UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025

Commission file number 000-33067

BIRCHTECH CORP.

(Exact name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware

87-0398271

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification No.)

1810 Jester Drive

Corsicana, Texas

75109

(Address of principal Executive offices)

(Zip Code)

(614) 505-6115

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Not applicable

(Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definition of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

State the number of shares outstanding of each of the Issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: Common, $.001 par value per share, 96,866,109 outstanding as of ~~August~~November 1413, 2025.

BIRCHTECH CORP.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PART I ‑ FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements.	4
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2025 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2024	4
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2025 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2024	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited)	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited)	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Deficit for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited)	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Deficit for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited)	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited)	7
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited)	7
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	8
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.	2628
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.	3436
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures.	3436
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings.	3537
Item 1A.	Risk Factors.	3537
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.	3537
Item 3.	Default upon Senior Securities.	3537
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures.	3537
Item 5.	Other Information.	3537
Item 6.	Exhibits.	3638
SIGNATURES		3739

2 Table of ~~Content~~Contents

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” that are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 or applicable Canadian securities laws (collectively, “forward-looking statements”). Forward-looking statements reflect management’s current expectations regarding our future growth, results of operations, cash flows, performance and business prospects, and opportunities, as well as assumptions made by, and information currently available to, our management. Forward-looking statements are generally identified by using words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “plan,” “expect,” “intend,” “will,” and similar expressions, but these words are not the exclusive means of identifying forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results or events to differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements. Such risks include, without limitation, the following:

· changes in general economic and business conditions; · risks related to our industry, including regulatory changes and competitive pressures; · the loss of major customers; · dependence and availability and retention of key suppliers; · risks related to advancement in technologies; · lack of diversification in ~~the~~our ~~Company’s~~ business; · risks related to intellectual property, including the ability to protect intellectual property and the success of any patent litigation; · changes in demand for coal as a fuel source for electricity production; · development and growth of ~~the~~our ~~Company’s~~ new technologies, particularly in the water treatment market; · ability to retain key personnel; · ~~share price volatility; ·~~ the potential that dividends may never be declared; · varied, and, at times, limited trading activity for our common stock; · volatility in our stock price; and · other factors described ~~under~~in the ~~caption~~section entitled “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed on March 31, 2025 with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and in other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission or Canadian securities regulators.

Further, any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict which factors will arise. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. We qualify all of the information presented in this report, and particularly our forward-looking statements, by these cautionary statements.

Except to the extent required by applicable laws or rules, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

3 Table of ~~Content~~Contents

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

BIRCHTECH CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

	June 30, 2025(Unaudited)			December 31,2024
	September 30, 2025(Unaudited)			December 31,2024
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash	$	1,~~454~~768,~~069~~227		$	3,456,082
Accounts receivable		23,~~160~~630,~~462~~790			1,823,232
Inventory		~~830~~498,~~899~~168			621,813
Prepaid expenses and other assets		~~126~~130,~~285~~229			198,185
Total current assets		46,~~571~~027,~~715~~414			6,099,312
Security deposits		6,615			6,615
Property and equipment, net		2,315,493			2,350,688
Deferred offering costs		207,500			-
Right of use asset - operating lease		282,775			305,142
Property and equipment, net		2,279,802			2,350,688
Intellectual property, net		1,397,163			1,499,463
Right of use asset - operating lease		271,078			305,142
Total assets	$	8,573,761		$	10,261,220
Intellectual property, net		1,346,013			1,499,463
Total assets	$	10,138,422		$	10,261,220
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ (DEFICIT) EQUITY
Current liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued expenses (related party $37,500 and $37,500 at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively)	$	2,445,692		$	1,702,998
Accounts payable and accrued expenses (related party $50,471 and $37,500 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively)	$	3,191,020		$	1,702,998
Current portion of operating lease liability		4648,~~614~~846			42,733
Customer credits		167,000			167,000
Accrued salaries		4126,~~886~~773			39,280
Profit share liability – related party		7,~~582~~620,~~906~~525			6,853,858
Total current liabilities		1011,~~284~~054,~~098~~164			8,805,869
Operating lease liability, net of current portion		~~238~~225,~~983~~925			263,490
Total liabilities		1011,~~523~~280,~~081~~089			9,069,359
Commitments and contingencies (Note 9)
Stockholders’ (deficit) equity
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value: 2,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued		-			-
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 150,000,000 shares authorized 96,866,109 and 96,178,153 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 respectively.		96,866			96,178
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 150,000,000 shares authorized 96,866,109 and 96,178,153 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 respectively.		96,866			96,178
Additional paid-in capital		73,~~928~~947,~~186~~827			73,848,919
Accumulated deficit		(75,~~974~~186,~~372~~360	)		(72,753,236	)
Total stockholders’ (deficit) equity		(1,~~949~~141,~~320~~667	)		1,191,861
Total liabilities and stockholders’ (deficit) equity	$	810,~~573~~138,~~761~~422		$	10,261,220

See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated financial statements.

4 Table of ~~Content~~Contents

BIRCHTECH CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(UNAUDITED)

	For the ThreeMonths EndedJune 30,2025			For the ThreeMonths EndedJune 30,2024			For the SixMonths EndedJune 30,2025			For the SixMonths EndedJune 30,2024
	For the ThreeMonths EndedSeptember 30,2025			For the ThreeMonths EndedSeptember 30,2024			For the NineMonths EndedSeptember 30,2025			For the NineMonths EndedSeptember 30,2024
Product revenue	$	34,~~244~~715,~~446~~874		$	35,~~302~~092,~~936~~123		$	510,~~921~~637,~~430~~304		$	611,~~387~~479,~~024~~147
License revenue		-2,600,000			-133,125			~~525~~3,125,000			~~140~~273,~~625~~750
Other revenue		946,~~465~~015			5811,~~497~~742			2874,~~492~~507			7587,~~550~~292
Revenues		37,~~253~~361,~~911~~889			35,~~361~~236,~~433~~990			613,~~474~~836,~~922~~811			611,~~603~~840,~~199~~189
Cost of sales		(23,~~285~~329,~~833~~638	)		(23,~~300~~642,~~833~~071	)		(47,~~272~~602,~~498~~136	)		(48,~~414~~056,~~315~~386	)
Gross profit		~~968~~4,~~078~~032,251			1,~~060~~594,~~600~~919			26,~~202~~234,~~424~~675			23,~~188~~783,~~884~~803
Operating expenses:
Research and development expenses		(~~455~~473,~~485~~303	)		-			(~~862~~1,~~161~~335,464	)		-
Selling, general and administrative expenses (related party of $112,500, $232,709, $225,000 and $375,385)		(1,697,940	)		(4,634,110	)		(3,868,563	)		(8,160,886	)
Selling, general and administrative expenses (related party of $112,500, $269,467, $337,500 and $635,864)		(2,748,100	)		(2,702,350	)		(6,616,663	)		(10,863,236	)
Total operating expenses		(23,~~153~~221,~~425~~403	)		(42,~~634~~702,~~110~~350	)		(47,~~730~~952,~~724~~127	)		(810,~~160~~863,~~886~~236	)
Operating loss		(1,185,347	)		(3,573,510	)		(2,528,300	)		(5,972,002	)
Operating income (loss)		810,848			(1,107,431	)		(1,717,452	)		(7,079,433	)
Other income (expense)
Interest expense (related party of $Nil, $Nil, $Nil and $245,817)		-			(57,~~817~~356	)		(54	)		(~~251~~258,~~634~~990	)
Loss on change in fair value of profit share and unsecured note		(~~375~~37,~~697~~619	)		(2282,~~689,436~~382	)		(~~729~~766,~~048~~667	)		(2,~~954~~672,~~634~~252	)
Interest income		1915,~~537~~412			~~122~~80,~~195~~656			5066,~~810~~222			~~176~~257,~~827~~483
Total other income (expense)		(~~356~~22,~~160~~207	)		(2355,~~573,058~~682	)		(~~678~~700,~~292~~499	)		(32,~~029~~673,~~441~~759	)
Loss before provision for income taxes		(1,541,507	)		(6,146,568	)		(3,206,592	)		(9,001,443	)
Income (Loss) before provision for income taxes		788,641			(751,749	)		(2,417,951	)		(9,753,192	)
Income tax expense		(409	)		(346	)		(14,544	)		(346	)
(Provision for) benefit from income taxes		(629	)		294,203			(15,173	)		293,857
Net loss	$	(1,541,916	)	$	(6,146,914	)	$	(3,221,136	)	$	(9,001,789	)
Net income (loss)	$	788,012		$	(457,546	)	$	(2,433,124	)	$	(9,459,335	)
Net loss per common share - basic and diluted	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.07	)	$	(0.03	)	$	(0.10	)
Net income (loss) per common share
Weighted average common shares outstanding		96,256,195			94,477,368			96,238,108			94,419,656
Basic net income (loss) per share	$	0.01		$	(0.00	)	$	(0.03	)	$	(0.10	)
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	0.01		$	(0.00	)	$	(0.03	)	$	(0.10	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding
Basic		96,866,109			96,125,797			96,449,742			94,992,520
Diluted		98,000,381			96,125,797			96,449,742			94,992,520

See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated financial statements.

5 Table of ~~Content~~Contents

BIRCHTECH CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

(UNAUDITED)

	Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
	Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
	Common Stock				Additional Paid-in			Accumulated
	Shares		Par Value		Capital			(Deficit)			Total
Balance - January 1, 2025		96,178,153	$	96,178	$	73,848,919		$	(72,753,236	)	$	1,191,861
Stock issued for delivery of RSUs		50,000		50		(50	)		-			-
Share based payments		-		-		60,527			-			60,527
Net loss		-		-		-			(1,679,220	)		(1,679,220	)
Balance - March 31, 2025		96,228,153	$	96,228	$	73,909,396		$	(74,432,456	)	$	(426,832	)
Stock issued for cashless exercise of options		637,956		638		(638	)		-			-
Share based payments		-		-		19,428			-			19,428
Net loss		-		-		-			(1,541,916	)		(1,541,916	)
Balance – June 30, 2025		96,866,109	$	96,866	$	73,928,186		$	(75,974,372	)	$	(1,949,320	)
Share based payments		-		-		19,641			-			19,641
Net income		-		-		-			788,012			788,012
Balance – September 30, 2025		96,866,109	$	96,866	$	73,947,827		$	(75,186,360	)	$	(1,141,667	)

	Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
	Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
	Common Stock				AdditionalPaid-in			Accumulated
					Additional
	Common Stock				Paid-in			Accumulated
	Shares		Par Value		Capital			(Deficit)			Total
Balance - January 1, 2024		94,360,107	$	94,360	$	61,917,119		$	(61,951,125	)	$	60,354
Stock issued for cashless exercise of options		9,285		9		(9	)		-			-
Gain on modification of related party debt		-		-		10,827,195			-			10,827,195
Share based payments		-		-		770,216			-			770,216
Net loss		-		-		-			(2,854,875	)		(2,854,875	)
Balance - March 31, 2024		94,369,392	$	94,369	$	73,514,521		$	(64,806,000	)	$	8,802,890
Stock issued for cashless exercise of options		1,664,797		1,665		(1,665	)		-			-
Stock issued for cashless exercise of warrants		20,186		20		(20	)		-			-
Share based payments		-		-		136,778			-			136,778
Net loss		-		-		-			(6,146,914	)		(6,146,914	)
Balance – June 30, 2024		96,054,375	$	96,054	$	73,649,614		$	(70,952,914	)	$	2,792,754
Stock issued for cashless exercise of options		32,112		32		(32	)		-			-
Stock issued for exercise of warrants		25,000		25		17,475			-			17,500
Stock issued for cashless exercise of warrants		66,666		67		(67	)		-			-
Share based payments		-		-		133,631			-			133,631
Net loss		-		-		-			(457,546	)		(457,546	)
Balance – September 30, 2024		96,178,153	$	96,178	$	73,800,621		$	(71,410,460	)	$	2,486,339

See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated financial statements.

6 Table of ~~Content~~Contents

BIRCHTECH CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(UNAUDITED)

	For the SixMonths EndedJune 30,2025			For the SixMonths EndedJune 30,2024
	For the NineMonths EndedSeptember 30,2025			For the NineMonths EndedSeptember 30,2024
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$	(32,~~221~~433,~~136~~124	)	$	(9,~~001~~459,~~789~~335	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) operating activities:
Stock-based compensation		7999,~~955~~596			~~906~~1,~~994~~040,625
Amortization of discount of notes payable		-			241,444
Amortization of right to use assets		2234,~~367~~064			1623,~~280~~380
Amortization of patent rights		~~102~~153,~~300~~450			~~102~~153,~~300~~450
Depreciation expense		5194,~~462~~281			18,~~578~~159
Non-cash interest income		(1926,~~703~~280	)		(3144,~~524~~214	)
Loss on change in fair value of profit share		~~729~~766,~~048~~667			2,~~954~~672,~~634~~252
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
Accounts receivable		(~~317~~1,~~528~~781,278	)		~~763~~617,~~774~~815
Inventory		(209,086	)		(169,818	)
Deferred offering costs		(207,500	)		-
Prepaid expenses and other assets		71,900			46,162
Income tax receivable		-			(144,465	)
Accrued salaries		2,606			562,752
Inventory		123,645			(91,248	)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		742,694			501,183
Prepaid expenses and other assets		67,956			(51,881	)
Operating lease liability		(20,626	)		(16,589	)
Accrued salaries		(12,507	)		563,742
Net cash used in operating activities		(1,985,747	)		(3,122,619	)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		1,488,022			1,568,918
Income tax payable		-			(350,087	)
Operating lease liability		(31,452	)		(23,340	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(1,664,460	)		(3,274,785	)
Cash flows used in investing activities
Purchase of property and equipment		(1623,~~266~~395	)		(66702,~~274~~024	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(1623,~~266~~395	)		(66702,~~274~~024	)
Cash flows used in financing activities
Repayment of unsecured notes payable					(12,314,895	)
Repayment of secured notes payable		-			(271,686	)
Repayment of unsecured notes payable		-			(9,040,000	)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		-			17,500
Net cash used in financing activities		-			(912,~~311~~569,~~686~~081	)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents		(21,~~002~~687,~~013~~855	)		(1216,~~500~~545,~~579~~890	)
Cash and cash equivalents - beginning of period		3,456,082			20,939,762
Cash and cash equivalents - end of period	$	1,~~454~~768,~~069~~227		$	84,~~439~~393,~~183~~872
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest	$	-		$	3,939
Income taxes	$	1415,~~135~~173		$	200,000
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF NON-CASH TRANSACTIONS
Capital from related party debt extinguishments	$	-		$	10,827,195
Recognition of ROU asset and operating lease liability	$	-		$	~~161~~231,~~728~~343

See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated financial statements.

7 Table of ~~Content~~Contents

BIRCHTECH CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

~~June~~September 30, 2025 (Unaudited)

Note 1 - Organization

Birchtech Corp. and MES, Inc.

Birchtech Corp., formerly Midwest Energy Emissions Corp. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, the “Company”), is organized under the laws of the State of Delaware. Effective on October 17, 2024, Midwest Energy Emissions Corp. changed its corporate name to Birchtech, Inc. pursuant to a certificate of amendment to its certificate of incorporation filed with the State of Delaware. MES, Inc. is incorporated in the State of North Dakota. MES, Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Birchtech Corp. The Company is a provider of specialty activated carbon technologies and provides patented sorbent technologies for mercury emissions capture for the coal-fired utility sector and is developing water purification technologies with a specialization on forever chemicals such as PFAS and PFOS.

