are based on daily balances.

(2) Annualized net interest income divided by average interest earning assets.

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2025
	Compared to September 30, 2024
	Total		Change Due		Change Due
	Change		to Volume		to Rate
	(In thousands)
Interest Earning Assets
Loan Portfolio	$	14,008	$	14,008	$	–

Interest Bearing Liabilities
Warehouse lines of credit		2,710		4,631		(1,921	)
Residual interest financing		1,608		1,608		–
Securitization trust debt		4,583		2,461		2,122
Subordinated renewable notes		141		141		–
		9,042		8,841		201

Net interest income/spread	$	4,966	$	5,167	$	(201	)

Our evaluation of the allowance for credit losses indicated that the reserves against future losses are adequate as of September 30, 2025. The allowance applies only to our finance receivables originated through December 2017, which we refer to as our legacy portfolio. Finance receivables that we have originated since January 2018 are accounted for at fair value. Under the fair value method of accounting, we recognize interest income net of expected credit losses. Thus, no provision for credit loss expense is recorded for finance receivables measured at fair value.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, we recorded a reduction to provision for credit losses on finance receivables in the amount of $712,000. The reserve decrease was primarily due to better-than-expected recovery rates and a decrease in lifetime expected credit losses resulting from improved credit performance as our previous estimates for future losses exceeded actual incurred losses. This compares to $994,000 in reductions to provision for credit losses for the three months ended September 30, 2024.

Sales expenses consist primarily of commission-based compensation paid to our employee sales representatives. Our sales representatives earn a salary plus commission based on volume of contract purchases. Sales expense decreased by $41,000 to $5.7 million during the three months ended September 30, 2025, from $5.7 million for the same quarter in 2024. We purchased $391.1 million of new contracts during the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $445.9 million in the prior year period.

Occupancy expenses were $1.2 million for the three months ending September 30, 2025, which is down from $1.3 million in the third quarter of 2024.

Depreciation and amortization expenses decreased to $207,000 compared to $214,000 in the previous year.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, we recorded income tax expense of $2.2 million, representing a 31% effective tax rate. In the prior period, our income tax expense was $2.1 million, representing a 30% effective tax rate.

Comparison of Operating Results for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 with the nine months ended September 30, 2024

Revenues. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, our revenues were $325.1 million, an increase of $36.9 million, or 12.8%, from the prior year revenue of $288.2 million. The primary reason for the increase in revenues is the increase in interest income resulting from the increase in the average outstanding balance of finance receivables measured at fair value. Revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 include a $6.5 million mark up to the recorded value of the finance receivables measured at fair value. The marks are estimates based on our evaluation of the appropriate fair value and future earnings rate of existing receivables compared to recently acquired receivables and increases or decreases in our estimates of future net losses. In the current period, our re-evaluation of the fair values of these receivables resulted in a mark up for certain receivables and a mark down to the fair values of selected receivables. The net effect of the marks to the fair value resulted in a net mark up of $6.5 million. There was a $16.0 million mark up to the fair value portfolio in the prior year period.

Interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 increased $48.7 million, or 18.3%, to $314.5 million from $265.8 million in the prior year. The primary reason for the increase in interest income is the 17.1% increase in the average balance of our loan portfolio over the prior year period. The interest yield on our total loan portfolio increased from 11.3% in the prior year period to 11.4% in the current year period. The interest yield on receivables measured at fair value is reduced to take account of expected losses and is therefore less than the yield on other finance receivables. The table below shows the average balance and interest yield of our loan portfolio for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025						2024
	(Dollars in thousands)
	Average				Interest		Average				Interest
	Balance		Interest		Yield		Balance		Interest		Yield
Interest Earning Assets
Loan Portfolio	$	3,666,975	$	314,462		11.4%	$	3,131,477	$	265,812		11.3%

Other income was $4.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $6.4 million for the comparable period in 2024. This $2.3 million decrease was primarily driven by the decrease in origination and servicing fees we earned from third party receivables. These fees were $4.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $5.5 million in the prior year period.

