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0000712771 ConnectOne Bancorp, Inc. false --12-31 FY 2025 Cybersecurity is a material part of ConnectOne’s business. As a financial institution offering products through multiple digital delivery channels, cybersecurity incidents could have a material effect on the Company, its results of operations and its reputation, although to date the Company has not experienced any cybersecurity incident which has had a material effect on the Company’s business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. See “Item 1A- Risk Factors - We cannot predict how changes in technology will impact our business; increased use of technology may expose us to service interruptions or breaches in security.” true false Cybersecurity risk is initially overseen at ConnectOne by the management IT Committee (the “ITC”). The members of this committee include, as co-chairs, the Chief Compliance Officer and the Chief Data & Development Officer. Additional members are our Information Security Officer, Information Technology (“IT”) Manager, Chief Risk Officer, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer, Chief Digital Officer and Chief Brand and Innovation Officer. Set forth below is certain background information regarding the senior members of the ITC: Cybersecurity risk is initially overseen at ConnectOne by the management IT Committee (the “ITC”). The members of this committee include, as co-chairs, the Chief Compliance Officer and the Chief Data & Development Officer. Additional members are our Information Security Officer, Information Technology (“IT”) Manager, Chief Risk Officer, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer, Chief Digital Officer and Chief Brand and Innovation Officer. Set forth below is certain background information regarding the senior members of the ITC: true Cybersecurity risk is initially overseen at ConnectOne by the management IT Committee (the “ITC”). The members of this committee include, as co-chairs, the Chief Compliance Officer and the Chief Data & Development Officer. Additional members are our Information Security Officer, Information Technology (“IT”) Manager, Chief Risk Officer, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer, Chief Digital Officer and Chief Brand and Innovation Officer. Set forth below is certain background information regarding the senior members of the ITC: Cybersecurity risk is initially overseen at ConnectOne by the management IT Committee (the “ITC”). The members of this committee include, as co-chairs, the Chief Compliance Officer and the Chief Data & Development Officer. Additional members are our Information Security Officer, Information Technology (“IT”) Manager, Chief Risk Officer, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer, Chief Digital Officer and Chief Brand and Innovation Officer. 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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)
☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.
For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2024
For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2025
OR
☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.
	For the Transition Period from to

Commission File Number: 000-11486

ConnectOne Bancorp, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

New Jersey

52-1273725

(State or Other Jurisdiction of

Incorporation or Organization)

(IRS Employer

Identification Number)

301 Sylvan Avenue

Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632

(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)

844-266-2548

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, no par value	CNOB	NASDAQ
Depositary Shares (each representing a 1/40^th interest in a share of 5.25% Series A Non-Cumulative, perpetual preferred stock)	CNOBP	NASDAQ

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act: None

Indicate by checkmark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by checkmark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

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Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a nonaccelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Large Accelerated Filer ☒	Accelerated Filer ☐	Non-Accelerated ☐	Small Reporting Company ☐

			Emerging Growth Company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared its audit report. Yes ☒ No ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act) Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and nonvoting common equity held by nonaffiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold or the average bid and ask price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter - $~~679~~1.1 ~~million~~ billion.

Shares Outstanding on February 2124, ~~2025~~2026 Common Stock, no par value: 3850,~~374~~273,~~263~~382 shares DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Definitive proxy statement in connection with the ~~2025~~2026 Annual Stockholders Meeting to be filed with the Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A will be incorporated by reference in Part III

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CONNECTONE BANCORP, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PART I
Item 1	Business	54
Item 1A	Risk Factors	2223
Item 1B	Unresolved Staff Comments	3534
Item 1C	Cybersecurity	3635
Item 2	Properties	3837
Item 3	Legal Proceedings	38
Item 4	Mine Safety Disclosures	38
PART II
Item 5	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	39
Item 6	[Reserved]	41
Item 7	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	42
Item 7A	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	7174
PART II
Item 8	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data:	7275
	Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	7376
	Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition	7680
	Consolidated Statements of Income	7781
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	7882
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity	7983
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	8084
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	8185
Item 9	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	~~150~~166
Item 9A	Controls and Procedures	~~150~~166
Item 9B	Other Information	~~151~~167
PART III
Item 10	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	~~152~~168
Item 11	Executive Compensation	~~152~~168
Item 12	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	~~153~~169
Item 13	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	~~153~~169
Item 14	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	~~153~~169
PART IV
Item 15	Exhibits, Financial Statements Schedules	~~154~~170
	Signatures	~~157~~173

Information included in or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Company’s press releases or other public statements, contain or may contain forward-looking statements. Please refer to a discussion of the Company’s forward-looking statements and associated risks in “Item 1 - Business – Forward Looking Statements” and “Item 1A - Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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CONNECTONE BANCORP, INC.

FORM 10-K

PART I

Item 1. Business

Forward Looking Statements

This report, in Item 1, Item 7 and elsewhere, includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Sections 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that involve inherent risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements concern the financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, future performance and business of ConnectOne Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries, including statements preceded by, followed by or that include words or phrases such as “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “trend,” “objective,” “continue,” “remain,” “pattern” or similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “might,” “can,” “may” or similar expressions. There are a number of important factors that could cause future results to differ materially from historical performance and these forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a difference include, but are not limited to: (1) the impact of the health emergencies, including pandemics, and natural disasters, such as flood or fires, and the government’s response on our operations as well as those of our clients and on the economy generally and in our market area specifically, (2) competitive pressures among depository institutions may increase significantly; (3) changes in the interest rate environment may reduce interest margins; (4) prepayment speeds, loan origination and sale volumes, charge-offs and loan loss provisions may vary substantially from period to period; (5) general economic conditions may be less favorable than expected; (6) political developments, wars or other hostilities may disrupt or increase volatility in securities markets or other economic conditions; (7) legislative or regulatory changes or actions may adversely affect the businesses in which ConnectOne Bancorp, Inc. is engaged; (8) changes and trends in the securities markets may adversely impact ConnectOne Bancorp, Inc.; (9) a delayed or incomplete resolution of regulatory issues could adversely impact our planning; (10) difficulties in integrating any businesses that we may acquire, which may increase our expenses and delay the achievement of any benefits that we may expect from such acquisitions; (11) the impact of reputation risk created by the developments discussed above on such matters as business generation and retention, funding and liquidity could be significant; and (12) the outcome of any future regulatory and legal investigations and proceedings may not be anticipated. Further information on other factors that could affect the financial results of ConnectOne Bancorp, Inc. are included in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in ConnectOne Bancorp’s other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. These documents are available free of charge at the Commission’s website at http://www.sec.gov and/or from ConnectOne Bancorp, Inc. ConnectOne Bancorp, Inc. assumes no obligation to update forward-looking statements at any time.

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Historical Development of Business

ConnectOne Bancorp, Inc., (the “Company” and with ConnectOne Bank, “we” or “us”) a one-bank holding company, was incorporated in the State of New Jersey on November 12, 1982 as Center Bancorp, Inc. and commenced operations on May 1, 1983 upon the acquisition of all outstanding shares of capital stock of Union Center National Bank, its then principal subsidiary.

On January 20, 2014, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with ConnectOne Bancorp, Inc., a New Jersey corporation (“Legacy ConnectOne”). Effective July 1, 2014, the Company completed the merger contemplated by the Merger Agreement (the “Merger”) with Legacy ConnectOne merging with and into the Company, with the Company as the surviving corporation. Also, at closing, the Company changed its name to “ConnectOne Bancorp, Inc.” and changed its NASDAQ trading symbol to “CNOB”. Immediately following the consummation of the Merger, Union Center National Bank merged with and into ConnectOne Bank, a New Jersey-chartered commercial bank (“ConnectOne Bank” or the “Bank”) and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Legacy ConnectOne, with ConnectOne Bank continuing as the surviving bank.

On July 11, 2018, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger with Greater Hudson Bank (“GHB”), under which GHB merged with and into ConnectOne Bank, with ConnectOne Bank as the surviving bank. This transaction was consummated effective January 2, 2019. As part of this merger, the Company acquired approximately $0.4 billion in loans, assumed approximately $0.4 billion in deposits and acquired seven branch offices located in Rockland, Orange and Westchester, Counties, New York.

On May 31, 2019, the Company, through the Bank, completed its purchase of all of the assets of New York/Boston-based BoeFly, LLC and contributed them to its newly formed subsidiary, BoeFly, Inc (“BoeFly”). BoeFly is the Bank’s ~~online~~ business-to-business ~~lending~~fintech ~~marketplace~~subsidiary, ~~helps~~providing ~~connect~~a ~~small-~~marketplace tothat ~~medium-size~~connects ~~businesses~~franchisors, ~~primarily~~franchisees, ~~franchisors~~ and ~~franchisees,~~lenders. ~~with~~The ~~professional~~platform ~~loan~~utilizes ~~brokers~~proprietary technology for franchisee applicant vetting and ~~lenders~~facilitates ~~across~~efficient ~~the~~access ~~United~~to ~~States. BoeFly~~capital ~~operates~~by asreferring anqualified ~~independent~~loan ~~brand~~opportunities to both the Bank and ~~subsidiary~~an expanded network of ~~the~~external ~~Bank~~referral partners.

-5-

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On January 2, 2020, the Company completed its in-market merger with Bergen County, New Jersey based Bancorp of New Jersey, Inc. (“BNJ”), pursuant to which BNJ merged with and into the Company, and BNJ’s bank subsidiary, Bank of New Jersey, merged with and into the Bank. All of BNJ’s offices were located in Bergen County, New Jersey. As part of this merger, the Company acquired approximately $0.8 billion in loans and assumed approximately $0.8 billion in deposits.

