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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒	Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended ~~March~~September 3130, 2025

☐	Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from _________to___________

Commission File Number: 001-12555

PROTAGENIC THERAPEUTICS, INC.

Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc.\new

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware		06-1390025
(State or other jurisdiction of		(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)		Identification No.)

149 Fifth Avenue, Suite 500, New York, New York 10010

(Address of Principal Executive Office) (Zip Code)

(212) 994-8200

Registrant’s Telephone Number Including Area Code

Former Fiscal Year, December 31

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Ticker symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.0001	PTIX	Nasdaq Capital Market
Common Stock Purchase Warrant	PTIXW	Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
Emerging Growth Company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule ~~126~~12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

As of ~~May~~November 926, 2025 there were ~~588~~1,~~963~~ 934,878 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding.

PROTAGENIC THERAPEUTICS, INC.

Form 10-Q Report

For the Fiscal Quarter Ended ~~March~~September 3130, 2025

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
Part I.	Financial Information
Item 1	Financial Statements:
	Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (unaudited)	3
	Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2025 (unaudited) and March 31, 2025 (audited)	3
	Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (unaudited)	4
	Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three and six months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (unaudited)	4
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (unaudited)	5
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the three and six months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (unaudited)	5
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (unaudited)	6
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (unaudited)	6
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	7
Item 2	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	1626
Item 3	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	1833
Item 4	Controls and Procedures	1833
Part II.	Other Information
Item 1	Legal Proceedings	1934
Item 1A	Risk Factors	2034
Item 2	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	2034
Item 3	Defaults upon Senior Securities	2034
Item 4	Mine Safety Disclosures	2035
Item 5	Other Information	2035
Item 6	Exhibits	2035
Signatures		2136

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

PROTAGENIC THERAPEUTICS, INC., AND ~~SUBSIDIARY~~SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(unaudited)

	September 30, 2025			March 31, 2025
	(Unaudited)			(Audited)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash in bank	$	2,722,451		$	14,531
Prepaid expenses		90,643			-
VAT receivable		44,043			73,524
Inventories		1,075			1,038

Total current assets		2,858,212			89,093

Long-term assets:
Fixed assets, net		51,407			-
Intangible assets, net		2,093,228			-

Total long-term assets		2,144,635			-

Total Assets	$	5,002,847		$	89,093

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT

LIABILITIES:
Current liabilities:
Notes payable, net	$	3,156,052		$	1,669,921
Accounts payable		1,641,443			961,117
Accrued liabilities		407,975			249,063
Derivative liabilities		3,656,394			1,382,750
Loans payable, related parties		841,548			779,201

Total current liabilities		9,703,412			5,042,052

Total liabilities		9,703,412			5,042,052

Commitments and Contingencies		-			-

STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT:
Preferred stock, $0.000001 par value. 20,000,000 shares authorized none issued and outstanding		-			-
Preferred stock, $0.000001 par value. 2,000,000 shares authorized none issued and outstanding		-			-
Series B Convertible Preferred stock, $0.000001 par value. 18,000,000 shares authorized 0 and 17,000 shares issued and outstanding		-			-
Series C Convertible Preferred stock, $0.000001 par value. 15,000 shares authorized 5,705 and 0 issued and outstanding		-			-
Series C-1 Convertible Preferred stock, $0.000001 par value. 1,000,000 shares authorized 950,000 and 0 issued and outstanding		1			-
Series D Convertible Preferred stock, $0.000001 par value. 20,000 shares authorized 20,000 and 0 issued and outstanding		-			-
Preferred stock, value		-			-
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, respectively; 100,000,000 authorized; 1,934,878 and 5,800,000 shares issued outstanding		195			-
Additional paid in capital		6,845,036			455,657
Accumulated deficit		(11,324,625	)		(5,397,606	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(221,172	)		(11,010	)
Total stockholders’ deficit		(4,700,565	)		(4,952,959	)

Total liabilities and stockholders’ deficit	$	5,002,847		$	89,093

	March 31, 2025			December 31, 2024
ASSETS
CURRENT ASSETS
Cash	$	872,960		$	1,838,469
Prepaid expenses		55,216			44,398
TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS		928,176			1,882,867
Equipment - net		60,474			73,046
TOTAL ASSETS	$	988,650		$	1,955,913
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	1,076,979		$	902,884
Accounts payable and accrued expenses - related party		-			39,875
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		-			39,875
TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES		1,076,979			942,759
TOTAL LIABILITIES		1,076,979			942,759
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Preferred stock, $0.000001 par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized; none shares issued and outstanding in the following classes:
Preferred stock; par value $0.000001; 2,000,000 shares authorized; none issued and outstanding		-			-
Series B convertible preferred stock, $0.000001 par value;18,000,000 shares authorized; 0 and 0 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024		-			-
Preferred stock, value		-			-
Common stock, $.0001 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 537,549 and 517,257 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024		54			52
Additional paid-in-capital		37,784,699			37,446,168
Accumulated deficit		(37,743,221	)		(36,303,216	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(129,861	)		(129,850	)
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY		(88,329	)		1,013,154
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	988,650		$	1,955,913

See accompanying notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements

PROTAGENIC THERAPEUTICS, INC., AND ~~SUBSIDIARY~~SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(unaudited)

	2025			2024
	Three Months Ended			Three Months Ended			Six Months Ended			Six Months Ended
	For the three months ended March 31,
	September 30, 2025			September 30, 2024			September 30, 2025			September 30, 2024
	2025			2024
OPERATING EXPENSES:
OPERATING AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES
Accounting and audit fees		145,579			69,170			208,079			130,600
Research and development	$	880,372		$	1,460,746
Research and Development		273,229			16,964			667,341			36,099
General and administrative		567,736			277,613
Legal Fees		121,868			77,525			326,601			150,025
TOTAL OPERATING AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES		1,448,108			1,738,359
Consulting Fees		73,243			169,142			230,003			270,500
LOSS FROM OPERATIONS		(1,448,108	)		(1,738,359	)
Salaries and wages		340,030			546			555,083			44,209
OTHER INCOME
Write off of receivables		-			-			1,136,038			-
Interest income		8,103			13,867
General and administrative - other		159,915			22,027			335,131			45,772
Realized loss on marketable securities		-			198
TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES		1,113,864			355,374			3,458,276			677,205
TOTAL OTHER INCOME		8,103			14,065
LOSS FROM OPERATIONS		(1,113,864	)		(355,374	)		(3,458,276	)		(677,205	)
LOSS BEFORE TAX		(1,440,005	)		(1,724,294	)
OTHER INCOME (EXPENSES):
INCOME TAX EXPENSE		-			-
Interest expenses/amortization of discount		34,337			(238,727	)		(204,390	)		(238,727	)
NET LOSS	$	(1,440,005	)	$	(1,724,294	)
Derivative expense		-			-			(343,399	)		-
COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
Change in fair value of derivative liabilities		203,354			-			(1,930,245	)		-
Other Comprehensive Loss - net of tax
Foreign currency exchange differences		6,677			9,190			9,291			9,190
Net unrealized gain on marketable securities		-			26,587
TOTAL OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE)		244,368			(229,537	)		(2,468,743	)		(229,537	)
Foreign exchange translation income (loss)		(11	)		192
LOSS BEFORE INCOME TAXES		(869,496	)		(584,911	)		(5,927,019	)		(906,742	)
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE LOSS	$	(1,440,016	)	$	(1,697,515	)
PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES		-			(2,524	)		-			-
Net loss per common share - Basic and Diluted	$	(2.75	)	$	(5.44	)
NET LOSS	$	(869,496	)	$	(582,387	)	$	(5,927,019	)	$	(906,742	)
Weighted average common shares - Basic and Diluted		523,185			316,804
NET LOSS PER SHARE:
Basic and diluted	$	(0.47	)	$	(0.11	)	$	(2.16	)	$	(0.17	)
WEIGHTED AVERAGE NUMBER OF SHARES OUTSTANDING:
Basic and diluted		1,849,389			5,395,604			2,748,655			5,395,604
COMPREHENSIVE LOSS:
Net loss	$	(869,496	)	$	(582,387	)	$	(5,927,019	)	$	(906,742	)
Other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized foreign currency translation (loss) gain		37,072			(135,004	)		35,358			(139,194	)
Comprehensive loss	$	(832,424	)	$	(717,391	)	$	(5,891,661	)	$	(1,045,936	)

See accompanying notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements

PROTAGENIC THERAPEUTICS, INC., AND ~~SUBSIDIARY~~SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGE IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

For the three and six months Ended ~~March~~September 3130, 2025 and 2024

(unaudited)

	Shares		Amount		Shares			Amount		~~Capital~~Shares		~~(Deficit)~~Amount			~~Loss~~Shares			~~Equity~~Amount			Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)			Deficit			Deficit
	Series B Convertible Preferred Stock				Common Stock					Additional Paid-in-		Accumulated			Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Stockholders’
	Series A Convertible Preferred Stock				Series B Convertible Preferred Stock					Series C Convertible Preferred Stock					Series C-1 Convertible Preferred Stock						Series D Convertible Preferred Stock				Common Stock				Additional Paid-in		Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Accumulated			Total Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Shares			Amount		~~Capital~~Shares		~~(Deficit)~~Amount			~~Loss~~Shares			~~Equity~~Amount			Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)			Deficit			Deficit
BALANCE – December 31, 2023		-	$	-		316,804		$	33	$	34,559,502	$	(30,777,872	)	$	(113,546	)	$	3,668,117
Balances March 31, 2024		-	$	-		-		$	-		-	$	-			-		$	-			-	$	-		5,000,000	$	-	$	141	$	16,441		$	(1,805,748	)	$	(1,789,166	)
Foreign currency translation gain		-		-		-			-		-		-			192			192
Foreign currency translation		-		-		-			-		-		-			-			-			-		-		-		-		-		(4,190	)		-			(4,190	)
Unrealized gain on marketable securities		-		-		-			-		-		-			26,587			26,587
Forgiveness of related party payables		-		-		-			-		-		-			-			-			-		-		-		-		319,761		-			-			319,761
Stock compensation - stock options		-		-		-			-		161,861		-			-			161,861
Cash received for founders’ shares		-		-		-			-		-		-			-			-			-		-		-		-		200		-			-			200
Net loss		-		-		-			-		-		(1,724,294	)		-			(1,724,294	)
Shares issued in connection with exchange agreement		-		-		17,000			-		-		-			-			-			-		-		800,000		-		44,560		-			-			44,560
BALANCE – March 31, 2024		-	$	-		316,804		$	33	$	34,721,363	$	(32,502,166	)	$	(86,767	)	$	2,132,463
Net loss for the period		-		-		-			-		-		-			-			-			-		-		-		-		-		-			(324,355	)		(324,355	)
BALANCE – December 31, 2024		-	$	-		517,257		$	52	$	37,446,168	$	(36,303,216	)	$	(129,850	)	$	1,013,154
Balances, June 30, 2024		-	$	-		17,000		$	-		-	$	-			-		$	-			-	$	-		5,800,000	$	-	$	364,662	$	12,251		$	(2,130,103	)	$	(1,753,190	)
Balance		-	$	-		517,257		$	52	$	37,446,168	$	(36,303,216	)	$	(129,850	)	$	1,013,154
Foreign currency translation		-		-		-			-		-		-			-			-			-		-		-		-		-		(135,004	)		-			(135,004	)
Foreign currency translation gain		-		-		-			-		-		-			(11	)		(11	)
Net loss for the period		-		-		-			-		-		-			-			-			-		-		-		-		-		-			(582,387	)		(582,387	)
Stock compensation - stock options		-		-		-			-		236,014		-			-			236,014
Balances, September 30, 2024		-	$	-		17,000		$	-		-	$	-			-		$	-			-	$	-		5,800,000	$	-	$	364,662	$	(122,753	)	$	(2,712,490	)	$	(2,470,581	)
Stock issued for cash		-		-		20,303			2		102,517		-			-			102,519
Rounding from reverse split		-		-		(11	)		-		-		-			-			-
Net loss		-		-		-			-		-		(1,440,005	)		-			(1,440,005	)
BALANCE -March 31, 2025		-	$	-		537,549		$	54	$	37,784,699	$	(37,743,221	)	$	(129,861	)	$	(88,329	)
Balance		-	$	-		537,549		$	54	$	37,784,699	$	(37,743,221	)	$	(129,861	)	$	(88,329	)

	Shares			Amount		Shares			Amount		Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount		Shares			Amount		Capital			Income (Loss)			Deficit			Deficit
	Series A Convertible Preferred Stock					Series B Convertible Preferred Stock					Series C Convertible Preferred Stock				Series C-1 Convertible Preferred Stock				Series D Convertible Preferred Stock				Common Stock					Additional Paid-in			Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Accumulated			Total Stockholders’
	Shares			Amount		Shares			Amount		Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount		Shares			Amount		Capital			Income (Loss)			Deficit			Deficit
Balances March 31, 2025		-		$	-		17,000		$	-		-	$	-		-	$	-		-	$	-		5,800,000		$	-	$	455,657		$	(11,010	)	$	(5,397,606	)	$	(4,952,959	)
Change in foreign currency		-			-		-			-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-			-		-			(117,219	)		-			(117,219	)
Issuance of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock to officers		2,000			-		-			-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-			-		-			-			-			-
Adjustment of shares in reverse merger		(2,000	)		-		(17,000	)		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		(5,262,451	)		54		(54)			-			-			-
Shares issued in connection with Phytanix Bio purchase		-			-		-			-		5,705		-		950,000		1		20,000		-		117,690			12		1,813,361			(130,015	)		-			1,683,359
Shares issued for cash		-			-		-			-		-		-		-		-		-		-		51,203			5		395,469			-			-			395,474
Shares issued for warrant exercises		-			-		-			-		-		-		-		-		-		-		1,145,928			115		3,949,615			-			-			3,949,730
Stock-based compensation		-			-		-			-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-					-125,127			-			-			125,127
Rounding from reverse split		-			-		-			-		-		-		-		-		-		-		(3,920	)		-		-			-			-			-
Net loss for the period		-			-		-			-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-			-		-			-			(5,057,523	)		(5,057,523	)
Balances, June 30, 2025		-		$	-		-		$	-		5,705	$	-		950,000	$	1		20,000	$	-		1,848,450		$	186	$	6,739,175		$	(258,244	)	$	(10,455,129	)	$	(3,974,011	)
Balances		-		$	-		-		$	-		5,705	$	-		950,000	$	1		20,000	$	-		1,848,450		$	186	$	6,739,175		$	(258,244	)	$	(10,455,129	)	$	(3,974,011	)
Change in foreign currency		-			-		-			-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-			-		-			37,072			-			37,072
Shares issued for warrant exercises		-			-		-			-		-		-		-		-		-		-		15,114			2		-			-			-			2
Stock-based compensation		-			-		-			-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-			-		105,868			-			-			105,868
Rounding from reverse split		-			-		-			-		-		-		-		-		-		-		71,314			7		(7	)		-			-			-
Net loss for the period		-			-		-			-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-			-		-			-			(869,496	)		(869,496	)
Balances, September 30, 2025		-		$	-		-		$	-		5,705	$	-		950,000	$	1		20,000	$	-		1,934,878		$	195		6,845,036		$	(221,172	)	$	(11,324,625	)	$	(4,700,565	)
Balances		-		$	-		-		$	-		5,705	$	-		950,000	$	1		20,000	$	-		1,934,878		$	195		6,845,036		$	(221,172	)	$	(11,324,625	)	$	(4,700,565	)

See accompanying notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements

PROTAGENIC THERAPEUTICS, INC., AND ~~SUBSIDIARY~~SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(unaudited)