Expenses. Our operating expenses consist largely of interest expense, provision for credit losses, employee costs, sales and general and administrative expenses. Provision for credit losses is affected by the balance and credit performance of our portfolio of finance receivables (other than our portfolio of finance receivables measured at fair value, as to which expected credit losses have the effect of reducing the internal rate of return or the recorded value applicable to such receivables). Interest expense is significantly affected by the volume of automobile contracts we purchased during the trailing 12-month period and the use of our warehouse facilities and asset-backed securitizations to finance those contracts. Employee costs and general and administrative expenses are incurred as applications and automobile contracts are received, processed and serviced. Factors that affect profit margins and net income include changes in the automobile and automobile finance market environments, and macroeconomic factors such as interest rates and changes in the unemployment level.

Total operating expenses were $304.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $268.1 million for the prior period, an increase of $36.2 million, or 13.5% The increase is primarily due to increases in interest expense and a decrease in the reduction to provision for credit losses. To a lesser extent, increases to sales expenses also contributed to the increase in operating expenses during the period.

Employee costs were $71.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $72.3 million for the same period in the prior year. The table below summarizes our employees by category as well as contract purchases and units in our managed portfolio as of, and for the nine-month periods ended, September 30, 2025 and 2024:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024
	(Dollars in millions)
Contracts purchased (dollars)	$	1,275.3	$	1,224.1
Contracts purchased (units)		56,861		56,303
Managed portfolio outstanding (dollars)	$	3,760.3	$	3,329.8
Managed portfolio outstanding (units)		212,509		194,434

Number of Originations staff		180		200
Number of Sales staff		116		116
Number of Servicing staff		555		525
Number of other staff		67		84
Total number of employees		918		925

General and administrative expenses include costs associated with purchasing and servicing our portfolio of finance receivables, including expenses for facilities, credit services, and telecommunications. General and administrative expenses were $40.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, a decrease of $141,000 from $40.3 million in the prior year period.

Interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was $172.7 million, compared to $138.7 million in the previous year, an increase of $34.0 million.

Interest on securitization trust debt increased by $21.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the prior period. The average balance of securitization trust debt increased to $2,834.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $2,549.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The annualized average rate on our securitization trust debt was 6.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to 6.1% in the prior year period. The blended interest rates on new term securitizations have been increasing since 2022. For each quarterly securitization transaction, the blended cost of funds is ultimately the result of many factors including the market interest rates for benchmark swaps of various maturities against which our bonds are priced and the margin over those benchmarks that investors are willing to accept, which in turn, is influenced by investor demand for our bonds at the time of the securitization. These and other factors have resulted in fluctuations in our securitization trust debt interest costs. The blended interest rates of our recent securitizations are summarized in the table below:

Blended Cost of Funds on Recent Asset-Backed Term Securitizations

Period		Blended Cost of Funds
January 2022		2.54%
April 2022		4.83%
July 2022		6.02%
October 2022		8.48%
January 2023		6.48%
April 2023		7.17%
July 2023		7.13%
October 2023		7.89%
January 2024		6.51%
April 2024		6.69%
June 2024		6.56%
September 2024		5.52%
January 2025		5.88%
May 2025		5.96%
July 2025		5.43%

Interest expense on warehouse credit line debt increased by $7.4 million to $21.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $14.0 million in the prior year period. The increase was due to higher rates on the debt during the nine month period compared to last year. The average balance of our warehouse debt was $304.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $170.7 million for the same period in 2024. The annualized average rate on our credit line debt was 9.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to 11.0% in the prior year period.

Interest expense on subordinated renewable notes was $2.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The average balance of the outstanding subordinated debt increased by $5.9 million to $28.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $22.1 million for the prior year. The average yield of subordinated notes was 9.8% in the current and prior period.

In June 2021, March 2024, and again on March 20, 2025, we completed a securitization of residual interests from other previously issued securitizations in the amount of $50 million, $50 million, and $65 million, respectively. Interest expense on the residual interest financing was $11.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $6.2 million for the same period in 2024.