On ~~September~~June 41, ~~2024,~~2025 (the ~~Company~~“Acquisition ~~entered~~Date”), ~~into~~the anCompany ~~Agreement~~completed ~~and~~the ~~Plan~~acquisition of ~~Merger with~~ The First of Long Island Corporation (“FLIC"”), the ~~holding~~parent company for ~~the~~The First National Bank of Long Island (“FNBLI”), in accordance with the definitive Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of September 4, 2024 (the “Merger Agreement”). Pursuant ~~Under~~to the ~~agreement~~Merger Agreement, ~~FLIC~~on ~~will~~the ~~merge~~Acquisition Date, FLIC merged with and into the Company, with the Company continuing as the surviving ~~entity~~corporation, and FNBLI ~~will~~merged ~~merge~~ with and into ~~ConnectOne~~the Bank, with ~~ConnectOne~~the Bank as the surviving bank (collectively, the “merger”). ~~FNBLI~~As ispart aof ~~Melville~~this merger, ~~New~~the ~~York~~Company ~~headquartered~~acquired ~~national~~36 branch ~~bank~~offices ~~serving~~located in Nassau and Suffolk Counties onof Long Island, and ~~New York City through 37 branches. On February 14, 2025, at separate special meetings,~~ the ~~shareholders~~boroughs of ~~both~~New ~~companies~~York ~~approved proposals relating to the pending merger of the Company and FLIC~~City.

As of December 31, 2024, FLIC had total assets of $4.1 billion and total deposits of $3.3 billion. The merger, which is subject to receipt of all required regulatory approvals, is expected to close during the first or second calendar quarter of 2025.

The Company’s primary activity, at this time, is to act as a holding company for the Bank and its other subsidiaries. As used herein, the term “Parent Corporation” shall refer to the Company on an unconsolidated basis.

The Company owns 100% of the voting shares of Center Bancorp, Inc. Statutory Trust II, through which it issued trust preferred securities. The trust exists for the exclusive purpose of (i) issuing trust securities representing undivided beneficial interests in the assets of the trust; (ii) investing the gross proceeds of the trust securities in $5.2 million of junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures (subordinated debentures) of the Company; and (iii) engaging in only those activities necessary or incidental thereto. These subordinated debentures and the related income effects are not eliminated in the consolidated financial statements as the statutory business trust is not consolidated in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810-10 “Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities.” Distributions on the subordinated debentures owned by the subsidiary trust have been classified as interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. See Note 10 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Except as described above, the Company’s direct and indirect subsidiaries are all included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. These subsidiaries include BoeFly, an advertising subsidiary, a financial services company, and various investment subsidiaries which hold, maintain and manage investment assets for the Company. The Company’s subsidiaries also include atwo Real Estate Investment Trust (~~the~~each, a “REIT”) each of which holds a portion of the Company’s real estate loan portfolio. All subsidiaries mentioned above are directly or indirectly wholly owned by the Company, except that the Company indirectly owns less than 100% of the preferred stock of ~~the~~each REIT. A REIT must have 100 or more individual shareholders. ~~The~~Each REIT has issued ~~less than 20% of its outstanding~~ non-voting preferred stock to individuals, primarily Bank personnel and directors and former personnel of FLIC.

-6-

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SEC Reports and Corporate Governance

The Company makes its Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments thereto available on its website at https://www.connectonebank.com without charge as soon as reasonably practicable after filing or furnishing them to the SEC. Also available on the website is the Company’s corporate Code of Conduct that applies to all of the Company’s employees, including principal officers and directors. ~~Additionally~~In addition, ~~within~~ the Investor Relations section of the Company’s ~~web~~website ~~site~~provides access to our primary governance documents, including charters for the Audit, ~~and~~ Risk ~~Committee~~, Nominating and Corporate Governance, ~~Committee~~ and Compensation ~~Committee~~Committees. ~~can~~Also beavailable ~~found,~~are ~~along with~~ the Company’s Corporate Governance Guidelines, ~~Equal~~Code ~~Employment~~of ~~Opportunity~~Ethics, and ~~Right~~key topolicies beregarding ~~Free~~Compensation ~~of Gender Inequity 2022~~Recoupment, Anti-Harassment & Discrimination ~~Policy~~, ~~Compensation Recoupment Policy~~ and ~~Code~~Equal ofEmployment ~~Ethics~~Opportunity.

The Company will provide, without charge, a copy of its Annual Report on Form 10-K to any shareholder by mail. Requests should be sent to:

ConnectOne Bancorp, Inc.

Attention: Investor Relations

301 Sylvan Avenue

Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632

Narrative Description of the Business

ConnectOne Bancorp, Inc. is a modern financial services company with $914.~~880~~0 billion in assets. It operates primarily through its bank subsidiary, ConnectOne Bank.

ConnectOne Bank is a high-performing commercial bank offering a full suite of deposit and loan products and services to the general public, primarily to small and mid-sized businesses, local professionals and individuals residing, working and conducting business in the New York Metropolitan area and the ~~South~~ Florida market served by our West Palm Beach office. and Orlando loan production office. The Bank’s continuous investments in technology coupled with top talent allow ConnectOne to operate a “branch-lite” model, making for a highly efficient operating environment.

BoeFly, a wholly owned subsidiary of ConnectOne Bank, is a fintech marketplace that connects borrowers in the franchise space with funding solutions through a network of partner banks, including the Bank.

-7-

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Our Market Area

ConnectOne Bank's offices are located primarily in the New York metro market and span New Jersey, New York City, Long Island, and the Hudson Valley, including Rockland, Orange, and Westchester ~~counties~~Counties. Through high tech tools and services, the Bank is able to extend its reach by supporting clients as they move into new markets, such as ~~South~~ Florida where we opened an office in West Palm Beach in August 2022 and a loan production office in 2025. Our market area includes some of the most robust markets in the United States. The Bank's goal is to continue to expand and do business to support our clients as they grow. Advances in technology have created new delivery channels that allow us to service clients and maintain business relationships with a reduced-branch model, establishing regional offices that serve as business hubs. The Bank's experience has shown that the key to client acquisition and retention is attracting quality business relationship officers who will frequently go to the client, rather than having the client come to us.

BoeFly operates out of its main offices in Boston, Massachusetts and New York, and has a nationwide presence through its digital business marketplace.

Products and Services

We derive a majority of our revenue from net interest income (i.e., the difference between the interest we receive on our loans and investment securities and the interest we pay on deposits and borrowings). We offer a broad range of deposit and loan products. In addition, to attract the business of consumer and business clients, we provide an extensive array of other banking services. Products and services provided include personal and business checking accounts, money market accounts, time and savings accounts, credit cards, wire transfers, safe deposit boxes, access to automated teller services and telephone, internet and mobile banking. We offer retirement accounts to consumers and cash management services to business clients that include TreasuryDirect, Automated Clearing House origination, Remote Deposit Capture and digital invoicing.

Noninterest bearing demand deposit products include “Totally Free Checking” and “Simply Better Checking” for consumer clients and “Small Business Checking” and “Analysis Checking” for commercial clients. Interest-bearing checking accounts require minimum balances for both consumer and commercial clients and include “Consumer Interest Checking” and “Business Interest Checking”. Money market accounts consist of products that provide a market rate of interest to depositors. Our savings accounts offer paper and/or electronic statements. Time deposits ("TD") are for non-retirement and IRA accounts, generally with initial maturities ranging from 31 days to 60 months, and brokered TDs, which we use for asset liability management purposes and to supplement other sources of funding. Many of our deposit products can be accessed through both our branches and online to provide ease of access to our clients and communities. ~~CDARS/ICS~~For ~~reciprocal~~clients ~~deposits~~that are ~~offered~~Federal ~~based~~Deposit onInsurance ~~the~~Corporation ~~Bank’s~~(“FDIC”) ~~participation~~insurance sensitive, we participate in the IntraFi Network LLC ~~("the network")~~, formerly known as the Promontory Interfinancial Network., ~~Clients~~and, ~~who~~to ~~are~~a ~~Federal~~lesser ~~Deposit~~extent the ~~Insurance~~National ~~Corporation~~Bank InterDeposit Company (“~~FDIC~~NBID”) ~~insurance~~network, ~~sensitive~~which is operated by ModernFi. Through these networks, Clients are able to place large dollar deposits with the Company and the Company utilizes or will utilize CDARS and/or NBID to place those funds into certificates of deposit issued by other banks in the ~~Network~~respective networks. This occurs in increments of less than the FDIC insurance limits so that both the principal and interest are eligible for FDIC insurance coverage in amounts larger than the standard insured dollar amount. Unless certain conditions are satisfied, the FDIC considers these funds as brokered deposits.

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Deposits serve as the primary source of funding for our interest-earning assets, but also generate noninterest revenue through insufficient funds fees, stop payment fees, wire transfer fees, safe deposit rental fees, debit card income, including foreign ATM fees and credit and debit card interchange, and other miscellaneous fees. In addition, the Bank generates additional noninterest revenue associated with residential, commercial and Small Business Administration (“SBA”) loan originations, sales, loan servicing, late fees and merchant services.

We offer consumer and commercial business loans on a secured and unsecured basis, revolving lines of credit, commercial mortgage loans, and residential mortgages on both primary and secondary residences, home equity loans, bridge loans and other personal purpose loans. As part of a strategic initiative to grow our residential portfolio and increase our volume of loan sales, the Company is building an enhanced lending team focused on originating loans secured by 1-4 family properties and investing in technology to support those efforts. However, we are not and have not historically been a participant in the sub-prime lending market.

Commercial construction loans are loans to finance the construction of commercial or residential properties secured by first liens on such properties. Commercial real estate loans include loans secured by first liens on completed commercial properties, including multifamily properties, to purchase or refinance such properties, as well as land loans. Residential mortgages include loans secured by first liens on 1-4 family, 1-4 family investment properties, condominium and cooperative residential real estate ~~and are generally made~~ to ~~existing clients of the Bank to~~ purchase or refinance primary and secondary residences. Home equity loans and lines of credit include loans secured by first or second liens on residential real estate for primary or secondary residences. Consumer loans are made to individuals who qualify for auto loans, cash reserve, credit cards and installment loans.