	2025			2024
	Six Months Ended			Six Months Ended
	For the three months ended March 31,
	September 30, 2025			September 30, 2024
	2025			2024
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss	$	(5,927,019	)	$	(906,742	)
Net Loss	$	(1,440,005	)	$	(1,724,294	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash flows used in operating activities:
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities
Amortization of debt discount to interest expense		243,353			238,727
Depreciation expense		12,572			12,572
Stock based compensation		230,995			-
Stock-based compensation		236,014			161,861
Derivative expense		343,399			-
Realized gain on sale of marketable securities		-			(198	)
Change in fair value of derivative liabilities		1,930,245			-
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
Depreciation expense		25,143			-
Prepaid expenses		(10,818	)		100,031
Increase in note payable for acquisition of Phytanix Bio		583,880			-
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		174,095			(209,157	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses – related party		(39,875	)		-
Inventories		(37	)		(64	)
NET CASH USED IN OPERATING ACTIVITIES		(1,068,017	)		(1,659,185	)
Prepaid expenses		(3,838	)		-
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
VAT receivable		29,481			(5,020	)
Proceeds from sale of marketable securities		-			1,500,000
Accounts payable		(177,180	)		(4,372	)
Purchase of marketable securities		-			(297,120	)
Accrued liabilities		158,912			113,603
NET CASH PROVIDED BY INVESTING ACTIVITIES		-			1,202,880
Net cash used in operating activities		(2,562,666	)		(563,868	)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Issuance of shares from offering, net of offering costs		102,519			-
Acquisition of intangible assets		-			(60,000	)
NET CASH PROVIDED BY FINANCING ACTIVITIES		102,519			-
Cash received in acquisition of Phytanix Bio		943,180			-
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash		(11	)		190
Net cash provided by investing activities		943,180			(60,000	)
NET CHANGE IN CASH		(965,509	)		(456,115	)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
CASH, BEGINNING OF THE PERIOD		1,838,469			1,287,893
Increase in note receivables		-			(1,063,235	)
CASH, END OF THE PERIOD	$	872,960		$	831,778
Net proceeds from notes payable		-			1,846,735
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION
Deferred offering costs		-			(157,041	)
Cash paid for interest expense	$	-		$	-
Proceeds from sale of common stock		395,474			200
Cash paid for income taxes	$	-		$	-
Proceeds from exercise of warrants		3,949,732			-
NONCASH FINANCING AND INVESTING TRANSACTIONS
Proceeds from related party loans		62,347			206,174
Unrealized gain on marketable securities	$	-		$	26,587
Net cash provided by financing activities		4,407,553			832,833
NET INCREASE IN CASH		2,788,067			208,965
Effect of exchange rate adjustments on cash		(80,147	)		(139,194	)
CASH, beginning of period		14,531			1,625
CASH, end of period	$	2,722,451		$	71,396
SUPPLEMENTAL SCHEDULE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Interest paid	$	-		$	-
Income taxes paid	$	-		$	-
NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING INFORMATION:
Net assets acquired of Phytanix Bio, net of cash received	$	1,399,079		$	-

See accompanying notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements

PROTAGENIC THERAPEUTICS, INC. &AND ~~SUBSIDIARY~~SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (IN US$)

~~March 31~~September 30, 2025

(unaudited)

NOTE 1 – ORGANIZATION AND NATURE OF BUSINESS

Company Background

Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. (“we,” “our,” “Protagenic” or “the Company”), formerly known as Atrinsic, Inc., is a Delaware corporation ~~with~~and ~~one~~prior to May 15, 2025 has a wholly-owned subsidiary named Protagenic Therapeutics Canada (2006) Inc. (“PTI Canada”), a corporation formed in 2006 under the laws of the Province of Ontario, Canada.

We are a biopharmaceutical company specializing in the discovery and development of therapeutics to treat stress-related neuropsychiatric and mood disorders.

On May 15, 2025, the Company, entered into the Share Exchange Agreement (the “Exchange Agreement”) with Alterola Biotech, Inc. a Nevada corporation (“Alterola”) whereby Alterola owns Phytanix Bio, Inc. (“Phytanix Bio”) that was formed on April 16, 2024 as a holding company which owns ABTI Pharma Limited (“ABTI Pharma”) and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, which existed prior to the formation of Phytanix Bio.

ABTI Pharma was formed as a UK company, registered in England and Wales, on January 7, 2021. On January 19, 2021, ABTI Pharma entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Agreement”) with Alterola pursuant to which Alterola agreed to acquire all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of ABTI Pharma from its shareholders in exchange for 600,000,000 shares of Alterola pro rata to the ABTI Pharma shareholders. The shares were issued on January 29, 2021 in anticipation of the closing and the parties to the transaction agreed in a May 24, 2021 amendment to close upon the ABTI Pharma Limited Shares being transferred to Alterola which was to occur on May 28, 2021. This transaction was accounted for as a reverse merger. ABTI Pharma was the acquirer for accounting purposes and Alterola was the issuer, and Phytanix Bio became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Alterola.

ABTI Pharma is focused on the development of cannabinoid, cannabinoid-like, and non-cannabinoid pharmaceutical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), pharmaceutical medicines made from cannabinoid, cannabinoid-like, and non-cannabinoid APIs and European novel food approval of cannabinoid-based, cannabinoid-like and non-cannabinoid ingredients and products.

Pursuant to the Exchange Agreement, the Company became the owner of ABTI Pharma (i.e. ABTI Pharma and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Ferven Limited (“Ferven”) and Phytotherapeutix Ltd (“Phyto”)), EMC2 Capital LLC, a Wyoming limited liability corporation (“EMC2”), the preferred stockholders of Phytanix Bio (the “Preferred Stockholders”) and Colin Stott, as the Seller’s Representative, pursuant to which the Company acquired 100% of the issued and outstanding common shares of Phytanix Bio. Prior to the Combination, Alterola and EMC2 collectively owned 100% of the issued and outstanding shares of the common shares of Phytanix Bio (the “Shares”), and the Preferred Stockholders collectively owned 100% of the issued and outstanding shares of Series A convertible preferred shares of Phytanix Bio (the “Preferred Shares”).

Under the terms of the Exchange Agreement, in exchange for all of the outstanding Shares of Phytanix Bio at the Effective Time, the Company issued to Alterola and EMC2, as shareholders of Phytanix Bio, in each case in accordance with their Pro Rata Portion (as defined in the Exchange Agreement), an aggregate of (A) 117,690 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Common Stock”), which shares shall represent a number of shares equal to no more than 19.99% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock as of immediately before the Effective Time, (B) 5,705 shares of the Company’s Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.000001 per share (the “Series C Preferred Stock”), and (C) 950,000 shares of the Company’s Series C-1 Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.000001 per share (the “Series C-1 Preferred Stock”, and together with the Series C Preferred Stock, the “Preferred Stock Payment Shares”) (as described below). In addition, in exchange for all of the outstanding Preferred Shares of Phytanix Bio at the Effective Time, the Company issued to the Preferred Stockholders, in accordance with their Preferred Pro Rata Portion (as defined in the Exchange Agreement), (A) an aggregate of 20,000 shares (the “Series D Payment Shares” of Series D Preferred Stock, par value $0.000001 per share of the Company (the “Series D Preferred Stock”), and (b) common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to 715,493 shares of common stock. The issuance of the shares of Common Stock, Preferred Stock Payment Shares and Series D Payment Shares occurred on May 16, 2025. Each share of Preferred Stock Payment Shares is convertible into one of Common Stock, subject to certain conditions described in the Exchange Agreement. Each share of Series D Payment Shares is convertible into one of Common Stock, subject to certain conditions described in the Exchange Agreement. The Combination is intended to be treated as a taxable exchange for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Reverse Stock Split

On May 5, 2025, the Company effectuated a 1 for 14 reverse stock split (the “Reverse Split”). The Company’s stock began trading on a split-adjusted basis effective on the Nasdaq Stock Market on May 5, 2025. There was no change to the number of authorized shares of the Company’s common stock. All share and per share information in these financial statements are adjusted to reflect the Reverse Split.

Change in Fiscal Year End

As a result of the merger with Phytanix Bio, the Company changed its fiscal year end to March 31, to align with Phytanix Bio who is considered the accounting acquirer.

Restructuring Plan

On August 8, 2025, the Board of Directors (the “Board”) of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. (the “Company” or “Protagenic”) approved a focused restructuring plan (the “Restructuring Plan”) to transition to a virtual operating model and concentrate capital on the Company’s highest-priority clinical program(s). In approving the Restructuring Plan, the Board determined that a disciplined cost structure and a sharper focus on near-term value inflection are in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders.

Under the Restructuring Plan, the Company has (i) temporarily suspended expenditures related to its preclinical programs and (ii) initiated a process to evaluate strategic alternatives for those programs, including partnerships and/or out-licensing, with the objective of advancing them with appropriate external funding while preserving cash for the Company’s lead clinical assets. The Company is reducing operating expenses, overhead, and headcount primarily associated with preclinical activities.

When fully implemented, the Restructuring Plan is expected to reduce annualized operating expenses by approximately $8 million. The Company expects to incur one-time charges in connection with the Restructuring Plan; however, because key actions remain in process, the Company cannot reasonably estimate the total amount or timing of such charges at this time and will provide an update in a subsequent filing once such amounts are estimable

NOTE 2 – LIQUIDITY AND GOING CONCERN

As shown in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, the Company has incurred significant recurring losses resulting in an accumulated deficit. The Company anticipates further losses in the development of its business. The Company also had negative cash flows used in operations. ~~These~~As ~~factors~~of ~~raise~~September ~~substantial doubt~~30, ~~about~~2025 and March 31, 2025, the Company’s ~~ability~~had toa ~~continue~~working ascapital adeficit ~~going~~of ~~concern~~$6,845,200 and $4,952,959, respectively. As of September 30, 2025 the Company had an accumulated deficit of $11,324,625.

~~Based on its cash resources and~~During ~~negative~~the ~~working~~six ~~capital~~months asended ofSeptember ~~March 31~~30, 2025, the Company ~~does~~raised ~~not~~approximately ~~have~~$4.3 ~~sufficient~~million ~~resources to fund its operations past twelve months~~ from the ~~date~~exercise ~~these~~of ~~consolidated~~warrants ~~financial~~and ~~statements~~a ~~are~~capital ~~available to be issued~~raise (ATM). ~~Absent~~Even ~~generation~~though ofas ~~sufficient revenue from the execution~~ of ~~the~~September ~~Company’s business plan~~30, ~~the Company will need to obtain debt or equity financing by the third quarter of~~ 2025. ~~Because~~there ~~the Company~~is ~~has~~adequate ~~insufficient resources on hand to fund operations through the next twelve months from the date these consolidated financial statements are available to be issued~~cash, the Company ~~believes~~has ~~that~~a ~~there~~significant isworking ~~substantial~~capital ~~doubt~~deficit inand ~~its ability to continue as~~ a ~~going concern~~large ~~within~~accumulated ~~one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued~~deficit. These ~~financial~~factors ~~statements~~raise dosubstantial ~~not~~doubt ~~include~~about ~~any adjustments to~~ the ~~recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts and classification of liabilities that might be necessary should the~~ Company’s beability ~~unable~~ to continue as a going concern.

Absent generation of sufficient revenue from the execution of the Company’s business plan, the Company will need to obtain debt or equity financing by the end of fiscal year end March 31, 2026.

These financial statements do not include any adjustments to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts and classification of liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

NOTE 3 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of presentation

The ~~accompanying~~ accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim financial information. In the opinion of the Company’s management, the accompanying consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal, recurring adjustments, considered necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods ended ~~March~~September 3130, 2025 and 2024. Although management believes that the disclosures in these unaudited consolidated financial statements are adequate to make the information presented not misleading, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements that have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

~~The accompanying~~As ~~unaudited~~the ~~consolidated~~acquisition ~~financial~~of ~~statements~~Phytanix ~~should~~Bio beresulted ~~read~~ in ~~conjunction with~~ the ~~Company’s~~owners ~~financial~~of ~~statements~~Phytanix ~~for~~Bio ~~the~~gaining ~~year~~control ~~ended December~~over ~~31,~~the ~~2024,~~combined ~~which~~entity ~~contain~~after the ~~audited~~transaction, and ~~financial~~the ~~statements~~stockholders ~~and~~of ~~notes~~Protagenic ~~thereto~~Therapeutics, ~~for~~Inc. ~~the~~continuing ~~years~~only ~~ended~~as ~~December~~passive 31investors, ~~2024~~the ~~and~~transaction ~~2023~~was ~~included within~~not ~~the~~considered ~~Company’s~~a ~~Form~~business combination ~~10-K~~under ~~filed with~~ the ~~SEC~~ASC. onInstead, ~~March~~this ~~31,~~transaction ~~2025.~~was ~~The~~considered ~~interim~~to ~~results~~be ~~for~~a ~~the~~capital ~~period~~transaction ~~ended~~of ~~March~~the ~~31,~~legal ~~2025~~acquiree ~~are~~(Phytanix Bio) ~~not~~and ~~necessarily~~was ~~indicative~~equivalent ofto the ~~results~~issuance toof beshares ~~expected~~by Phytanix Bio for the ~~year~~net ~~ending~~monetary ~~December~~assets 31of Protagenic Therapeutics, ~~2025~~Inc. oraccompanied by ~~for~~a ~~any~~recapitalization. ~~future~~As ~~interim~~a ~~periods~~result, the historical balances represent Phytanix Bio. See Note 4, “Reverse Merger”.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, which contain the audited financial statements and notes thereto, for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 included within the Company’s Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025 for Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. as well as the audited consolidated financial statements for Phytanix Bio that are reflected in the Form 8-K/A dated August 27, 2025. The interim results for the period ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending March 31, 2026 or for any future interim periods.

Principles of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc., and its wholly owned US, Canadian ~~subsidiary,~~and ~~PTI~~UK ~~Canada~~subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Use of estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates underlying the consolidated financial statements include valuation of stock options and warrants, ~~and~~derivative liabilities, assessment of deferred tax asset valuation allowance. Foreign currency exchange rates, fair value of the valuation of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. and the purchase price allocation.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

The Company maintains its cash accounts at financial institutions which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. At times, the Company may have deposits in excess of federally insured limits. As of ~~March~~September 3130, 2025, the Company has bank balances that exceed the federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced losses on these accounts and management believes, based upon the quality of the financial institutions, that the credit risk with regard to these deposits is not significant.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. As of ~~March~~September 3130, 2025 and ~~December~~ March 31, ~~2024~~2025 the Company did not have any cash equivalents. As of ~~March~~September 3130, 2025 and ~~December~~March 31, ~~2024~~2025, the Company had cash of $~~872~~2,~~960~~722,451 and $114,~~838~~531,~~469,~~ respectively.

8Fixed Assets and Long-Lived Assets

~~Equipment~~ASC 360 requires that long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangibles held and used by an entity be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The Company has adopted Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2017-04 Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350), Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.