The following table presents the components of interest income and interest expense and a net interest yield analysis for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025						2024
	(Dollars in thousands)
					Annualized						Annualized
	Average				Average		Average				Average
	Balance (1)		Interest		Yield/Rate		Balance (1)		Interest		Yield/Rate
Interest Earning Assets
Loan portfolio	$	3,666,975	$	314,462		11.4%	$	3,131,477	$	265,812		11.3%

Interest Bearing Liabilities
Warehouse lines of credit	$	304,568		21,439		9.4%	$	170,706		14,022		11.0%
Residual interest financing		146,429		11,048		10.1%		89,051		6,225		9.3%
Securitization trust debt		2,834,434		138,182		6.5%		2,549,877		116,859		6.1%
Subordinated renewable notes		27,993		2,051		9.8%		22,117		1,629		9.8%
	$	3,313,424		172,720		7.0%	$	2,831,751		138,735		6.5%

Net interest income/spread			$	141,742					$	127,077
Net interest yield (2)						4.5%						4.8%

Ratio of average interest earning assets to average interest bearing liabilities						111%						111%

_________________________

(1) Average balances are based on month end balances except for warehouse lines of credit, which are based on daily balances

(2) Annualized net interest income divided by average interest earning assets

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
	Compared to September 30, 2024
	Total		Change Due		Change Due
	Change		to Volume		to Rate
	(In thousands)
Interest Earning Assets
Loan portfolio	$	48,650	$	44,390	$	4,260
Interest Bearing Liabilities
Warehouse lines of credit		7,417		12,188		(4,771	)
Residual interest financing		4,823		3,740		1,083
Securitization trust debt		21,323		10,280		11,043
Subordinated renewable notes		422		436		(14	)
		33,985		26,645		7,340

Net interest income/spread	$	14,665	$	17,745	$	(3,080	)

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we recorded a reduction to provision for credit losses on finance receivables in the amount of $2.5 million. The reserve decrease was primarily due to better-than-expected recovery rates and a decrease in lifetime expected credit losses resulting from improved credit performance as our previous estimates for future losses exceeded actual losses incurred. This compares to $4.6 million in reductions to provision for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Sales expenses consist primarily of commission-based compensation paid to our employee sales representatives. Our sales representatives earn a salary plus commissions based on volume of contract purchases and sales of ancillary products and services that we offer our dealers. Sales expense increased to $17.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 from $16.5 million in the same period in 2024. We purchased $1,275.3 million of new contracts during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $1,224.1 million in the prior year period.

Occupancy expenses were $4.0 million for the nine months ending September 30, 2025, which is down from $4.3 million for the same period in 2024.

Depreciation and amortization expenses increased to $705,000 compared to $650,000 in the previous year.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we recorded income tax expense of $6.4 million, representing a 31% effective tax rate. In the prior period, our income tax expense was $6.0 million, representing a 30% effective tax rate.

Credit Experience

Our financial results are dependent on the performance of the automobile contracts in which we retain an ownership interest. Broad economic factors such as recession and significant changes in unemployment levels influence the credit performance of our portfolio, as does the weighted average age of the receivables at any given time. The tables below document the delinquency, repossession and net credit loss experience of all such automobile contracts that we originated or own an interest in as of the respective dates shown.

Delinquency, Repossession and Extension Experience (1)

Total Managed Portfolio (Excludes Third Party Portfolio)

	September 30, 2025				September 30, 2024				December 31, 2024
	Number of				Number of				Number of
	Contracts		Amount		Contracts		Amount		Contracts		Amount
	(Dollars in thousands)
Delinquency Experience
Gross servicing portfolio (1)		212,509	$	3,760,315		194,434	$	3,329,836		201,441	$	3,490,960
Period of delinquency (2)
31-60 days		14,498	$	247,940		13,460	$	219,265		14,643	$	243,068
61-90 days		6,924		111,396		6,621		103,404		7,244		114,633
91+ days		4,057		58,672		3,402		52,046		4,477		65,081
Total delinquencies (2)		25,479		418,008		23,483		374,715		26,364		422,782
Amount in repossession (3)		7,173		106,907		6,222		92,939		6,227		95,620
Total delinquencies and amount in repossession (2)		32,652	$	524,915		29,705	$	467,654		32,591	$	518,402