~~-8-~~ The Board of Directors has approved a credit policy granting designated lending authorities to the Management Credit Committee and specific officers of the Bank. The Management Credit Committee is comprised of six members of senior management, including the Bank President, Chief Credit Officer, Chief Lending Officer, two Senior Credit Officers and one Managing Director. The officers are comprised of the Chief Executive Officer, Bank President, Chief Credit Officer, Chief Lending Officer, Senior Credit Officers, Managing Directors, Team Leaders and the Consumer Loan Officers. All loan approvals require the signatures of a minimum of two officers. The Management Credit Committee (Bank President, Chief Credit Officer, Chief Lending Officer, two Senior Credit Officers and one Managing Director) can approve loans up to $100 million in aggregate loan exposure with no policy exceptions. Furthermore, the Management Credit Committee has authority to approve unsecured loan amounts without policy exceptions up to $40 million. The Senior Lending Group (Chief Executive Officer, President, Chief Credit Officer and Chief Lending Officer) can approve loans up to $40 million in aggregate loan exposure with no policy exceptions. Furthermore, the Senior Lending Group has authority to approve unsecured loan amounts without policy exceptions up to $10 million. Loans to insiders must be approved by the entire Board of Directors.

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The ~~Board~~Bank’s oflending ~~Directors~~policies ~~has~~generally ~~approved~~provide afor ~~credit policy granting designated~~ lending ~~authorities~~within toour ~~the~~primary ~~Management~~trade ~~Credit~~area. ~~Committee~~However, ~~and specific officers of~~ the Bank. ~~The~~will ~~Management~~make ~~Credit~~loans ~~Committee~~to ispeople outside ~~comprised~~ of ~~six~~our ~~members~~primary oftrade ~~senior~~area ~~management,~~when ~~including~~we ~~the~~deem ~~Bank~~it ~~President,~~prudent ~~Chief~~to ~~Credit~~do ~~Officer,~~so. ~~Chief~~To ~~Lending~~promote ~~Officer,~~a ~~two Senior Credit Officers and one~~high ~~Managing~~degree ~~Director. The officers are comprised~~ of ~~the~~asset ~~Chief Executive Officer~~quality, the Bank ~~President,~~focuses ~~Chief~~primarily ~~Credit~~upon ~~Officer,~~offering ~~Chief~~secured ~~Lending~~loans. ~~Officer~~However, ~~Senior Credit Officers, Managing Directors, Team Leaders and~~ the ~~Consumer~~Bank ~~Loan~~does ~~Officers.~~make ~~All~~short-term ~~loan~~unsecured ~~approvals~~loans ~~require~~to ~~the~~borrowers ~~signatures~~with ofhigher anet ~~minimum~~worth ofand ~~two~~income ~~officers~~profiles. The ~~Management~~Bank ~~Credit~~generally ~~Committee~~requires ~~(Bank~~loan clients ~~President,~~to ~~Chief~~maintain ~~Credit~~deposit ~~Officer,~~accounts ~~Chief~~with ~~Lending~~the ~~Officer,~~Bank. ~~two Senior~~In ~~Credit~~addition, ~~Officers~~the ~~and~~Bank ~~one Managing~~generally ~~Director)~~provides ~~can~~a ~~approve~~minimum ~~loans~~required uprate toof ~~$80~~interest ~~million~~ in ~~aggregate~~its ~~loan~~variable ~~exposure~~rate ~~with no policy exceptions~~loans. The ~~Furthermore,~~Bank’s ~~the~~legal ~~Management~~lending ~~Credit~~limit ~~Committee has authority~~ to ~~approve~~any ~~unsecured~~one ~~loan~~borrower ~~amounts~~is ~~without~~15% ~~policy~~of ~~exceptions~~the ~~up to~~Bank’s ~~$40 million.~~capital ~~The~~base ~~Senior Lending Group~~ (~~Chief~~defined ~~Executive~~as ~~Officer,~~tangible ~~President,~~equity ~~Chief~~plus ~~Credit~~the ~~Officer~~allowance ~~and~~for ~~Chief~~credit ~~Lending Officer~~losses) ~~can~~ ~~approve~~for most loans uptotaling to $35 237.9 million) inand ~~aggregate~~25% ~~loan~~of ~~exposure~~the ~~with~~capital nobase ~~policy~~for ~~exceptions~~loans ~~and~~secured upby toreadily ~~$30~~marketable collateral totaling $396.5 million). ~~with~~As ~~policy~~of ~~exceptions.~~December ~~Furthermore~~31, 2025, the ~~Senior~~Bank’s ~~Lending~~largest ~~Group~~committed ~~has~~relationship ~~authority~~ (to ~~approve~~several ~~unsecured~~affiliated ~~loan~~borrowers) ~~amounts~~was ~~without policy exceptions up to~~ $10 223.0 million, and upthe tosingle $5largest ~~million~~loan ~~with~~outstanding anwas ~~exception~~$88. ~~Loans to insiders must be approved by the entire Board of Directors~~0 million.

The Bank’s lending policies generally provide for lending within our primary trade area. However, the Bank will make loans to people outside of our primary trade area when we deem it prudent to do so. To promote a high degree of asset quality, the Bank focuses primarily upon offering secured loans. However, the Bank does make short-term unsecured loans to borrowers with higher net worth and income profiles. The Bank generally requires loan clients to maintain deposit accounts with the Bank. In addition, the Bank generally provides a minimum required rate of interest in its variable rate loans. The Bank’s legal lending limit to any one borrower is 15% of the Bank’s capital base (defined as tangible equity plus the allowance for credit losses) for most loans ($172.0 million) and 25% of the capital base for loans secured by readily marketable collateral ($286.7 million). As of December 31, 2024, the Bank’s largest committed relationship (to several affiliated borrowers) was $212.7 million, and the single largest loan outstanding was $64.0 million.

Competition

The banking business is highly competitive. We face substantial immediate competition and potential future competition both in attracting deposits and in originating loans. We compete with numerous commercial banks, savings banks and savings and loan associations, many of which have assets, capital and lending limits larger than those that we have. Other competitors include money market mutual funds, mortgage bankers, insurance companies, stock brokerage firms, regulated small loan companies, credit unions and issuers of commercial paper and other securities. In addition, the banking industry in general faces competition for deposit, credit and money management products from non-bank technology firms, or fintech companies, which may offer products independently or through relationships with insured depository institutions.

Our larger competitors have greater financial resources to finance wide-ranging advertising campaigns. Additionally, we endeavor to compete for business by providing high quality personal service to clients, client access to our decision-makers and competitive interest rates and fees. We seek to hire and retain quality employees who desire greater responsibility than may be available working for a larger employer.

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Human Capital

The Company strives to be an employer of choice by creating a working environment that fosters excellence, creativity and professional growth. We strive to challenge our employees to be the best they can be and to provide them with the tools and training they need to help fulfill their critical service mandate. We endeavor to build a ~~diverse~~ team of financial experts and relationship specialists with diverse experience who understand the demands of a successful business and are prepared to meet them.

Demographics: As of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, we had ~~489~~750 full-time employees and 46 part-time and temporary employees. The employees are not represented by a collective bargaining unit.

Education: We encourage and support the growth and development of our employees and, wherever possible, seek to fill positions by promotion and transfer from within the organization. We have formalized our commitment to training, education and mentoring through our ConnectOne University program.

ConnectOne University houses our training, leadership development, continuing education and mentorship programs.

Through ConnectOne University, employees:

●

Receive and complete required job training related to their position with the Company, such as compliance and ethics training and position specific training. Classes include an ABA approved curriculum as well as other third party and Company proprietary courses;

●

May take classes to attain job specific certifications to help with career development;

●

May take continuing education classes related to other positions and operations at the Company;

● May take business related continuing education classes at partner community colleges and other institutions ~~through a New Jersey State grant program~~;

●

May participate in career mentoring programs in which employees meet with senior officers of the Company to discuss career development; and

●

May participate in a tuition reimbursement program under which the Company will reimburse employees for up to $5,250 in tuition expenses related to approved business-related course work at any school.

During ~~2024,~~ ~~ConnectOne University continued to drive professional development and growth across the organization. Key achievements included delivering comprehensive job skills and cybersecurity training~~2025, ~~advancing~~210 ~~leadership skills for 125 managers, and sponsoring professional certifications and graduate-level education for~~ employees ~~through programs like the ABA Stonier Graduate School of Banking and the ABA Commercial Lending School. Additionally, approximately 300 employees~~ participated in ~~culture programs, reinforcing~~ our ~~shared~~leadership ~~values,~~and ~~while~~mentoring ~~the~~programs ~~Company~~within ~~supported~~ConnectOne ~~advanced education through tuition reimbursement for eligible coursework~~University. ~~These efforts reflect our commitment to fostering a culture of continuous learning and development.~~

~~Health~~Through ~~and~~ConnectOne ~~Safety: The safety~~University, ~~health~~we ~~and~~also ~~well-being of~~sponsor ~~our~~two employees iseach ayear ~~top~~to ~~priority.~~attend ~~The~~the ~~Bank~~Stonier ~~has~~Graduate ~~established~~School ~~wellness~~of ~~programs~~Banking. ~~that~~This ~~include~~is a ~~Preventative~~competitive ~~Care~~process ~~Incentive~~requiring ~~Program,~~an ~~flu~~employee ~~shot~~to ~~vaccination~~be ~~time-off,~~nominated asby ~~well~~the asemployee’s ~~health~~manager ~~programs~~and &then ~~service~~participate ~~discounts~~in a panel interview.

~~-10-~~ ● We offer our employees a full benefits program, including health insurance, flexible spending accounts, a 401(k) plan with the Company matching employee contributions up to 5.0% of the employee’s compensation or $17,250, whichever is lower, and an employee discount program under which our employees get discounts at various retailers and service providers.