~~Equipment~~The Company isreviews ~~stated~~recoverability atof ~~cost~~long-lived ~~less accumulated~~assets ~~depreciation.~~on ~~Cost~~a ~~includes~~periodic ~~expenditures~~basis ~~for~~whenever ~~computer~~events ~~equipment~~ and ~~lab~~changes ~~equipment.~~in ~~Maintenance~~circumstances ~~and~~have ~~repairs~~occurred ~~are~~which may ~~charged~~indicate ~~to expense~~a aspossible ~~incurred~~impairment. ~~When~~The ~~assets~~assessment ~~are~~for ~~sold,~~potential ~~retired,~~impairment oris ~~otherwise~~based ~~disposed~~primarily ~~of,~~on the ~~cost~~Company’s ~~and~~ability ~~accumulated~~to ~~depreciation~~recover the ~~are~~carrying ~~removed~~value ~~from~~of ~~the accounts~~its ~~and~~long-lived ~~any~~assets ~~resulting~~from ~~gain~~expected orfuture ~~loss~~cash isflows ~~reflected~~from inits operations. ~~The~~on ~~cost~~an ofundiscounted ~~equipment~~basis. isIf ~~depreciated~~such ~~using the straight-line method~~assets ~~over~~are ~~the~~determined ~~estimated~~to ~~useful~~be ~~lives~~impaired, of the ~~related~~impairment ~~assets~~recognized ~~which~~ is ~~three~~the ~~years.~~amount ~~Depreciation~~by ~~expense~~which ~~was~~the ~~$12,572~~carrying ~~and~~value ~~$12,572~~of ~~for~~ the ~~three months~~assets ~~ended~~exceeds ~~March~~the ~~31,~~fair ~~2025~~value of ~~and~~the ~~2024, respectively~~assets.

Fixed assets and intangible assets with finite useful lives are stated at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment. Intangible assets with infinite lives, such as in process research and development are valued at costs and reviewed for indicators of impairment at least annually, or more depending on circumstances.

The Company assesses the impairment of identifiable intangibles whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Factors the Company considers to be important which could trigger an impairment review include the following:

1. Significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results;

2. Significant changes in the manner of use of the acquired assets or the strategy for the overall business; and

3. Significant negative industry or economic trends.

When the Company determines that the carrying value of intangibles may not be recoverable based upon the existence of one or more of the above indicators of impairment and the carrying value of the asset cannot be recovered from projected undiscounted cash flows, the Company records an impairment charge. The Company measures any impairment based on a projected discounted cash flow method using a discount rate determined by management to be commensurate with the risk inherent in the current business model. Significant management judgment is required in determining whether an indicator of impairment exists and in projecting cash flows.

The annual impairment test is performed during March of each fiscal year, or more frequently if there are indicators of potential impairment. The impairment review is conducted at the level of the reporting unit or cash-generating unit (CGU), which represents the lowest level at which goodwill is monitored for internal management purposes and is not larger than an operating segment.

In assessing whether intangible assets are impaired, the Company first evaluates qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit or CGU is less than its carrying amount. These qualitative factors include, but are not limited to:

	●	Macroeconomic conditions (e.g., a significant adverse change in general economic conditions)
	●	Industry and market considerations (e.g., declines in market capitalization or increased competition)
	●	Cost factors (e.g., increases in raw material, labor, or other costs that could negatively impact earnings)
	●	Overall financial performance (e.g., negative or declining cash flows, reductions in revenue growth)
	●	Other relevant entity-specific events (e.g., changes in management, strategy, or key personnel)

If the qualitative assessment indicates potential impairment, the Company proceeds with a quantitative analysis to determine the fair value of the reporting unit or CGU. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in the amount by which the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its recoverable amount or fair value.

For the period ended September 30, 2025, the Company did not recognize any impairment losses.

Fair Value Measurements

ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosure,” defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, not adjusted for transaction costs. ASC 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels giving the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3).

The three levels are described below:

Level 1 Inputs – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that is accessible by the Company;

Level 2 Inputs – Quoted prices in markets that are not active or financial instruments for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly;

Level 3 Inputs – Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability including significant assumptions of the Company and other market participants.

The carrying amount of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities, such as cash, accounts payable, ~~and~~ accrued ~~expenses~~liabilities, and notes payable approximate their fair value because of the short-term maturity of those instruments.

Transactions involving related parties cannot be presumed to be carried out on an arm’s-length basis, as the requisite conditions of competitive, free-market dealings may not exist. Representations about transactions with related parties, if made, shall not imply that the related party transactions were consummated on terms equivalent to those that prevail in arm’s-length transactions unless such representations can be substantiated.

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company does not use derivative instruments to hedge exposures to cash flow, market, or foreign currency risks. Management evaluates all of the Company’s financial instruments, including warrants, to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives.

The Company used a Black-Scholes model for the warrants, as applicable, to value the derivative instruments at inception and subsequent valuation dates when needed. The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities, is remeasured at the end of each reporting period.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are computed using the asset and liability method. Under the asset and liability method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the currently enacted tax rates and laws. A valuation allowance is provided for the amount of deferred tax assets that, based on available evidence, are not expected to be realized.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which requires revenue to be recognized in a manner that depicts the transfer of goods or services to customers in amounts that reflect the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.

In accordance with ASU Topic 606 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers, the Company recognizes revenue in accordance with that core principle by applying the following steps:

Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with a customer.

Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract.

Step 3: Determine the transaction price.

Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract.

Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

Research and development

We engage in a variety of research and development activities to develop our technologies and work toward the development of a saleable product. When it is determined that the research and development products we are creating have reached a point where saleable products are possible, these amounts are capitalized. As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, the research and development costs incurred by the company relate to the following:

	●	Licenses for patent and know-how (Nano 4 M) - this relates to the company’s formulation of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (“API”) for its lead pharmaceutical programs.
	●	Protein Technologies Ltd – this relates to the company’s research into production of cannabinoids by biosynthesis (as opposed to botanical production by growing plants). The company has genetically modified an organism to produce cannabinoids by fermentation (similar to methodology used for the production of antibiotics).
	●	Apex Molecular Ltd.- the Company has a number of pharmaceutical development programs using both novel and natural molecules. The Company employs third party chemistry / contract, manufacturing companies such as Apex Molecular Ltd. to synthesize and purify these compounds for their pharmaceutical development programs.
	●	Acquisition of intellectual property from Alinova Biosciences Ltd.
	●	Continued patent prosecution and internationalization of company intellectual property.
	●	Staff costs and consultancy costs relating to research and development.

Segment Reporting

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-07 (“ASU 2023-07”). ASU 2023-07 was effective for public companies in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. The Company adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-07. ASU 2023-07 improves segment reporting disclosures for public companies. ASU 2023-07 requires more detailed information about reportable segments and expenses including the requirement to disclose qualitative information about factors used to identify reportable segments and quantitative information about profit and loss measures and significant expense categories, The Company has not yet begun generating revenue from its planned principal operations and operates as a single reportable segment. The chief operating decision maker is the Company’s chief executive officer who assesses performance based on total expenses, cash flows, and progress made in the Company’s ongoing development efforts. The Company analyzed ASU 2023-07 and determined that the required information is presented within the consolidated financial statements and footnote disclosures herein.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation costs under the provisions of ASC 718, “Compensation—Stock Compensation”, which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense related to the fair value of stock-based compensation awards that are ultimately expected to vest. Stock based compensation expense recognized includes the compensation cost for all stock-based payments granted to employees, officers, non-employees, and directors based on the grant date fair value estimated in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718. ASC 718 is also applied to awards modified, repurchased, or cancelled during the periods reported.

If any award granted under the Company’s 2016 Equity Compensation Plan (the “2016 Plan”) payable in shares of common stock is forfeited, cancelled, or returned for failure to satisfy vesting requirements, otherwise terminates without payment being made, or if shares of common stock are withheld to cover withholding taxes on options or other awards, the number of shares of common stock as to which such option or award was forfeited, or which were withheld, will be available for future grants under the 2016 Plan. The Company recognizes the impact of forfeitures when they occur.

Basic and Diluted Net (Loss) per Common Share

Basic (loss) per common share is computed by dividing the net (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for each period. Diluted (loss) per share is computed by dividing the net (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding plus the dilutive effect of shares issuable through the common stock equivalents. The effect of dilution on net loss becomes anti-dilutive and therefore is not reflected on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

	For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025		For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
	For the Six Months Ended September 30, 2025		For the Six Months Ended September 30, 2024
	Potentially Outstanding Dilutive Common Shares
	For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025		For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
	For the Six Months Ended September 30, 2025		For the Six Months Ended September 30, 2024
Conversion Feature Shares
Preferred Stock		5,454,191		-
Convertible notes (into preferred stock, then to common stock)		795,466		567,040
Stock Options		136,183		139,577
Warrants		~~354~~3,~~904~~962,886		67,330
Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares		~~491~~10,~~087~~348,726		~~206~~773,~~907~~947

Research and Development

Research and development expenses are charged to operations as incurred.

Foreign Currency Translation

The Company follows ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters (“ASC 830”) for foreign currency translation to translate the financial statements of the foreign subsidiary from the functional currency, generally the local currency, into U.S. Dollars. ASC 830-10-45 sets out the guidance relating to how a reporting entity determines the functional currency of a foreign entity (including of a foreign entity in a highly inflationary economy), re-measures the books of record (if necessary), and characterizes transaction gains and losses. Pursuant to ASC 830-10-45, the assets, liabilities, and operations of a foreign entity shall be measured using the functional currency of that entity. An entity’s functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates; normally, that is the currency of the environment, or local currency, in which an entity primarily generates and expends cash.

The functional currency of each foreign subsidiary is determined based on management’s judgment and involves consideration of all relevant economic facts and circumstances affecting the subsidiary. Generally, the currency in which the subsidiary transacts a majority of its transactions, including billings, financing, payroll and other expenditures, would be considered the functional currency, but any dependency upon the parent and the nature of the subsidiary’s operations must also be considered. If a subsidiary’s functional currency is deemed to be the local currency, then any gain or loss associated with the translation of that subsidiary’s financial statements is included in accumulated other comprehensive income. However, if the functional currency is deemed to be the U.S. Dollar, then any gain or loss associated with the re-measurement of these financial statements from the local currency to the functional currency would be included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). If the Company disposes of foreign subsidiaries, then any cumulative translation gains or losses would be recorded into the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). If the Company determines that there has been a change in the functional currency of a subsidiary to the U.S. Dollar, any translation gains or losses arising after the date of change would be included within the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.13

~~Based~~The functional currency of each foreign subsidiary is determined based on anmanagement’s ~~assessment~~judgment and involves consideration of all relevant economic facts and circumstances affecting the subsidiary. Generally, the currency in which the subsidiary transacts a majority of its ~~factors~~transactions, ~~discussed~~including ~~above~~billings, financing, payroll and other expenditures, would be considered the ~~management~~functional currency, but any dependency upon the parent and the nature of the ~~Company~~subsidiary’s ~~determined~~operations ~~its~~must also be considered. If a subsidiary’s functional currency is deemed to be the local currency (ias is the case with Canada and the UK, then any gain or loss associated with the translation of that subsidiary’s financial statements is included in accumulated other comprehensive income.e. However, if the ~~Canadian~~functional ~~dollar)~~currency tois deemed to be the U.S. Dollar, then any gain or loss associated with the re-measurement of these financial statements from the local currency to the functional currency ~~for~~would ~~its~~be included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). If the Company disposes of foreign subsidiaries, then any cumulative translation gains or losses would be recorded into the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). If the Company determines that there has been a change in the functional currency of a subsidiary to the U.S. Dollar, any translation gains or losses arising after the date of change would be included within the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

10Based on an assessment of the factors discussed above, the management of the Company determined its subsidiaries’ local currency (i.e. the Canadian dollar, British Pound) to be the functional currency for its foreign subsidiaries.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses” to improve disclosures about the nature of expenses in commonly presented financial statement captions. ASU 2024-03 is effective for all public business entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, on either a prospective or retrospective basis. Early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-01, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date. This ASU amends the effective date of ASU No. 2024-03 to clarify that all public business entities are required to adopt the guidance in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption of ASU No. 2024-03 is permitted.

NOTE 4 - ~~ACCOUNTS~~REVERSE ~~PAYABLE AND ACCRUED EXPENSES~~MERGER

~~Accounts~~The acquisition ~~payable~~of ~~and~~Phytanix ~~accrued~~Bio ~~expenses~~was considered a reverse merger. In accordance with ASC 805-40-45-1, the consolidated financial statements ~~including~~prepared ~~related~~following ~~party~~a ~~balances~~reverse acquisition are issued under the name of the legal parent (Protagenic Therapeutics, ~~consist~~Inc.) but described in the notes to the financial statements as a continuation of the ~~following~~financial ~~at:~~statements of the legal subsidiary (Phytanix Bio), with one adjustment, which is to retroactively adjust the accounting acquirer’s legal capital to reflect the legal capital of the accounting acquiree (Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc.). That adjustment is required to reflect the capital of the legal parent. Comparative information presented in the consolidated financial statements also is retroactively adjusted to reflect the legal capital of the legal parent.

~~SCHEDULE~~Under ASC OF805-40-45-2, ~~ACCOUNTS~~the ~~PAYABLE~~consolidated ~~AND~~financial ~~ACCRUED~~statements ~~EXPENSES~~represent the continuation of the legal subsidiary except for the capital structure, as follows:

	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
Accounting	$	37,950	$	55,340
Research and development		715,525		666,002
Legal		158,257		118,455
Other		165,247		102,962
Total	$	1,076,979	$	942,759

	(a)	The assets and liabilities of the legal subsidiary recognized and measured at their precombination carrying amounts;
	(b)	The assets and liabilities of the legal parent recognized and measured in accordance with the guidance in this topic applicable to business combinations (ASC 805);
	(c)	The retained earnings and other equity balances of the legal subsidiary before the business combination;
	(d)	The amount recognized as issued equity interests in the consolidated financial statements determined by adding the issued equity interest of the legal subsidiary outstanding immediately before the business combination to the fair value of the legal parent determined in accordance with the guidance in ASC 805 applicable to business combinations. However, the equity structure reflects the equity structure of the legal parent, including the equity interests the legal parent issued to effect the combination. Accordingly, the equity structure of the legal subsidiary is restated using the exchange ratio established in the acquisition agreement to reflect the number of shares of the legal parent issued in the reverse acquisition.

~~NOTE 5 - STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY~~14

The Company acquired Phytanix Bio for an aggregate of (A) 117,690 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Common Stock”), which shares shall represent a number of shares equal to no more than 19.99% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock as of immediately before the Effective Time, (B) 5,705 shares of the Company’s Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.000001 per share (the “Series C Preferred Stock”), and (C) 950,000 shares of the Company’s Series C-1 Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.000001 per share (the “Series C-1 Preferred Stock”, and together with the Series C Preferred Stock, the “Preferred Stock Payment Shares”). In addition, in exchange for all of the outstanding Preferred Shares of Phytanix Bio at the Effective Time, Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. issued to the Preferred Stockholders, in accordance with their Preferred Pro Rata Portion, (A) an aggregate of 20,000 shares (the “Series D Payment Shares” of Series D Preferred Stock, par value $0.000001 per share of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. (the “Series D Preferred Stock”), and (b) common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to 715,493 shares of common stock. The issuance of the shares of Common Stock, Preferred Stock Payment Shares and Series D Payment Shares occurred on May 16, 2025. Each share of Preferred Stock Payment Shares is convertible into one of Common Stock, subject to certain conditions described in the Exchange Agreement. Each share of Series D Payment Shares is convertible into one of Common Stock, subject to certain conditions described in the Exchange Agreement. The combination is treated as a taxable exchange for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

On May 15, 2025, the Company completed its acquisition of Phytanix Bio. As a result of this transaction, which is accounted for as a reverse merger, Phytanix Bio is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Merger”). This exchange of shares and the resulting controlling ownership of Phytanix Bio constitutes a reverse acquisition resulting in a recapitalization of Phytanix Bio and purchase accounting being applied to Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. under ASC 805 due to Phytanix Bio being the accounting acquirer and Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc., being deemed an acquired business. This requires financial reporting from the Merger close date forward to reflect only the historic consolidated results of Phytanix Bio and to include the consolidated results for Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. and subsidiaries from May 15, 2025 forward.