Delinquencies as a percentage of gross servicing portfolio		11.99		11.12%		12.08		11.25%		13.09%		12.11%

Total delinquencies and amount in repossession as a percentage of gross servicing portfolio		15.36		13.96%		15.28		14.04%		16.18%		14.85%

Extension Experience
Contracts with one extension, accruing		36,628	$	674,431		32,191	$	567,435		33,623	$	601,049
Contracts with two or more extensions, accruing		50,593		794,733		46,701		681,625		47,227		701,158
		87,221		1,469,164		78,892		1,249,060		80,850		1,302,207

Contracts with one extension, non-accrual (4)		3,034		45,617		3,293		51,821		3,483		53,018
Contracts with two or more extensions, non-accrual (4)		5,183		75,779		3,278		48,020		4,052		60,660
		8,217		121,396		6,571		99,841		7,535		113,678

Total contracts with extensions		95,438	$	1,590,560		85,463	$	1,348,901		88,385	$	1,415,885

_________________________

(1) All amounts and percentages are based on the amount remaining to be repaid on each automobile contract. The information in the table represents the gross principal amount of all automobile contracts we have purchased, including automobile contracts subsequently sold in securitization transactions that we continue to service. The table does not include certain contracts we have serviced for third parties on which we earn servicing fees only and have no credit risk.

(2) We consider an automobile contract delinquent when an obligor fails to make at least 90% of a contractually due payment by the following due date, which date may have been extended within limits specified in the Servicing Agreements. The period of delinquency is based on the number of days payments are contractually past due. Automobile contracts less than 31 days delinquent are not included. The delinquency aging categories shown in the tables reflect the effect of extensions.

(3) Amount in repossession represents financed vehicles that have been repossessed but not yet liquidated.

(4) Amount in repossession and accounts past due more than 90 days are on non-accrual.

Net Charge-Off Experience (1)

Total Managed Portfolio (Excludes Third Party Portfolio)

	Finance Receivables Portfolio
	September 30,		September 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024		2024
	(Dollars in thousands)
Average servicing portfolio outstanding	$	3,666,975	$	3,131,477	$	3,209,988
Annualized net charge-offs as a percentage of
average servicing portfolio (2)		7.67%		7.47%		7.62%

_________________________

(1) All amounts and percentages are based on the principal amount scheduled to be paid on each automobile contract.

(2) Net charge-offs include the remaining principal balance, after the application of the net proceeds from the liquidation of the vehicle (excluding accrued and unpaid interest) and amounts collected subsequent to the date of charge-off, including some recoveries which have been classified as other income in the accompanying interim consolidated financial statements. September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024, percentages represent nine months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024, annualized. December 31, 2024, represents 12 months ended December 31, 2024.

Extensions

In certain circumstances we will grant obligors one-month payment extensions to assist them with temporary cash flow problems. In general, we are bound by our securitization agreements to refrain from agreeing to more than two such extensions in any 12-month period and to more than eight over the life of the contract. The only modification of terms is to advance the obligor’s next due date by one month and extend the maturity date of the receivable by one month. In some cases, a two-month extension may be granted. There are no other concessions such as a reduction in interest rate, forgiveness of principal or of accrued interest.

The basic question in deciding to grant an extension is whether or not we will (a) be delaying the inevitable repossession and liquidation or (b) risk losing the vehicle as a result of not being able to locate the obligor and vehicle. In both of those situations, the loss would likely be higher than if the vehicle had been repossessed without the extension. The benefits of granting an extension include minimizing current losses and delinquencies, minimizing lifetime losses, getting the obligor’s account current (or close to it) and building goodwill so that the obligor might prioritize us over other creditors on future payments. Our servicing staff are trained to identify when a past due obligor is facing a temporary problem that may be resolved with an extension. In some cases, the extension will be granted in conjunction with our receiving all or a portion of a past due payment from the obligor, thereby indicating an additional monetary and psychological commitment to the contract on the obligor’s part.