●

We request employee feedback and concerns through our annual Employment Engagement Survey. The results of this survey are presented to our senior management group for the identification of action items to be implemented. During 2025, approximately 94% of our employees participated in the Engagement Survey.

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~~Benefits~~Health &and ~~Employee Retention~~Safety: WeThe ~~offer a wide variety of benefits and incentive rewards to attract~~safety, ~~engage,~~health ~~retain~~ and ~~motivate talent.~~well-being ~~Included~~of ~~are~~our ~~competitive~~employees ~~wages,~~is ~~performance~~a ~~based-bonuses~~top ~~and~~priority. ~~incentive~~The ~~based-compensation,~~Bank ~~stock~~has ~~awards,~~established ~~401(k)~~wellness ~~Plan~~programs ~~with~~that ~~competitive~~include ~~match,~~a ~~medical/dental/vision~~Preventative ~~plans,~~Care ~~insurance~~Incentive ~~benefits~~Program, ~~voluntary~~vaccination ~~benefits, commuter benefits, health savings accounts, flexible spending accounts, tuition reimbursement, paid~~ time-off, ~~disability,~~as ~~sick/family~~well ~~leave~~as ~~and~~health inprograms ~~addition,~~& weservice ~~have employee appreciation events that include team building events, community events, softball games, food truck days, and annual “Amazing” award celebrations~~discounts. ~~Employee retention helps us to operate efficiently and is key to our ability to compete against larger competitors.~~

Benefits & Employee Retention; Employee Integration: We offer a wide variety of benefits and incentive rewards to attract, engage, retain and motivate talent. Included are competitive wages, performance based-bonuses and incentive based-compensation, stock awards, 401(k) Plan with competitive match, medical/dental/vision plans, insurance benefits, voluntary benefits, commuter benefits, health savings accounts, flexible spending accounts, tuition reimbursement, paid time-off, disability, sick/family leave and in addition, we have employee appreciation events that include team building events, community events, softball games, food truck days, and annual “Amazing” award celebrations. Employee retention helps us to operate efficiently and is key to our ability to compete against larger competitors.

The Bank also has Employee Assistance Programs, which provide work/life assistance and resources for all full-time employees. All services are provided confidentially and at no additional cost. The Bank encourages a work/life balance by offering hybrid scheduling that combines working remotely, as well as the ability to work out of our offices.

~~Promotions:~~In Weconnection ~~focus~~with onour ~~promoting~~merger with FLIC, 206 FLIC employees, ~~from~~the ~~within~~overwhelming ~~and~~majority ~~leveraging~~of ~~their~~FLIC ~~knowledge~~employees, joined us effective June 1, 2025. Both prior to the closing of the ~~organization~~transaction asand immediately after the closing of the transaction, we ~~continue~~undertook extensive efforts to ~~grow~~integrate ~~our~~the ~~Bank. In~~former ~~2024~~FLIC employees, 71 including extensive education and training programs, mentorship programs and pairing former FLIC employees with CNOB navigators to assist with their transition to employment with CNOB. We were ~~promoted~~successful ~~into~~in integrating these new ~~roles~~employees, which increased our employee base by approximately 28%.

Promotions: We focus on promoting employees from within and leveraging their knowledge of the organization as we continue to grow our Bank. In 2025, 96 employees were promoted into new roles.

We continuously assess any skill gaps and are gearing learning for the banking positions of the future.

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SUPERVISION AND REGULATION

The banking industry is highly regulated. Statutory and regulatory controls increase a bank holding company’s cost of doing business and limit the options of its management to deploy assets and maximize income. The following discussion is not intended to be a complete list of all the activities regulated by banking laws or of the impact of such laws and regulations on the Company or the Bank. It is intended only to briefly summarize some material provisions.

Bank Holding Company Regulation

The Company is a bank holding company within the meaning of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 (the “Holding Company Act”). As a bank holding company, the Company is supervised by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“FRB”) and is required to file reports with the FRB and provide such additional information as the FRB may require. The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to examination by the FRB.

The Holding Company Act prohibits the Company, with certain exceptions, from acquiring direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 5% of the voting shares of any company which is not a bank or bank holding company and from engaging in any business other than that of banking, managing and controlling banks or furnishing services to subsidiary banks, except that it may, upon application, engage in, and may own shares of companies engaged in, certain businesses found by the FRB to be so closely related to banking “as to be a proper incident thereto.” The Holding Company Act requires prior approval by the FRB of the acquisition by the Company of more than 5% of the voting stock of any other bank. Satisfactory capital ratios and Community Reinvestment Act ratings and anti-money laundering policies are generally prerequisites to obtaining federal regulatory approval to make acquisitions. The policy of the FRB, embodied in FRB regulations, provides that a bank holding company is expected to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to its subsidiary bank(s) and to commit resources to support the subsidiary bank(s) in circumstances in which it might not do so absent that policy.

As a New Jersey-charted commercial bank and an FDIC-insured institution, acquisitions by the Bank require approval of the New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance (the “Banking Department”) and the FDIC, an agency of the federal government. The Holding Company Act does not place territorial restrictions on the activities of non-bank subsidiaries of bank holding companies. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, discussed below, allows the Company to expand into insurance, securities, merchant banking activities, and other activities that are financial in nature, in certain circumstances.

Regulation of Bank Subsidiary

The operations of the Bank are subject to requirements and restrictions under federal law, including requirements to maintain reserves against deposits, restrictions on the types and amounts of loans that may be granted, and limitations on the types of investments that may be made and the types of services which may be offered. Various consumer laws and regulations also affect the operations of the Bank. There are various legal limitations, including Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act, which govern the extent to which a bank subsidiary may finance or otherwise supply funds to its holding company or its holding company’s non-bank subsidiaries and affiliates. Under federal law, a bank subsidiary may only make loans or extensions of credit to, or invest in the securities of, its parent or the non-bank subsidiaries of its parent (other than direct subsidiaries of such bank which are not financial subsidiaries) or to any affiliate, or take their securities as collateral for loans to any borrower, upon satisfaction of various regulatory criteria, including specific collateral loan to value requirements.

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The Dodd-Frank Act

The Dodd-Frank Act, adopted in 2010, will continue to have a broad impact on the financial services industry as a result of the significant regulatory and compliance changes made by the Dodd-Frank Act, including, among other things, (i) enhanced resolution authority over troubled and failing banks and their holding companies; (ii) increased capital and liquidity requirements; (iii) increased regulatory examination fees; (iv) changes to assessments to be paid to the FDIC for federal deposit insurance; and (v) numerous other provisions designed to improve supervision and oversight of, and strengthening safety and soundness for, the financial services sector. Additionally, the Dodd-Frank Act ~~establishes~~established a new framework for systemic risk oversight within the financial system to be distributed among new and existing federal regulatory agencies, including the Financial Stability Oversight Council, the FRB, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the FDIC. A summary of certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act is set forth below:

• Minimum Capital Requirements. The Dodd-Frank Act required capital rules and the application of the same leverage and risk-based capital requirements that apply to insured depository institutions to most bank holding companies. In addition to making bank holding companies subject to the same capital requirements as their bank subsidiaries, these provisions (often referred to as the Collins Amendment to the Dodd-Frank Act) were also intended to eliminate or significantly reduce the use of hybrid capital instruments, especially trust preferred securities, as regulatory capital. The Dodd-Frank Act also requires banking regulators to seek to make capital standards countercyclical, so that the required levels of capital increase in times of economic expansion and decrease in times of economic contraction. See “Capital Adequacy Guidelines” for a description of capital requirements adopted by U.S. federal banking regulators in 2013 and the treatment of trust preferred securities under such rules. • The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“Bureau”). The Dodd-Frank Act created the Bureau. The Bureau is tasked with establishing and implementing rules and regulations under certain federal consumer protection laws with respect to the conduct of providers of certain consumer financial products and services. The Bureau has rulemaking authority over many of the statutes governing products and services offered to bank consumers. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act permits states to adopt consumer protection laws and regulations that are more stringent than those regulations promulgated by the Bureau and state attorneys general are permitted to enforce consumer protection rules adopted by the Bureau against state-chartered institutions. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau has examination and enforcement authority over all banks and savings institutions with more than $10 billion in assets. Institutions with $10 billion or less in assets ~~will~~ continue to be examined for compliance with the consumer laws by their primary bank regulators. ~~Although~~During 2025, the ~~Bank~~Trump ~~currently~~Administration ~~has~~declined ~~less than $10 billion in assets and so is not subject~~ to ~~examination~~request byfunding for the Bureau, from the ~~Bank~~FRB ~~will~~and ~~exceed~~has ~~$10~~significantly ~~billion~~scaled inback ~~assets upon consummation of~~ its ~~merger~~operations. ~~with~~These ~~The~~actions ~~First~~have ~~National~~been ~~Bank~~subject ofto ~~Long Island~~litigation, ~~and~~which ~~even without the merger it~~ is ~~likely~~ongoing. ~~that~~In ~~the~~light ~~Bank~~of ~~will~~this, ~~exceed $10 billion in total assets in~~ the ~~foreseeable~~ future, ~~and~~role soof ~~will become subject to examination by~~ the Bureau is uncertain. • Deposit Insurance. The Dodd-Frank Act made permanent the $250,000 deposit insurance limit for insured deposits. Amendments to the Federal Deposit Insurance Act ("FDIA") also revised the assessment base against which an insured depository institution’s deposit insurance premium paid to the Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”) will be calculated. Under the amendments, the assessment base is no longer based on the institution’s deposit base, but rather its average consolidated total assets less its average tangible equity during the assessment period. Additionally, the Dodd-Frank Act makes changes to the minimum designated reserve ratio of the DIF, increasing the minimum from 1.15% to 1.35% of the estimated amount of total insured deposits and eliminating the requirement that the FDIC pay dividends to depository institutions when the reserve ratio exceeds certain thresholds. The FDIC has set the designated reserve ratio at 2.0%. • Shareholder Votes. The Dodd-Frank Act requires publicly traded companies like the Company to give shareholders a non-binding vote on executive compensation and so-called “golden parachute” payments in certain circumstances. The Dodd-Frank Act also authorizes the SEC to promulgate rules that would allow shareholders to nominate their own candidates using a company’s proxy materials, which the SEC has adopted.