ME2C Sponsor LLC and ME2C Acquisition Corp.

ME2C Sponsor LLC is a limited liability company formed in the State of Delaware and is a wholly owned subsidiary of Birchtech Corp. and owns 85% of ME2C Acquisition Corp. A decision was made in January 2023 to liquidate these entities which are inactive.

Note 2 – Going Concern and Financial Condition

Under ASC 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements—Going Concern, the Company has the responsibility to evaluate whether conditions and/or events raise substantial doubt about its ability to meet its future financial obligations as they become due within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. As required by ASC 205-40, this evaluation shall initially not take into consideration the potential mitigating effects of plans that have not been fully implemented as of the date the financial statements are issued. Management has assessed the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern in accordance with the requirements of ASC 205-40.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. As reflected in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company had a net loss of approximately $3.2.4 million and cash used in operating activities of $21.07 million for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025; had cash of approximately $1.58 million at ~~June~~September 30, 2025; and an accumulated deficit of approximately $7675.02 million at ~~June~~September 30, 2025. The Company’s working capital deficiency at ~~June~~September 30, 2025 was approximately $5.70 million. The aforementioned factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the issuance date of the financial statements.

In addition to maintaining its revenue stream from its legacy mercury emissions control business, the Company’s plans and expectations over the next twelve months to mitigate such financial condition include receiving additional cash inflows from the judgment expected in connection with the $57.1 million jury verdict awarded to the Company in March 2024, additional licensing revenues and product sales from the other patent litigation recently commenced, and revenues from the Company’s entry into the water treatment business. During 2024, the Company opened two new state of the art laboratories and added personnel to support our entry into the water business which the Company believes will lead to a vibrant new revenue stream. In addition, management is exploring additional financing opportunities. While management believes these plans will alleviate substantial doubt, there is no assurance that they will be successfully realized or implemented.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of asset amounts or the classification of liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the financial statements are issued.

8 Table of ~~Content~~Contents

Note 3 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of Rule 8-03 of Regulation S-X promulgated by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, these financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed on March 31, 2025, from which the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet dated December 31, 2024 was derived.

In the opinion of the Company’s management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments (consisting of items of a normal and recurring nature) necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position as of ~~June~~September 30, 2025, and results of operations, changes in stockholders’ deficit and cash flows for all periods presented. The interim results presented are not necessarily indicative of results that can be expected for a full year.

Principles of Consolidation

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Birchtech Corp. (formerly Midwest Energy Emissions Corp.) and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, MES, Inc. and ME2C Sponsor LLC, and ME2C Acquisition Corp. which is 85% owned by ME2C Sponsor LLC. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, valuation of equity issuances and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. The Company uses estimates in accounting for, among other items, profit share liability, revenue recognition, allowance for credit losses, stock-based compensation, income tax provisions, excess and obsolete inventory reserve and impairment of intellectual property. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Recoverability of Long-Lived and Intangible Assets

Long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangibles held and used by the Company are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Events relating to recoverability may include significant unfavorable changes in business conditions, recurring losses or a forecasted inability to achieve break-even operating results over an extended period. The Company evaluates the recoverability of long-lived assets based upon forecasted undiscounted cash flows. Should impairment in value be indicated, the carrying value of the long-lived and/or intangible assets would be adjusted, based on estimates of future undiscounted cash flows.

The Company has evaluated the recoverability of the carrying value of the Company’s property and equipment, right of use asset and intellectual property. No impairment charges were recognized for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The fair value hierarchy has three levels based on the inputs used to determine fair value, which are as follows:

	☐	Level 1 — Unadjusted quoted prices available in active markets for the identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

	☐	Level 2 — Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, or unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability.

	☐	Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that cannot be corroborated by observable market data and reflect the use of significant management judgment. These values are generally determined using pricing models for which the assumptions utilize management’s estimates of market participant assumptions.

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The fair value hierarchy requires the use of observable market data when available. In instances where the inputs used to measure fair value fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the fair value measurement has been determined based on the lowest level input significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular item to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, including the consideration of inputs specific to the asset or liability.

The profit share liability is the only item measured at fair value on a recurring basis by the Company at ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The profit share liability is considered to be Level 3 measurements.

Financial instruments include cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and short-term debt. The carrying amounts of these financial instruments approximated fair value at ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 due to their short-term maturities.

At ~~June~~September 30, 2025, the fair value of the profit share liability is calculated using a discounted cash flow model based on estimated future cash payments. The fair value of the profit share liability at December 31, 2024 was also calculated using a discounted cash flow model based on estimated future cash payments. At ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value of the profit share liability was determined on a Level 3 measurement. These values are determined using pricing models for which the assumptions utilized management’s estimates. Significant unobservable inputs include a discount rate of approximately 14.55% and the projection of future cash flows.

The following tables present the Company’s liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the fair value hierarchy.

Fair Value Measurement as of

June 30, 2025

September 30, 2025

Total

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Liabilities:

Profit share liability – related party (1)

7,~~582~~620,~~906~~525

Total Liabilities

7,~~582~~620,~~906~~525

			Fair Value Measurement as of
			December 31, 2024
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Liabilities:

Profit share liability – related party (1)	$	6,853,858	$	-	$	-	$	6,853,858
Total Liabilities	$	6,853,858	$	-	$	-	$	6,853,858

(1) See Note 7 - Related Party

The following tables present the Company’s assets that are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis and are categorized using the fair value hierarchy.

			Fair Value Measurement as of
			December 31, 2024
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:

Property and equipment (Construction in progress)	$	1,545,000	$	-	$	-	$	1,545,000
Total Assets	$	1,545,000	$	-	$	-	$	1,545,000

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Revenue Recognition

The Company records revenue in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that core principle, an entity should apply the following steps:

Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with a customer.

Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract.

Step 3: Determine the transaction price.

Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract.

Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

Revenue is recognized when the Company satisfies its performance obligation under the contract by transferring the promised product to its customer that obtains control of the product. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct product to a customer. Most of the Company’s contracts have a single performance obligation, as the promise to transfer products or services is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contract and, therefore, not distinct.

Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring products. As such, revenue is recorded net of returns, allowances, customer discounts, and incentives. Sales and other taxes are excluded from revenues. Invoiced shipping and handling costs are included in revenue.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The Company generated revenue for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024 by (i) delivering product to its commercial customers, (ii) completing and commissioning equipment projects at commercial customer sites and (iii) performing demonstrations of its technology at customers with the intent of entering into long term supply agreements based on the performance of the Company’s products during the demonstrations and (iv) licensing its technology to customers.

Revenue for product sales is recognized at the point of time in which the customer obtains control of the product, at the time title passes to the customer upon shipment or delivery of the product based on the applicable shipping terms.

Licensing revenue includes the licensing of the Company’s intellectual property (“IP”). Revenue for IP rights is accounted for based on the nature of the promise to grant the license. In determining whether the Company’s promise is to provide a right to access its IP or a right to use its IP, the Company considers the nature of its IP to which the customer will have rights. IP is either functional IP which has significant standalone functionality or symbolic IP which does not have significant standalone functionality. Revenue from functional IP is recognized at the point in time when control of the distinct license is transferred to the customer. Revenue from symbolic IP is recognized over the access period to the Company’s IP.

The licenses provide the customer with the right to use the Company’s patented technologies as they exist at a point in time when the license is granted, for the duration of the contract term. The patented technology has stand-alone functionality, and the Company has no obligation to provide any future updates. During the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 ~~and 2024~~, the Company recognized $02,600,000 and $~~525~~3,125,000, respectively (2024 - $0133,125 and $~~140~~273,~~625~~750, respectively) of revenue for licenses for which revenue was recognized at a point in time and $0 (2024 - $0) for licenses for which revenue was recognized over time.

When a license arrangement contains payment terms beyond one year, a significant financing component may exist. The significant financing component is calculated as the difference between the stated value and present value of the license fees and is recognized as interest income over the payment period.

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Variable consideration is recorded as revenue only to the extent that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized is not probable of occurring when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Significant judgment is required in estimating variable consideration for the performance obligation identified in the contract and this judgment involves assessing factors outside of our influence.

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Revenue for equipment sales is recognized upon commissioning and customer acceptance of the installed equipment per the terms of the purchase contract.

Revenue for demonstrations and consulting services is recognized when performance obligations contained in the contract have been completed, typically the completion of necessary field work and the delivery of any required analysis per the terms of the agreement.

The following table presents ~~sales by operating segment~~ disaggregated sales based on the type of revenue for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024. All sales were in the United States.

	For the ThreeMonths Ended June 30,2025		For the ThreeMonths Ended June 30,2024
	For the ThreeMonths Ended September 30,2025		For the ThreeMonths Ended September 30,2024
Product revenue	$	34,~~244~~715,~~446~~874	$	35,~~302~~092,~~936~~123
License revenue		-2,600,000		-133,125
Demonstrations & Consulting revenue		927,~~000~~070		129,000
Equipment revenue		~~465~~18,945		462,~~497~~742
	$	37,~~253~~361,~~911~~889	$	35,~~361~~236,~~433~~990

	For the SixMonths EndedJune 30,2025		For the SixMonths EndedJune 30,2024
	For the NineMonths EndedSeptember 30,2025		For the NineMonths EndedSeptember 30,2024
Product revenue	$	510,~~921~~637,~~430~~304	$	611,~~387~~479,~~024~~147
License revenue		~~525~~3,125,000		~~140~~273,~~625~~750
Demonstrations & Consulting revenue		1845,~~000~~070		1827,000
Equipment revenue		1029,~~492~~437		5760,~~550~~292
	$	613,~~474~~836,~~922~~811	$	611,~~603~~840,~~199~~189

Accounts receivable and allowance for credit losses

Accounts receivable are presented net of an allowance for credit losses. The Company reviews the accounts receivable on a periodic basis and makes general and specific allowances when there is doubt as to the collectability of individual balances. In evaluating the collectability of individual receivable balances, the Company considers many factors, including the age of the balance, a customer’s payment history, its current credit-worthiness and current economic trends. Accounts are written off after exhaustive efforts at collection.

Management believed that the accounts receivable were fully collectable and no allowance for credit losses was deemed to be required on its accounts receivable at ~~June~~September 30, 2025. The Company historically has not experienced significant uncollectible accounts receivable. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s allowance for credit losses was $0, and the Company recorded $0 offor ~~bad~~credit ~~debt~~losses ~~expense~~ for both the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024.

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Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs consist of costs incurred to discover, research and develop products, and include personnel expenses, facility-related and depreciation expenses, and external costs of outside suppliers.

Income Taxes

The Company follows the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes under FASB ASC 740, Income Taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that included the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

FASB ASC 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. There were no unrecognized tax benefits as of ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024. The Company is currently not aware of any issues under review that could result in significant payments, accruals or material deviation from its position. The Company is no longer subject to tax examinations by tax authorities for the years prior to ~~2020~~2021.

The Company may be subject to potential examination by federal, state, and city taxing authorities in the areas of income taxes.

These potential examinations may include questioning the timing and amount of deductions, the nexus of income among various tax jurisdictions, and compliance with federal, state, and city tax laws. Management does not expect that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits will materially change over the next twelve months.

Basic and Diluted Income (Loss) Per Common Share

Income (loss) per share – basic is calculated by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of stock outstanding during the year, including shares issuable without additional consideration. Income per share – assuming dilution is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year adjusted for the effect of dilutive potential shares from options and warrants calculated using the treasury stock method and the if-converted method for preferred stock. There are 1,134,272 dilutive stock options for the three months ended September 30, 2025 as the Company reported net income for the period. There were no dilutive potential common shares for ~~periods~~the nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 ~~and~~or the three or nine months ended September 30, 2024, because the Company incurred a net loss and basic and diluted losses per common share are the same.

We calculate basic earnings per share by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the effects of potentially dilutive securities. The summary of the basic and diluted earnings per share calculations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

	For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025		For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024			For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025			For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024

Basic:
Net Income (Loss)		788,012		(457,546	)		(2,433,124	)		(9,459,549	)
Weighted-average shares outstanding		96,866,109		96,125,797			96,449,742			94,992,520
Basic	$	0.01		(0.00	)	$	(0.03	)	$	(0.10	)

Diluted:
Net Income (Loss)		788,012		(457,546	)		(2,433,124	)		(9,459,549	)
Weighted-average shares outstanding		96,866,109		96,125,797			96,449,742			94,992,520
Effect of diluted securities – stock options		1,134,272		-			-			-
Weighted-average shares used in the calculation of diluted earnings per share		98,000,381		96,125,797			96,449,742			94,992,520
Diluted earnings (loss) per share		0.01		(0.00	)	$	(0.03	)	$	(0.10	)

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Total common stock equivalents excluded from dilutive loss per share are as follows:

	June 30,		June 30,
	September 30,		September 30,
	2025		2024
Stock options		87,~~400~~775,000		9,~~362~~300,~~500~~000
Warrants		-		1775,~~300,~~000
Restricted stock units		-		50,000
Total common stock equivalents excluded from dilutive loss per share		87,~~400~~775,000		10,~~712~~125,~~500~~000

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that subject the Company to credit risk consist of cash and equivalents on deposit with financial institutions and accounts receivable. The Company’s cash as of ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 is maintained at high-quality financial institutions and has not incurred any losses to date. Accounts are guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) up to $250,000. At ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had $~~954~~1,~~069~~268,227 and $2,956,082, respectively, in excess of FDIC limits.

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Customer and Supplier Concentration

For the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025, three customers represented 3226%, 1210%, and 1110% of the Company’s revenues, and for ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2024, three customers represented 3536%, 1517%, and 1411% of the Company’s revenues.

At ~~June~~September 30, 2025, ~~three~~two customers represented 3528%, ~~20%,~~ and 1327% of the Company’s accounts receivable, and at December 31, 2024, three customers represented 32%, 26% and 9% of the Company’s accounts receivable

For the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025, 91% of the Company’s purchases related to two suppliers. For the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2024, 8885% of the Company’s purchases related to two suppliers. At ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, 7675% and 7372% of the Company’s accounts payable and accrued expenses related to two vendors, respectively. The Company believes there are numerous other suppliers that could be substituted should a supplier become unavailable or non-competitive.

Contingencies

Certain conditions may exist which may result in a loss to the Company, but which will only be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. The Company’s management and its legal counsel assess such contingent liabilities, and such assessment inherently involves an exercise of judgment. In assessing loss contingencies related to legal proceedings that are pending against the Company, or unasserted claims that may result in such proceedings, the Company’s legal counsel evaluates the perceived merits of any legal proceedings or unasserted claims as well as the perceived merits of the amount of relief sought or expected to be sought therein.

If the assessment of a contingency indicates that it is probable that a material loss has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be estimated, the estimated liability would be accrued in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. If the assessment indicates that a potentially material loss contingency is not probable but is reasonably possible, or is probable but cannot be estimated, the nature of the contingent liability, together with an estimate of the range of possible loss if determinable and material, would be disclosed.