The credit assessment for granting an extension is initially made by our collector, who bases the recommendation on the collector’s discussions with the obligor. In such assessments the collector will consider, among other things, the following factors: (1) the reason the obligor has fallen behind in payment; (2) whether or not the reason for the delinquency is temporary, and if it is, have conditions changed such that the obligor can begin making regular monthly payments again after the extension; (3) the obligor's past payment history, including past extensions if applicable; (4) the obligor’s willingness to communicate and cooperate on resolving the delinquency; and (5) a numeric score from our internal risk assessment system that indicating the likelihood that the extension will prove beneficial. If the collector believes the obligor is a good candidate for an extension, an approval is obtained from a supervisor, who will review the same factors stated above prior to offering the extension to the obligor. After receiving an extension, an account remains subject to our normal policies and procedures for interest accrual, reporting delinquency and recognizing charge-offs.

We believe that a prudent extension program is an integral component to mitigating losses in our portfolio of sub-prime automobile receivables. The table below summarizes the status, as of September 30, 2025, for accounts that received extensions from 2011 through 2024:

Period of Extension	# Extensions Granted	Active or Paid Off at September 30, 2025	% Active or Paid Off at September 30, 2025	Charged Off > 6 Months After Extension	% Charged Off > 6 Months After Extension	Charged Off <= 6 Months After Extension	% Charged Off <= 6 Months After Extension	Avg Months to Charge Off Post Extension

2011	18,786	10,962	58.4%	6,883	36.6%	941	5.0%	19

2012	18,783	11,315	60.2%	6,667	35.5%	801	4.3%	18

2013	23,398	11,130	47.6%	11,282	48.2%	986	4.2%	23

2014	25,773	10,418	40.4%	14,486	56.2%	869	3.4%	25

2015	53,319	21,932	41.1%	30,058	56.4%	1,329	2.5%	26

2016	80,897	34,936	43.2%	43,007	53.2%	2,954	3.7%	26

2017	133,847	54,799	40.9%	68,336	51.1%	10,712	8.0%	23

2018	121,531	56,011	46.1%	53,641	44.1%	11,879	9.8%	20

2019	71,548	41,186	57.6%	22,951	32.1%	7,411	10.4%	19

2020	83,170	54,607	65.7%	24,531	29.5%	4,032	4.8%	23

2021	47,010	32,043	68.2%	13,731	29.2%	1,236	2.6%	22

2022	56,142	36,099	64.3%	18,089	32.2%	1,954	3.5%	18

2023	83,113	56,070	67.5%	23,784	28.6%	3,259	3.9%	15

2024	90,484	75,690	83.7%	12,153	13.4%	2,641	2.9%	10

______________________

Note: Table excludes extensions on portfolios serviced for third parties

We view these results as a confirmation of the effectiveness of our extension program. For example, of the accounts granted extensions in 2019, 57.6% were either paid in full or active and performing as of September 30, 2025. Each of these successful accounts represent continued payments of interest and principal (including payment in full in many cases), where without the extension we likely would have incurred a substantial loss and no interest revenue after the extension.

For the extension accounts that ultimately charge off, we consider any that charged off more than six months after the extension to be at least partially successful. For example, of the accounts granted extensions in 2018 that subsequently charged off, such charge offs occurred, on average, 20 months after the extension, indicating that even in the cases of an ultimate loss, the obligor serviced the account with additional payments of principal and interest.