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Although a significant number of the rules and regulations mandated by the Dodd-Frank Act have been finalized, many of the requirements called for have yet to be fully implemented and ~~will~~a ~~likely~~number ~~be subject to implementing regulations over the course~~ of ~~several years. In addition, some of~~ the ~~requirements~~rules ofand ~~the~~regulations ~~Dodd-Frank~~initially ~~Act~~adopted ~~that were implemented~~ have ~~already~~ been revised. See “Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act” below. Given the uncertainty associated with the way the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act will be implemented by the various regulatory agencies in the future, the full extent of the impact such requirements will have on financial institutions’ operations is unclear. The changes resulting from the Dodd-Frank Act may impact the profitability of our business activities, require changes to certain of our business practices, impose upon us more stringent capital, liquidity and leverage ratio requirements (which, in turn, could require the Company and the Bank to seek additional capital) or otherwise adversely affect our business. These changes may also require us to invest significant management attention and resources to evaluate and make necessary changes in order to comply with new statutory and regulatory requirements.

Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act.

The Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act (“EGRRCPA”), adopted in May of 2018, was intended to provide regulatory relief to midsized and regional banks. While many of its provisions are aimed at larger institutions, such as raising the threshold to be considered a systemically important financial institution to $250 billion in assets from $50 billion in assets, many of its provisions will provide regulatory relief to those institutions with $10 billion or more in assets, as well as to those institutions with less than $10 billion in assets. Among other things, the EGRRCPA increased the asset threshold for depository institutions and holding companies to perform stress tests required under Dodd Frank from $10 billion to $250 billion, exempted institutions with less than $10 billion in consolidated assets from the Volcker Rule, raised the threshold for the requirement that publicly traded holding companies have a risk committee from $10 billion in consolidated assets to $50 billion in consolidated assets, directed the federal banking agencies to adopt a “community bank leverage ratio”, applicable to institutions and holding companies with less than $10 billion in assets, and to provide that compliance with the new ratio would be deemed compliance with all capital requirements applicable to the institution or holding company (See “Capital Adequacy Guidelines”), and provided that residential mortgage loans meeting certain criteria and originated by institutions with less than $10 billion in total assets will be deemed to meet the “ability to repay rule” under the Truth in Lending Act. In addition, the EGRRCPA limited the definition of loans that would be subject to the higher risk weighting applicable to High Volatility Commercial Real Estate.

Certain of the regulations needed to implement the EGRRCPA have yet to be promulgated by the federal banking agencies, and others have not been fully implemented or enforced and so it is still uncertain how full implementation of the EGRRCPA will affect the Company and the Bank.

Regulation W

Regulation W codifies prior regulations under Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and interpretative guidance with respect to affiliate transactions. Affiliates of a bank include, among other entities, the bank’s holding company and companies that are under common control with the bank. The Company is considered to be an affiliate of the Bank. In general, subject to certain specified exemptions, a bank or its subsidiaries are limited in their ability to engage in “covered transactions” with affiliates:

	•	to an amount equal to 10% of the bank’s capital and surplus, in the case of covered transactions with any one affiliate; and

	•	to an amount equal to 20% of the bank’s capital and surplus, in the case of covered transactions with all affiliates.

In addition, a bank and its subsidiaries may engage in covered transactions and other specified transactions only on terms and under circumstances that are substantially the same, or at least as favorable to the bank or its subsidiary, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with nonaffiliated companies. A “covered transaction” includes:

	•	a loan or extension of credit to an affiliate;

	•	a purchase of, or an investment in, securities issued by an affiliate;

	•	a purchase of assets from an affiliate, with some exceptions;

	•	the acceptance of securities issued by an affiliate as collateral for a loan or extension of credit to any party; and

	•	the issuance of a guarantee, acceptance or letter of credit on behalf of an affiliate.

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Further, under Regulation W:

	•	a bank and its subsidiaries may not purchase a low-quality asset from an affiliate;

	•	covered transactions and other specified transactions between a bank or its subsidiaries and an affiliate must be on terms and conditions that are consistent with safe and sound banking practices; and

	•	with some exceptions, each loan or extension of credit by a bank to an affiliate must be secured by certain types of collateral with a market value ranging from 100% to 130% of the loan value, depending on the type of collateral.

Regulation W generally excludes all non-bank and non-savings association subsidiaries of banks which are not “financial subsidiaries” from treatment as affiliates, except to the extent that the FRB decides to treat these subsidiaries as affiliates.

FDICIA

Pursuant to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 (“FDICIA”), each federal banking agency has promulgated regulations, specifying the levels at which an insured depository institution such as the Bank would be considered “well capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized,” or “critically undercapitalized,” and to take certain mandatory and discretionary supervisory actions based on the capital level of the institution. To qualify to engage in financial activities under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, all depository institutions must be “well capitalized.”

The FDIC’s regulations implementing these provisions of FDICIA provide that an institution will be classified as “well capitalized” if it (i) has a total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10.0%, (ii) has a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 8.0%, (iii) has a Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 5.0%, (iv) has a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of at least 6.5%, and (v) meets certain other requirements. An institution will be classified as “adequately capitalized” if it (i) has a total risk-based capital ratio of at least 8.0%, (ii) has a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 6.0%, (iii) has a Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 4.0%, has a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of at least 4.5%, and (v) does not meet the definition of “well capitalized.” An institution will be classified as “undercapitalized” if it (i) has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 8.0%, (ii) has a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, (iii) has a Tier 1 leverage ratio of less than 4.0%, or (iv) has a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of less than 4.5%. An institution will be classified as “significantly undercapitalized” if it (i) has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, (ii) has a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 4.0%, (iii) has a Tier 1 leverage ratio of less than 3.0%, or (iv) has a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of less 3.0%. An institution will be classified as “critically undercapitalized” if it has a tangible equity to total assets ratio that is equal to or less than 2.0%. An insured depository institution may be deemed to be in a lower capitalization category if it receives an unsatisfactory examination rating.

In addition, significant provisions of FDICIA required federal banking regulators to impose standards in a number of other important areas to assure bank safety and soundness, including internal controls, information systems and internal audit systems, credit underwriting, asset growth, compensation, loan documentation and interest rate exposure.

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Capital Adequacy Guidelines

In December 2010 and January 2011, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (the “Basel Committee”) published the final texts of reforms on capital and liquidity generally referred to as “Basel III.” In July 2013, the FRB, the FDIC and the Comptroller of the Currency adopted final rules (the “New Rules”), which implement certain provisions of Basel III and the Dodd-Frank Act.

Under the New Rules, the Company and the Bank are required to maintain the following minimum capital ratios, expressed as a percentage of risk-weighted assets:

	●	Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio of 4.5% (the “CET1”);

	●	Tier 1 Capital Ratio (CET1 capital plus “Additional Tier 1 capital”) of 6.0%; and

	●	Total Capital Ratio (Tier 1 capital plus Tier 2 capital) of 8.0%.

In addition, the Company and the Bank will be subject to a leverage ratio of 4% (calculated as Tier 1 capital to average consolidated assets as reported on the consolidated financial statements).

The New Rules also require a “capital conservation buffer.” Under this provision, the Company and the Bank are required to maintain a 2.5% capital conservation buffer, which is composed entirely of CET1, on top of the minimum risk-weighted asset ratios described above, resulting in the following minimum capital ratios:

	●	CET1 of 7%;

	●	Tier 1 Capital Ratio of 8.5%; and

	●	Total Capital Ratio of 10.5%.

The purpose of the capital conservation buffer is to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Banking institutions with a CET1, Tier 1 Capital Ratio and Total Capital Ratio above the minimum set forth above but below the capital conservation buffer will face constraints on their ability to pay dividends, repurchase equity and pay discretionary bonuses to executive officers, based on the amount of the shortfall.

The New Rules provide for several deductions from and adjustments to CET1. For example, mortgage servicing rights, deferred tax assets dependent upon future taxable income and significant investments in common equity issued by nonconsolidated financial entities must be deducted from CET1 to the extent that any one of those categories exceeds 10% of CET1 or all such categories in the aggregate exceed 15% of CET1.

Under the New Rules, banking organizations such as the Company and the Bank may make a one-time permanent election regarding the treatment of accumulated other comprehensive income items in determining regulatory capital ratios. Effective as of January 1, 2015, the Company and the Bank elected to exclude accumulated other comprehensive income items for purposes of determining regulatory capital.

While the New Rules generally require the phase-out of non-qualifying capital instruments such as trust preferred securities and cumulative perpetual preferred stock, holding companies with less than $15 billion in total consolidated assets as of December 31, 2009, such as the Company, may permanently include non-qualifying instruments that were issued and included in Tier 1 or Tier 2 capital prior to May 19, 2010 in Additional Tier 1 or Tier 2 capital until they redeem such instruments or until the instruments mature.

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The New Rules prescribe a standardized approach for calculating risk-weighted assets. Depending on the nature of the assets, the risk categories generally range from 0% for U.S. Government and agency securities, to 600% for certain equity exposures, and result in higher risk weights for a variety of asset categories. In addition, the New Rules provide more advantageous risk weights for derivatives and repurchase-style transactions cleared through a qualifying central counterparty and increase the scope of eligible guarantors and eligible collateral for purposes of credit risk mitigation.

Consistent with the Dodd-Frank Act, the New Rules adopt alternatives to credit ratings for calculating the risk-weighting for certain assets.