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Loss contingencies considered remote are generally not disclosed unless they arise from guarantees, in which case the guarantees would be disclosed.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which is intended to provide enhancements to annual income tax disclosures. The standard will require more detailed information in the rate reconciliation table and for income taxes paid, among other enhancements. The standard is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted. Since ASU 2023-09 addresses only disclosures, the adoption of ASU 2023-09 is not expected to have a significant impact on its unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. This ASU requires entities to disaggregate expense items in the notes to the financial statements and requires disclosure of specified information related to purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Companies have the option to apply the guidance either on a retrospective or prospective basis, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the ASU on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-01, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date. This ASU amends the effective date of ASU No. 2024-03 to clarify that all public business entities are required to adopt the guidance in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption of ASU No. 2024-03 is permitted.

14On ~~Table~~July 30, 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, Measurement of ~~Content~~Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets (“ASU 2025-05”), which provides a practical expedient that assumes current conditions as of the balance sheet date remain unchanged when developing forecasts for estimating expected credit losses. Under ASU 2025-05, an entity is required to disclose that it has elected to use the practical expedient and the election should be applied prospectively. ASU 2025-05 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect the application of this standard will have a material impact on its financial statements and related disclosures.

Note 4 - Inventory

Inventory was comprised of the following at ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

	June 30,		December 31,
	September 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
Raw Materials	$	~~220~~111,~~571~~036	$	169,527
Finished Goods		~~610~~387,~~328~~132		452,286
	$	~~830~~498,~~899~~168	$	621,813

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Note 5 - Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment at ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are as follows:

	June 30,			December 31,
	September 30,			December 31,
	2025			2024
Equipment & installation	$	1,096,979		$	1,096,979
Leasehold improvements		117,512			117,512
Trucking equipment		911,377			911,377
Lab equipment		~~741~~747,~~893~~469			725,626
Office equipment, computer equipment and software		13,~~874~~426			1,874
Total equipment		2,~~869~~876,~~635~~763			2,853,368
Less: accumulated depreciation		(2,~~099~~141,~~142~~961	)		(2,047,680	)
Construction in process		1,545,000			1,545,000
Property and equipment, net	$	2,~~315~~279,~~493~~802		$	2,350,688

The Company uses the straight-line method of depreciation over estimated useful lives of 2 to 5 years. During the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, depreciation expense was $4142,~~164~~819 and $16,~~043~~581, respectively. During the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, depreciation expense was $5194,~~462~~281 and $18,~~578~~159, respectively.

Note 6 - Intellectual Property

License and patent costs capitalized as of ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are as follows:

	June 30,			December 31,
	September 30,			December 31,
	2025			2024
Licenses and patents	$	3,068,995		$	3,068,995
Less: Accumulated amortization		(1,~~671~~722,~~832~~982	)		(1,569,532	)
Intellectual property, net	$	1,~~397~~346,~~163~~013		$	1,499,463

Amortization expense for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $51,150 and $51,150, respectively. Amortization expense for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $~~102~~153,~~300~~450 and $~~102~~153,~~300~~450, respectively. Estimated annual amortization for each of the next 5 years and thereafter is as follows:

Annual amortization for the years ended:
December 31, 2025 (remaining)	$	~~102~~51,~~300~~250
December 31, 2026		204,600
December 31, 2027		204,600
December 31, 2028		204,600
December 31, 2029		204,600
Thereafter		476,~~463~~363
Total	$	1,~~397~~346,~~163~~013

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Note 7 - Related Party

Secured Note Payable

On November 29, 2016, pursuant to a restated financing agreement entered with AC Midwest Energy, LLC (“AC Midwest”) on November 1, 2016, the Company closed on a secured note with AC Midwest (the “AC Midwest Secured Note”), which was to mature on December 15, 2018. AC Midwest is wholly-owned by a stockholder of the Company. The AC Midwest Secured Note is guaranteed by MES, is non-convertible and bears interest at a rate of 15.0% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears on or before the last day of each fiscal quarter. On February 25, 2019, per Amendment No. 3 to the Amended and Restated Financing Agreement, AC Midwest extended the maturity date from December 15, 2018 to August 25, 2022.

On October 28, 2022, the Company, along with MES, and AC Midwest, executed Amendment No. 4 to the Amended and Restated Financing Agreement pursuant to which the maturity date of the AC Midwest Secured Note was extended to August 25, 2025. In addition, the interest rate on the remaining principal balance was reduced from 15.0% to 9.0% per annum. The Company has accounted for the extension as debt extinguishment with a related party. As such the Company recorded a capital contribution of $54,983 for the year ended December 31, 2022 on this exchange which is related to the difference in fair value of the note on the date of the exchange.

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On February 27, 2024, the Company paid AC Midwest $275,625 representing the remaining principal balance under the AC Midwest Secured Note of $271,686 plus interest of $3,939. As a result of the repayment of the remaining principal balance under the AC Midwest Secured Debt, the Company and AC Midwest executed a Satisfaction and Discharge of Secured Debt confirming the cancellation of the AC Midwest Secured Note.

As of ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, total principal of $0 and $0, respectively, was outstanding on this note. Interest expense for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $0 and $0, respectively. Interest expense for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $0 and $4,279, respectively.

Amortized discount recorded as interest expense for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $0 and $0, respectively. Amortized discount recorded as interest expense for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $0 and $32,220, respectively. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the unamortized balance of the discount was $0 and $0, respectively.

Unsecured Note Payable

On November 29, 2016, pursuant to a restated financing agreement entered with AC Midwest on November 1, 2016, the Company closed on an unsecured note with AC Midwest (the “AC Midwest Subordinated Note”), which was to mature on December 15, 2020. On February 25, 2019, the Company, entered into an Unsecured Note Financing Agreement (the “Unsecured Note Financing Agreement”) with AC Midwest, pursuant to which AC Midwest issued an unsecured note in the principal amount of $13,154,931 (the “AC Midwest Unsecured Note”), which represented the outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest at closing. The AC Midwest Unsecured Note, which replaced the AC Midwest Subordinated Note, was scheduled to mature on August 25, 2022 and bear a zero cash interest rate.

The Company determined that the rate of interest on the AC Midwest Subordinated Note was a below market rate of interest and determined that a discount of $6,916,687 should be recorded. This discount was based on an applicable market rate for unsecured debt for the Company of 21% and is being amortized as interest expense over the life of the loan.

On August 30, 2022, AC Midwest agreed to an extension of the maturity date of the AC Midwest Unsecured Note (and AC Midwest Secured Note) from August 25, 2022 to September 30, 2022. Such extension was expected to provide the Company sufficient time in which to conclude the process of negotiating certain changes and modifications to such financing arrangements. On September 28, 2022, AC Midwest agreed to an additional short-term extension of such maturity date from September 30, 2022 to October 31, 2022. The Company has accounted for the extension as debt extinguishment with a related party. As such the Company recorded a capital contribution of $488,274 on this exchange which is related to the difference in fair value of the note on the date of the exchange.

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On October 28, 2022, the Company, along with MES, and AC Midwest, executed Amendment No. 1 to Unsecured Note Financing Agreement pursuant to which the maturity date of the AC Midwest Unsecured Note was extended to August 25, 2025. In addition, the parties agreed that the Profit Share (see “Profit Share” below) be increased by $4,500,000 from $13,154,931 (representing 1.0 times the original principal amount) to $17,654,931. The Company has accounted for the extension as debt extinguishment with a related party. As such the Company recorded a capital contribution of $3,234,469 on this exchange which is related to the difference in fair value of the note on the date of the exchange.

On February 27, 2024, the Company entered into an Unsecured Debt Restructuring Agreement (the “Debt Restructuring Agreement”) with AC Midwest which replaces and supersedes the Unsecured Note Financing Agreement. Pursuant to the Debt Restructuring Agreement, on February 27, 2024, the Company (i) paid AC Midwest $9,040,000 as a reduction in the outstanding principal balance of the AC Midwest Unsecured Note, and (ii) issued to AC Midwest a new unsecured replacement note representing the remaining outstanding principal balance of the Unsecured Note in the principal amount of $4,114,931 (the “New Note”). In addition, within 30 days, the Company would either facilitate the private sale to third parties of certain shares of common stock of the Company held by AC Midwest for a purchase price of no less than $960,000, which amount shall be applied as a credit against the principal balance due on the New Note dollar for dollar, or pay AC Midwest $960,000 toward the principal balance due on the New Note. The private sale of shares for the purchase price of $960,000 was completed on March 11, 2024. Any remaining principal balance on the New Note shall be due August 27, 2024 (the “New Note Maturity Date”), which is six months from February 27, 2024. Until repaid in full, the New Note shall accrue interest at a rate equal to SOFR plus 2.0% per annum. The New Note completely replaced and superseded the AC Midwest Unsecured Note, which shall be of no further force and effect.

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On August 26 and 27, 2024, the Company repaid AC Midwest the remaining principal of $3,154,931 on the New Note together with accrued interest of $119,964. As a result, the only remaining debt obligation under the Debt Restructuring Agreement is the profit participation as described below.

The Company has accounted for the February 27, 2024 modification as debt extinguishment with a related party. As such the Company recorded a capital charge of $1,005,984 on this exchange which is related to the difference in fair value of the New Note on the date of the exchange. The New Note represented a hybrid instrument and the Company elected to apply fair value option accounting to the New Note. Cash flows of the hybrid instrument in its entirety are discounted at an appropriate rate for the applicable duration of the instrument. Interest on the interest-bearing portion of the instrument that is held to maturity is aggregated as loss on change in fair value of profit share and unsecured note in the consolidated statements of operations.

Amortized discount recorded as interest expense for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $0 and $0, respectively. Amortized discount recorded as interest expense for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $0 and $209,224, respectively As of ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 the unamortized balance of the discount was $0 and $0, respectively.

Profit Share

Pursuant to the Unsecured Note Financing Agreement, AC Midwest was also entitled to a “non-recourse” profit participation preference equal to 1.0 times the original principal amount of the AC Midwest Unsecured Note which on October 28, 2022 was increased to $17,654,931 (the “Profit Share”). Prior to maturity, the outstanding principal, as well as the Profit Share, were to be paid from Net Litigation Proceeds from claims relating to the Company’s intellectual property, Net Revenue Share, Adjusted Free Cash Flow and Equity Offering Net Proceeds (as such terms are defined in the Unsecured Note Financing Agreement). Any remaining principal balance due on the Unsecured Note would be due and payable in full on the maturity date. The Profit Share, however, if not paid in full on or before the maturity date would remain subject to the Unsecured Note Financing Agreement until full and final payment.

Pursuant to the Debt Restructuring Agreement, AC Midwest was granted a profit participation preference equal to $7,900,000 (the “Restructured Profit Share”) which replaces and supersedes the terms and conditions of the Profit Share in the amount of $17,654,931 provided for in the Unsecured Note Financing Agreement, which shall be of no further force and effect. The Restructured Profit Share is “non-recourse” and shall only be paid from Net Litigation Proceeds (as defined in the Debt Restructuring Agreement) from claims relating to the Company’s intellectual property. Following the receipt of any Net Litigation Proceeds, the Company shall prepay any remaining principal balance of the New Note and pay the Restructured Profit Share in an amount equal to 75.0% of such Net Litigation Proceeds until the New Note and Restructured Profit Share have been paid in full. The Restructured Profit Share, if not paid in full on or before the New Note Maturity Date, shall remain subject to the terms of the Debt Restructuring Agreement.

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In addition to facilitating the private sale to third parties as described above, AC Midwest granted the Company the exclusive right until December 31, 2024 to facilitate the sale of all or a portion of the remaining balance of the shares of common stock of the Company held by AC Midwest, which proceeds above a certain amount will be applied as a credit against the Restructured Profit Share dollar for dollar (the “Facilitation Credit”). As of December 31, 2024, the Company had not facilitated the sale of any portion of the remaining shares held by AC Midwest. As a result, no Facilitation Credit has been issued to the Company.

The Company has accounted for the February 27, 2024 modification as debt extinguishment with a related party. As such the Company recorded a capital contribution of $11,833,179 on this exchange which is related to the difference in fair value of the Restructured Profit Share on the date of the exchange.

~~The~~18 ~~Company~~Table ~~is utilizing the methodology behind the ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging and ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity to determine how to account for the profit-sharing portion~~ of the note payable. Although the transaction is not indexed to MEEC’s common stock the profit sharing has the characteristics of a freestanding financial instrument because the profit sharing is not callable by the lender, it will be paid out past the maturity of the Unsecured Note Payable and, the fair value will fluctuate over time based on payment predictions. The Profit Share was determined to have a fair value of $3,389,043 upon grant. The fair value of the Profit Share upon grant included $3,422,400 attributed to the Facilitation Credit which reduced the fair value of the Profit Share liability. At December 31, 2024, the Facilitation Credit had expired and the fair value attributed to the feature was $0. This increased the fair value of the Profit Share at December 31, 2024, and increased the loss on change in fair value of the profit share recorded during the year ended December 31, 2024 by $3,422,400. The discounted cash flow model assumptions used at June 30, 2025 to calculate the Profit Share liability included: the projected full repayment of the profit share liability of $7,900,000 upon the receipt of Net Litigation Proceeds in 2025, and an annual market interest rate of 14.55%.The discounted cash flow model assumptions used at December 31, 2024 to calculate the Profit Share liability included: the projected full repayment of the profit share liability of $7,900,000 upon the receipt of Net Litigation Proceeds in 2025, and an annual market interest rate of 14.55%. The profit share liability will be marked to market every quarter utilizing management’s estimates.Contents

The ~~following~~Company ~~are~~is utilizing the ~~changes~~methodology inbehind the ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging and ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity to determine how to account for the profit-sharing ~~share~~portion ~~liability~~of (the ~~only~~note ~~Level~~payable. 3Although the transaction is not indexed to MEEC’s common stock the profit sharing has the characteristics of a freestanding financial instrument) ~~during~~because the ~~six~~profit ~~months~~sharing ~~ended~~is ~~June~~not 30callable by the lender, ~~2025~~it will be paid out past the maturity of the Unsecured Note Payable and, the fair value will fluctuate over time based on payment predictions. The Profit Share was determined to have a fair value of $3,389,043 upon grant. The fair value of the Profit Share upon grant included $3,422,400 attributed to the Facilitation Credit which reduced the fair value of the Profit Share liability. At December 31, 2024, the Facilitation Credit had expired and the fair value attributed to the feature was $0. This increased the fair value of the Profit Share at December 31, 2024, and increased the loss on change in fair value of the profit share recorded during the year ended December 31, 2024 by $3,422,400. The discounted cash flow model assumptions used at September 30, 2025 to calculate the Profit Share liability included: the projected full repayment of the profit share liability of $7,900,000 upon the receipt of Net Litigation Proceeds in 2025, and an annual market interest rate of 14.55%.The discounted cash flow model assumptions used at December 31, 2024 to calculate the Profit Share liability included: the projected full repayment of the profit share liability of $7,900,000 upon the receipt of Net Litigation Proceeds in 2025, and an annual market interest rate of 14.55%. The profit share liability will be marked to market every quarter utilizing management’s estimates.