Additional information about our extensions is provided in the tables below:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,		Year Ended December 31,
	2025		2024		2024

Average number of extensions granted per month		8,725		7,342		7,540

Average number of outstanding accounts		209,228		186,139		189,460

Average monthly extensions as % of average outstandings		4.2%		3.9%		4.0%

____________________

Note: Table excludes portfolios originated and owned by third parties

	September 30, 2025				September 30, 2024				December 31, 2024
	Number of Contracts		Amount		Number of Contracts		Amount		Number of Contracts		Amount
					(Dollars in thousands)

Contracts with one extension		39,662	$	720,048		35,484	$	619,256		37,106	$	654,067
Contracts with two extensions		23,521		404,496		22,277		381,208		22,452		382,301
Contracts with three extensions		14,574		236,989		12,614		198,602		13,300		214,194
Contracts with four extensions		8,828		134,431		7,053		86,837		7,462		99,071
Contracts with five extensions		5,199		65,084		4,674		40,801		4,645		43,264
Contracts with six extensions		3,654		29,513		3,361		22,196		3,420		22,988
		95,438	$	1,590,560		85,463	$	1,348,900		88,385	$	1,415,885

Managed portfolio (excluding originated and owned by 3rd parties)		212,509	$	3,760,315		194,434	$	3,329,836		201,441	$	3,490,960

___________________

Note: Table excludes portfolios originated and owned by third parties

Since 2019, we have been able to reduce extensions by working with our servicing staff to be more selective in granting extensions including, where appropriate, to exhaust all possibilities of payment by the customer before granting an extension. However, as delinquency rates have risen, so has the average number of extensions granted.

Non-Accrual Receivables

It is not uncommon for our obligors to fall behind in their payments. However, with the diligent efforts of our Servicing staff and systems for managing our collection efforts, we regularly work with our customers to resolve delinquencies. Our staff are trained in employing a counseling approach to assist our customers with their cash flow management skills and help them to prioritize their payment obligations in order to avoid losing their vehicle to repossession. Through our experience, we have learned that once a customer becomes greater than 90 days past due, it is not likely that the delinquency will be resolved and will ultimately result in a charge-off. As a result, we do not recognize any interest income for contracts that are greater than 90 days past due.

If a contract exceeds the 90 days past due threshold at the end of one period, and then makes the necessary payments such that it becomes less than or equal to 90 days delinquent at the end of a subsequent period, it would be restored to full accrual status for our financial reporting purposes. At the time a contract is restored to full accrual in this manner, there can be no assurance that full repayment of interest and principal will ultimately be made. However, we monitor each obligor’s payment performance and are aware of the severity of his delinquency at any time. The fact that the delinquency has been reduced below the 90-day threshold is a positive indicator. Should the contract again exceed the 90-day delinquency level at the end of any reporting period, it would again be reflected as a non-accrual account.

Our policy for placing a contract on non-accrual status is independent of our policy to grant an extension. In practice, it would be an uncommon circumstance where an extension was granted and the account remained in a non-accrual status, since the goal of the extension is to bring the contract current (or nearly current).

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our business requires substantial cash to support our purchases of automobile contracts and other operating activities. Our primary sources of cash have been cash flows from the proceeds from term securitization transactions and other sales of automobile contracts, amounts borrowed under various revolving credit facilities (also sometimes known as warehouse credit facilities), customer payments of principal and interest on finance receivables, fees for origination of automobile contracts, and releases of cash from securitization transactions and their related spread accounts. Our primary uses of cash have been the purchases of automobile contracts, repayment of amounts borrowed under lines of credit, securitization transactions and otherwise, operating expenses such as employee, interest, occupancy expenses and other general and administrative expenses, the establishment of spread accounts and initial overcollateralization, if any, the increase of credit enhancement to required levels in securitization transactions, and income taxes. There can be no assurance that internally generated cash will be sufficient to meet our cash demands. The sufficiency of internally generated cash will depend on the performance of securitized pools (which determines the level of releases from those pools and their related spread accounts), the rate of expansion or contraction in our managed portfolio, and the terms upon which we are able to acquire and borrow against automobile contracts.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 was $213.2 million, an increase of $47.4 million, compared to net cash provided by operating activities for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024 of $165.8 million. Net cash from operating activities is generally provided by net income from operations adjusted for significant non-cash items such as our provision for credit losses and marks to finance receivables measured at fair value.