The primary reasons Phytanix Bio consummated the merger with Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. were the opportunity to immediately become a public company without the process of doing its own initial public offering, thereby affording it the opportunity to more quickly raise capital and provide liquidity options to its stockholders, and at the same time acquiring the infrastructure required of a public company run by people experienced in investor relations and the public company regulatory compliance.

The estimated allocation of the purchase price of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for the acquisition by Phytanix Bio of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. via the reverse acquisition are set forth below:

Purchase Price Allocation of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc.

SCHEDULE OF PURCHASE PRICE ALLOCATION


Current assets – cash and prepaid	$	1,029,985
Intangible assets – in process research and development and assembled workforce		2,093,228
Fixed assets		76,550
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		(857,504	)
Purchase price	$	2,342,259

This allocation is based on an independent valuation received by the Company. The value was derived based off of the share price of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. at the time of the merger. The Company accounted for this transaction as a reverse merger. From May 15, 2025 through September 30, 2025, there are no indications of impairment of the long-lived assets.

NOTE 5 – FIXED ASSETS

The Company acquired equipment in connection with the Merger of Phytanix Bio.

As of September 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025, the Company has the following fixed assets:

SCHEDULE OF FIXED ASSETS

	September 30, 2025			March 31, 2025
Equipment	$	76,550		$	-
Accumulated depreciation		(25,143	)		-
Fixed assets, net	$	51,407		$	-

The Company recorded $12,572 and $0 in depreciation expense for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company recorded $25,143 and $0 in depreciation expense for the six months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

NOTE 6 - INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The Company acquired in process research and development costs and assembled workforce costs in connection with the Merger of Phytanix Bio.

As of September 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025, the Company has the following intangible assets:

SCHEDULE OF INTANGIBLE ASSETS

	September 30, 2025		March 31, 2025
In process research and development	$	2,054,960	$	-
Assembled workforce		38,268		-
Intangible assets, gross		38,268		-
Accumulated amortization		-		-
Intangible assets, net	$	2,093,228	$	-

The intangible assets identified will commence amortization upon a Phase 3 clinical trial for the drugs acquired. As of September 30, 2025, none of the trials have entered Phase 3. The Company anticipates that Phase 3 will start around Q3 2027. The Company will include these assets in their annual impairment test.

NOTE 7 – ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

Accounts payable consisted of the following on September 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025:

SCHEDULE OF ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

	September 30, 2025		March 31, 2025
Accounting and audit fees	$	94,065	$	95,750
Research and development		1,223,709		865,367
Legal		56,332		-
Compensation		155,828		-
General and administrative		111,509		-
Total Accounts payable	$	1,641,443	$	961,117

NOTE 8 – ACCRUED LIABILITIES

Accrued liabilities consisted of the following on September 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025:

SCHEDULE OF ACCRUED LIABILITIES

	September 30, 2025		March 31, 2025
Research and development	$	56,715	$	-
General and administrative		351,260		249,063
Total Accrued expenses	$	407,975	$	249,063

NOTE 9 – NOTES PAYABLE AND DERIVATIVE LIABILITIES

On June 26, 2024, certain investors (the “Financing Investors”) and Phytanix Bio entered into certain Securities Purchase Agreements pursuant to which, among other things, the Financing Investors agreed to purchase (i) certain promissory notes of the Company in the original principal amount of $4,413,650, which only $3,193,650 was raised, (ii) certain warrants to acquire the Company’s common shares (Common Warrants”), and (iii) warrants to acquire the Company’s Series A and B Preferred Shares.

In 2024, the Company closed the Securities Purchase Agreements, pursuant to which the Company issued and sold to the Financing Investors (i) promissory notes in the principal amount of $3,193,650, (ii) three-year warrants to purchase up to 675,613 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $11.00 per share, subject to adjustment; (iii) 1,127 Series A Preferred Warrants; and (iv) 2,436 Series B Preferred Warrants. The notes are non-interest bearing and have a maturity date of June 29, 2025. The Common and Preferred Series A and B Warrants were valued at $993,151, or $1.47 per common warrant, and $159.86 for the Series A preferred warrants and $61.91 for the Series B preferred warrants. As a result of this transaction, the Company recognized $798,412 in original issue discounts that are being amortized over the one-year life of the notes. As of September 30, 2025, all of the original issue discount has been amortized including $199,603. All notes payable are reflected in current liabilities.

The convertible notes payable include variable conversion prices. The Company evaluated these terms and determined that the warrants issued with the notes payable contained characteristics that required the Company to classify them as derivative liabilities. The Derivative Instruments have been accounted for utilizing ASC 815 “Derivatives and Hedging.” The Company has incurred a liability for the estimated fair value of Derivative Instruments. The estimated fair value of the Derivative Instruments has been calculated based on an independent valuation received that valued these warrants.

Upon completion of the Merger with Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. Phytanix Bio recognized additional debt in the amount of $1,117,778 which was part of the note payable agreements regarding the Company being a public company. This amount is reflected this amount in transaction costs in the consolidated statement of operations for the six months ended September 30, 2025. There was also $18,260 in transaction costs recognized by Protagenic during this period.

Phytanix Bio recognized a derivative liability of $1,324,126 in the year ended March 31, 2025 related to the value of the warrants which have been bifurcated from the notes. Upon the completion of the Merger, and additional derivative liability of $343,399 was recorded to account for the valuation of the conversion option on the notes, which is recognized as derivative expense in the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the six months ended September 30, 2025.

Phytanix Bio recognized a change in the fair value of the derivative liabilities related to the conversion option and warrants of $1,930,245 for the six months ended September 30, 2025.

Phytanix Bio also in June 2024 issued 39,880 Common Stock Warrants as commissions valued at $58,624 which are also considered derivative liabilities.

The fair value of the warrants were based on an independent valuation of the warrants on the measurement date.

On April 17, 2025, the Company entered into a note with an individual for $168,750, which included a one-time original issue discount of $43,750 with cash proceeds to the Company of $125,000, due upon the consummation of financing that Phytanix Bio is conducting in accordance with the merger with Protagenic.

The accounting treatment of derivative financial instruments requires that the Company treat the instrument as liability and record the fair value of the instrument as derivatives as of the inception date of the instrument and to adjust the fair value of the instrument as of each subsequent balance sheet date.

The Company determined the derivative liabilities to be a Level 3 fair value measurement.

Activity related to the derivative liabilities for the period ended September 30, 2025 is as follows:

SCHEDULE OF DERIVATIVE LIABILITIES


Beginning balance as of March 31, 2025	$	1,382,750
Recognition of conversion option on the notes payable		343,399
Change in fair value of derivative liabilities		1,930,245
Ending balance as of September 30, 2025	$	3,656,394

NOTE 10 – RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Loans Payable – Related Parties

The Company leases office space from a company that an officer has an interest. The lease is believed to be at or below market rate and is on a month to month basis. The rent is $2,500 per month. An officer has provided office space as an arm’s length transaction with rental at commercial rates. There is no obligation for the officer to continue this arrangement. Such costs are immaterial to the financial statements and accordingly are not reflected herein. The officers and directors are involved in other business activities and most likely will become involved in other business activities in the future.

During the six months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, several related parties made advances to the Company to fund operating expenses in the amount of $62,347 and $206,174, respectively. These advances are non – interest bearing and have no specified terms of repayment. The Company has outstanding loans to several related parties throughout the year. As of September 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025, the Company owed related parties $841,548 and $779,201, respectively.

The Board of Directors resolved on July 31, 2025, to approve the forgiveness of an intercompany loan owed by ABTI Pharma Limited to the Company, in the amount of £317,480.40 GBP ($410,756 USD), effective as of March 31, 2025. The amount was written off, in accordance with the recommendation of the Company’s accountants.

Office Space

The Company is provided free office space consisting of a conference room by the Company Executive Chairman, Dr. Armen. The Company does not pay any rent for the use of this space. This space is used for quarterly board meetings and our annual shareholder meeting.

Agenus

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company engaged Agenus Inc., a related party, to perform research and development services. Agenus Inc. is a related party due to the Company’s Director and Chairman of the Board being the CEO and Chairman of the Board for Agenus Inc. The Company has not incurred any expenses nor has any amounts outstanding for the six months ended September 30, 2025 or as of September 30, 2025.

NOTE 11 - STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT

Common Stock

During the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March~~ 31September 30, 2025, the Company issued 117,690 common shares, 5,705 Series C Preferred shares, 950,000 Series C-1 Preferred shares and 20,~~303~~000 Series D preferred shares in the merger with Phytanix Bio as discussed in Note 1. In addition, the Company issued 51,203 shares of common stock for cash in the amount of $395,474 and 1,161,042 shares of common stock in the exercise of warrants totaling $3,949,732. The Company also incurred an adjustment of 67,394 shares of common stock due to the reverse split on May 5, 2025.

During the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March~~ 31September 30, 2024, ~~the~~Protagenic’s ~~Company~~ issued no shares of common stock or preferred stock. Phytanix Bio did issue 800,000 common shares and 17,000 preferred shares pursuant to an exchange agreement with Alterola valued at $44,560; received $200 in issuance of founders shares of ABTI Pharma; and had forgiveness of related party dent in the amount of $319,761. In addition, there was $10 in stock-based compensation in Phytanix Bio prior to the merger on May 15, 2025.

Series C Non-Voting Certificate of Designation

On May 15, 2025, the Company filed a Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of the Series C Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series C Certificate of Designation”) with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware. The Series C Certificate of Designation provides for the designation of shares of the Series C Stock.

Holders of Series C Stock are entitled to receive dividends on shares of Series C Stock (on an as-if-converted-to-Common-Stock basis, without regard to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation (as defined in the Series C Certificate of Designation), equal to and in the same form, and in the same manner, as dividends (other than dividends on shares of the Common Stock payable in the form of Common Stock) actually paid on shares of the Common Stock when, as if such dividends (other than dividends payable in the form of Common Stock) are paid on the shares of the Common Stock. In addition, holders of Series C Stock shall be entitled to receive, and the Company shall pay, payment-in-kind dividends on each share of Series C Stock, accruing at a rate equal to five percent (5.0%) per annum payable in shares of Series C Stock on the date that is 180 days after the date of the original issuance of such Series C Stock or such earlier date that that such holder may convert any portion of the Series C Stock to Common Stock.

Except as otherwise required by law, the Series C Stock does not have voting rights. However, as long as any shares of Series C Stock are outstanding, the Company will not, without the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the then-outstanding shares of the Series C Stock , (i) alter or change adversely the powers, preferences or rights given to the Series C Stock or alter or amend the Series C Certificate of Designation, amend or repeal any provision of, or add any provision to, the Company’s third amended and restated certificate of incorporation, as amended (the “Charter”) or Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, or file any articles of amendment, certificate of designations, preferences, limitations and relative rights of any series of Preferred Stock, if such action would adversely alter or change the preferences, rights, privileges or powers of, or restrictions provided for the benefit of the Series C Stock , regardless of whether any of the foregoing actions shall be by means of amendment to the Charter or by merger, consolidation, recapitalization, reclassification, conversion or otherwise, (ii) issue further shares of Series C Stock , or increase or decrease (other than by conversion) the number of authorized shares of Series C Stock (iii) prior to the Stockholder Approval (as defined in the Series C Certificate of Designation) or at any time while at least 30% of the originally issued Series C Stock remains issued and outstanding, consummate either: (A) any Fundamental Transaction (as defined in the Series C Certificate of Designation) or (B) any merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another entity or any stock sale to, or other business combination in which the stockholders of the Company immediately before such transaction do not hold at least a majority of the capital stock of the Company immediately after such transaction, or (iv) enter into any agreement with respect to any of the foregoing.

The Series C Stock shall rank on parity with the Common Stock as to distributions of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, whether voluntarily or involuntarily.

Following stockholder approval of the Conversion Proposal, each share of Series C Stock will automatically convert into one (1) share of Common Stock, subject to certain limitations provided in the Series C Certificate of Designation, including that the Company shall not affect any conversion of Series C Stock into shares of Common Stock if, as a result of such conversion, such holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own more than a specified percentage of the total number of shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding immediately after giving effect to such conversion (the “Beneficial Ownership Limitation”); provided, however, that the Beneficial Ownership Limitation will not apply after the stockholder approval of the Change of Control Proposal and upon the occurrence of certain other events as set forth in the Series C Certificate of Designation.

If at any time following the earliest of Stockholder Approval (as defined in the Series C Certificate of Designation), the occurrence of an event set forth in clause (ii) of Section 1.4(a) of the Exchange Agreement, or September 1, 2025, the Company fails to deliver to a holder certificates representing shares of Common Stock or electronically deliver such shares, the Series C Stock is redeemable for cash at the option of the holder thereof at a price per share equal to the then-current Fair Value of the Series C Stock , as defined and described in the Series C Certificate of Designation.

Series C-1 Certificate of Designation

On May 15, 2025, the Company filed a Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of the Series C-1 Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series C-1 Certificate of Designation”) with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware in connection with the Combination. The Series C-1 Certificate of Designation provides for the designation of shares of the Series C-1 Preferred Stock.

Holders of Series C-1 Stock are entitled to receive dividends on shares of Series C-1 Stock (on an as-if-converted-to-Common-Stock basis, without regard to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation (as defined in the Series C-1 Certificate of Designation), equal to and in the same form, and in the same manner, as dividends (other than dividends on shares of the Common Stock payable in the form of Common Stock) actually paid on shares of the Common Stock when, as if such dividends (other than dividends payable in the form of Common Stock) are paid on the shares of the Common Stock. In addition, holders of Series C-1 Stock shall be entitled to receive, and the Company shall pay, payment-in-kind dividends on each share of Series C-1 Stock, accruing at a rate equal to five percent (5.0%) per annum payable in shares of Series C-1 Stock on the date that is 180 days after the date of the original issuance of such Series C-1 Stock or such earlier date that that such holder may convert any portion of the Series C-1 Stock to Common Stock.

Except as otherwise required by law, the Series C-1 Stock does not have voting rights. However, as long as any shares of Series C-1 Stock are outstanding, the Company will not, without the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the then-outstanding shares of the Series C-1 Stock, (i) alter or change adversely the powers, preferences or rights given to the Series C-1 Stock or alter or amend the Series C-1 Certificate of Designation, amend or repeal any provision of, or add any provision to, the Company’s third amended and restated certificate of incorporation, as amended (the “Charter”) or Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, or file any articles of amendment, certificate of designations, preferences, limitations and relative rights of any series of Preferred Stock, if such action would adversely alter or change the preferences, rights, privileges or powers of, or restrictions provided for the benefit of the Series C-1 Stock, regardless of whether any of the foregoing actions shall be by means of amendment to the Charter or by merger, consolidation, recapitalization, reclassification, conversion or otherwise, (ii) issue further shares of Series C-1 Stock, or increase or decrease (other than by conversion) the number of authorized shares of Series C-1 Stock (iii) prior to the Stockholder Approval (as defined in the Series C-1 Certificate of Designation) or at any time while at least 30% of the originally issued Series C-1 Stock remains issued and outstanding, consummate either: (A) any Fundamental Transaction (as defined in the Series C-1 Certificate of Designation) or (B) any merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another entity or any stock sale to, or other business combination in which the stockholders of the Company immediately before such transaction do not hold at least a majority of the capital stock of the Company immediately after such transaction, or (iv) enter into any agreement with respect to any of the foregoing.

The Series C-1 Stock shall rank on parity with the Common Stock as to distributions of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, whether voluntarily or involuntarily.