In December 2018, the OCC, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and the FDIC approved a final rule to address changes to credit loss accounting under GAAP, including banking organizations’ implementation of ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (“CECL”). The Company adopted the CECL standard effective January 1, 2021.

On September 17, 2019, the federal banking agencies issued a final rule providing simplified capital requirements for certain community banking organizations (banks and holding companies) with less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets, implementing provisions of EGRRCPA discussed above. Under the rule, a qualifying community banking organization would be eligible to elect the community bank leverage ratio framework or continue to measure capital under the existing Basel III requirements set forth in the New Rules. The new rule took effect January 1, 2020, and qualifying community banking organizations could elect to opt into the new community bank leverage ratio (“CBLR”) in their call report for the first quarter of 2020.

A qualifying community banking organization (“QCBO”) is defined as a bank, a savings association, a bank holding company or a savings and loan holding company with:

●

a leverage capital ratio of greater than 9.0%;


	●	total consolidated assets of less than $10.0 billion;


	●	total off-balance sheet exposures (excluding derivatives other than credit derivatives and unconditionally cancelable commitments) of 25% or less of total consolidated assets; and


	●	total trading assets and trading liabilities of 5% or less of total consolidated assets.

A QCBO opting into the CBLR must maintain a CBLR of 9.0%, subject to a two-quarter grace period to come back into compliance, provided that the QCBO maintains a leverage ratio of more than 8.0% during the grace period. A QCBO failing to satisfy these requirements must comply with the Basel III requirements as implemented by the New Rules. The numerator of the CBLR is Tier 1 capital, as calculated under present rules. The denominator of the CBLR is the QCBO’s average assets, calculated in accordance with the QCBO’s Call Report instructions and less assets deducted from Tier 1 capital.

The Company and the Bank ~~have~~did ~~elected~~ not elect to opt into the CBLR, and as a result of the FLIC merger are no longer eligible to utilize the CBLR.

Federal Deposit Insurance and Premiums

The deposits of the Bank are insured up to applicable limits by the ~~Deposit Insurance Fund (“~~DIF”) of the FDIC and are subject to deposit insurance assessments to maintain the DIF.

The assessment base for deposit insurance premiums is an institution’s average consolidated total assets minus average tangible equity. In connection with adopting this assessment base calculation, the FDIC lowered total base assessment rates to between 2.5 and 9 basis points for banks in the lowest risk category, and 30 to 45 basis points for banks in the highest risk category. The Company paid $78.26 million and $5.7.2 million in total FDIC assessments in ~~2024~~ 2025 and ~~2023~~2024, respectively. ~~The increase in 2024 was attributable to additional premiums paid in 2024 related to the FDIC special assessment.~~

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The FDIC has a designated reserve ratio (DRR), that is, the ratio of the DIF to insured deposits, of 1.35%. The Dodd-Frank Act requires the FDIC to offset the effect on institutions with assets less than $10 billion of the increase in the statutory minimum DRR to 1.35% from the former statutory minimum of 1.15%.

The FDIC Board of Directors approved a final rule to implement a special assessment to recover the loss to the ~~Deposit Insurance Fund (~~DIF) associated with protecting uninsured depositors following the closures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. The ~~Federal Deposit Insurance Act (FDI Act)~~ FDIA requires the FDIC to take this action in connection with the systemic risk determination announced on March 12, 2023.

The assessment base for the special assessment is equal to an insured depository institution’s (IDI’s) estimated uninsured deposits reported as of December 31, 2022, adjusted to exclude the first $5 billion, applicable either to the IDI, if an IDI is not a subsidiary of a holding company, or at the banking organization level, to the extent that an IDI is part of a holding company with one or more subsidiary IDIs. The special assessment will be collected at an annual rate of approximately 13.4 basis points for an anticipated total of eight quarterly assessment periods. The special assessment will be collected beginning with the first quarterly assessment period of 2024 (i.e., January 1 through March 31, 2024) with an invoice payment date of June 28, 2024. ~~The~~ ~~Company~~In ~~accrued~~December ~~$2.1~~of ~~million~~2025, asdue to its current assessment of ~~December~~the 31loss incurred due to the systemic risk determination, ~~2023 related~~the FDIC adopted an interim final rule to ~~this~~reduce ~~special~~the assessment rate for the eighth quarterly assessment, due March 30, 2026, from 3. 36 basis points per quarter to 2.97 basis points per quarter.

~~Because the estimated loss pursuant to the systemic risk determination will be periodically adjusted, the FDIC could:~~ -19-

● Cease collection early, if it has collected enough to recover actual or estimated losses;

● Extend the special assessment collection period one or more quarters beyond the initial eight-quarter collection period, if actual or estimated losses exceed the amounts collected; and

● Impose a final shortfall special assessment on a one-time basis after the receiverships for Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank terminate, if actual losses exceed the amounts collected.

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The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999

The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999 (the “Modernization Act”):

	●	allows bank holding companies meeting management, capital, and Community Reinvestment Act standards to engage in a substantially broader range of non-banking activities than previously was permissible, including insurance underwriting and making merchant banking investments in commercial and financial companies, if the bank holding company elects to become a financial holding company. Thereafter it may engage in certain financial activities without further approvals;

	●	allows insurers and other financial services companies to acquire banks;

	●	removes various restrictions that previously applied to bank holding company ownership of securities firms and mutual fund advisory companies; and

	●	establishes the overall regulatory structure applicable to bank holding companies that also engage in insurance and securities operations.

The Modernization Act also modified other financial laws, including laws related to financial privacy and community reinvestment. The Company has elected not to become a financial holding company.

Community Reinvestment Act

Under the Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”), as implemented by FDIC regulations, an insured depository institution has a continuing and affirmative obligation consistent with its safe and sound operation to help meet the credit needs of its entire community, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. The CRA does not establish specific lending requirements or programs for financial institutions, nor does it limit an institution’s discretion to develop the types of products and services that it believes are best suited to its particular community, consistent with the CRA. The CRA requires the FDIC, in connection with its examination of every bank, to assess the bank’s record of meeting the credit needs of its community and to take such record into account in its evaluation of certain applications by such bank. Regulations implementing the CRA were substantially revised in 2023 and the changes will begin to become effective over the next several years. The Company is studying the revisions to determine the impact on its operations, which is uncertain at this time.

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USA PATRIOT Act

The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (the “USA PATRIOT Act”) gives the federal government powers to address terrorist threats through domestic security measures, surveillance powers, information sharing, and anti-money laundering requirements. By way of amendments to the Bank Secrecy Act, the USA PATRIOT Act encourages information-sharing among bank regulatory agencies and law enforcement bodies. Further, certain provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act impose affirmative obligations on a broad range of financial institutions, including banks, thrift institutions, brokers, dealers, credit unions, money transfer agents and parties registered under the Commodity Exchange Act.

Among other requirements, the USA PATRIOT Act imposes the following requirements with respect to financial institutions:

	●	All financial institutions must establish anti-money laundering programs that include, at a minimum: (i) internal policies, procedures, and controls; (ii) specific designation of an anti-money laundering compliance officer; (iii) ongoing employee training programs; and (iv) an independent audit function to test the anti-money laundering program.

	●	The Secretary of the Department of Treasury, in conjunction with other bank regulators, is authorized to issue regulations that provide for minimum standards with respect to client identification at the time new accounts are opened.

	●	Financial institutions that establish, maintain, administer, or manage private banking accounts or correspondent accounts in the United States for non-United States persons or their representatives (including foreign individuals visiting the United States) are required to establish appropriate, specific and, where necessary, enhanced due diligence policies, procedures, and controls designed to detect and report money laundering.


	●	Financial institutions are prohibited from establishing, maintaining, administering or managing correspondent accounts for foreign shell banks (foreign banks that do not have a physical presence in any country), and will be subject to certain record keeping obligations with respect to correspondent accounts of foreign banks.

	●	Bank regulators are directed to consider a holding company’s effectiveness in combating money laundering when ruling on Federal Reserve Act and Bank Merger Act applications.

The United States Treasury Department has issued a number of implementing regulations which address various requirements of the USA PATRIOT Act and are applicable to financial institutions such as the Bank. These regulations impose obligations on financial institutions to maintain appropriate policies, procedures and controls to detect, prevent and report money laundering and terrorist financing and to verify the identity of their clients.

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Loans to Related Parties

The Company’s authority to extend credit to its directors and executive officers, as well as to entities controlled by such persons, is currently governed by the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and Regulation O promulgated by the FRB. Among other things, these provisions require that extensions of credit to insiders (i) be made on terms that are substantially the same as, and follow credit underwriting procedures that are not less stringent than, those prevailing for comparable transactions with unaffiliated persons and that do not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features and (ii) not exceed certain limitations on the amount of credit extended to such persons, individually and in the aggregate, which limits are based, in part, on the amount of the Bank’s capital. In addition, the Bank’s Board of Directors must approve all extensions of credit to insiders.

Dividend Restrictions

The Parent Corporation is a legal entity separate and distinct from the Bank. Virtually all the revenue of the Parent Corporation available for payment of dividends on its capital stock will result from the amounts paid to the Parent Corporation by the Bank. All such dividends are subject to the laws of the State of New Jersey, the Banking Act, the ~~Federal Deposit Insurance Act (“~~FDIA”) and the regulations of the Banking Department and of the FDIC.

Under the New Jersey Corporation Act, the Parent Corporation is permitted to pay cash dividends provided that the payment does not leave us insolvent. As a bank holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHCA”), we would be prohibited from paying cash dividends if we are not in compliance with any capital requirements applicable to us, including our required capital conservation buffer. However, as a practical matter, for so long as our major operations consist of ownership of the Bank, the Bank will remain our source of dividend payments, and our ability to pay dividends will be subject to any restrictions applicable to the Bank.