Net cash used in investing activities was $492.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $536.8 million in the prior year period. Net cash used in investing activities generally relates to new purchases of automobile contracts net of principal payments and other proceeds received during the period. Purchases of finance receivables excluding acquisition fees were $1,275.7 million and $1,195.9 million during the first nine months of 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $293.5 million compared to $524.7 million in the prior year period. Cash provided by financing activities is primarily related to the issuance of securitization trust debt, reduced by the amount of repayment of securitization trust debt and net proceeds or repayments on our warehouse lines of credit and other debt. In the first nine months of 2025, we issued $1,280.7 million in new securitization trust debt compared to $1,453.9 million for the same period in 2024. We repaid $957.6 million in securitization trust debt in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to repayments of securitization trust debt of $840.5 million in the prior year period. In the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we had net repayments on warehouse lines of credit of $72.3 million, compared to net advances from warehouse lines of credit of $125.6 million in the prior year’s period.

We purchase automobile contracts from dealers for a cash price approximately equal to their principal amount, adjusted for an acquisition fee which may either increase or decrease the automobile contract purchase price. Those automobile contracts generate cash flow, however, over a period of years. We have been dependent on warehouse credit facilities to purchase automobile contracts and our securitization transactions for long term financing of our contracts. In addition, we have accessed other sources, such as residual financings and subordinated debt in order to finance our continuing operations.

The acquisition of automobile contracts for subsequent financing in securitization transactions, and the need to fund spread accounts and initial overcollateralization, if any, and increase credit enhancement levels when those transactions take place, results in a continuing need for capital. The amount of capital required is most heavily dependent on the rate of our automobile contract purchases, the required level of initial credit enhancement in securitizations, and the extent to which the previously established trusts and their related spread accounts either release cash to us or capture cash from collections on securitized automobile contracts. Of those, the factor most subject to our control is the rate at which we purchase automobile contracts.

We are and may in the future be limited in our ability to purchase automobile contracts due to limits on our capital. As of September 30, 2025, we had unrestricted cash of $8.1 million and $271.0 million aggregate available borrowings under our two warehouse credit facilities (assuming the availability of sufficient eligible collateral). As of September 30, 2025, we had approximately $8.5 million of such eligible collateral. Our plans to manage our liquidity include maintaining our rate of automobile contract purchases at a level that matches our available capital, and, as appropriate, minimizing our operating costs. During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025, we completed three securitizations aggregating $1,280.7 million of notes sold.

Our liquidity will also be affected by releases of cash from the trusts established with our securitizations. While the specific terms and mechanics of each spread account vary among transactions, our securitization agreements generally provide that we will receive excess cash flows, if any, only if the amount of credit enhancement has reached specified levels and the net losses related to the automobile contracts in the pool are below certain predetermined levels. In the event delinquencies or net losses on the automobile contracts exceed such levels, the terms of the securitization may require increased credit enhancement to be accumulated for the particular pool. There can be no assurance that collections from the related trusts will continue to generate sufficient cash.

Our warehouse credit facilities contain various financial covenants requiring certain minimum financial ratios and results. Such covenants include maintaining minimum levels of liquidity and net worth and not exceeding maximum leverage levels. In addition, certain of our debt agreements other than our term securitizations contain cross-default provisions. Such cross-default provisions would allow the respective creditors to declare a default if an event of default occurred with respect to other indebtedness of ours, but only if such other event of default were to be accompanied by acceleration of such other indebtedness. As of September 30, 2025, we were in compliance with all such financial covenants.

We have and will continue to have a substantial amount of indebtedness. At September 30, 2025, we had approximately $3,435.2 million of debt outstanding. Such debt consisted primarily of $2,916.4 million of securitization trust debt and $340.6 million of debt from warehouse lines of credit. Our securitization trust debt has increased by $322.1 million while our warehouse lines of credit debt has decreased by $70.3 million since December 31, 2024 (each net of deferred financing costs). Since 2005, we have offered renewable subordinated notes to the public on a continuous basis, and such notes have maturities that range from six months to 10 years. We had $28.6 million and $26.5 million in subordinated renewable notes outstanding at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. In June 2021, March 2024, and again on March 20, 2025, we completed a securitization of residual interests from other previously issued securitizations in the amount of $50 million, $50 million, and $65 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2025, we have $149.5 million of the residual interest debt remains outstanding.