Following stockholder approval of the Conversion Proposal, each share of Series C-1 Stock will automatically convert into one (1) share of Common Stock, subject to certain limitations provided in the Series C-1 Certificate of Designation, including that the Company shall not affect any conversion of Series C-1 Stock into shares of Common Stock if, as a result of such conversion, such holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own more than a specified percentage of the total number of shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding immediately after giving effect to such conversion (the “Beneficial Ownership Limitation”); provided, however, that the Beneficial Ownership Limitation will not apply after the stockholder approval of the Change of Control Proposal and upon the occurrence of certain other events as set forth in the Series C-1 Certificate of Designation.

If at any time following the earliest of Stockholder Approval (as defined in the Series C-1 Certificate of Designation), the occurrence of the event described in clause (ii) of Section 1.4(a) of the Exchange Agreement,, or September 1, 2025, the Company fails to deliver to a holder certificates representing shares of Common Stock or electronically deliver such shares, the Series C-1 Stock is redeemable for cash at the option of the holder thereof at a price per share equal to the then-current Fair Value of the Series C-1 Stock, as defined and described in the Series C-1 Certificate of Designation.

Series D Certificate of Designation

On May 15, 2025, the Company filed a Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of the Series D Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series D Certificate of Designation”, and together with the Series C Certificate of Designation and the Series C-1 Certificate of Designation, the “Certificates of Designations”) with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware in connection with Merger. The Series D Certificate of Designation provides for the designation of shares of the Series D Preferred Stock.

Subject to the senior rights of the Senior Preferred Stock (as defined in the Series D Certificate of Designation), and pari passu with the holders of shares of Series C Stock (the “Parity Stock” as defined in the Series D Certificate of Designation), from and after the first date of issuance of any Series D Preferred Stock, each holder of a share of Series D Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive dividends when and as declared by the Board, from time to time, in its sole discretion, which dividends shall by paid by the Company out of funds legally available therefor, payable, subject to the conditions and other terms of the Series D Certificate of Designation, in cash, in securities of the Company or any other entity, or using assets as determined by the Board on the Stated Value (as defined in the Series D Certificate of Designation) of such share of Series D Preferred Stock.

Except as otherwise required by law, the Series D Preferred Stock does not have voting rights, either as a separate series or class or together with any other series or class of share of capital stock. Except as otherwise required by law, holders of the Series D Preferred Stock shall not be entitled to call a meeting of such holders for any purpose nor shall they be entitled to participate in any meeting of the holders of Common Stock.

All shares of capital stock of the Company shall by junior in rank to all of the Series D Preferred Stock with respect to the preferences as to dividends, distributions and payments upon the liquidation, dissolution and winding up of the Company, subject to the express consent of the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding Series D Preferred Stock to create Parity Stock.

Following stockholder approval of the Conversion Proposal, each holder of Series D Preferred Stock shall be entitled to convert any portion of the outstanding Series D Preferred Stock held by such holder into validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable common stock using a Conversion Price of $10.00 and a Stated Value of $1,000 per share of Series D Preferred Stock (as each term is defined in the Series D Certificate of Designation).

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company adopted an Employee, Director and Consultant Stock Plan on June 17, 2016 (the “2016 Plan”). Pursuant to the 2016 Plan, the Company’s Compensation Committee may grant awards to any employee, officer, director, consultant, advisor or other individual service provider of the Company or any subsidiary. Due to an annual “evergreen” provision in the 2016 Plan, the number of shares reserved for future grants was increased by 14,062, 13,329 and 13,162 in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As a result of these increases, as of ~~March~~September 3130, 2025 and ~~December~~March 31, ~~2024~~2025, the aggregate number of shares of common stock available for awards under the 2016 Plan was 62,412 shares and 91,371 shares, respectively. Options issued under the 2016 Plan are exercisable for up to ten years from the date of issuance.

There were 136,183 options outstanding as of September 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025. During the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March~~September 3130, 2025 and 2024, the Company issued 0 and ~~53,025~~0 options, respectively.

There were 139,577 options outstanding as of December 31, 2024.

The fair value of each stock option granted during the three months ended March 31, 2024 was estimated using the Black-Scholes assumptions and or factors as follows:

SCHEDULE OF SHARE-BASED PAYMENT AWARD, STOCK OPTIONS, VALUATION ASSUMPTIONS

Exercise price	$	11.76-$70.00
Expected dividend yield		0	%
Risk free interest rate		4.01%-4.25	%
Expected life in years		10
Expected volatility		213-215	%

The following is an analysis of the stock option grant activity under the Plan:

	Number			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Life
Stock Options
Outstanding December 31, 2024		139,577		$	5.29		5.77
Outstanding March 31, 2025		136,183		$	3.72		5.53
Granted		-			-		-
Expired		~~(3,394~~-	)		~~69.98~~-		-
Exercised		-			-		-
Outstanding March 31, 2025		136,183		$	3.72		5.53
Outstanding September 30, 2025		136,183		$	3.72		5.04

~~A summary of the status of the Company’s nonvested options as of March 31, 2025, and changes during the three months ended March 31, 2025 is presented below:~~21

A summary of the status of the Company’s nonvested options as of September 30, 2025, and changes during the six months ended September 30, 2025 is presented below:

Nonvested Options	Options			Weighted- Average Exercise Price
Nonvested at December 31, 2024		39,917		$	26.46
Nonvested at March 31, 2025		35,123		$	3.72
Granted		-			-
Vested		(49,~~794~~056	)		13.0772
Forfeited		-			-
Nonvested at March 31, 2025		35,123		$	3.72
Nonvested at September 30, 2025		26,067		$	3.17

As of ~~March~~September 3130, 2025, the Company had 136,183 shares issuable under options outstanding at a weighted average exercise price of $3.63 72 and an intrinsic value of $0.

The Company recognized compensation expense related to options issued of $~~236~~105,~~014~~868 and $~~161~~250,~~861~~404 for the three months ended ~~March~~September 3130, 2025 and 2024, respectively, in which $~~134~~86,~~769~~576 and $52124,~~360~~571 is included in general and administrative expenses and $~~101~~19,~~245~~292 and $~~109~~125,~~501~~833 in research and development expenses, respectively. For the three months ended ~~March~~September 3130, 2025 and 2024, $8161,~~052~~700 and $~~637~~61,766 of the stock compensation was related to employees and $~~154~~44,~~962~~168 and $~~161~~188,~~224~~638 was related to non-employees, respectively.

AsThe Company ofrecognized ~~March~~compensation 31expense related to options issued of $230,995 ~~2025~~and $515,843 for the ~~unamortized~~six months ended September 30, 2025 ~~stock~~and ~~option~~2024, ~~expense~~respectively, ~~was~~in which $~~804~~176,~~531~~109 ~~with~~and $~~465~~255,~~616~~666 ~~being~~is ~~related~~included toin ~~employees~~general and administrative expenses and $~~338~~54,~~915~~886 ~~being~~and ~~related~~$260,177 toin research ~~non-employees~~and development expenses, respectively. AsFor ofthe ~~March~~six 31months ended September 30, 2025, ~~the~~and ~~weighted~~2024, ~~average~~$123,410 ~~remaining~~and ~~vesting~~$123,438 ~~period~~of ~~for~~ the ~~unamortized~~ stock compensation was related to beemployees ~~recognized~~and is$107,585 ~~2.82~~and ~~years~~$392,405 was related to non-employees, respectively.

As of September 30, 2025, the unamortized stock option expense was $566,319 with $334,970 being related to employees and $231,349 being related to non-employees. As of September 30, 2025, the weighted average remaining vesting period for the unamortized stock compensation to be recognized is 2.76 years.

On February 21, 2025, the Company held its 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Annual Meeting”) on February 21, 2025. At the Company’s Annual Meeting, the Company’s stockholders approved the proposal to approve the repricing of certain outstanding stock options granted (the “Option Grants”) under the Company’s 2006 and 2016 Equity Incentive Plans (the “Plans”) to allow the Board of Directors (the “Board”) to reprice the exercise price of outstanding stock options under the Plans. Pursuant to that authority, on February 21, 2025, the Board repriced the Option Grants. The repriced Option Grants under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan had original exercise prices ranging from $56.00 to $70.00 per share, and the repriced Option Grants under the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan had original exercise prices ranging from $24.36 to $278.88 per share. All of the Option Grants under the Plans were repriced to have an exercise price of $3.72 per share, which was the closing price of the Company’s common stock on February 21, 2025.

Warrants:

A summary of warrant issuances are as follows:

SUMMARY OF WARRANT

	Number			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Life
Warrants
Outstanding December 31, 2024		354,904		$	58.97		2.92
Outstanding March 31, 2025		4,620,192		$	221.32		1.49
Granted		-719,056			-3.65		-
Expired		-(1,458	)		-70.00		-
Exercised		-(1,374,904	)		-112.42		-
Outstanding March 31, 2025		354,904		$	58.97		2.67
Outstanding September 30, 2025		3,962,886		$	267.55		0.66

~~As of March 31, 2025, the Company had 354,904 shares issuable under warrants outstanding at a weighted average exercise price of $58.97 and an intrinsic value of $0.~~22

~~The~~As of ~~Company~~September ~~recognized~~30, ~~compensation expense~~2025, ~~related~~the toCompany ~~warrants~~had ~~issued~~3,962,886 ofshares $0issuable ~~and~~under $0warrants ~~during~~outstanding ~~the~~at ~~three~~a ~~months~~weighted ~~ended~~average ~~March~~exercise ~~31,~~price ~~2025~~of $267.55 and ~~2024,~~an ~~respectively~~intrinsic value of $103,061.

~~NOTE~~On May 615, -2025, ~~COLLABORATIVE~~719,056 ~~AGREEMENTS~~warrants were assumed in the merger with Phytanix Bio, Inc.

The Company recognized compensation expense related to warrants issued of $0 and $0 during the six months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

NOTE 12 - COLLABORATIVE AGREEMENTS

The Company and the University of Toronto (the “University”) entered into an agreement effective April 1, 2014 (the “New Research Agreement”) for the performance of a research project titled “Teneurin C-terminal Associated Peptide (“TCAP”) mediated stress attenuation in vertebrates: Establishing the role of organismal and intracellular energy and glucose regulation and metabolism” (the “New Project”). The New Project is to perform research related to work done by Dr. David A. Lovejoy, a professor at the University and stockholder of the Company, in regard to TCAP mediated stress attenuation in vertebrates: Establishing the role of organismal and intracellular energy and glucose regulation and metabolism. In addition to the New Research Agreement, Dr. Lovejoy entered into an agreement with the University in order to commercialize certain technologies. The New Research Agreement expired on March 30, 2016. In February 2017, the New Research Agreement was extended to December 31, 2017. The extension allowed for further development of the technologies and use of their applications. On April 10, 2018, the agreement was amended and the research agreement has been further extended to September 30, 2024. On December 20, 2024, the agreement was amended and the research agreement has been further extended to the entire lifetime of the last issued patent covered by the license.

The sponsorship research and development expenses pertaining to the Research Agreements were $0 and $0 for the three months ended ~~March~~September 30, 312025 and 2024, respectively. The sponsorship research and development expenses pertaining to the Research Agreements were $0 and $0 for the six months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

NOTE 13 7 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Licensing Agreements

On July 31, 2005, the Company had entered into a Technology License Agreement (“License Agreement”) with the University pursuant to which the University agreed to license to the Company patent rights and other intellectual property, among other things (the “Technologies”). The Technology License Agreement was amended on February 18, 2015 and currently does not provide for an expiration date.

Pursuant to the License Agreement and its amendment, the Company obtained an exclusive worldwide license to make, have made, use, sell and import products based upon the Technologies, or to sublicense the Technologies in accordance with the terms of the License Agreement and amendment. In consideration, the Company agreed to pay to the University a royalty payment of 2.5% of net sales of any product based on the Technologies. If the Company elects to sublicense any rights under the License Agreement and amendment, the Company agrees to pay to the University 10% of any up-front sub-license fees for any sub-licenses that occurred on or after September 9, 2006, and, on behalf of the sub-licensee, 2.5% of net sales by the sub-licensee of all products based on the Technologies. The Company had no sales revenue for the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March~~September 3130, 2025 ~~and~~ ~~2024~~ and therefore was not subject to paying any royalties.

In the event the Company fails to provide the University with semi-annual reports on the progress or fails to continue to make reasonable commercial efforts towards obtaining regulatory approval for products based on the Technologies, the University may convert our exclusive license into a non-exclusive arrangement. Interest on any amounts owed under the License Agreement and amendment will be at 3% per annum. All intellectual property rights resulting from the Technologies or improvements thereon will remain the property of the other inventors and/or Dr. Lovejoy, and/or the University, as the case may be. The Company has agreed to pay all out-of-pocket filing, prosecution and maintenance expenses in connection with any patents relating to the Technologies. In the case of infringement upon any patents relating to the Technologies, the Company may elect, at its own expense, to bring a cause of action asserting such infringement. In such a case, after deducting any legal expenses the Company may incur, any settlement proceeds will be subject to the 2.5% royalty payment owed to the University under the License Agreement and amendment.

The patent applications were made in the name of Dr. Lovejoy and other inventors, but the Company’s exclusive, worldwide rights to such patent applications are included in the License Agreement and its amendment with the University. The Company maintains exclusive licensing agreements and it currently controls the five intellectual patent properties.

Legal Proceedings

Notice of Delisting

On July 24, 2024, the Company received a deficiency letter (the “Notification Letter”) from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications (“Nasdaq”) stating that it is not in compliance with the minimum bid price requirements set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market. Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) requires listed securities to maintain a minimum bid price of $1.00 per share, and Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) provides that a failure to meet the minimum bid price requirement exists if the deficiency continues for a period of 30 consecutive business days. The Notification Letter states that the Company has 180 calendar days, or until January 20, 2025, to regain compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). To regain compliance, the Company’s closing bid price of the Company’s common stock must have a closing bid price of at least $1.00 for a minimum of ten consecutive business days.

On January 22, 2025, Nasdaq provided a notice to the Company that the Company had not regained compliance with Rule 5550(a)(2) and is not eligible for a second 180 calendar day compliance period as the Company does not comply with the requirements for initial listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market. This notification is part of the ongoing discussions with the Nasdaq Hearings Panel (the “Panel”) regarding the Company’s listing status, and the Company included this matter in its presentation to the Panel on January 30, 2025.

On February 19, 2025, the Company received a hearing panel decision from Nasdaq (Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Hearings Docket No. NQ 7072C-25) indicating that its provisional plan for regaining compliance with the Nasdaq listing requirements had been accepted. For continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market, the Company has until April 28, 2025 to: (1) demonstrate compliance with Nasdaq Rules 5550(a)(2) and 5550(b)(2), (2) file a public disclosure describing any transactions undertaken by the Company to increase its equity and provide ~~and~~an indication of its equity following those transactions, and (3) provide the Panel with an update on its fundraising plans and updated income projections for the next 12 months.

On April 18, 2025, the Company held a Special Meeting of Shareholders in which the Shareholders voted to authorize a reverse split of a magnitude between 1-for-10 and 1-for-20, for the purpose of increasing the chances of the Company regaining compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule. 5550(a)(2). The Board determined that the best ratio to use was 1-for-14, because it would be the highest ratio that maintained at least 500,000 shares remaining in the Company’s public float, while maximizing the Company’s likely price per share.

On April 25, 2025, the Company provided an update to Nasdaq on its plans for both minimum bid compliance and capital raising, along with a request for an extension on the April 28, 2025 deadline. The update included that the 1-for-14 reverse split would be effective May 5, 2025, and the company had engaged a syndicate of two underwriters to market and implement an equity financing for the purpose of raising enough capital to comply with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A). On May 1, 2025, Nasdaq provided a response to the Company’s representative that the Panel has approved the Company’s extension request. As a result, the Company believes that it should be able to achieve a minimum bid price for 10 days above $1 by May 16, 2025, and the shareholder equity compliance by May 19, 2025.