Profit Share as of January 1, 2024	$	14,847,937
Modification		(11,833,179	)
Loss on change in fair value of profit share		3,839,100
Profit Share as of December 31, 2024	$	6,853,858
Profit Share as of January 1, 2025	$	6,853,858
Loss on change in fair value of profit share		729,048
Profit Share as of June 30, 2025	$	7,582,906

The following are the changes in the profit share liability (the only Level 3 financial instrument) during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2024:

Profit Share as of January 1, 2024	$	14,847,937
Modification		(11,833,179	)
Loss on change in fair value of profit share		3,839,100
Profit Share as of December 31, 2024	$	6,853,858

Profit Share as of January 1, 2025	$	6,853,858
Loss on change in fair value of profit share		766,667
Profit Share as of September 30, 2025	$	7,620,525

Related Party Transactions

Kaye Cooper Kay & Rosenberg, LLP provides certain legal services to the Company and the Company incurred $112,500 and $~~101~~116,~~583~~667 for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $~~225~~337,~~000~~500 and $~~202~~318,~~277~~944, respectively, for legal services rendered and disbursement incurred for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024. David M. Kaye, a Director of the Company, is a partner of the law firm. At ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $37,500 and $37,500, respectively, was owed to the firm for services rendered.

On January 31, 2023, the Company entered into a License and Supply Agreement with Dakin Holdings Ltd., a company incorporated in Barbados (“Dakin”), effective as of January 1, 2023 (the “Dakin Agreement”), pursuant to which Dakin has granted to the Company (i) a limited license to manufacture and produce for Dakin products comprising certain intellectual property owned by Dakin (the “Dakin IP”), and (ii) an exclusive license to commercialize the Dakin IP in the United States. In addition, the Company shall pay Dakin a license fee of $12,500 per month for a three-year period commencing as of the effective date and ending December 31, 2025, and pay Dakin a royalty on all sales in the United States of the products comprising the Dakin IP made by the Company. On November 18, ~~Table~~2024, the parties entered into an amendment to the Dakin Agreement which eliminated all further monthly license fees after September 30, 2024. Dakin is a company owned and controlled by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and President. The Dakin Agreement is for a term of ~~Content~~ten years unless terminated earlier under certain circumstances as set forth therein. For the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, Dakin incurred $0 and $37,500 license fees. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, Dakin incurred $0 and $112,500 license fees. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $0 and $0 was owed to Dakin for license fees.

On January 31, 2023, the Company entered into a License and Supply Agreement with Dakin Holdings Ltd., a company incorporated in Barbados (“Dakin”), effective as of January 1, 2023 (the “Dakin Agreement”), pursuant to which Dakin has granted to the Company (i) a limited license to manufacture and produce for Dakin products comprising certain intellectual property owned by Dakin (the “Dakin IP”), and (ii) an exclusive license to commercialize the Dakin IP in the United States. In addition, the Company shall pay Dakin a license fee of $12,500 per month for a three-year period commencing as of the effective date and ending December 31, 2025, and pay Dakin a royalty on all sales in the United States of the products comprising the Dakin IP made by the Company. On November 18, 2024, the parties entered into an amendment to the Dakin Agreement which eliminated all further monthly license fees after September 30, 2024. Dakin is a company owned and controlled by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and President. The Dakin Agreement is for a term of ten years unless terminated earlier under certain circumstances as set forth therein. For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, Dakin incurred $0 and $37,500 license fees. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, Dakin incurred $0 and $75,000 license fees. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $0 and $0 was owed to Dakin for license fees.

Note 8 - Operating Leases

On July 1, 2015, the Company entered into a five-year lease for warehouse space in Corsicana, Texas. The Company is also responsible for the pro rata share of the projected monthly expenses for the property taxes. The current pro rata share is $882. On June 1, 2019, the lease was extended to March 31, 2024, and on March 28, 2024, the lease was further extended for an additional five years from March 31, 2024 to March 31, 2029. Rent is $3,750 monthly until March 31, 2026 and then $3,866 per month until March 31, 2029. The Company recorded a right of use asset and an operating lease liability of $161,728. This amount represents the difference between the value from the remaining lease and the extended lease.

On19 ~~August~~Table 1, 2024, the Company entered into a 3-year lease for laboratory space in Grand Forks, North Dakota. The lease contains an option to extend for a further three years that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. As a result, the additional three year extension is included as part of the least term. Rent is $1,400 monthly until July 31, 2027, and then effectively $1,540 per month until July 31, 2030. Upon commencement of the lease the Company recorded a right of use asset and an operating lease liability of $69,615.Contents

On August 1, 2024, the Company entered into a 3-year lease for laboratory space in Grand Forks, North Dakota. The lease contains an option to extend for a further three years that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. As a result, the additional three year extension is included as part of the lease term. Rent is $1,400 monthly until July 31, 2027, and then effectively $1,540 per month until July 31, 2030. Upon commencement of the lease the Company recorded a right of use asset and an operating lease liability of $69,615.

On November 22, 2024, the Company entered into an approximate 3-year lease for laboratory space in State College, Pennsylvania, commencing December 15, 2024 and ending November 30, 2027. The lease contains an option to extend for a further three years that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. As a result, the additional three year extension is included as part of the lease term. Rent is $1,800 monthly until November 30, 2025, $1,860 monthly thereafter until November 30, 2026, and $1,920 monthly thereafter until November 30, 2027. During the option period, rent is $1,980 monthly from December 1, 2027 to November 30, 2028, $2,040 monthly thereafter through November 30, 2029, and $2,100 monthly thereafter through November 30, 2030. Upon commencement of the lease the Company recorded a right of use asset and an operating lease liability of $94,942.

For the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded an operating lease right of use asset and liabilities as follows:

	June 30,		December 31,
	September 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
Right of use asset - operating lease	$	~~282~~271,~~775~~078	$	305,142
Current portion of operating lease liability		4648,~~614~~846		42,733
Operating lease liability		~~285~~274,~~597~~771		306,223

Future remaining minimum lease payments under these non-cancelable leases are as follows:

For the twelve months ended June 30,
For the twelve months ended September 30,
2026	$	84,~~168~~696
2027		8586,~~932~~392
2028		88,~~192~~512
2029		7766,~~454~~036
2030		4340,~~380~~480
Thereafter		124,~~041~~201
Total		~~391~~370,~~167~~317
Less discount		(~~105~~95,~~570~~546	)
Total lease liabilities		~~285~~274,~~597~~771
Less current portion		(4648,~~614~~846	)
Operating lease obligation, net of current portion	$	~~238~~225,~~983~~925

19The ~~Table~~weighted average remaining lease term for operating leases is 4.45 years and the weighted average discount rate used in calculating the operating lease asset and liability is 14.55%. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, payments on lease obligations were $62,550 and $36,550, respectively, and amortization of ~~Content~~the right of use assets was $34,064 and $23,380, respectively.

~~The~~For ~~weighted~~the ~~average~~nine ~~remaining~~months ~~lease~~ended ~~term~~September ~~for~~30, ~~operating~~2025 ~~leases is 4.70 years~~ and ~~the~~2024, ~~weighted average discount rate used in calculating~~ the ~~operating~~Company’s lease ~~asset~~cost ~~and~~consists ~~liability~~of ~~is 14.55%. For~~ the ~~six~~following ~~months ended June 30~~components, ~~2025~~each ~~and~~of ~~2024,~~which ~~payments~~is onincluded ~~lease~~in ~~obligations~~costs ~~were $41,700~~ and ~~$22,500,~~expenses ~~respectively,~~within ~~and amortization of~~ the ~~right~~Company’s ofunaudited ~~use~~condensed ~~assets~~consolidated ~~was~~statements ~~$22,367~~of ~~and~~operations: ~~$16,280, respectively.~~

For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company’s lease cost consists of the following components, each of which is included in costs and expenses within the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations:

For the Nine Months

Ended

September 30,

2025

For the Nine Months

Ended

September 30,

2024

Operating lease costs

65,162

36,750

		For the Six Months EndedJune 30, 2025				For the Six Months EndedJune 30, 2024
Operating lease costs		$	43,441			$	22,352

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Note 9 - Commitments and Contingencies

Fixed Price Contract

The Company’s multi-year contracts with its commercial customers contain fixed prices for product. These contracts expire between 2023 and 2025 and expose the Company to the potential risks associated with rising material costs during that same period.

Legal proceedings

The Company has commenced multiple patent infringement lawsuits to enforce its proprietary two-part Sorbent Enhancement Additive (SEA^®) process for mercury removal from coal-fired power plants. These actions, filed between 2019 and 2025, target various operators of coal-fired power plants and refined coal producers whom the Company alleges have willfully infringed its patent rights. The Company is seeking damages, injunctive relief, and other remedies in each of these proceedings.

Delaware District Court Action

In July 2019, the Company initiated patent litigation against various defendants in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware which included (i) Vistra Energy Corp., AEP Generation Resources Inc., NRG Energy, Inc., Talen Energy Corporation, and certain of their respective affiliated entities, all of which are owners and/or operators of coal-fired power plants in the United States, and (ii) Arthur J. Gallagher & Co., DTE REF Holdings, LLC, CERT Coal Holdings LLC, Chem-Mod LLC, and certain of their respective affiliated entities, and additional named and unnamed defendants, all of which operate or are involved in operations of coal facilities in the United States.

Between July 2020 and January 2021, the Company entered into agreements with each of the four major utility defendants which included certain monetary arrangements and pursuant to which the Company dismissed all claims brought against each of them and their affiliates.

In November 2023, the Company entered into a confidential binding term sheet with Arthur J. Gallagher & Co., and various of its affiliated entities, and DTE Energy Resources LLC and various of its affiliated entities, to resolve the patent litigation. Pursuant to the term sheet, all claims and counterclaims asserted by the parties in such patent litigation have been dismissed with prejudice, although such term sheet does not affect any other claim brought against the remaining CERT defendants. In November 2023, Alistar Enterprises, LLC, one of the remaining CERT defendants, entered into a settlement agreement with the Company.

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In December 2023, and in connection with the term sheet described above, the Company, along with its wholly-owned subsidiary, MES, Inc., and (a) Chem-Mod LLC (“Chem-Mod”), (b) Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. and AJG Coal, LLC, and (c) DTE Energy Co. and DTE Energy Resources, LLC, entered into a paid license of U.S. Patent No. 8,168,147, U.S. Patent No. 10,343,114, U.S. Patent No. 10,589,225, U.S. Patent No. 10,596,517 and U.S. Patent No. 10,668,430 and their foreign equivalents and related patent applications and patents, which licenses the use of refined coal or the Chem-Mod Solution in conjunction with activated carbon. This license applies to Chem-Mod and certain of its licensees, sub-licensees, and their customers, for the remaining term of such patents. By its terms, the license does not cover the use of activated carbon with coal that is not either refined coal or coal made by or for use with the Chem-Mod Solution in a manner authorized by the license. The parties to the license have mutually released all claims that any past use of the Chem-Mod Solution in connection with the production or use of refined coal with activated carbon by entities other than the CERT defendants and their customers infringes the asserted patents and related intellectual property, and all claims that could have been brought challenging the validity of such patents. The remaining CERT defendants and their customers (for activities relating to the CERT defendants) were not included within the scope of the license.

~~The~~21 ~~case~~Table ~~proceeded to trial in February 2024 against the remaining CERT defendants. On March 1, 2024, a federal jury returned a $57.1 million verdict in favor~~ of the Company against the remaining CERT defendants, finding willful infringement of the Company’s patented technologies and holding the defendants liable for inducing and contributory infringement. Such group of affiliated defendants included multiple limited liability companies with refined coal industry operations, including CERT Operations II LLC, CERT Operations IV LLC, CERT Operations V LLC, and CERT Operations RCB LLC. Following the trial, the Court entered non-final judgments on the verdict against the CERT defendants and the parties submitted post-trial motions relating to the jury trial. The CERT defendants also asserted that the Company’s claims were barred due to their defense that they had an implied license to the asserted patents. A bench trial was held on such issue. On June 10, 2025, the Court ruled that the CERT defendants failed to prove that they had such an implied license and denied their motion to alter or amend the non-final judgment. The Company is awaiting the Court’s determination as to the final judgment. Contents

The case proceeded to trial in February 2024 against the remaining CERT defendants. On March 1, 2024, a federal jury returned a $57.1 million verdict in favor of the Company against the remaining CERT defendants, finding willful infringement of the Company’s patented technologies and holding the defendants liable for inducing and contributory infringement. Such group of affiliated defendants included multiple limited liability companies with refined coal industry operations, including CERT Operations II LLC, CERT Operations IV LLC, CERT Operations V LLC, and CERT Operations RCB LLC. Following the trial, the Court entered non-final judgments on the verdict against the CERT defendants and the parties submitted post-trial motions relating to the jury trial. The CERT defendants also asserted that the Company’s claims were barred due to their defense that they had an implied license to the asserted patents. A bench trial was held on such issue. On June 10, 2025, the Court ruled that the CERT defendants failed to prove that they had such an implied license and denied their motion to alter or amend the non-final judgment. In addition, on September 25, 2025, the Court issued a Memorandum Opinion and Order that denied the CERT defendants’ post-trial motion that they should not be held liable as a matter of law for induced infringement, contributory infringement or willful infringement. The Company is awaiting the Court’s determination as to the final judgment.

2024-2025 Patent Infringement Actions

In July 2024, the Company commenced three additional patent infringement lawsuits in U.S. District Courts in Arizona, Iowa and Missouri against multiple utilities and related entities. These actions allege willful infringement of the Company’s patents related to mercury emissions control. Named as defendants in the action filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona ~~are~~were Tucson Electric Power Co., San Carlos Resources, Inc., Salt River Project Agricultural Improvement and Power District, Tri-State Generation and Transmission Association, Inc., Springerville Unit 3 Holding LLC, and Springerville Unit 3 Partnership LP. Named as defendants in the action filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Iowa ~~are~~were Berkshire Hathaway Energy Company, MidAmerican Energy Company, PacifiCorp, Alliant Energy Corporation, Interstate Power and Light Company, and Wisconsin Power and Light Company, and named as defendants in the action filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri ~~are~~were Ameren Corp. and Union Electric Co.

In October 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with one of the utility defendants and an affiliated entity in the Arizona action, and in January 2025, the Company entered into an agreement with another utility named in the Arizona action. Such agreements provide such parties and their affiliates with a non-exclusive license to certain Company patents related to the Company’s two-part Sorbent Enhancement Additive (SEA®) process for use in connection with a certain designated coal-fired power plant operated by them. The agreements include one-time license fees which have been received by the Company. One agreement provides the Company with a right of first refusal for certain of such utility’s product supply for mercury emissions capture at such designated power plant and the other agreement provides the Company with the right to be included in such party’s bidding process for certain product supply for mercury emissions capture at such party’s designated power plant. ~~Such lawsuit will continue against the other non-affiliated defendants named in the Arizona action.~~

On December 17, 2024, the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation ordered the consolidation of the three lawsuits in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Iowa for coordinated pretrial proceedings. In January 2025, the Company initiated an additional infringement suit in the Western District of Missouri against several Evergy-affiliated entities~~, which was transferred to the Iowa court in February 2025 pursuant to the existing transfer order~~. Named as defendants in the action ~~are~~were Evergy, Inc., Evergy Metro Inc., Evergy Missouri West, Inc. and Evergy Kansas Central, Inc. One of such defendants was dismissed from the Western District of Missouri action and named as a defendant in a separate case commenced in the U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas. Such cases were transferred to the Iowa court pursuant to the existing transfer order.

21Between ~~Table~~January ofand ~~Content~~July 2025, certain defendants in the consolidated Iowa actions filed inter partes review (“IPR”) petitions with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office seeking to invalidate various asserted claims.