Although we believe we are able to service and repay our debt, there is no assurance that we will be able to do so. If our plans for future operations do not generate sufficient cash flows and earnings, our ability to make required payments on our debt would be impaired. If we fail to pay our indebtedness when due, it could have a material adverse effect on us and may require us to issue additional debt or equity securities.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

We maintain a system of internal controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance as to the reliability of our published financial statements and other disclosures included in this report. As of the end of the period covered by this report, we evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of such disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon that evaluation, the principal executive officer (Charles E. Bradley, Jr.) and the principal financial officer (Denesh Bharwani) concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective in recording, processing, summarizing and reporting, on a timely basis, material information relating to us that is required to be included in our reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. There has been no change in our internal controls over financial reporting during our most recently completed fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

The information provided under the caption “Legal Proceedings,” Note 8 to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part I of this report, is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

We remind the reader that risk factors are set forth in Item 1A of our report on Form 10-K, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on March 12, 2025. Where we are aware of material changes to such risk factors as previously disclosed, we set forth below an updated discussion of such risks. The reader should note that the other risks identified in our report on Form 10-K remain applicable.

We have substantial indebtedness.

Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition by, among other things:

	·	increasing our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions.

	·	requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our indebtedness, thereby reducing the amounts available for working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes.

	·	limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate.

	·	placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt; and

	·	limiting our ability to borrow additional funds.

Although we believe we are able to service and repay such debt, there is no assurance that we will be able to do so. If we do not generate sufficient operating profits, our ability to make the required payments on our debt would be impaired. Failure to pay our indebtedness when due could have a material adverse effect.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

During the three months ended September 30, 2025, we repurchased 112,482 shares from existing shareholders, as reflected in the table below.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

	Total Number of Shares		Average Price Paid		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or		Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or
Period(1)	Purchased		per Share		Programs		Programs (2)
July 2025		–	$	–		–	$	5,512,216
August 2025		1,500		8.11		1,500	$	5,500,052
September 2025		110,982		8.56		110,982	$	4,550,135
Total		112,482	$	8.55		112,482

____________________

	(1)	Each monthly period is the calendar month.
	(2)	In April 2024, our board of directors authorized the purchase of an additional $10 million of our common stock. Through September 30, 2024, our board of directors had authorized the purchase of up to $113.2 million of our outstanding securities, under a program first announced in our annual report for the year 2002, filed on June 26, 2003. All purchases described in the table above were under the program announced in June 2003, which has no fixed expiration date.

Item 5. Other Information

During the quarter ended September 30, 2025, no director or officer adopted or terminated any Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement, as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 6. Exhibits

The Exhibits listed below are filed with this report.

4.14	Instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of certain consolidated subsidiaries of the registrant are omitted pursuant to the exclusion set forth in subdivisions (b)(iv)(iii)(A) and (b)(v) of Item 601 of Regulation S-K (17 CFR 229.601). The registrant agrees to provide copies of such instruments to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.
31.1	Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of the Chief Executive Officer of the registrant.
31.2	Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of the Chief Financial Officer of the registrant.
32	Section 1350 Certifications.*
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in inline XBRL, and included in exhibit 101).

* These Certifications shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section. These Certifications shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that the registration statement specifically states that such Certifications are incorporated therein.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC.

(Registrant)

Date: November 10, 2025

	By:	/s/ CHARLES E. BRADLEY, JR.
		Charles E. Bradley, Jr.
		Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)

Date: November 10, 2025

	By:	/s/ DENESH BHARWANI
		Denesh Bharwani
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)

CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SERVICES, INC. 10-Q