~~NOTE 8 – RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS~~24

~~The~~On June 17, 2025, the Company isreceived ~~provided~~a ~~free~~letter ~~office~~from Nasdaq stating that the Nasdaq Hearings Panel found the Company in compliance with ~~space~~Listing ~~consisting~~Rules of5550(a)(2), 5550(a)(4), ~~conference~~5550(b)(1), ~~room~~and 5620(a), the Bid Price, Public Float, Equity and Annual Shareholder Meeting Rule, respectively as required by the ~~Company~~February ~~Executive~~19, ~~Chairman~~2025, Drdecision. ~~Armen.~~ The letter also stated that pursuant to Listing Rule 5815(d)(4)(B), the Company ~~does~~will ~~not~~be ~~pay~~subject ~~any~~to ~~rent~~a Mandatory Panel Monitor for a period of one year from the ~~use~~date of this ~~space~~ letter. ~~This~~If, ~~space~~within isthat ~~used~~one-year monitoring period, Staff finds the Company again out of compliance with the Equity Rule, notwithstanding Rule 5810(c)(2), the Company will not be permitted to provide the Staff with a plan of compliance with respect to that deficiency and Staff will not be permitted to grant additional time for ~~quarterly~~the ~~board~~Company ~~meetings~~to regain compliance with respect to that deficiency, nor will the company be afforded an applicable cure or compliance period pursuant to Rule 5810(c)(3). Instead, Staff will issue a Delist Determination Letter, and ~~our~~the ~~annual~~Company ~~shareholder~~will have ~~meeting~~an opportunity to request a new hearing with the initial Panel or a newly convened Hearings Panel if the initial Panel is unavailable. The Company will have the opportunity to respond/present to the Hearings Panel as provided by Listing Rule 5815(d)(4)(C). The Company’s securities may be at that time delisted from Nasdaq.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company engaged Agenus Inc., a related party, to perform research and development services. Agenus Inc. is a related party due to the Company’s Director and Chairman of the Board being the CEO and Chairman of the Board for Agenus Inc. The Company incurred $0 and $0 in expenses related to these services during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding balance owed to Agenus Inc. is $0 and $39,875, respectively.Axiom

~~NOTE~~Axiom Real 9Time –Metrics ~~SEGMENT~~Inc. ~~REPORTING~~(Axiom), based in Mississauga, Ontario, was placed into receivership on July 11, 2025, after defaulting on a financing agreement with National Bank of Canada, which was owed approximately C$10.4 million. Subsequently, the company’s assets were sold via a court supervised receivership process, culminating in a transaction transferring substantially all its assets to Sitero Canada Inc., which closed on approximately July 31, 2025. This is relevant to the Company because it reduces the chance that the Company may be able to collect some or all the funds it has claimed it is owed by Axiom.

Axiom Real-Time Metrics Inc. (Axiom), based in Mississauga, Ontario, was placed into receivership on July 11, 2025, after defaulting on a financing agreement with National Bank of Canada, which was owed approximately C$10.4 million. Subsequently, the company’s assets were sold via a court-supervised receivership process, culminating in a transaction transferring substantially all its assets to Sitero Canada Inc., which closed on approximately July 31, 2025. This is relevant to the Company because it reduces the chance that the Company may be able to collect some or all the funds it has claimed it is owed by Axiom.

NOTE 14 – SEGMENT REPORTING

The Company operates in one operating segment, and therefore one reportable segment, and is focused on the discovery and development of therapeutics to treat stress-related neuropsychiatric and mood disorders. The Company’s business activities are managed on a consolidated basis through the development and potential commercialization of pharmaceutical products, which are aimed at the global market in the event that products are successful in receiving regulatory approvals. Our determination that we operate as a single operating segment is consistent with the financial information regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision makers for purposes of evaluating performance, allocating resources, setting incentive compensation targets, and planning and forecasting for future periods. Our chief operating decision makers is the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer.

The accounting policies for our single operating segment are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. Our single operating segment incurs expenses from the development of therapeutics. The Company has not yet generated revenue in its operating history.

For the segment, the chief operating decision makers use net loss, that also is reported on the consolidated statements of operations as consolidated net loss, to allocate resources. The chief operating decision maker also uses consolidated net loss, along with non-financial inputs and qualitative information, to evaluate our performance, establish compensation, monitor budget versus actual results, and decide the allocation of funds in our various research activities.

NOTE 15 10 – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On October ~~April 3~~28, 2025, the Company ~~sold~~filed ~~51,203~~a ~~shares~~Verified Complaint in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware seeking rescission of the Share Exchange Agreement dated May 15, 2025 by which the Company’s ~~common~~acquired ~~stock~~Phytanix ~~for~~Bio, ~~$395~~Inc. or,~~474~~ in the alternative, damages and an order compelling delivery of audited financial statements as required by that agreement.

On ~~May~~November 53, 2025, ~~the~~Jennifer ~~Company~~Chao ~~effectuated~~resigned afrom 1the ~~for~~Board 14of ~~reverse~~Directors ~~stock~~of ~~split (~~the ~~“Reverse Split”). The~~ Company’s, ~~stock began trading on a split-adjusted basis~~ effective ~~on the Nasdaq Stock Market on May 5, 2025~~immediately. There ~~was~~were no ~~change to the number of authorized~~disagreements ~~shares~~between ~~of the Company’s common stock~~Ms. ~~All~~Chao ~~share~~ and ~~per share information in these financial statements are adjusted to reflect~~ the ~~Reverse Split~~Company.

1525

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation

Forward-Looking Statements

This quarterly report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “believe,” “continue,” “identify” or other similar words or the negatives thereof. These may include our financial estimates and their underlying assumptions, statements about plans, objectives, intentions and expectations. Such forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, there are or will be important factors that could cause actual outcomes or results to differ materially from those indicated in such statements. We believe these factors include but are not limited to those described under the section entitled “Risk Factors” in our prospectus and our Annual Report on form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, and any such updated factors included in our periodic filings with the SEC, which are accessible on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. These factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included in this document (or our prospectus and other filings). Except as otherwise required by federal securities laws, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and other written and oral statements we make from time to time contain certain “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). You can identify these forward-looking statements by the fact they use words such as “could,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “target,” “may,” “project,” “guidance,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “will,” “potential,” “opportunity,” “future” and other words and terms of similar meaning and expression in connection with any discussion of future operating or financial performance. You can also identify forward-looking statements by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. Such forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and involve inherent risks and uncertainties, including factors that could delay, divert or change any of them, and could cause actual outcomes to differ materially from current expectations. These statements relate to, among other things, our business strategy, our research and development, our product development efforts, our ability to commercialize our product candidates, the activities of our licensees, our prospects for initiating partnerships or collaborations, the timing of the introduction of products, the effect of new accounting pronouncements, uncertainty regarding our future operating results and our profitability, anticipated sources of funds as well as our plans, objectives, expectations, and intentions.

We have included more detailed descriptions of these risks and uncertainties and other risks and uncertainties applicable to our business that we believe could cause actual results to differ materially from any forward-looking statements in Part II-Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We encourage you to read those descriptions carefully. Although we believe we have been prudent in our plans and assumptions, no assurance can be given that any goal or plan set forth in forward-looking statements can be achieved. We caution investors not to place significant reliance on forward-looking statements contained in this document; such statements need to be evaluated in light of all the information contained in this document. Furthermore, the statements speak only as of the date of this document, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise these statements.

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on ~~our~~Protagenic’s financial statements, which Protagenic wehas ~~have~~ prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these financial statements requires usProtagenic to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. On an ongoing basis, weProtagenic ~~evaluate~~evaluates such estimates and judgments, including those described in greater detail below. WeProtagenic bases ~~base~~its ~~these~~ estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that weProtagenic ~~believe~~believes are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

1626

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and minimal positive net cash flows from operations or negative net cash flows from operations for the foreseeable future, and those expenses and losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year. We anticipate that our expenses will fluctuate substantially as we:

	●	continue our ongoing preclinical studies, clinical trials and our product development activities for our pipeline of product candidates;

	●	seek regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;

	●	continue research and preclinical development and initiate clinical trials of our other product candidates;

	●	seek to discover and develop additional product candidates either internally or in partnership with other pharmaceutical companies;

	●	adapt our regulatory compliance efforts to incorporate requirements applicable to marketed products;

	●	maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio; and

	●	incur additional legal, accounting and other expenses in operating as a public company.

~~Overview~~Recent Events

~~Our proprietary, patent-protected,~~Acquisition ~~first-in-class lead compound, PT00114, is a synthetic form~~ of ~~Teneurin~~five ~~Carboxy-terminal Associated Peptide (“TCAP”), an endogenous brain signaling peptide that can dampen overactive stress responses. Our~~ preclinical ~~models~~drug ~~have~~candidate ~~demonstrated efficacy of PT00114 in animal models of depression, anxiety, substance abuse & addiction, and PTSD.~~assets

~~PT00114 leverages~~ As a ~~completely novel~~result ~~mechanism~~ of ~~action.~~the ~~Protagenic~~Exchange ~~owns~~Agreement ~~exclusive, worldwide rights to PT00114 through its license agreement~~ with ~~the~~Alterola ~~University~~Biotech ~~of Toronto and has an exclusive right to license additional intellectual property generated by Dr~~Inc., ~~David~~(see ~~Lovejoy’s~~Explanatory ~~lab~~Note ~~at University of Toronto. Additionally~~above), the company isacquired ~~engaged~~five inpreclinical ~~the~~drug candidate ~~research~~assets &and ~~development~~five ofnew ~~follow-on~~employees, ~~compounds~~all inof ~~the~~whom ~~TCAP~~were ~~family.~~working ~~Extensive publications~~for inor ~~peer-reviewed~~affiliated ~~scientific~~with ~~journals underline~~ the ~~central~~Alterola ~~role~~subsidiary ~~stress~~known ~~plays~~as inPhytanix ~~the onset and proliferation of neuropsychiatric disorders like depression~~Bio, ~~anxiety, substance abuse & addiction, and PTSD~~ Inc. The ~~mechanism~~drug ofcandidate ~~action~~assets ofexpanded ~~TCAP~~our ~~suggests~~pipeline ~~that~~into itmultiple ~~counterbalances stress~~therapeutic ~~overdrive~~areas atbeyond the ~~cellular~~target ~~level~~markets ~~within the brain’s stress response cascade. TCAP works to alleviate the harmful behavioral, biochemical, and physiological effects~~ of ~~these disorders~~PT00114, ~~while simultaneously restoring brain health. This mechanism has been corroborated~~supported inby ~~preclinical~~an ~~animal~~intellectual ~~models~~property ~~of the psychiatric disorders listed above~~portfolio. ~~Preclinical experiments required for IND filing have been completed.~~ The ~~Company~~acquired isdrug incandidate ~~the~~assets ~~process~~consist of ~~answering regulatory questions in~~ the USfollowing ~~and Germany.~~programs:

~~On September 26, 2023, we announced the commencement of the Phase I/IIa clinical trial for PT00114. The trial aims to evaluate the therapeutic potential of PT00114 in treating an array of neuro~~PHYX-~~psychiatric conditions, including depression, anxiety, and PTSD. Phase I will recruit 56 subjects, randomized to undergo~~001: ~~subcutaneous injections of either PT00114 or a placebo~~Kv7. ~~The Phase I~~2/~~IIa study will assess both healthy volunteers and patients diagnosed with Treatment-Resistant Depression, PTSD, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder~~7.3 ~~Besides~~Agonist ~~monitoring~~for ~~disease~~Epilepsy ~~status, the trial will gauge disease response by measuring biomarkers, such as circulating cortisol levels before~~ and ~~after~~Mood ~~treatment.~~Disorders

~~Results~~PHYX-001 is an in-licensed Kv7.2/7.3 agonist (non-cannabinoid) epilepsy asset that shares the same mechanism of ~~Operations~~action as compounds currently in late-stage development, including BVH-7000 and XEN1101. These comparator molecules are in Phase 3 clinical trials for focal onset seizures (FOS), generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS), and major depressive disorder (MDD). XEN1101 (Azetukalner) has demonstrated encouraging efficacy and safety in Phase 2 studies (French et al., 2023). The intellectual property covering PHYX-001 includes two patent families (PHB0001 and PHB0002) related to our platform of potassium channel modulators with coverage in epilepsy. Patent family PHB0001 includes a granted U.S. patent expiring in June 2037. Patent family PHB0002 includes a granted U.S. patent and a pending European application, which, if granted, would cover up to 39 countries and extend until December 2038. These protections provide a substantial runway for development, and additional analogs may be introduced into the pipeline to further expand this franchise.

~~We are a development stage company~~PHYX-002: ~~currently~~Cannabinoid-Based ~~performing clinical trials to obtain Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approval and commercialization of our product.~~Therapeutics

17PHYX-002 is an internally developed cannabinoid asset with the potential to address a wide range of therapeutic areas. The Company anticipates further intellectual property filings as this program advances, with the goal of developing a product with improved potency and lower dosing requirements compared to currently available cannabinoid medicines, including Epidiolex. Potential clinical indications span epilepsy, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, depression, and cardiovascular disorders. Because this program involves new proprietary molecules, we anticipate the possibility of restarting the intellectual property “clock,” which could extend the exclusivity horizons if composition-of-matter claims are obtained.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we incurred a loss from operations of $1,448,108 as compared to $1,738,359 for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease in the loss is from a decrease in research and development expense of $580,374 from $880,372 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 to $1,460,746 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 offset by an increase in general and administrative expenses of $290,123 from $567,736 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 to $277,613 for the three months ended March 31 2024. 27

~~The increase in general and administrative~~PHYX-003: ~~expenses~~Anti-Obesity is due to an increase in stock compensation due to option vesting and an increase in legal expenses. The decrease in R&D expense is due to lower expenses related to our clinical trials and related expenses due to changes in the Company’s stage of research and development and change to the Company’s outsourced research partners. This decrease has been the primary driver of our decreased loss from operations for the three ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period for 2024.Candidate

~~Liquidity~~PHYX-003 is an internally developed preclinical asset targeting obesity. New intellectual property is being generated around this program, including potential composition-of-matter patents (which, if granted, would establish ownership of the underlying molecule), therapeutic use patents, synthetic route patents, and ~~Going~~formulation ~~Concern~~patents.

~~We continually project anticipated~~The ~~cash~~program ~~requirements,~~is ~~predominantly~~designed ~~from~~to ~~the~~potentially ~~ongoing~~enhance ~~funding~~weight-loss ~~requirements~~outcomes ofcompared ~~our~~with ~~neuropeptide~~current ~~drug~~blockbuster ~~development~~therapies ~~program. The majority of these costs relate to paying external vendors~~ such as ~~Contract~~tirzepatide ~~Research Organizations, peptide synthesizer companies, and new drug development.~~(Mounjaro/Zepbound) ~~As of March 31, 2025, we had cash of $872,960~~ and ~~working~~semaglutide ~~capital deficit of $148,803~~(Ozempic/Wegovy). WeGiven ~~anticipate further losses from~~ the ~~development of~~rapid ~~our~~growth ~~business.~~and ~~Based~~high onlevel ~~its cash resources as~~ of ~~March~~unmet 31, 2025, the Company does not have sufficient resources to fund its operations past twelve months from the date these consolidated financial statements are available to be issued. Absent generation of sufficient revenue from the execution of the Company’s business plan, the Company will need toin ~~obtain debt or equity financing by~~ the ~~third~~global ~~quarter of~~obesity ~~2025. Because of these factors~~market, ~~the~~PHYX-003 ~~Company~~could ~~believes that there is substantial doubt in the Company’s ability to continue as~~represent a ~~going~~significant ~~concern.~~opportunity ~~These~~for ~~financial statements do not include any adjustments to~~ the ~~recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts and classification of liabilities that might be necessary should the~~ Company ~~be unable to continue as a going concern~~.