InEffective ~~January~~as ~~and~~of ~~February~~August 5, 2025, ~~certain~~the Company entered into separate agreements with two utilities, which are affiliated with each other, and named as defendants in the ~~consolidated~~Southern District of Iowa action. In addition, as of September 9, 2025, the Company entered into an agreement with a utility and its affiliated entities, named as defendants in the Western District of Missouri and District of Kansas actions. ~~filed~~Such ~~Inter~~agreements ~~Partes~~provide ~~Review~~such ~~petitions~~parties and their affiliates with a non-exclusive license to certain Company patents related to the UCompany’s two-part SEA® process for use in connection with certain designated coal-fired power plants operated by them.S Each agreement includes a one-time license fee. ~~Patent~~The ~~and~~agreements ~~Trademark~~effective ~~Office~~as ~~seeking~~of August 5, 2025 entered into with the two utilities, provide the Company with the right to ~~invalidate~~be ~~various~~included ~~asserted~~in ~~claims~~each utility’s bidding process for certain product supply for mercury emissions capture at such party’s operated power plants. Such ~~matter~~two ~~remains~~utilities ~~pending.~~have also agreed to withdraw from the IPR petitions.

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Effective as of September 30, 2025, the Company entered into an agreement with another utility not named as a defendant in the Company’s patent litigations, but a party to the IPR petitions filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Such agreement provides such utility and its affiliates with a with a non-exclusive license to certain Company patents related to the Company’s two-part SEA® process for use in connection with a certain designated coal-fired power plant operated by them. Such agreement includes a one-time license fee and provides the Company with the right to be included in such party’s bidding process for certain product supply for mercury emissions capture at such party’s designated power plant. Such party has agreed to withdraw from IPR petitions.

Effective as of October 15, 2025, the Company entered into an agreement with another utility named as a defendant in the Southern District of Iowa action. While the terms of the agreement are confidential, it includes a resolution of the disputes between the Company and that utility and its affiliates and provides for their withdrawal from related proceedings. As a result of this and the other agreements described above, the Company and several defendants have resolved their respective claims, and those defendants have been dismissed from the applicable actions. There remain two utilities in the consolidated Iowa actions.

As described above, between January and July 2025, certain defendants in the consolidated Iowa actions filed IPR petitions seeking to invalidate various asserted claims. In September and October 2025, the U.S. Patent Trial and Appeal Board (“PTAB”) granted the institution of the review of certain of the Company’s asserted patents. On October 13, 2025, the Court in the consolidated Iowa actions ruled to stay the litigation pending completion of the IPR process in the PTAB. No assurance can be given as to the ultimate outcome of these proceedings.

Except for the foregoing disclosures, the Company is not presently aware of any other material pending legal proceedings to which the Company is a party or of which any of its property is the subject.

Litigation, including patent litigation, is inherently subject to uncertainties. As such, there can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in litigating and/or settling any of these claims. The Company expenses legal costs relating to patent litigation as incurred.

Note 10 - Stock Based Compensation

Stock Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation awards in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718, which addresses the accounting for employee stock options which requires that the cost of all employee stock options, as well as other equity-based compensation arrangements, be reflected in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements over the vesting period based on the estimated fair value of the awards.

Stock based compensation consists of the amortization of common stock, stock options, restricted share units and warrants issued to employees, directors and consultants. For the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, stock-based compensation expense amounted to $19,~~428~~641 and $~~136~~133,~~778~~361, respectively. For the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, stock-based compensation expense amounted to $7999,~~955~~596 and $~~906~~1,~~994~~040,625, respectively. Such expense is classified in selling, general and administrative expenses.

On July 3, 2023, the Board of Directors of the Company approved and adopted the Company’s Amended and Restated 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”) and the Company’s Amended and Restated 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”) which amended the Company’s previously adopted 2014 Equity Incentive Plan and 2017 Equity Incentive Plans. Such amendments were made in accordance with the requirements of the TSX Venture Exchange. The 2014 Equity Incentive Plan was first approved by the Board on January 10, 2014. The 2017 Equity Incentive Plan replaced the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, which was terminated by the Board on April 28, 2017. As a result of such termination, no additional awards may be granted under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan but previously granted awards shall remain outstanding in accordance with their terms and conditions. The 2017 Plan was adopted by the Board on February 9, 2017. As amended by the Board on July 3, 2023, the maximum number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2017 Plan after July 3, 2023 is 14,078,459, and to the extent any award (or portion thereof) outstanding under the 2014 Plan expires, terminates or is cancelled, surrendered or forfeited for any reason on or after July 3, 2023, the shares of common stock subject to such award (or portion thereof) shall be added to and increase the foregoing limit, to a maximum of 4,775,000 additional shares of common stock. (On July 3, 2023, there were 4,775,000 options and no other types of awards outstanding under the 2014 Plan.) On October 29, 2024, the Board approved certain non-material amendments to the 2014 Plan and 2017 Plan which amendments were made in connection with the listing of the Company’s shares on the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) and graduation from the TSX Venture Exchange to the TSX. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2025, there were 56,~~641~~266,306 shares remaining available for issuance under the 2017 Plan.

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Common Stock

On November 8, 2022, the Company issued a total of 3,000,000 shares of common stock to the Chief Executive Officer. These shares of common stock were valued at $960,000 in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. The fair value of the shares will be amortized as an expense over the vesting period. The shares became fully vested on November 8, 2024. The expense for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $0 and $~~242~~364,~~666~~000, respectively.

22On ~~Table~~March 19, 2025, the Company announced that its Board of ~~Content~~Directors authorized a share repurchase program under which the Company may purchase up to $5.0 million of its common stock. Purchases under the share repurchase program may be made from time to time, in such amounts as management deems appropriate, through a variety of methods, which may include open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, block trades, accelerated share repurchase transactions, purchases through 10b5-1 trading plans, or by any combination of such methods. The timing and amount of any repurchases pursuant to the share repurchase program will be determined based upon a variety of factors, including general market conditions, share price, corporate and regulatory requirements and limitations, corporate liquidity requirements and priorities, and other factors. The share repurchase program does not have an expiration date, does not require the Company to repurchase any specific number of shares of its common stock, if any, and may be modified, suspended or terminated at any time without notice. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, there were no repurchases made under the program.

On March 19, 2025, the Company announced that its Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program under which the Company may purchase up to $5.0 million of its common stock. Purchases under the share repurchase program may be made from time to time, in such amounts as management deems appropriate, through a variety of methods, which may include open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, block trades, accelerated share repurchase transactions, purchases through 10b5-1 trading plans, or by any combination of such methods. The timing and amount of any repurchases pursuant to the share repurchase program will be determined based upon a variety of factors, including general market conditions, share price, corporate and regulatory requirements and limitations, corporate liquidity requirements and priorities, and other factors. The Company anticipates that any repurchases will not occur before the second half of 2025. The share repurchase program does not have an expiration date, does not require the Company to repurchase any specific number of shares of its common stock, if any, and may be modified, suspended or terminated at any time without notice. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, there were no repurchases made under the program.

Stock Options

On January 15, 2024, the Company granted nonqualified stock options to certain directors, executive officers and employees to acquire an aggregate of 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock under the 2017 Plan. The options granted are exercisable at $0.88 per share, representing the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant as determined under the 2017 Plan. The options are fully vested and exercisable as of the date of grant and will expire five years thereafter. Based on a Black-Scholes valuation model, these options were valued at $632,214, in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, which was expensed on the issuance date in selling, general and administrative expenses within the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The valuation assumptions included an expected duration of 5 years, volatility of 93%, discount rate of 3.84% and dividends of $0.

On February 27, 2024, the Company issued 9,285 shares of common stock to a former employee upon a cashless exercise of an option to purchase 18,750 shares of common stock covered by an option to purchase a total of 100,000 shares of common stock, with an exercise price of $0.27 per share. Such share issuance was based upon a VWAP of $0.9230 per share as determined under the terms of the option.

On June 24, 2024, the Company issued (i) 886,456 shares of common stock to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer upon a cashless exercise of an option to purchase 1,500,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.27 per share, and (ii) 672,867 shares of common stock to the Company’s Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer upon a cashless exercise of options to purchase an aggregate of 1,600,000 shares of common stock at exercise prices ranging from $0.27 to $0.45 per share. Such share issuances were based upon a VWAP of $0.6601 per share as determined under the terms of the options.

On June 28, 2024, the Company issued (i) 46,409 shares of common stock to an employee upon a cashless exercise of options to purchase an aggregate of 300,000 shares of common stock at exercise prices ranging from $0.27 to $0.61 per share, (ii) 44,065 shares of common stock to an employee upon a cashless exercise of an option to purchase 75,000 shares of common stock covered by an option to purchase a total of 100,000 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $0.27 per share, and (iii) 15,000 shares of common stock to a former employee upon a cashless exercise of an option to purchase 25,531 shares of common stock covered by an option to purchase a total of 500,000 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $0.27 per share. Such share issuances were based upon a VWAP of $0.6546 per share as determined under the terms of the options.

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On August 3, 2024, the Company issued 32,112 shares of common stock to a former consultant upon a cashless exercise of an option to purchase 62,500 shares of common stock, with an exercise price of $0.40 per share. Such share issuance was based upon a VWAP of $0.8227 per share as determined under the terms of the option.

On January 2, 2025, and pursuant to an investor relations consulting agreement effective as of January 1, 2025 with a nonaffiliated third party, the Company granted a nonqualified stock option under the 2017 Plan to such third party to acquire 250,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $0.51 per share, representing the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant as determined under the 2017 Plan. Twenty-five percent of the option shall vest and become exercisable three months following the grant date and twenty-five percent shall vest every three months thereafter such that the option shall be fully vested one year following the grant date. The option will expire three years after the grant date. Based on a Black-Scholes valuation model, these options were valued at $77,926, in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. The fair value of the shares was being amortized to selling, general and administrative expenses within the Company’s consolidated statements of operations over twelve months and the Company recorded $3857,~~216~~857 of expenses during the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025. The valuation assumptions included an expected duration of 3 years, volatility of 87%, discount rate of 4.29% and dividends of $0.

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On January 9, 2025, the Company granted a nonqualified stock option under the 2017 Plan to a new director, who was elected to the Board on December 30, 2024, to acquire 100,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $0.56 per share, representing the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant as determined under the 2017 Plan. The option is fully vested and exercisable as of the grant date and will expire five years thereafter.

Based on a Black-Scholes valuation model, these options were valued at $40,071, in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, which was expensed on the issuance date in selling, general and administrative expenses within the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The valuation assumptions included an expected duration of 5 years, volatility of 92%, discount rate of 4.46% and dividends of $0.

On June 20, 2025, the Company issued (i) 318,978 shares of common stock to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer upon a cashless exercise of an option to purchase 500,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.19 per share, and (ii) 318,978 shares of common stock to the Company’s Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer upon a cashless exercise of an option to purchase 500,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.19 per share. Such share issuances were based upon a VWAP of $0.5248 per share as determined under the terms of the options.

A summary of stock option activity is presented below:

						Weighted
				Weighted		Average
	Number			Average		Remaining		Aggregate
	of			Exercise		Contractual		Intrinsic
	Shares			Price		Life (years)		Value
December 31, 2024		9,300,000		$	0.58		1.75		12,500
Grants		350,000			0.52
Expirations		(~~250~~875,000	)		0.1933
Exercised		(1,000,000	)		0.19
June 30, 2025		8,400,000		$	0.64		1.51		1,114,750
September 30, 2025		7,775,000		$	0.66		1.36		1,062,500
Options exercisable at:
June 30, 2025		8,212,500			0.64		1.49		1,082,875
September 30, 2025		7,650,000			0.66		1.34		1,034,750

The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total intrinsic value, based on the Company’s closing stock price of $0.6873 as of ~~June~~September 30, 2025, which would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options as of that date.

~~Stock~~25 ~~options~~Table ~~exercised~~of during the six months ended June 30, 2025 include none that were exercised for cash and 1,000,000 that were cashless exercises. Stock options exercised during the six months ended June 30, 2024 include none that were exercised for cash and 3,519,281 which were cashless exercises.Contents

Stock options exercised during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 include none that were exercised for cash and 1,000,000 that were cashless exercises. Stock options exercised during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 include none that were exercised for cash and 3,581,781 which were cashless exercises.

Restricted Share Units

On January 15, 2024, the Company granted 50,000 restricted share units (“RSUs”) to a director pursuant to the 2017 Plan. The RSUs will vest one year from the date of grant on January 15, 2025. Once vested, each RSU represents the right to receive one share of the Company’s common stock. These shares of common stock were valued at $43,500 in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. The fair value of the shares will be amortized as an expense over the vesting period. The shares become fully vested on January 15, 2025. The expense for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $1,668 and $1930,~~903~~867, respectively.

On January 15, 2025, the Company issued 50,000 shares of common stock to a director due to the vesting on such date of 50,000 RSUs which had previously been granted on January 15, 2024 pursuant to the 2017 Plan and had a one-year vesting period.

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Note 11 - Warrants

The Company utilized a Black-Scholes options pricing model to value warrants at the issuance date. This model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions such as the expected stock price volatility and the expected period until the warrants are exercised. When calculating the value of warrants issued, the Company uses a volatility factor, a risk-free interest rate and the life of the warrant for the exercise period.

There were no warrants outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and ~~June~~September 30, 2025, and no warrants were issued or exercised during the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Note 12 – Segment and Geographic Information

The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is the Chief Executive Officer (the “CEO”). The Company is a provider of specialty activated carbon technologies and, at ~~June~~September 30, 2025, had one operating segment, which entails the provision of specialty activated carbon technologies for air and water purification in the United States.

There are no segment managers who are held accountable for operations, operating results or plans for levels or components below the consolidated unit level. Accordingly, management has determined that the Company has a single operating and reportable segment. The accounting policies related to operating and reportable segments are the same as those described in Note 3, “Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”. The primary measure of segment profit or loss is consolidated net income as presented below and is used by the CEO for the purpose of evaluating segment performance and allocation of budget to support business expansion, new product development and operational efficiencies.