The Parent Corporation has a series of outstanding perpetual preferred stock, our 5.25% Fixed-Rate Reset Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A. The rights of the preferred stockholders to receive dividends are senior to the rights of our common holders, although the preferred dividend rights are non-cumulative. Therefore, unless all dividends due on our outstanding preferred stock have been declared and paid for the most recent dividend period, we may not pay a dividend on our common stock or repurchase shares of our common stock.

Under the New Jersey Banking Act of 1948, as amended, dividends may be paid by the Bank only if, after the payment of the dividend, the capital stock of the Bank will be unimpaired and either the Bank will have a surplus of not less than 50% of its capital stock or the payment of the dividend will not reduce the Bank’s surplus. The payment of dividends is also dependent upon the Bank’s ability to maintain adequate capital ratios pursuant to applicable regulatory requirements.

The FRB has issued a policy statement regarding the payment of dividends by bank holding companies. In general, the FRB’s policies provide that dividends should be paid only out of current earnings and only if the prospective rate of earnings retention by the bank holding company appears consistent with the organization’s capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. FRB regulations also require that a bank holding company serve as a source of financial strength to its subsidiary banks by standing ready to use available resources to provide adequate capital funds to those banks during periods of financial stress or adversity and by maintaining the financial flexibility and capital-raising capacity to obtain additional resources for assisting its subsidiary banks where necessary. Under the ~~prompt~~Prompt ~~corrective~~Corrective ~~action~~Action laws, the ability of a bank holding company to pay dividends may be restricted if a subsidiary bank becomes undercapitalized, and under regulations implementing the Basel III accord, a bank holding company’s ability to pay cash dividends may be impaired if it fails to satisfy certain capital buffer requirements. These regulatory policies could affect the ability of the Company to pay dividends or otherwise engage in capital distributions.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

An investment in our securities involves risks. Stockholders should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, before making any purchase or sale decisions regarding our securities. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or operating results may be harmed. In that case, the trading price of our securities may decline, and stockholders may lose part or all of their investment in our securities.

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Risks Applicable to Our Business:

Our growth-oriented business strategy could be adversely affected if we are not able to attract and retain skilled employees or if we lose the services of our senior management team.

We may not be able to successfully manage our business as a result of the strain on our management and operations that may result from growth. Our ability to manage growth will depend upon our ability to continue to attract, hire and retain skilled employees. The loss of members of our senior management team, including those officers named in the summary compensation table of our proxy statement, could have a material adverse effect on our results or operations and ability to execute our strategic goals. Our success will also depend on the ability of our officers and key employees to continue to implement and improve our operational and other systems, to manage multiple, concurrent client relationships and to hire, train and manage our employees.

We may need to raise additional capital to execute our growth-oriented business strategy.

In order to continue our growth, we will be required to maintain our regulatory capital ratios at levels higher than the minimum ratios set by our regulators. For example, in connection with our merger with FLIC, we raised $200 million of capital through the issuance of subordinated debt. We can offer you no assurances that we will be able to raise capital in the future, or that the terms of any such capital will be beneficial to our existing security holders. In the event we are unable to raise capital in the future, we may not be able to continue our growth strategy.

We have a significant concentration in commercial real estate loans.

Our loan portfolio is made up largely of commercial real estate loans. These types of loans generally expose a lender to a higher degree of credit risk of non-payment and loss than do residential mortgage loans because of several factors, including dependence on the successful operation of a business or a project for repayment, and loan terms with a balloon payment rather than full amortization over the loan term. In addition, commercial real estate loans typically involve larger loan balances to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers compared to one-to four-family residential mortgage loans. Underwriting and portfolio management activities cannot completely eliminate all risks related to these loans. Any significant failure to pay on time by our clients or a significant default by our clients would materially and adversely affect us.

As of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, we had $68.31 billion of commercial real estate loans (nonowner-occupied, owner-occupied, multifamily and land), including construction loans, which represented 7670.23% of loans receivable. Concentrations in commercial real estate are monitored by regulatory agencies and subject to scrutiny. Guidance from these regulatory agencies includes all commercial real estate loans, including commercial construction loans, in calculating our commercial real estate concentration, but excludes owner-occupied commercial real estate loans. Based on this regulatory definition, our commercial real estate loans represented ~~435~~434% of the Bank’s Tier 1 capital plus the allowance for credit losses on loans at December 31, 2025.

Loans secured by owner-occupied real estate are reliant on the operating businesses to provide cash flow to meet debt service obligations, and as a result may be more susceptible to the general impact on the economic environment affecting those operating companies as well as the real estate.

The impact of the development of remote work or hybrid work models on the metropolitan New York area commercial real estate market is uncertain, causing volatility in rents in certain core urban markets. Many other factors, including the exchange rate for the U.S. dollar, potential international trade tariffs, inflation and changes in federal tax laws affecting the deductibility of state and local taxes and mortgage interest and new legal or regulatory requirements impacting New York City rent regulated multifamily properties could negatively impact our local economy and real estate market. Accordingly, it may be more difficult for commercial real estate borrowers to repay their loans in a timely manner, as commercial real estate borrowers’ ability to repay their loans frequently depends on the successful development and leasing of their properties. The deterioration of one or a few of our commercial real estate loans could cause a material increase in our level of nonperforming loans, which would result in a loss of revenue from these loans and could result in an increase in the provision for credit losses and/or an increase in charge-offs, all of which could have a material adverse impact on our net income. We also may incur losses on commercial real estate loans due to declines in occupancy rates and rental rates, which may decrease property values and may decrease the likelihood that a borrower may find permanent financing alternatives. Any weakening of the commercial real estate market may increase the likelihood of default on these loans, which could negatively impact our loan portfolio’s performance and asset quality. If we are required to liquidate the collateral securing a loan to satisfy the debt during a period of reduced real estate values, we could incur material losses. Any of these events could increase our costs, require management time and attention, and materially and adversely affect us.

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Federal banking agencies have issued guidance regarding high concentrations of commercial real estate loans within bank loan portfolios. The guidance requires financial institutions that exceed certain levels of commercial real estate lending compared with their total capital to maintain heightened risk management practices that address the following key elements: board and management oversight and strategic planning, portfolio management, development of underwriting standards, risk assessment and monitoring through market analysis and stress testing, and maintenance of increased capital levels as needed to support the level of commercial real estate lending. If there is any deterioration in our commercial real estate portfolio or if our regulators conclude that we have not implemented appropriate risk management practices, it could adversely affect our business, and could result in the requirement to maintain increased capital levels. Such capital may not be available at that time and may result in our regulators requiring us to reduce our concentration on commercial real estate loans.

If we are limited in our ability to originate loans secured by commercial real estate, we may face greater risk in our loan portfolio.

If, because of our concentration of commercial real estate loans, or for any other reasons, we are limited in our ability to originate loans secured by commercial real estate, we may incur greater risk in our loan portfolio. For example, we are and may continue to seek to further increase our growth rate in commercial and industrial loans, including both secured and unsecured commercial and industrial loans. Unsecured loans generally involve a higher degree of risk of loss than do secured loans because, without collateral, repayment is wholly dependent upon the success of the borrowers’ businesses and personal guarantees. Secured commercial and industrial loans are generally collateralized by accounts receivable, inventory, equipment or other assets owned by the borrower and typically include a personal guaranty of the business owner. Compared to real estate, that type of collateral is more difficult to monitor, its value is harder to ascertain, it may depreciate more rapidly, and it may not be as readily saleable if repossessed. Therefore, we may be exposed to greater risk of loss on these credits.

Our New York State multifamily loan portfolio could be adversely impacted by changes in legislation or regulation which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We have a significant portfolio of loans secured by ~~multi~~multifamily ~~family~~ properties located in New York. On June 14, 2019, the New York State legislature passed the New York Housing Stability and Tenant Protection Act of 2019. This legislation represents the most extensive reform of New York State’s rent laws in several decades and generally limits a landlord’s ability to increase rents on rent regulated apartments and makes it more difficult to convert rent regulated apartments to market rate apartments. In addition, the new mayoral administration in New York City has discussed policies which would further limit or eliminate rent increases and make tenant evictions more difficult. As a result, the value of the collateral located in New York State and New York City securing the Company’s ~~multi~~multifamily ~~family~~ loans or the future net operating income of such properties could potentially become impaired which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

A significant portion of our loan portfolio has interest rates that will reset over the next 24 months. ~~In addition, a significant portion of our portfolio will mature over the next 24 months.~~ Applicable increases in interest rates could harm our borrowers’ abilities to repay their loans.

As of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, a significant portion of our loan portfolio, approximately $2.4 billion, primarily originated during the low-interest-rate environment of 2021 and 2022, bears interest at ~~rates~~rate that will reset during ~~2025~~2026 and ~~2026~~2027. Generally, these loans currently bear interest at rates that are lower than current market rates, ~~as these loans were predominately originated in 2020~~ and ~~2021, and~~ so these borrowers will experience an increase in the interest rates applicable to their loans, which in some cases will be significant. In addition, a significant portion of our loan portfolio matures in 2025 and 2026. For loans that are maturing, borrowers will either need to refinance these loans, with the Bank or with another financial institution, or pay these loans off using other sources of funds. Borrowers refinancing loans will likely experience an increase in the interest rates applicable to their loans, which in some cases will be significant. An increase in interest rates applicable to their loans may negatively impact our borrowers, increasing their costs and potentially making it more difficult for them to continue to perform under their loan agreements. Any increase in late payments or defaults by our borrowers due to increases in the interest rates applicable to their loans could adversely affect our asset quality and results of operations.

An increase in interest rates applicable to their loans may negatively impact our borrowers, increasing their costs and potentially making it more difficult for them to continue to perform under their loan agreements. Any increase in late payments or defaults by our borrowers due to increases in the interest rates applicable to their loans could adversely affect our asset quality and results of operations. -25-

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The small- to medium-sized businesses that the Bank lends to may have fewer resources to weather a downturn in the economy, which may impair a borrower’s ability to repay a loan to the Bank that could materially harm our operating results.