~~Operating activities used $1,068,017~~PHYX-004: ~~and~~Cannabis ~~$1,659,185~~Extract ~~in cash~~ for ~~the~~Bladder ~~three~~Pain ~~months~~Syndrome ~~ended~~/ ~~March~~Interstitial 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The use of cash in operating activities during the three months ended March 31, 2025, primarily comprised of $1,440,005 net loss, $12,572 in depreciation expense, $236,014 in stock compensation expense, a decrease in prepaid expenses of $10,818, and a $134,220 increase of accounts payable and accrued expenses for both related parties and non-related parties, which included payments to legal and accounting professionals, payments to consultants, and other administrative expenses.Cystitis

~~Investing~~PHYX-004 is ~~activities~~an ~~provided~~internally developed cannabis-derived extract in preclinical development for the treatment of bladder pain syndrome / interstitial $0cystitis. ~~and~~Intellectual $1property is expected to be generated in several categories,~~202~~ including extraction methodology (process patents),~~880~~ extract bycomposition, ~~cash~~formulation, ~~during~~and ~~the~~therapeutic ~~three~~use ~~months~~claims. ~~ended~~There ~~March~~is 31a significant unmet medical need in this indication, ~~2025~~particularly due ~~and~~to ~~2024~~limitations associated with the current standard of care, ~~respectively~~Elmiron. As such, PHYX-004 has the potential to address a patient population with few effective therapeutic options.

~~Financing activities provided~~PHYX-005: ~~$102,519~~Modified ~~and~~Stilbenoid $0Program byfor ~~cash~~Central ~~during~~Nervous ~~the~~System ~~three~~(CNS) ~~months ended March 31, 2025~~ and ~~2024,~~Inflammatory ~~respectively. The cash provided by financing activities was from the sale of common stock.~~Indications

~~Item~~PHYX-005 is 3an internally developed stilbenoid-based asset with potential applications in central nervous system and inflammatory conditions, including treatment-resistant seizures. ~~Quantitative~~The intellectual property portfolio supporting this program includes two patent families (PTX0001 and ~~Qualitative~~PTX0002). ~~Disclosures~~Patent ~~about~~family ~~Market~~PTX0001 ~~Risk~~includes UK patent GB2609814, which provides composition-of-matter and medical use coverage extending until March 2041. Corresponding applications have been filed in Europe, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Israel, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, the United States, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. Grants are anticipated shortly in the U.S., Europe, Australia, and Canada. The PTX0002 patent family remains pending and is expected to expand coverage through composition-of-matter and medical use filings. Collectively, these protections support a long-term platform around modified stilbenoids, complementing our cannabinoid-based portfolio.

~~Not~~In addition ~~applicable~~to the drug candidate assets, the Exchange Agreement brought two new senior level employees into the Company, (i) Barrett Evans as Chief Executive Officer and President and (ii) Colin Stott as Chief Operating Officer.

~~Item~~The acquisition 4of the five preclinical drug candidate assets via the Exchange Agreement meaningfully broadened our product pipeline across neurology, psychiatry, obesity, urology, and inflammation. ~~Controls~~Each program is supported by an emerging intellectual property estate designed to provide durable protection. While all five assets remain at the preclinical stage and ~~Procedures~~carry the associated risks of early development, they present multiple strategic opportunities to address large markets with unmet medical need.

~~Disclosure~~Notice of ~~Controls~~Delisting and ~~Procedures~~Related Actions

~~Evaluation~~On July 24, 2024, the Company received a deficiency letter (the “Notification Letter”) from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications (“Nasdaq”) stating that it is not in compliance with the minimum bid price requirements set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market. Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) requires listed securities to maintain a minimum bid price of ~~disclosure~~$1.00 ~~controls~~per share, and ~~procedures~~Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) provides that a failure to meet the minimum bid price requirement exists if the deficiency continues for a period of 30 consecutive business days. The Notification Letter states that the Company has 180 calendar days, or until January 20, 2025, to regain compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). To regain compliance, the Company’s closing bid price of the Company’s common stock must have a closing bid price of at least $1.00 for a minimum of ten consecutive business days.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act), as of September 30, 2024. Based on this evaluation, we have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. Due to material weaknesses, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are not effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act, including this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that our disclosure and controls are not designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.28

18On January 22, 2025, Nasdaq provided a notice to the Company that the Company had not regained compliance with Rule 5550(a)(2) and is not eligible for a second 180 calendar day compliance period as the Company does not comply with the requirements for initial listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market. This notification is part of the ongoing discussions with the Nasdaq Hearings Panel (the “Panel”) regarding the Company’s listing status, and the Company included this matter in its presentation to the Panel on January 30, 2025.

~~Material~~On February ~~Weakness~~19, in2025, ~~Internal~~the ~~Control~~Company ~~Over~~received ~~Financial~~a hearing panel decision from Nasdaq (Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Hearings Docket No. NQ 7072C-25) ~~Reporting~~indicating that its provisional plan for regaining compliance with the Nasdaq listing requirements had been accepted. For continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market, the Company has until April 28, 2025 to: (1) demonstrate compliance with Nasdaq Rules 5550(a)(2) and 5550(b)(2), (2) file a public disclosure describing any transactions undertaken by the Company to increase its equity and provide an indication of its equity following those transactions, and (3) provide the Panel with an update on its fundraising plans and updated income projections for the next 12 months.

AOn April ~~material~~18, ~~weakness~~2025, isthe Company held a ~~deficiency, or~~Special ~~combination~~Meeting of ~~deficiencies,~~Shareholders in ~~internal~~which ~~control~~the ~~over~~Shareholders ~~financial~~voted ~~reporting,~~to ~~such~~authorize ~~that~~a ~~there~~reverse issplit of a magnitude ~~reasonable~~between ~~possibility~~1-for-10 ~~that~~and a1-for-20, ~~material misstatement~~for the purpose of increasing the chances of the Company’s ~~annual~~regaining orcompliance ~~interim~~with ~~financial~~Nasdaq ~~statements~~Listing Rule. ~~will~~5550(a)(2). ~~not~~The Board determined that the best ratio to use was 1-for-14, because it would be ~~prevented~~the orhighest ~~detected~~ratio onthat amaintained at ~~timely~~least ~~basis~~500,000 shares remaining in the Company’s public float, while maximizing the Company’s likely price per share.

On April 25, 2025, the Company provided an update to Nasdaq on its plans for both minimum bid compliance and capital raising, along with a request for an extension on the April 28, 2025 deadline. The ~~material~~update ~~weaknesses~~included wethat ~~identified~~the ~~are~~1-for-14 ~~described~~reverse split would be effective May ~~below:~~5, 2025, and the company had engaged a syndicate of two underwriters to market and implement an equity financing for the purpose of raising enough capital to comply with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A). On May 1, 2025, Nasdaq provided a response to the Company’s representative that the Panel has approved the Company’s extension request. As a result, the Company believes that it should be able to achieve a minimum bid price for 10 days above $1 by May 16, 2025, and the shareholder equity compliance by May 19, 2025.

	1)	We do not have sufficient segregation of duties within accounting functions, which is a basic internal control. Due to our size and nature, segregation of all conflicting duties may not always be possible and may not be economically feasible. However, to the extent possible, the initiation of transactions, the custody of assets and the recording of transactions should be performed by separate individuals. Management evaluated the impact of our failure to have segregation of duties on our assessment of our disclosure controls and procedures and has concluded that the control deficiency that resulted represented a material weakness.
	2)	Limited level of multiple reviews among those tasked with preparing the financial statements.

On June 17, 2025, the Company received a letter from Nasdaq stating that the Nasdaq Hearings Panel found the Company in compliance with Listing Rules 5550(a)(2), 5550(a)(4), 5550(b)(1), and 5620(a), the Bid Price, Public Float, Equity and Annual Shareholder Meeting Rule, respectively as required by the February 19, 2025, decision. The letter also stated that pursuant to Listing Rule 5815(d)(4)(B), the Company will be subject to a Mandatory Panel Monitor for a period of one year from the date of this letter. If, within that one-year monitoring period, Staff finds the Company again out of compliance with the Equity Rule, notwithstanding Rule 5810(c)(2), the Company will not be permitted to provide the Staff with a plan of compliance with respect to that deficiency and Staff will not be permitted to grant additional time for the Company to regain compliance with respect to that deficiency, nor will the company be afforded an applicable cure or compliance period pursuant to Rule 5810(c)(3). Instead, Staff will issue a Delist Determination Letter, and the Company will have an opportunity to request a new hearing with the initial Panel or a newly convened Hearings Panel if the initial Panel is unavailable. The Company will have the opportunity to respond/present to the Hearings Panel as provided by Listing Rule 5815(d)(4)(C). The Company’s securities may be at that time delisted from Nasdaq.

~~These~~On August ~~material~~20, ~~weaknesses~~2025, ~~could~~the “Company received a notification letter (the “Notification Letter”) from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications ~~result~~department (“Nasdaq”) stating that it is not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1) as a ~~material~~result ~~misstatement~~of its failure to timely file its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the ~~annual~~period orended ~~interim~~September ~~consolidated~~30, ~~financial~~2025 ~~statements~~(the “Form 10-Q”) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The Notification Letter states that ~~would~~the ~~not~~Company behas ~~prevented~~60 calendar days to submit a plan to regain compliance and if Nasdaq accepts such plan, they can grant an exception of up to 180 calendar days from the Form 10-Q’s due date (or ~~detected~~until February 17, 2026).

~~Remediation~~As previously ~~Plan~~reported in the Company’s Notification of Late Filing on Form 12b-25 filed with the SEC on August 14, 2025 (the “Form 12b-25”), the Company was unable to file the Form 10-Q within the prescribed period without unreasonable effort or expense. The Company is working a restructuring plan and related accounting and disclosures. Such procedures are being completed with Audit Committee oversight and consultation with the Company’s external advisors. Subsequent to filing the Form 12b-25, the Company continued to dedicate significant resources to the completion of such procedures but was unable to file the Form 10-Q by August 19, 2025, the end of the extension period provided by the Form 12b-25.

ToThe Company ~~address~~intends to take the ~~material~~necessary ~~weakness~~steps to regain compliance with Nasdaq’s listing rules as soon as practicable and currently ~~described~~expects ~~above~~to submit a plan of compliance with Nasdaq and/or file the ~~Company~~Form ~~has~~10-Q ~~engaged~~within the 60-day period granted by Nasdaq in the Notification Letter. However, there can be no assurance that a plan of compliance will be submitted within such period, the Form 10-Q will be filed within such period, Nasdaq will grant the Company an ~~independent~~exception ~~third~~of ~~party~~up to ~~enhance~~180 ~~our~~calendar ~~segregation~~days offrom ~~duties~~the Form 10-Q’s due date, or that the Company will be able meet the continued listing requirements during any compliance period that may be granted by Nasdaq.

~~Since we remain a small Company,~~Change ~~with limited segregation~~ of ~~duties,~~Fiscal ~~the third party has identified certain areas where we can layer in added controls and procedures. Management intends to implement such controls and procedures in the future.~~Year

~~A control system, no matter how~~On ~~well~~August ~~conceived and operated~~7, ~~can provide only reasonable~~2025, ~~not absolute assurance that~~ the ~~objectives~~Board ofapproved ~~the~~a ~~control~~change ~~system are met. The design of any system of controls is also based~~ in ~~part~~the onCompany’s ~~certain~~fiscal ~~assumptions~~year-end ~~regarding~~from ~~the~~December ~~likelihood~~31 ofto ~~certain~~March ~~events~~31, ~~and~~effective ~~there can~~immediately. beThe noCompany ~~assurance~~has ~~that~~filed ~~any~~a ~~design~~transition ~~will~~report ~~succeed~~on inForm ~~achieving~~10-QT ~~its~~with ~~stated~~the ~~goals~~Securities ~~under~~and ~~all~~Exchange ~~potential~~Commission ~~future~~for ~~conditions.~~the ~~Given~~transition ~~these~~period ~~and other~~beginning ~~inherent~~April ~~limitations of control systems~~1, ~~these~~2025 ~~are~~and ~~only~~ending ~~reasonable~~June ~~assurances~~30, ~~that our controls will succeed in achieving their stated goals under all potential future conditions~~2025.

~~Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting~~Corporate Restructuring

~~Other~~On August ~~than~~8, as2025, ~~discussed~~the ~~above,~~Board of Directors (the “Board”) approved a focused restructuring plan (the “Restructuring Plan”) ~~there~~to ~~were~~transition noto ~~changes~~a invirtual ~~our~~operating ~~internal~~model ~~controls~~and ~~over~~concentrate ~~financial~~capital ~~reporting~~on ~~that~~the ~~occurred~~Company’s ~~during~~highest-priority clinical program(s). In approving the ~~quarter~~Restructuring ~~covered~~Plan, bythe ~~this~~Board ~~Report~~determined that ~~have materially~~a ~~affected,~~disciplined orcost ~~are~~structure ~~reasonably~~and ~~likely~~a tosharper ~~materially~~focus ~~affect,~~on ~~our~~near-term ~~internal~~value ~~control~~inflection ~~over~~are in ~~financial~~the ~~reporting~~best interests of the Company and its stockholders.

~~Part~~Under the ~~II:~~Restructuring ~~Other~~Plan, ~~Information~~the Company (i) temporarily suspended expenditures related to its preclinical programs described above and (ii) initiated a process to evaluate strategic alternatives for those programs, including partnerships and/or out-licensing, with the objective of advancing them with appropriate external funding while preserving cash for the Company’s lead clinical assets. By doing so, the Company reduced operating expenses, overhead, and headcount primarily associated with preclinical activities.

~~Item 1. Legal Proceedings~~29

~~From~~When fully ~~time~~implemented, tothe ~~time~~Restructuring wePlan ~~may~~is beexpected ~~named in~~to ~~claims~~reduce ~~arising~~annualized inoperating ~~the~~expenses ~~ordinary~~by ~~course~~approximately of$8 ~~business~~million. ~~Currently,~~The noCompany expects ~~legal~~to ~~proceedings,~~incur ~~government~~one-time ~~actions,~~charges ~~administrative~~in ~~actions,~~connection ~~investigations or~~with ~~claims~~the ~~are~~Restructuring ~~pending~~Plan; ~~against~~however, usbecause orkey ~~involve~~actions usremain ~~that~~in process, inthe Company cannot reasonably estimate the ~~opinion~~total amount or timing of ~~our~~such ~~management,~~charges ~~could~~at ~~reasonably~~this betime ~~expected~~and towill ~~have~~provide aan ~~material adverse~~update ~~effect~~in ona ~~our~~subsequent ~~business~~filing once ~~and~~such ~~financial~~amounts ~~condition~~are estimable.

19In connection with the Restructuring Plan, the Board a terminated the employment of (i) Barrett Evans as Chief Executive Officer and President and (ii) Colin Stott as Chief Operating Officer, in each case effective immediately. Messrs. Evans and Stott remain members of the Company’s Board of Directors. Any severance or other compensatory agreements, if applicable, will be disclosed when determined. Workforce reductions also included the certain roles primarily associated with preclinical operations, regulatory affairs, and intellectual property functions.