	For the ThreeMonths EndedJune 30,2025			For the ThreeMonths EndedJune 30,2024			For the SixMonths EndedJune 30,2025			For the SixMonths EndedJune 30,2024
Material sales		3,244,446			3,302,936			5,921,430			6,387,024
License fees		-			-			525,000			140,625
Other revenues		9,465			58,497			28,492			75,550
Total revenues	$	3,253,911		$	3,361,433		$	6,474,922		$	6,603,199
Material costs		(1,728,988	)		(1,693,036	)		(3,178,145	)		(3,225,393	)
Blending and milling		(92,747	)		(92,915	)		(158,125	)		(184,624	)
Shipping		(275,633	)		(295,257	)		(481,321	)		(523,771	)
Other cost of goods sold		(90,041	)		(105,516	)		(254,651	)		(266,222	)
Compensation and benefits		(1,378,101	)		(3,015,652	)		(2,445,257	)		(4,253,677	)
Stock-based compensation		(19,428	)		(136,778	)		(79,955	)		(906,994	)
Amortization and depreciation		(103,664	)		(57,835	)		(176,129	)		(120,159	)
Consulting fees		(306,516	)		(102,410	)		(566,974	)		(300,140	)
Professional fees		(126,737	)		(1,061,299	)		(1,022,452	)		(2,093,035	)
General and administrative		(205,530	)		(360,410	)		(528,340	)		(687,351	)
Change in fair value of profit share		(375,697	)		(2,689,436	)		(729,048	)		(2,954,634	)
Interest expense		-			(5,817	)		(54	)		(251,634	)
Income tax benefit (expense)		(21,645	)		(14,181	)		(35,780	)		(14,181	)
Research and development		(90,637	)		-			(90,637	)		-
Interest income		19,537			122,195			50,810			176,827
Segment net loss		(1,541,916	)		(6,146,914	)		(3,221,136	)		(9,001,789	)
Reconciliation of profit or loss
Adjustments and reconciling items		-			-			-			-
Consolidated net loss	$	(1,541,916	)	$	(6,146,914	)	$	(3,221,136	)	$	(9,001,789	)

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	For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025			For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024			For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025			For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024

Material sales		4,715,874			5,092,123			10,637,304			11,479,147
License fees		2,600,000			133,125			3,125,000			273,750
Other revenues		46,015			11,742			74,507			87,292
Total revenues	$	7,361,889		$	5,236,990		$	13,836,811		$	11,840,189

Material costs		(2,557,924	)		(2,829,784	)		(5,736,069	)		(6,055,177	)
Blending and milling		(110,518	)		(127,786	)		(268,643	)		(312,410	)
Shipping		(339,987	)		(417,997	)		(821,308	)		(941,768	)
Other cost of goods sold		(197,856	)		(151,095	)		(452,507	)		(417,317	)
Compensation and benefits		(1,219,307	)		(1,031,223	)		(3,664,564	)		(5,284,900	)
Stock-based compensation		(19,641	)		(133,631	)		(99,596	)		(1,040,625	)
Amortization and depreciation		(105,667	)		(64,830	)		(281,796	)		(184,989	)
Consulting fees		(344,043	)		(103,057	)		(911,017	)		(403,197	)
Professional fees		(1,387,156	)		(963,256	)		(2,409,608	)		(3,056,291	)
General and administrative		(203,872	)		(511,456	)		(732,212	)		(1,198,807	)
Change in fair value of profit share		(37,619	)		282,381			(766,667	)		(2,672,253	)
Interest expense		-			(7,356	)		(54	)		(258,990	)
Income tax benefit (expense)		(1,611	)		283,898			(37,391	)		269,717
Research and development		(64,088	)		-			(154,725	)		-
Interest income		15,412			80,656			66,222			257,483
Segment net loss		788,012			(457,546	)		(2,433,124	)		(9,459,335	)
Reconciliation of profit or loss
Adjustments and reconciling items		-			-			-			-

Consolidated net loss	$	788,012			(457,546	)		(2,433,124	)		(9,459,335	)

The segment assets are not reviewed by the CODM at a different asset level or category and is reviewed at the consolidated level.

~~Note~~27 13Table -of ~~Subsequent Events~~Contents

Effective as of August 5, 2025, the Company entered into separate agreements with two utilities, which are affiliated with each other, and named as defendants in the Southern District of Iowa action (see “Note 9 – Commitments and Contingencies”). Such agreements provide such parties and their affiliates with a non-exclusive license to certain Company patents related to the Company’s two-part Sorbent Enhancement Additive (SEA®) process for use in connection with certain designated coal-fired power plants operated by them. Each agreement includes a one-time license fee which is to be paid within 30 days of signing of the agreement. Such agreements provide the Company with the right to be included in each utility’s bidding process for certain product supply for mercury emissions capture at such party’s operated power plants. Such lawsuit will continue against the other non-affiliated defendants named in the Southern District of Iowa action.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes that appear elsewhere within this report. Certain statements we make under this Item 2 constitute “forward-looking statements” under the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 or applicable Canadian securities laws. See “Forward-Looking Statements” in “Part I” preceding “Item 1 – Financial Statements.” You should consider our forward-looking statements in light of the risks discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as well as our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, related notes and other financial information appearing elsewhere in this report and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission or Canadian securities regulators.

Unless indicated otherwise, references in this discussion and analysis to the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our” refer collectively to Birchtech Corp. (formerly Midwest Energy Emissions Corp.) and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Overview

~~Our~~ Business Operations

We are a provider of specialty activated carbon technologies, delivering innovative solutions for air and water purification. We provide patented and proprietary technologies for mercury emissions capture to the coal-fired utility sector, and are developing disruptive water purification technologies with a specialization on forever chemicals such as PFAS and PFOS.

Mercury Emissions

We provide mercury capture solutions for coal-fired power plants driven by our patented two-part ~~Sorbent Enhancement Additive (~~SEA®) process using a powerful combination of science and engineering. Our leading-edge services have been shown to achieve mercury emissions removal at a significantly lower cost and with less operational impact to coal-fired power plants than other used methods, while maintaining and/or increasing power plant output and preserving the marketability of byproducts for beneficial use. We design systems and materials tailored and formulated specifically to each customer’s coal-fired units. North America is currently the largest market for our emissions technologies. The market for mercury removal from power plant emissions in the United States have largely been driven by federal regulations. The MATS rule, proposed by the EPA in May 2011 and which became effective in April 2012, is intended to reduce air emissions of heavy metals, including Hg, from all major U.S. power plants burning coal or oil, which are the leading source of non-natural mercury emissions in the U.S. Our mercury removal technologies and systems achieve mercury removal levels which meet or exceed the MATS requirements with lower cost and plant systems impacts than typical PAC or BAC sorbent injection systems. Our products have been shown to be successful across a myriad of fuel and system types, tunable to any configuration, and environmentally friendly, allowing for the recycling of fly ash for beneficial use.

The market for mercury removal from power plant emissions in the United States have largely been driven by federal regulations. The Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS) rule, proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in May 2011 and which became effective in April 2012, is intended to reduce air emissions of heavy metals, including mercury (Hg), from all major U.S. power plants burning coal or oil, which are the leading source of non-natural mercury emissions in the U.S. Our mercury removal technologies and systems will achieve mercury removal levels which meet or exceed the MATS requirements with lower cost and plant systems impacts than typical PAC or BAC sorbent injection systems. Our products have been shown to be successful across a myriad of fuel and system types, tunable to any configuration, and environmentally friendly, allowing for the recycling of fly ash for beneficial use.

Our SEA® technology provides total mercury control with solutions that are based on a thorough scientific understanding of actual and probable interactions involved in mercury capture in coal-fired flue gas. A complete understanding of the complexity of mercury-sorbent-flue gas interactions and chemisorption mechanisms allows for optimal control strategy and product formulation, resulting in effective mercury capture. Combined with a thorough proprietary audit of the plant and its configuration and instrumentation, we believe our complete science and engineering approach for mercury-sorbent-flue gas interactions are well-understood, highly predictive, and critical to delivering total mercury control.

We believe that a significant percentage of coal-fired power plants in the United States have adopted and are infringing upon our two-part Sorbent Enhancement Additive (SEA®) process for mercury removal from coal-fired power plants.

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Beginning in 2019, we began to actively enforce our patent rights against unauthorized use of our patented technologies, and have since initiated patent litigation in various jurisdictions against multiple infringers, claiming infringement of our patents related to our two-part process for mercury removal from coal-fired power plants. We view such litigation as a last resort. Our goal and overall strategy is to convert infringers to our supply chain of sorbent products for mercury removal, or otherwise license our patents to them on a non-exclusive basis in connection with their respective coal-fired power plants.

In28 ~~April~~Table ~~2023, the EPA issued a proposal to strengthen and update MATS. Such proposal was finalized and published in May 2024 with an effective date~~ of July 8, 2024 which, among other things, strengthens emissions monitoring and compliance and tightens the emission standard for mercury for existing lignite-fired power plants to a level that is aligned with the mercury standard that other coal-fired power plants have been achieving under MATS. Contents

OnIn ~~March~~April 122023, ~~2025,~~ the ~~newly appointed~~ EPA ~~administrator~~issued ~~under~~a ~~the~~proposal ~~Trump Administration announced plans~~ to ~~roll~~strengthen ~~back~~and ~~dozens~~update ~~of environmental regulations including the reconsideration of the~~ MATS ~~regulation~~. On ~~April~~Such 8,proposal ~~2025,~~was ~~President~~finalized ~~Trump~~and ~~signed~~published ain ~~Proclamation~~May ~~exempting~~2024 ~~certain~~with ~~stationary~~an ~~sources,~~effective ~~identified~~date ~~in Annex 1~~ of ~~the~~July ~~Proclamation~~8, ~~from compliance with the~~ 2024 ~~updated~~which, ~~MATS~~among ~~Rule. As~~other ~~set out in the Proclamation~~things, ~~the~~strengthens ~~President’s~~and ~~exemption~~updates ~~lasts~~MATS for acoal-fired ~~period~~power ofplants ~~two~~and ~~years~~tightens ~~beyond~~ the ~~updated~~emission ~~Rule’s~~standard ~~compliance~~for ~~date~~mercury ~~-- i.e.,~~ for ~~the~~existing ~~period beginning July 8, 2027, and concluding July 8, 2029. During the two~~lignite-~~year~~fired ~~period~~power ~~these~~plants ~~stationary sources identified in Annex 1 are subject~~ to ~~the~~a ~~compliance~~level ~~obligations~~ that ~~they~~is ~~are~~aligned ~~currently~~with ~~subject to under MATS as~~ the ~~MATS~~mercury ~~Rule~~standard ~~existed~~that ~~prior~~other tocoal-fired ~~the 2024 update. Annex 1 identifies 47 plant owners and over 60~~ power plants ~~provided~~have ~~such~~been ~~exemption,~~achieving ~~which~~under ~~list includes a number of our customers~~MATS.

On ~~June~~March 1112, 2025, the newly appointed EPA ~~proposed~~administrator under the Trump Administration announced plans to ~~repeal~~roll back dozens of environmental regulations including the reconsideration of the MATS regulation. On April 8, 2025, President Trump signed a Proclamation exempting certain ~~amendments~~stationary ~~made~~sources, toidentified in Annex 1 of the Proclamation, from compliance with the 2024 updated MATS Rule. ~~published~~As set out in ~~May~~the ~~2024~~Proclamation, the President’s exemption lasts for a period of two years beyond the updated Rule’s compliance date (i.e., for the period beginning July 8, 2027, and ~~return~~concluding July 8, 2029). During the two-year period these stationary sources identified in Annex 1 are subject to the compliance obligations that they are currently subject to ~~the~~under MATS ~~standards~~as ~~which~~the MATS Rule existed prior to the 2024 update. ~~Such~~Annex ~~proposal~~1 isidentifies ~~currently~~47 ~~open~~plant ~~for~~owners ~~public~~and ~~comment,~~over ~~with~~60 ~~the~~power ~~comment~~plants ~~period~~provided ~~scheduled~~such toexemption, ~~close~~which inlist ~~August~~includes ~~2025~~a number of our customers.

In June 2025, the EPA proposed to repeal certain amendments finalized in 2024 to the MATS Rule and return compliance obligations to the MATS standards which existed prior to the 2024 update. The EPA intends to finalize action on this proposal by December 2025.

Water Treatment

In April 2024, the EPA under the Biden Administration issued the first-ever national, enforceable drinking water standard to protect communities from exposure to harmful PFAS, also known as “forever chemicals”. The Rule established legally enforceable MCLs for six PFAS in drinking water: PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, and HFPO-DA as contaminants with individual MCLs, and PFAS mixtures containing at least two or more of PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO-DA, and PFBS using a Hazard Index MCL to account for the combined and co-occurring levels of these PFAS in drinking water. Under the Rule, public water systems must monitor these PFAS and must complete initial monitoring by 2027, followed by ongoing compliance monitoring. Water systems must also provide the public with information on the levels of these PFAS in their drinking water beginning in 2027.

In April 2024, we announced the introduction of our new water treatment business to address the growing potable (drinking) water market with next-generation sorbent technologies. These new solutions are being designed to use significantly less activated carbon, offering a more environmentally sustainable approach to water treatment while maintaining or improving contaminant removal performance. Our products target not only compliance with emerging PFAS regulations, but also broader opportunities in water quality improvement positioning us to serve a large and expanding market.

As part of this strategic pivot, we have invested in the commissioning of two state-of-the-art laboratory facilities, —one ~~located~~ in Pennsylvania and ~~the~~one ~~other~~ in North Dakota~~, that are~~ —referred to ~~and serve~~ as our “Design Centers .” The Design Centers are dedicated sites for water treatment innovation and development. Together, we believe these facilities represent the only known facilities that have integrated capability in North America to thermally reactivate spent ~~granular activated carbon (“~~GAC”) under controlled conditions and subsequently conduct ~~rapid small-scale column tests (“~~RSSCTs”) to directly compare reactivated GAC performance against virgin carbon counterpart. This combination allows us to evaluate reactivated GAC as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to virgin carbon and address key water utility questions including how to optimize media changeout schedules, strategies to reduce operational costs, and provide lab-based validation of treatment performance for PFAS and other contaminants.

These Design Centers will also function as a direct resource for the water treatment industry, offering thermal reactivation, contaminant analysis, and carbon performance evaluations. By enabling municipal and industrial utilities to lower compliance costs and improve operational efficiency, we expect to build strong technical credibility and customer engagement ahead of large-scale market adoption. Importantly, we believe our technology platform is not solely dependent on PFAS regulations as market demand for improved water treatment solutions is broad.

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Our investment in our Design Centers also serves as the basis for our planned commercial thermal reactivation plants which we intend to open and operate in the future. Data generated from the Design Centers is being used to define permitting requirements, capital expenditure parameters, and projected operating costs accelerating the commercialization timeline while avoiding costly future reliance on third-party providers.

On May 14, 2025, the EPA under the new Trump Administration announced the agency will keep the regulations for PFOA and PFOS. As part of this action, the EPA also announced its intent to extend the PFOA and PFOS MCL compliance deadlines and establish a federal exemption framework. Additionally, the EPA announced its intent to rescind the regulations and reconsider the regulatory determinations for PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO-DA (commonly known as GenX), and the Hazard Index mixture of these three PFAS plus PFBS to ensure the determinations and any resulting drinking water regulation follow the Safe Drinking Water Act process.

In light of evolving water regulations and funding dynamics, we believe the Company is well positioned to capture a meaningful share in the rapidly growing water treatment sector.

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Additional Information

In May 2024, we announced the appointment of David Mazyck to head our new business line to address the potable (drinking) water market with new sorbent technologies under development. In June 2025, he was appointed our Executive Director of Innovation and Commercialization. In addition, in May 2024, we announced the appointment of Dennis Baranik as Director of National Sales. Mr. Baranik ~~will~~oversees ~~oversee~~ product sales and IP licensing in the Company’s core business for mercury emissions capture as well as support both product and business development for the water market. Also, in June 2025, we announced the appointment of Christopher Rinaldi as Director of Strategic Operations, with a focus on our water treatment business.

Effective on October 17, 2024, as part of our rebranding, we changed our corporate name from Midwest Energy Emissions Corp. to Birchtech Corp. pursuant to a certificate of amendment to our certificate of incorporation filed with the State of Delaware, and on October 17, 2024 our common stock commenced trading under the ticker symbol “BCHT”.

On October 9, 2024, we received conditional approval to list our shares of common stock on the ~~Toronto Stock Exchange (“~~TSX”) and graduate from the ~~TSX Venture Exchange (“~~TSXV”) to the TSX. On November 12, 2024, our shares commenced trading on the TSX under the ticker symbol “BCHT”.

Other Recent Developments

On February 27, 2024, and pursuant to a Debt Restructuring Agreement entered into on such date with AC Midwest Energy LLC (“AC Midwest”), we made an approximate $9.0 million principal payment against an approximate $13.2 million unsecured note held by AC Midwest ~~Energy LLC (“AC Midwest”)~~ and repaid in full the remaining principal balance of approximately $272,000 due on a secured note held by AC Midwest. As part of the restructuring, we negotiated a reduction in the profit participation preference held by AC Midwest from approximately $17.7 million to $7.9 million (the “Restructured Profit Share”). Such Restructured Profit Share is “non-recourse” and shall only be paid from net litigation proceeds from claims relating to our intellectual property. In addition, pursuant to the Debt Restructuring Agreement, in March 2024, we were able to facilitate the private sale of certain shares of common stock held by AC Midwest and received a $960,000 credit toward the remaining balance due on the unsecured note. In August 2024, we repaid in full the remaining principal balance of approximately $3.2 million due on the unsecured note held by AC Midwest. As a result, the only remaining debt obligation to AC Midwest is the “non-recourse” Restructured Profit Share.

Following a five-day trial, on March 1, 2024, we were awarded a $57.1 million patent infringement verdict by a federal jury in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against a remaining group of defendants in the lawsuit commenced by us in 2019. Such group of affiliated defendants included multiple limited liability companies with refined coal industry operations, including CERT Operations II LLC, CERT Operations IV LLC, CERT Operations V LLC, and CERT Operations RCB LLC. The jury determined that these defendants infringed our patented technologies for mercury emissions and were liable for willful infringement, along with inducing and contributory infringement. Following the trial, the Court entered non-final judgments on the verdict against the CERT defendants and the parties submitted post-trial motions relating to the jury trial. The CERT defendants also asserted that the Company’s claims were barred due to their defense that they had an implied license to the asserted patents. A bench trial was held on such issue. On June 10, 2025, the Court ruled that the CERT defendants failed to prove that they had such an implied license and denied their motion to alter or amend the non-final judgment. In addition, on September 25, 2025, the Court issued a Memorandum Opinion and Order that denied the CERT defendants’ post-trial motion that they should not be held liable as a matter of law for induced infringement, contributory infringement or willful infringement. We are awaiting the Court’s determination as to the final judgment.

2830 Table of ~~Content~~Contents

In ~~April~~July 2024, ~~the~~we ~~EPA~~commenced ~~under~~three ~~the~~additional ~~Biden~~patent ~~Administration~~infringement ~~issued~~lawsuits ~~the~~in ~~first-ever~~U.S. ~~national~~District Courts in Arizona, ~~enforceable~~Iowa ~~drinking~~and ~~water~~Missouri ~~standard~~against tomultiple ~~protect~~utilities ~~communities~~and ~~from~~related ~~exposure~~entities. toThese ~~harmful~~actions ~~per-and~~allege ~~polyfluoroalkyl~~willful ~~substances~~infringement ~~(“PFAS”),~~of ~~also~~our ~~known~~patents asrelated ~~“forever~~to ~~chemicals”. The~~mercury ~~Rule~~emissions ~~established~~control. ~~legally~~In ~~enforceable~~October ~~levels~~2024, ~~called~~we ~~Maximum~~entered ~~Contaminant~~into ~~Levels~~an ~~(MCLs),~~agreement ~~for~~with ~~six~~one ~~PFAS~~of inthe ~~drinking~~utility ~~water:~~defendants ~~PFOA,~~and ~~PFOS,~~an ~~PFHxS,~~affiliated ~~PFNA~~entity in the Arizona action, and ~~HFPO-DA~~in asJanuary ~~contaminants~~2025, ~~with~~we ~~individual~~entered ~~MCLs,~~into ~~and~~an ~~PFAS~~agreement ~~mixtures~~with ~~containing~~another atutility ~~least~~named ~~two~~in orthe ~~more~~Arizona ofaction. ~~PFHxS,~~Such ~~PFNA,~~agreements ~~HFPO-DA,~~provide such parties and ~~PFBS~~their ~~using~~affiliates with a ~~Hazard~~non-exclusive ~~Index~~license ~~MCL~~ to ~~account~~certain ~~for~~Company ~~the~~patents ~~combined~~related ~~and~~to coour two-~~occurring~~part ~~levels~~SEA® ofprocess ~~these~~for ~~PFAS~~use in ~~drinking~~connection ~~water. Under~~with ~~the~~a ~~Rule,~~certain ~~public~~designated ~~water~~coal-fired ~~systems~~power ~~must~~plant ~~monitor~~operated ~~these~~by ~~PFAS~~them. ~~and~~The ~~will~~agreements ~~have~~include ~~three~~one-time ~~years~~license tofees ~~complete~~which ~~initial~~have ~~monitoring~~been (received by ~~2027),~~us. ~~followed~~One byagreement ~~ongoing~~provides ~~compliance~~us ~~monitoring. Water~~with ~~systems~~a ~~must~~right ~~also~~of ~~provide~~first refusal for certain of such utility’s product supply for mercury emissions capture at such designated power plant and the ~~public~~other ~~with~~agreement ~~information~~provides onus with the ~~levels~~right ofto ~~these~~be ~~PFAS~~included in ~~their~~such ~~drinking~~party’s ~~water~~bidding ~~beginning~~process infor ~~2027~~certain product supply for mercury emissions capture at such party’s designated power plant.

InOn ~~July~~December 17, 2024, wethe ~~commenced three additional patent infringement lawsuits in~~ U.S. ~~District~~Judicial ~~Courts~~Panel inon ~~Arizona,~~Multidistrict ~~Iowa~~Litigation ~~and~~ordered ~~Missouri~~the ~~against~~consolidation ~~multiple utilities and related entities. These actions allege willful infringement~~ of ~~our~~the ~~patents~~three ~~related~~lawsuits toin ~~mercury~~the ~~emissions control~~U. InS. ~~October~~District ~~2024,~~Court wefor ~~entered~~the ~~into~~Southern anDistrict ~~agreement with one~~ of ~~the~~Iowa ~~utility~~for ~~defendants~~coordinated ~~and~~pretrial anproceedings. ~~affiliated~~In ~~entity in the Arizona action, and in~~ January 2025, we ~~entered~~initiated ~~into~~ an ~~agreement~~additional ~~with~~infringement ~~another~~suit ~~utility named~~ in the ~~Arizona~~Western ~~action.~~District ~~Such~~of ~~agreements~~Missouri ~~provide~~against ~~such~~several ~~parties~~Evergy-affiliated ~~and~~entities. ~~their~~One ~~affiliates~~of ~~with~~such adefendants ~~non-exclusive~~was ~~license~~dismissed tofrom ~~certain~~the ~~Company~~Western ~~patents~~District ~~related~~of toMissouri ~~our~~action ~~two-part~~and ~~Sorbent~~named ~~Enhancement~~as ~~Additive~~a ~~(SEA®)~~defendant ~~process for use~~ in ~~connection with~~ a ~~certain~~separate ~~designated~~case ~~coal-fired~~commenced ~~power~~in ~~plant~~the ~~operated by them~~U. ~~The agreements include one-time license fees which have been received by us~~S. ~~One~~ ~~agreement~~District ~~provides~~Court usfor ~~with~~the aDistrict ~~right~~ of ~~first~~Kansas. ~~refusal~~Such ~~for~~cases ~~certain~~were oftransferred ~~such~~to ~~utility’s product supply for mercury emissions capture at such designated power plant and~~ the ~~other~~Iowa ~~agreement~~court ~~provides~~pursuant usto ~~with~~ the ~~right~~existing totransfer ~~be included in such party’s bidding process for certain product supply for mercury emissions capture at such party’s designated power plant~~order.

OnBetween ~~December~~January ~~17,~~and ~~2024~~July 2025, ~~the~~certain ~~U.S.~~defendants ~~Judicial~~in ~~Panel~~the onconsolidated ~~Multidistrict~~Iowa ~~Litigation~~actions ~~ordered~~filed ~~the~~IPR ~~consolidation~~petitions ofwith the ~~three lawsuits in the~~ U.S. ~~District~~Patent ~~Court~~and ~~for~~Trademark ~~the~~Office ~~Southern~~seeking District of Iowa for coordinated pretrial proceedings. In January 2025, we initiated an additional infringement suit in the Western District of Missouri against several Evergy-affiliated entities, which was transferred to ~~the~~invalidate ~~Iowa~~various ~~court~~asserted ~~in February 2025 pursuant to the existing transfer order~~claims.

InOn ~~January~~March ~~and~~19, ~~February~~ 2025, ~~certain~~we ~~defendants~~announced inthat ~~the~~our ~~consolidated~~Board ~~Iowa~~of ~~actions~~Directors ~~filed~~authorized ~~Inter~~a ~~Partes~~share ~~Review~~repurchase ~~petitions~~program ~~with~~under which the UCompany may purchase up to $5.S0 million of its common stock. ~~Patent~~Purchases under the share repurchase program may be made from time to time, in such amounts as management deems appropriate, through a variety of methods, which may include open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, block trades, accelerated share repurchase transactions, purchases through 10b5-1 trading plans, or by any combination of such methods. The timing and ~~Trademark~~amount ~~Office~~of ~~seeking~~any repurchases pursuant to ~~invalidate~~the ~~various~~share ~~asserted~~repurchase ~~claims~~program will be determined based upon a variety of factors, including general market conditions, share price, corporate and regulatory requirements and limitations, corporate liquidity requirements and priorities, and other factors. ~~Such~~ ~~matter~~The ~~remains~~share ~~pending~~repurchase program does not have an expiration date, does not require the Company to repurchase any specific number of shares of its common stock, if any, and may be modified, suspended or terminated at any time without notice. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, there were no repurchases made under the program.

OnEffective ~~March~~as 19of August 5, 2025, we ~~announced~~entered ~~that~~into ~~our~~separate ~~Board~~agreements ofwith ~~Directors~~two ~~authorized~~utilities, awhich ~~share~~are ~~repurchase~~affiliated ~~program~~with ~~under~~each ~~which~~other, ~~the~~and ~~Company~~named ~~may~~as ~~purchase~~defendants upin tothe ~~$5.0~~Southern ~~million~~District of ~~its~~Iowa ~~common stock~~action. ~~Purchases~~ ~~under~~In ~~the share repurchase program may be made from time to time~~addition, ~~in such amounts~~ as ~~management~~of ~~deems~~September ~~appropriate~~9, ~~through a variety of methods~~2025, ~~which~~we ~~may~~entered ~~include~~into ~~open~~an ~~market~~agreement ~~purchases,~~with ~~privately~~a ~~negotiated~~utility ~~transactions,~~and ~~block~~its ~~trades,~~affiliated ~~accelerated share repurchase transactions~~entities, ~~purchases~~named ~~through~~as ~~10b5-1~~defendants ~~trading~~in ~~plans,~~the orWestern byDistrict ~~any combination~~ of ~~such~~Missouri ~~methods. The timing~~ and ~~amount~~District of ~~any~~Kansas ~~repurchases~~actions. ~~pursuant~~Such toagreements ~~the~~provide ~~share~~such ~~repurchase~~parties ~~program~~and ~~will~~their beaffiliates ~~determined~~with ~~based upon~~ a ~~variety~~non-exclusive oflicense ~~factors,~~to ~~including~~certain ~~general~~Company ~~market~~patents ~~conditions,~~related ~~share~~to ~~price,~~our ~~corporate~~two-part ~~and~~Sorbent ~~regulatory~~Enhancement ~~requirements~~Additive ~~and~~(SEA®) ~~limitations,~~process ~~corporate~~for ~~liquidity~~use ~~requirements~~in ~~and~~connection ~~priorities,~~with ~~and~~certain ~~other~~designated ~~factors.~~coal-fired ~~The~~power ~~share~~plants ~~repurchase~~operated ~~program~~by ~~does~~them. ~~not~~Each ~~have~~agreement anincludes ~~expiration~~a ~~date,~~one-time ~~does~~license ~~not~~fee. ~~require~~The ~~the~~agreements ~~Company~~effective toas ~~repurchase~~of ~~any~~August ~~specific~~5, ~~number~~2025 ofentered ~~shares~~into ofwith ~~its~~the ~~common~~two ~~stock~~utilities, ifprovide ~~any,~~us ~~and~~with ~~may~~the beright ~~modified,~~to ~~suspended~~be orincluded ~~terminated~~in ateach ~~any~~utility’s ~~time~~bidding ~~without~~process ~~notice. During~~for ~~the~~certain ~~three~~product ~~and~~supply ~~six~~for ~~months~~mercury ~~ended~~emissions ~~June~~capture ~~30,~~at ~~2025,~~such ~~there~~party’s ~~were~~operated nopower ~~repurchases made under the program~~plants. ~~Repurchases~~Such ~~are~~utilities ~~not~~have ~~expected~~also agreed to ~~occur~~withdraw ~~until~~from the ~~second~~IPR ~~half of 2025 at the earliest, or until 2026, if at all~~petitions.

OnEffective ~~May~~as 14of September 30, 2025, ~~the~~we ~~EPA~~entered ~~under~~into ~~the~~an ~~new~~agreement ~~Trump~~with ~~Administration~~another ~~announced~~utility ~~the~~not ~~agency~~named ~~will~~as ~~keep~~a ~~the~~defendant ~~regulations~~in ~~for~~our ~~PFOA~~patent ~~and~~litigations, ~~PFOS.~~but Asa ~~part~~party ofto ~~this~~the ~~action,~~IPR ~~EPA~~petitions ~~also~~filed ~~announced~~with ~~its~~the ~~intent~~U.S. toPatent ~~extend~~and ~~the~~Trademark ~~PFOA~~Office. ~~and~~Such ~~PFOS~~agreement ~~Maximum~~provides ~~Contaminant~~such ~~Level~~utility ~~compliance~~and ~~deadlines~~its ~~and~~affiliates ~~establish~~with a ~~federal~~with ~~exemption~~a ~~framework. Additionally,~~non-exclusive ~~the~~license ~~EPA~~to ~~announced~~certain ~~its~~Company ~~intent~~patents related to ~~rescind~~ the ~~regulations~~Company’s ~~and~~two-part ~~reconsider~~SEA® ~~the~~process ~~regulatory~~for ~~determinations~~use ~~for~~in ~~PFHxS,~~connection ~~PFNA,~~with ~~HFPO~~a certain designated coal-DAfired ~~(commonly~~power ~~known~~plant asoperated ~~GenX),~~by them. Such agreement includes a one-time license fee and provides the ~~Hazard~~Company ~~Index~~with ~~mixture~~the ofright ~~these~~to ~~three~~be ~~PFAS~~included ~~plus~~in ~~PFBS~~such toparty’s ~~ensure~~bidding ~~the~~process ~~determinations~~for ~~and~~certain ~~any~~product ~~resulting~~supply ~~drinking~~for ~~water~~mercury ~~regulation~~emissions ~~follow~~capture ~~the~~at ~~Safe~~such ~~Drinking~~party’s ~~Water~~designated ~~Act~~power ~~process~~plant. Such party has agreed to withdraw from IPR petitions.