~~Item~~In total, ~~1A.~~the ~~Risk~~Restructuring ~~Factors~~Plan was designed to accomplish three things:

~~Our business is subject to~~1. ~~substantial~~Clinical ~~risks and uncertainties~~focus. ~~Investing~~The inCompany ~~our~~will ~~securities~~allocate ~~involves~~available aresources ~~high~~to ~~degree~~efficiently ofexecute ~~risk. You should carefully consider~~ the ~~risk factors~~ongoing inPhase ~~Part~~2 I,clinical ~~Item~~trial 1A of ~~our~~PT00114 ~~Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31~~(peptide analogue), ~~2024,~~which ~~filed with~~ the ~~SEC~~Company oncurrently ~~March~~expects ~~31,~~to ~~20254, together~~complete ~~with the information contained elsewhere~~ in ~~this~~approximately ~~report,~~9 ~~including~~to ~~Part~~12 Imonths, ~~Item~~subject 1to ~~“Financial~~enrollment ~~Statements”~~ and ~~Part I, Item 2. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and in our~~ other ~~SEC~~ ~~filings in evaluating our business. These risks and uncertainties could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition,~~customary ~~results of operations, prospects for growth, and the value of an investment in our securities~~factors.

~~There~~2. Preclinical ~~were~~programs nopaused. ~~material~~All ~~changes to~~preclinical ~~the~~programs ~~risk~~originated ~~factors~~with ~~previously~~former ~~disclosed~~Phytanix inBio ~~our~~(PHYX-001, ~~Annual~~PHYX-002, ~~Report~~PHYX-003, onPHYX-004, ~~Form 10~~and PHYX-K005) ~~for~~were ~~the~~paused. ~~year~~The ~~ended~~Company ~~December~~will 31actively pursue strategic alternatives, ~~2024~~including partnerships or out-licensing, ~~filed~~to advance these assets with ~~the~~appropriate ~~SEC~~funding onwhile conserving cash. The Company expects to retain external consultant(s), as needed, with cumulative ~~March~~annual 31fees not anticipated to exceed $200,000, ~~2025~~to provide subject-matter expertise in cannabinoid-related drug development.

~~Item~~3. Virtual 2operating model. ~~Unregistered~~The ~~Sale~~Company ofis ~~Equity~~transitioning ~~Securities~~to ~~and~~a ~~Use~~virtual ofoperating ~~Proceeds~~model to minimize cash burn while prioritizing its clinical-stage program.

~~None.~~Results of Operations

~~Item~~We are 3.a ~~Defaults~~development ~~upon~~stage ~~Senior~~company ~~Securities~~currently performing clinical trials to obtain Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approval and commercialization of our product.

~~None~~During the three months ended September 30, 2025, we incurred a loss from operations of $1,113,864 as compared to $355,374 for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The increase in the loss is primarily from an increase in research and development expense of $256,265 to $273,229 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 from $16,964 for the three months ended September 30, 2024, an increase in general and administrative expenses of $137,888 to $159,915 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 from $22,027 for the three months ended September 30, 2024, and an increase in salaries and wages of $339,484 to $340,030 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 from $546 for the three months ended September 30 2024.

~~Item~~During the 4six months ended September 30, 2025, we incurred a loss from operations of $3,458,276 as compared to $677,205 for the six months ended September 30, 2024. ~~Mine~~The ~~Safety~~increase ~~Disclosures~~in the loss is primarily from an increase in research and development expense of $631,242 to $667,341 for the six months ended September 30, 2025 from $36,099 for the six months ended September 30, 2024, an increase in general and administrative expenses of $289,359 to $335,131 for the six months ended September 30, 2025 from $45,772 for the six months ended September 30, 2024, an increase in salaries and wages of $510,874 to $555,083 for the six months ended September 30, 2025 from $44,209 for the six months ended September 30 2024, and an increase in transaction costs of $1,136,038 to $1,136,038 for the six months ended September 30, 2025 from $0 for the six months ended September 30 2024, due to the write-off of receivables generated when Phytanix advanced funds to Chain Bridge I, a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC) that was a party to an agreement to acquire Phytanix Bio that was terminated during the first half of 2025.

~~Not~~The increase ~~applicable~~in research and development expense is due to the low year-ago comparable figure of only $36,099, which was driven by the fact that the former Phytanix Bio, Inc., which was acquired by the Company in May 2025 but is being treated as the accounting acquirer and therefore solely responsible for the historical 2024 operating expenses, was conducting little or no drug development work in the six months ended September 30, 2024 (as Phytanix Bio had only been incorporated in Nevada in 2024). By contrast, the combined company was conducting a level of R&D spending in the six months ending September 30, 2025 that was commensurate with a Phase I clinical trial, which was in progress for the compound known as PT11004.

~~Item 5. Other Information~~30

~~None~~The increase in general and administrative expenses is due to an increase in stock compensation due to option vesting. The increase in R&D expense is due to lower expenses related to our clinical trials and related expenses due to changes in the Company’s stage of research and development and change to the Company’s outsourced research partners. The increase in transaction fees is from our merger that occurred in May 2025. This increase has been the primary driver of our increased loss from operations for the six ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period for 2024.

~~Item~~Liquidity and 6.Going ~~Exhibits~~Concern

~~The~~Since our ~~following~~inception, iswe ahave ~~complete~~incurred ~~list~~ significant operating losses. We have not yet commercialized any of ~~exhibits~~our ~~filed~~product ascandidates ~~part~~and we do not expect to generate revenue from sales of ~~this~~any ~~Form~~product ~~10-Q~~candidates for several years, if at all. ~~Exhibit~~To ~~numbers~~date, ~~correspond~~we tohave ~~the~~primarily ~~numbers~~financed our inoperations through the ~~Exhibit~~public ~~Table~~offering of ~~Item~~our ~~601~~equity securities and the private placement of ~~Regulation S-K~~our convertible securities.

Exhibit		Description
31.1		Chief Executive Officer Certification as required under section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act (€)
31.2		Chief Financial Officer Certification as required under section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act (€)
32.1		Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350 as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act *
101.INS		Inline XBRL Instance Document (€)
101.CAL		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document (€)
101.SCH		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document (€)
101.LAB		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document (€)
101.PRE		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document (€)
101.DEF		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document (€)
104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

In June 2024, the SEC declared effective a shelf registration statement filed by us. This shelf registration statement allows us to issue any combination of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, or units from time to time for an aggregate initial offering price of up to $100 million. In July 2021, we entered into an At Market Issuance Agreement, or the ATM Agreement, with B. Riley Securities, Inc. and EF Hutton, division of Benchmark Investments, LLC, or the Sales Agents, under which we may issue and sell from time to time up to $10.0 million of our common stock through or to the Sales Agents, as agent or principal. Any sale of shares of our common stock under the Sales Agreement will be made under our shelf registration statement on Form S-3. Sales of our common stock under the Sales Agreement are made at market prices by any method that is deemed to be an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The Company has sold approximately 800,000 shares under the ATM Agreement. Also, as the price of our stock has declined, the value of stock that can be sold under the ATM facility has declined. As of September 30, 2025, approximately $1.0 million of our common stock remained available for sale under the Sales Agreement.

~~(€)~~Operating activities -used ~~Filed~~$2,562,666 ~~herewith~~and $563,868 in cash for the six months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The use of cash in operating activities during the six months ended September 30, 2025, primarily comprised of $5,927,019 net loss, $343,399 in derivative expense, $1,930,245 in change in derivative liabilities, $230,995 in stock compensation expense, $583,880 in increase in notes payable from the acquisition of Phytanix Bio, and a $18,268 decrease of accounts payable and accrued liabilities, which included payments to legal and accounting professionals, payments to consultants, and other administrative expenses.

Investing activities provided $943,180 and (*$60,000) ~~-Furnished~~by cash during the six months ended September 30, ~~not~~2025 ~~filed~~and 2024, inrespectively. ~~accordance~~The ~~with~~cash ~~item~~provided ~~601(32)(ii)~~by ofinvesting ~~Regulation~~activities ~~S-K~~was from cash received in the Phytanix Bio Acquisition.

20Financing activities provided $4,407,553 and $832,833 by cash during the six months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The cash provided by financing activities during the six months ended September 30, 2025 is comprised of $395,474 from sale of common stock, $3,949,732 from exercise of warrants, and $62,347 from related party loans.

~~SIGNATURES~~We continually project anticipated cash requirements, predominantly from the ongoing funding requirements of our neuropeptide drug development program. The majority of these expenses relate to paying external vendors such as Contract Research Organizations (CROs) and peptide synthesizer companies. They could also include business combinations, capital expenditures, and new drug development working capital requirements. As of September 30, 2025, we had cash of $2,722,451 and working capital deficit of $6,845,200.

~~Pursuant~~We anticipate that losses will continue for the foreseeable future. Based on our current operating plans, we believe that our cash resources will be sufficient to fund the ~~requirements~~Company’s operations until approximately the end of ~~Section~~the 12second quarter of FY 2027 (the quarter that ~~Securities~~ends ~~Exchange~~September ~~Act~~30, 2026). In order to continue our operations beyond our forecasted runway we will need to raise additional capital, and we have no committed sources of ~~1934~~additional capital at this time. The forecast of cash resources is forward-looking information that involves risks and uncertainties, and the ~~registrant~~actual ~~has~~amount ~~duly~~of ~~caused~~our ~~this~~expenses ~~report~~could vary materially and adversely as a result of a number of factors. We have based our estimates on assumptions that may prove to be ~~signed~~wrong, and our expenses could prove to be significantly higher than we currently anticipate. Management does not know whether additional financing will be on ~~its~~terms ~~behalf~~favorable byor ~~the~~acceptable ~~undersigned~~to us when needed, ~~thereunto~~if ~~duly~~at all. If adequate additional funds are not available when required, or if we are unsuccessful in entering into partnership ~~authorized~~agreements for further development of our product candidates, management may need to curtail its development efforts and planned operations.

May 13, 2025	Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc.
	By:	/s/ Alexander K. Arrow
		Chief Financial Officer

21Plan of Operations

Business Overview

The Company is in its developmental stage, with encouraging but not conclusive evidence that its lead drug candidate, PT00114, may be effective as an anti-anxiety and/or anti-depression drug. It is focused on confirming the efficacy of this drug candidate, along with performing the other preclinical steps needed to progress along the pathway to bring this drug candidate into human clinical trials and eventually, to the global market to provide a new pharmaceutical for patients suffering from anxiety or treatment-resistant depression.

If we are able to successfully develop our drug, PT00114, and obtain FDA approval, we could then begin marketing and selling it in the United States and generate revenue. FDA approval to begin commercial sales is the singular gating item that will allow us to begin generating sales revenue in the U.S., so it will have an enormous impact on our business plan and our financial condition. It is anticipated that the sale of our drug will allow the Company to generate enough sales revenue to support all of our operations and to generate a profit. However, given the stage of development, even if FDA Approval is obtained, we do not anticipate generating any revenue from sales prior to 2027. On May 22, 2024, we announced the results of the single dose portion of the Phase I study for PT00114.

Development Milestones Currently Anticipated

Recent communications with the U.S. FDA, the European The Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, or BfArM) and other regional regulatory authorities have resulted in following revised guidance for clinical timelines.

	●	Anticipate Q2 FY 2026 (the quarter ending September 30, 2025) Complete multiple dose portion of Phase I study for PT00114

	●	Anticipate Q2 FY 2026 (the quarter ending September 30, 2025) Public availability of results from multiple dose portion of Phase I study for PT00114

	●	Anticipate Q4 FY2026 (the quarter ending March 31, 2026) : Initiation of Phase IIa study for PT00114

Human Resources (current state of employees)

The Company has four part-time employees: Garo H. Armen, PhD, the Executive Chairman, Andrew Slee, PhD, Chief Development Officer, Robert S. Stein, MD, PhD, Chief Medical Officer, and Alexander K. Arrow, MD, the Chief Financial Officer, and one full-time employee, Lauren Mueller, PhD, a Senior Research Scientist. The Company also has three paid consultants: Dalia Barsyte, PhD, Scientific Advisor, David Lovejoy, PhD, Scientific Advisor, and Zack Armen, Strategic Advisor.

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no material off-balance sheet arrangements that are likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital resources, or capital expenditures.

Critical accounting policies and estimates

Our discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The notes to the consolidated financial statements contained in this Annual Report describe our accounting policies used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements. None of those policies are deemed to be critical accounting policies nor critical accounting estimates. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. We continually evaluate our critical accounting policies and estimates.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

None

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

Not applicable.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act), as of September 30, 2025. Based on this evaluation, we have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. Due to material weaknesses, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are not effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act, including this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that our disclosure and controls are not designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Material Weakness in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The material weaknesses we identified are described below:

	1)	We do not have sufficient segregation of duties within accounting functions, which is a basic internal control. Due to our size and nature, segregation of all conflicting duties may not always be possible and may not be economically feasible. However, to the extent possible, the initiation of transactions, the custody of assets and the recording of transactions should be performed by separate individuals. Management evaluated the impact of our failure to have segregation of duties on our assessment of our disclosure controls and procedures and has concluded that the control deficiency that resulted represented a material weakness.

	2)	Limited level of multiple reviews among those tasked with preparing the financial statements.

These material weaknesses could result in a material misstatement to the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.

Remediation Plan

To address the material weakness described above the Company has engaged an independent third party to enhance our segregation of duties.

Since we remain a small Company, with limited segregation of duties, the third party has identified certain areas where we can layer in added controls and procedures. Management intends to implement such controls and procedures in the future.

A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. The design of any system of controls is also based in part on certain assumptions regarding the likelihood of certain events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Given these and other inherent limitations of control systems, these are only reasonable assurances that our controls will succeed in achieving their stated goals under all potential future conditions.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Other than as discussed above, there were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter covered by this Report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Part II: Other Information

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time we may be named in claims arising in the ordinary course of business. Currently, no legal proceedings, government actions, administrative actions, investigations or claims are pending against us or involve us that, in the opinion of our management, could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. On May 27, 2025, the Company filed a complaint in the central district of California against its former contract research organization, Axiom Real-Time Metrics Inc., seeking renumeration for sums the Company had pre-paid for clinical study work that Axiom failed to undertake in 2024 prior to terminating its working relationship with the Company. The outcome of the company’s legal pursuit of at least $643,253 from Axiom represents an uncertainty that could potentially have a material positive impact on the company’s cash reserves. Axiom Real-Time Metrics filed for receivership in Ontario on July 11, 2025. The Company is not forecasting recovering any funds from Axiom or its successor company.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our business is subject to substantial risks and uncertainties. Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risk factors in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025, together with the information contained elsewhere in this report, including Part I, Item 1 “Financial Statements” and Part I, Item 2. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and in our other SEC filings in evaluating our business. These risks and uncertainties could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, prospects for growth, and the value of an investment in our securities.

There were no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025.

Item 2. Unregistered Sale of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

Item 6. Exhibits

The following is a complete list of exhibits filed as part of this Form 10-Q. Exhibit numbers correspond to the numbers in the Exhibit Table of Item 601 of Regulation S-K.

Exhibit		Description

31.1		Chief Executive Officer Certification as required under section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act (€)

31.2		Chief Financial Officer Certification as required under section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act (€)

32.1		Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350 as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act *

101.INS		Inline XBRL Instance Document (€)

101.CAL		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document (€)

101.SCH		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document (€)

101.LAB		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document (€)

101.PRE		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document (€)

101.DEF		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document (€)

104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

(€) - Filed herewith.

(*) -Furnished, not filed, in accordance with item 601(32)(ii) of Regulation S-K.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

November 26, 2025	Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc.

	By:	/s/ Alexander K. Arrow
		Chief Financial Officer

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