~~Effective~~31 asTable of August 5, 2025, we entered into separate agreements with two utilities, which are affiliated with each other, and named as defendants in the Southern District of Iowa action. Such agreements provide such parties and their affiliates with a non-exclusive license to certain Company patents related to our two-part Sorbent Enhancement Additive (SEA®) process for use in connection with certain designated coal-fired power plants operated by them. Each agreement includes a one-time license fee which is to be paid within 30 days of signing of the agreement. Such agreements provide us with the right to be included in each utility’s bidding process for certain product supply for mercury emissions capture at such party’s operated power plants. Such lawsuit will continue against the other non-affiliated defendants named in the Southern District of Iowa action.Contents

29Effective ~~Table~~as of ~~Content~~October 15, 2025, we entered into an agreement with another utility named as a defendant in the Southern District of Iowa action. While the terms of the agreement are confidential, it includes a resolution of the disputes between the Company and that utility and its affiliates and provides for their withdrawal from related proceedings. As a result of this and the other agreements described above, the Company and several defendants have resolved their respective claims, and those defendants have been dismissed from the applicable actions. There remain two utilities in the consolidated Iowa actions.

Results of Operations

Revenues

We generated revenues of approximately $37,~~254~~362,000 and $35,~~361~~237,000 for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and approximately $613,~~475~~837,000 and $611,~~603~~840,000 for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Such revenues were primarily derived from sorbent product sales which were approximately $34,~~244~~716,000 and $35,~~303~~092,000 for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively and approximately $510,~~921~~637,000 and $611,~~387~~479,000 for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Revenues from product sales can be dependent on natural gas prices, extreme weather, and the maintenance and downtime requirements of customer plants. The decrease in ~~revenues~~product sales from the prior year was primarily due to the mix of plants running, unexpected customer forced outages and products sold in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2025 resulting in decreased product revenues for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year period. This decrease was offset by an increase in licensing revenues for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 compared to ~~June~~September 30, 2024, resulting in an overall increase in the revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year period.

Licensing revenues were approximately $02,600,000 and $0133,000 for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively and approximately $~~525~~3,125,000 and $~~141~~274,000 for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Such increase was primarily due to a new licensing ~~agreement~~agreements which ~~was~~were entered into during the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March~~September 3130, 2025 with aprimarily utility defendants.

~~Equipment~~Other ~~sales~~revenues, consisting of demonstration, consulting and ~~other~~equipment ~~revenues~~sales, for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024 were approximately $946,~~465~~000 and $5912,000, respectively and approximately $2875,000 and $7687,000 for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Other revenues ~~were~~have ~~comparable~~not ~~for~~been ~~the~~material ~~periods~~in ~~ended~~relation ~~June~~to ~~30,~~total ~~2025 and 2024~~revenues.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales were approximately $23,~~286~~330,000 and $23,~~301~~642,000 for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and approximately $47,~~272~~602,000 and $48,~~414~~056,000 for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. This decrease in cost of sales of approximately $~~142~~454,000 for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 was primarily attributable to decreased product sales in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2025 compared to the prior year period, together with a change in the mix of products sold in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2025 compared to the first ~~six~~nine months of 2024.

Gross Profit

Gross profit was approximately $~~968~~4,032,000 and $1,~~061~~595,000 for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and approximately $26,~~202~~235,000 and $23,~~189~~784,000 for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024. The ~~decrease~~increase in gross profit for the three ~~months~~and ~~ended~~nine ~~2025 was primarily due to a decrease in sales. The increase in gross profit for the six~~ months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 was primarily due to significantly higher licensing revenues in 2025 compared to 2024, which typically carry higher margins than product sales, thus contributing to the overall improvement in gross profit.

Table of Contents

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses consisted of selling, general and administrative expenses (“SG&A”) and research and development expenses (“R&D”) in 2025 and SG&A and in 2024. Operating expenses decreased significantly in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to ~~2024~~the prior year period, despite incurring costs related to the development of the Company’s water treatment business. SG&A expenses were approximately $12,~~698~~748,000 and $42,~~634~~702,000 for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and approximately $36,~~869~~617,000 and $810,~~161~~863,000 for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Total SG&A expenses decreased in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2025 compared to the prior year period, as a result of variances in individual categories. ~~Decreases~~This included decreases in salaries and wages, ~~and~~ professional fees ~~were~~and ~~partially offset by increases in~~ consulting fees. The decrease in salaries and wages was primarily due to the payment of bonus compensation in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2024 for which there were no comparable expenses in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2025, along with greater stock-based compensation in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2024 compared to the comparable period in 2025. The decrease in professional fees was primarily due to lower legal fees in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2025 in connection with the Company’s patent litigation compared to the prior year period which had greater legal fees due to trial preparation and the jury trial in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware.

Total R&D expenses were approximately $473,000 and $0 for the three months ended September 30, ~~Table~~2025 and 2024, respectively, and $1,335,000 and $0 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. R&D expenses relate to research conducted to develop water treatment products utilizing new sorbent technologies, and increased in the first nine months of ~~Content~~2025 compared to the prior year period as the Company had not incurred any research related costs during the first nine months of 2024. The Company began incurring research and development costs when the lab equipment at the Company’s labs was placed into service.

~~Total~~Operating ~~R&D~~Income expenses were approximately $455,000 and $0 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $862,000 and $0 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. R&D expenses relate to research conducted to develop water treatment products utilizing new sorbent technologies, and increased in the first six months of 2025 compared to the prior year period as the Company had not incurred any research related costs during the first six months of 2024. The Company began incurring research and development costs when the lab equipment at the Company’s labs was placed into service.(Loss)

~~Operating~~Our ~~Loss~~operating income was approximately $811,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to a loss of $1,107,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, we had an operating loss of approximately $1,717,000 and $7,079,000, respectively. Such decrease in operating loss was primarily due to our increased license fee revenue in 2025 compared to 2024 coupled with a decrease in total operating expenses during the first nine months of 2025 as discussed above.

Operating loss decreased significantly in 2025 compared to 2024. Our operating loss was approximately $1,185,000 and $3,574,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and approximately $2,528,000 and $5,972,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Such decrease in operating loss was primarily due to our increased license fee revenue in 2025 compared to 2024 coupled with a decrease in total operating expenses during the first six months of 2025 as discussed above.

Other Income (Expense)

Interest expense related to the financing of capital was approximately $0Nil and $67,000 for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $54 and $~~252~~259,000 for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The approximate breakdown of interest expense for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024 is as follows:

	Three Months Ended				~~Six~~Nine Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	September 30,				September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
	(In thousands)				(In thousands)
Interest expense on notes payable	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	4
Amortization of discount of notes payable		-		-		-		242
Other interest		-		67		-		613
	$	-	$	67	$	-	$	~~252~~259

Gain (Loss) on change in fair value of profit share liability and unsecured note was approximately $~~376~~(38,000) and $2282,~~689,~~000 for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $~~729~~(767,000) and $(2,~~955~~672,000) for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The change is primarily attributed to the modification of the terms of the profit share liability (see Note 7 to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements).

~~Net~~33 ~~Loss~~Table of Contents

Net ~~loss~~Income decreased significantly in 2025 compared to 2024. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, we had a net loss of approximately $1,542,000 compared to a net loss of approximately $6,147,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2024. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, we had a net loss of approximately $3,221,000 compared to a net loss of approximately $9,002,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2024. Such change was primarily due an increase in license fee revenues in 2025 compared to 2024, and a decrease in SG&A.(Loss)

31For ~~Table~~the three months ended September 30, 2025, we had a net income of ~~Content~~approximately $788,000 compared to a net loss of approximately $458,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we had a net loss of approximately $2,433,000, an improvement from a net loss of approximately $9,459,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This improvement was primarily due an increase in license fee revenues in 2025 compared to 2024, and a decrease in SG&A.

Liquidity and Capital Resource

We had approximately $1,~~454~~768,000 in cash on our balance sheet at ~~June~~September 30, 2025 compared to approximately $3,456,000 at December 31, 2024. Total current assets were approximately $46,~~572~~027,000 and total current liabilities were approximately $1011,~~284~~054,000 at ~~June~~September 30, 2025, resulting in a working capital deficiency of approximately $5,~~712~~027,000. This compares to total current assets of approximately $6,099,000 and total current liabilities of approximately $8,806,000 at December 31, 2024, resulting in a working capital deficiency of approximately $2,707,000. Our accumulated deficit was approximately $~~76.0~~75,186,000 ~~million~~ at ~~June~~September 30, 2025 compared to $72.8,753,000 ~~million~~ at December 31, 2024. Additionally, we had a net loss in the amount of approximately $32,~~221~~433,000 and cash used in operating activities of approximately $1,~~986~~664,000 for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025.

Based on the Company’s current cash levels and burn rate, discussed above, the Company believes its cash and financial resources may be insufficient to meet the Company’s anticipated needs for the twelve months following the date of issuance of the financial statements for the quarterly period ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025, included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q, which raises substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the issuance date of the financial statements.

In addition to maintaining the revenue stream from our legacy mercury emissions control business, our plans and expectations over the next twelve months to mitigate such financial condition include receiving additional cash inflows from the judgment expected in connection with the $57.1 million jury verdict awarded to us in March 2024, additional licensing revenues and product sales from the other patent litigation recently commenced, and revenues from our entry into the water treatment business. During 2024, we opened two new state of the art laboratories and have added personnel to support our entry into the water business which we believe will lead to a vibrant new revenue stream. In addition, management is exploring additional financing opportunities. While management believes these plans will alleviate substantial doubt, there is no assurance that they will be successfully realized or implemented.

Total Assets

Total assets were approximately $810,~~574~~138,000 at ~~June~~September 30, 2025 versus approximately $10,261,000 at December 31, 2024. The change in total assets is primarily attributable to an approximate $21,~~002~~688,000 decrease in cash, a $153,000 decrease in intellectual property, offset by an approximate $~~337~~1,808,000 increase in accounts receivable.

Total Liabilities

Total liabilities were approximately $1011,~~523~~280,000 at ~~June~~September 30, 2025 versus approximately $9,069,000 at December 31, 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities and an increase in the fair value of the non-recourse profit share liability.

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities consists of net loss, adjusted by certain non-cash items, and changes in operating assets and liabilities.

Net cash used by operating activities was approximately $1,~~986~~664,000 for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 compared to net cash used by operating activities of approximately $3,~~123~~275,000 for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2024. The decrease in net cash provided by operating activities was primarily due to the following: (i) a net loss of $3.2.4 million for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 compared to net loss of $9.05 million for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2024; and (ii) certain other changes in operating assets and liabilities including accounts receivable, inventory, prepaid expenses and other assets, accrued salaries, and accounts payable and accrued liabilities.

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Investing Activities

The Company had net cash used in investing activities of approximately $1623,000 for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 for the purchase of lab equipment compared to net cash used in investing activities of approximately $66702,000 for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2024. ~~During~~for the ~~six~~purchase ~~months~~of ~~ended~~a ~~June~~truck ~~30,~~and ~~2024,~~lab ~~we paid $66,274 to purchase a truck~~equipment.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was approximately $0Nil for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 compared to approximately $912,~~312~~569,000 used in financing activities for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2024. During the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2024, we repaid the remaining principal of approximately $272,000 on the AC Midwest secured note and approximately $912,~~040~~195,000 of the principal remaining on the AC Midwest unsecured note.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our critical accounting policies and estimated are discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, and there have been no material changes to such policies or estimates during the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Adjusted EBITDA

To supplement our consolidated financial statements presented in accordance with GAAP and to provide investors with additional information regarding our financial results, we consider and are including herein Adjusted EBITDA, a Non-GAAP financial measure. We view Adjusted EBITDA as an operating performance measure and, as such, we believe that the GAAP financial measure most directly comparable to it is net income (loss). We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income adjusted for interest and financing fees, income taxes, depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation, and other non-cash income and expenses. We believe that Adjusted EBITDA provides us an important measure of operating performance because it allows management, investors, debtholders and others to evaluate and compare ongoing operating results from period to period by removing the impact of our asset base, any asset disposals or impairments, stock based compensation and other non-cash income and expense items associated with our reliance on issuing equity-linked debt securities to fund our working capital.

Our use of Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and this measure should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for an analysis of our results as reported under GAAP, as the excluded items may have significant effects on our operating results and financial condition. Additionally, our measure of Adjusted EBITDA may differ from other companies’ measure of Adjusted EBITDA. When evaluating our performance, Adjusted EBITDA should be considered with other financial performance measures, including various cash flow metrics, net income and other GAAP results. In the future, we may disclose different non-GAAP financial measures in order to help our investors and others more meaningfully evaluate and compare our future results of operations to our previously reported results of operations.

The following table shows our reconciliation of net income (loss) to adjusted EBITDA for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively:

	For the Three Months Ended						For the ~~Six~~Nine Months Ended
	June 30,			June 30,			June 30,			June 30,
	September 30,			September 30,			September 30,			September 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
	(In thousands)						(In thousands)
Net loss	$	(1,542	)	$	(6,147	)	$	(3,221	)	$	(9,002	)
Net income (loss)	$	788		$	(470	)	$	(2,433	)	$	(9,189	)
Non-GAAP adjustments:
Depreciation and amortization		~~105~~107			5865			~~176~~282			~~120~~185
Interest		-			67			-			~~252~~259
Change in fair value of profit share		~~377~~39			~~2,690~~(283	)		~~729~~767			2,~~955~~672
Income taxes		-			-			-			-
Stock based compensation		2021			~~137~~134			80100			~~907~~1,041
Adjusted EBITDA	$	~~(1,040~~955	)	$	(~~3,256~~547	)	$	(21,~~236~~284	)	$	(45,~~768~~032	)

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and are not required to provide the information under this item.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded, as of the end of the period covered by this report, that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as a result of material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. The ineffectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures was due to the following material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting: (i) lack of a sufficient complement of personnel commensurate with the Company’s reporting requirements; and (ii) insufficient written documentation or training of our internal control policies and procedures which provide staff with guidance or framework for accounting and disclosing financial transactions.

Despite the existence of the material weaknesses above, we believe that the consolidated financial statements contained in this Form 10-Q fairly present our financial position, results of operations and cash flows as of and for the periods presented in all material respects.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15 (f) under the Exchange Act) during the fiscal quarter covered by this report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

See Note 9 “Commitments and Contingencies” to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this report for a summary of our legal proceedings, which is incorporated by reference herein.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and are not required to provide the information under this item.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

On June 20, 2025, the Company issued (i) 318,978 shares of common stock to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer upon a cashless exercise of an option to purchase 500,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0None.19 per share, and (ii) 318,978 shares of common stock to the Company’s Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer upon a cashless exercise of an option to purchase 500,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.19 per share. Such share issuances were based upon a VWAP of $0.5248 per share as determined under the terms of the options.

The foregoing securities were issued in reliance upon the exemption from registration pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”), and where applicable, under Section 3(a)(9) of the 1933 Act.

Item 3. Default Upon Senior Securities.

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements

During the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

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Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit Number		Description

31.1*		Certification by Principal Executive Officer, required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act
31.2*		Certification by Principal Financial Officer, required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act
32.1*		Certification by Principal Executive Officer, required by Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Exchange Act and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code
32.2*		Certification by Principal Financial Officer, required by Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Exchange Act and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code
101.INS*		Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104*		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

_________________

* Filed herewith.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	BIRCHTECH CORP.
Dated: August 14, 2025	By:	/s/ Richard MacPherson
Dated: November 13, 2025	By:	/s/ Richard MacPherson
		Richard MacPherson
		President and Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)
Dated: August 14, 2025	By:	/s/ Fiona Fitzmaurice
Dated: November 13, 2025	By:	/s/ Fiona Fitzmaurice
		Fiona Fitzmaurice
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)

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