The Bank targets its business development and marketing strategy primarily to serve the banking and financial services needs of small- to medium-sized businesses. These small- to medium-sized businesses frequently have smaller market share than their competition, may be more vulnerable to economic downturns, often need substantial additional capital to expand or compete and may experience significant volatility in operating results. Any one or more of these factors may impair the borrower’s ability to repay a loan. In addition, the success of a small- to medium-sized business often depends on the management talents and efforts of one or two persons or a small group of persons, and the death, disability or resignation of one or more of these persons could have a material adverse impact on the business and its ability to repay a loan. Economic downturns and other events that negatively impact our market areas could cause the Bank to incur substantial credit losses that could negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition.

The development and use of artificial intelligence (“AI”) present risks and challenges that may adversely impact our business.

We have begun and intend to continue to selectively incorporate AI technology in certain business processes, fraud detections, services or products, including technologies that process sensitive financial and/or personal data. We have also selectively employed AI technologies to assist in drafting standardized documents and communications, and to search information on the internet. Furthermore, our third-party vendors, clients or counterparties may develop or incorporate AI technology into their business processes, services or products.

The development and use of AI present a number of risks and challenges to our business. The legal and regulatory environment relating to AI is uncertain and rapidly evolving at both the state and federal level, and includes regulation targeted specifically at AI as well as provisions in intellectual property, privacy, consumer protection, employment and other laws applicable to the use of AI. These evolving laws and regulations could require changes in our implementation of AI technology and increase our compliance costs and the risk of non-compliance, including in relation to data privacy and security requirements under laws such as the Gramm-Leach-Bliley-Act (“GLBA”), which mandates the protection of consumer financial information.

AI models, particularly generative AI models, may produce output or decisions or take action that is incorrect, that results in the release of private, confidential or proprietary information, that reflects biases included in the data on which they are trained or that are inherent in their algorithms, that produces output that is, or is perceived to be, discriminatory or unfair, that infringes on the intellectual property rights of others, or that is otherwise harmful.

While we have policies and governance structures prohibiting our employees from using non-approved generative AI applications or websites on the Company or the Bank’s network or devices, there can be no assurances that our employees will adhere to these policies or that such policies and governance structures will be effective in mitigating the risks associated with using AI technology.

Since personally identifiable or nonpublic information may be used with AI applications, there is a risk that these technologies generate output that improperly discloses such personally identifiable or nonpublic information. The use of personally identifiable or nonpublic information could result in a violation of certain laws, including data privacy laws and the data privacy and security requirements of the GLBA, exposing us to legal liability or regulatory penalties. In addition, the complexity of many AI models makes it challenging to understand why they are generating particular outputs. This limited transparency increases the challenges associated with assessing the proper operation of AI models, understanding and monitoring the capabilities of the AI models, ensuring adherence to our privacy policies, reducing erroneous output, eliminating bias and discrimination and complying with regulations that require documentation or explanation of the basis on which decisions are made. Further, we may rely on AI models developed by third parties, and, to that extent, would be dependent in part on the manner in which those third parties develop and train their models, including risks arising from the inclusion of any unauthorized material in the training data for their models, and the effectiveness of the steps these third parties have taken to limit the risks associated with the output of their models, matters over which we may have limited visibility.

Any of these risks could expose us to liability or adverse legal or regulatory consequences and harm our reputation and the public perception of our business or the effectiveness of our security measures, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

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Our ability to maintain our reputation is critical to the success of our business and the failure to do so may materially adversely affect our performance.

Our reputation is one of the most valuable components of our business. As such, we strive to conduct our business in a manner that enhances our reputation. This is done, in part, by recruiting, hiring and retaining employees who share our core values of being an integral part of the communities we serve, delivering superior service to our clients and caring about our clients and associates. If our reputation is negatively affected by the actions of our employees or otherwise, our business and, therefore, our operating results may be materially adversely affected.

Anti-takeover provisions in our corporate documents and in New Jersey corporate law may make it difficult and expensive to remove current management.

Anti-takeover provisions in our corporate documents and in New Jersey law may render the removal of our existing board of directors and management more difficult. Consequently, it may be difficult and expensive for our stockholders to remove current management, even if current management is not performing adequately.

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Competition in originating loans and attracting deposits may adversely affect our profitability.

We face substantial competition in originating loans. This competition currently comes principally from other banks, savings institutions, mortgage banking companies, credit unions and other lenders, including online “fintech” companies. Many of our competitors enjoy advantages, including greater financial resources and higher lending limits, a wider geographic presence, more accessible branch office locations, the ability to offer a wider array of services or more favorable pricing alternatives, as well as lower origination and operating costs. This competition could reduce our net income by decreasing the number and size of loans that we originate and the interest rates we may charge on these loans.

In attracting deposits, we face substantial competition from other insured depository institutions such as banks, savings institutions and credit unions, as well as institutions offering uninsured investment alternatives, including money market funds. Many of our competitors enjoy advantages, including greater financial resources, more aggressive marketing campaigns, better brand recognition and more branch locations.

These competitors may offer higher interest rates than we do, which could decrease the deposits that we attract or require us to increase our rates to retain existing deposits or attract new deposits.

We have also been active in competing for New York and New Jersey governmental and municipal deposits. As of December 31, 2024, governmental and municipal deposits accounted for approximately $1.1 billion in deposits. The governor of New Jersey has proposed that the state form and own a bank in which governmental and municipal entities would deposit their excess funds, with the state-owned bank then financing small businesses and municipal projects in New Jersey. Although this proposal has not advanced, should this proposal be adopted and a state-owned bank formed, it could impede our ability to attract and retain governmental and municipal deposits.

Increased deposit competition could adversely affect our ability to generate the funds necessary for lending operations, which may increase our cost of funds.

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We also compete with non-bank providers of financial services, such as brokerage firms, consumer finance companies, insurance companies and governmental organizations, which may offer more favorable terms. Some of our non-bank competitors are not subject to the same extensive regulations that govern our operations. As a result, such non-bank competitors may have advantages over us in providing certain products and services. This competition may reduce or limit our margins on banking services, reduce our market share and adversely affect our earnings and financial condition.

In addition, the banking industry in general faces competition for deposit, credit and money management products from non-bank technology firms, or fintech companies, which may offer products independently or through relationships with insured depository institutions.

External factors, many of which we cannot control, may result in liquidity concerns for us.

Liquidity risk is the potential that the Bank may be unable to meet its obligations as they come due, capitalize on growth opportunities as they arise, or pay regular dividends because of an inability to liquidate assets or obtain adequate funding on a timely basis, at a reasonable cost and within acceptable risk tolerances.

Liquidity is required to fund various obligations, including credit commitments to borrowers, mortgage and other loan originations, withdrawals by depositors, repayment of borrowings, operating expenses, capital expenditures and dividend payments to shareholders.

Liquidity is derived primarily from deposit growth and retention; principal and interest payments on loans; prepayment and maturities of loans; principal and interest payments on investment securities; sale, maturity and prepayment of investment securities; net cash provided from operations, and access to other funding sources. In addition, in recent periods we have substantially increased our use of alternative deposit origination channels, such as brokered deposits, including reciprocal deposit services, and internet listing services.

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Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance our activities could be impaired by factors that affect us specifically or the financial services industry in general. Factors that could detrimentally impact our access to liquidity sources include a decrease in the level of our business activity due to market factors or an adverse regulatory action against us, as well as events affecting other market participants, such as failures of other insured depository institutions. In addition, our ability to use alternate deposit origination channels could be substantially impaired if we fail to remain “well capitalized”. Our ability to borrow could also be impaired by factors that are not specific to us, such as a severe disruption of the financial markets or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry as a whole. Furthermore, regional and community banks generally have less access to the capital markets than do the national and super-regional banks because of their smaller size and limited analyst coverage. Any decline in available funding could adversely impact our ability to originate loans, invest in securities, meet our expenses, or fulfill obligations such as meeting deposit withdrawal demands, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our liquidity, business, results of operations and financial condition.

Declines in the value of our investment securities portfolio may adversely impact our results.

As of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, we had approximately $~~612~~1.83 ~~million~~billion in fair value of investment securities, all of which are classified as available-for-sale. We may be required to record an allowance for credit losses on our investment securities if they suffer a decline in value below their amortized cost basis that is considered credit related. Numerous factors, including lack of liquidity for re-sales of certain investment securities, absence of reliable pricing information on investment securities, adverse changes in business climate, adverse actions by regulators, or unanticipated changes in the competitive environment could have a negative effect on our investment portfolio in future periods. If an impairment charge is significant enough, it could affect the ability of the Bank to upstream dividends to the Company, which could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and our ability to pay dividends to shareholders and could also negatively impact our regulatory capital ratios.

The Bank’s ability to pay dividends is subject to regulatory limitations, which, to the extent that the Company requires such dividends in the future, may affect the Company’s ability to honor its obligations and pay dividends.

As a bank holding company, the Company is a separate legal entity from the Bank and its subsidiaries and does not have significant operations. We currently depend on the Bank’s cash and liquidity to pay our operating expenses and to fund dividends to shareholders. We cannot assure you that in the future the Bank will have the capacity to pay the necessary dividends and that we will not require dividends from the Bank to satisfy our obligations. Various statutes and regulations limit the availability of dividends from the Bank. It is possible, depending upon our and the Bank’s financial condition and other factors, that bank regulators could assert that payment of dividends or other payments by the Bank are an unsafe or unsound practice. In the event that the Bank is unable to pay dividends, we may not be able to service our obligations, as they become due, or pay dividends on our capital stock. Consequently, the inability to receive dividends from the Bank could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects.

In addition, as described under “Capital Adequacy Guidelines,” banks and bank holding companies are required to maintain a capital conservation buffer on top of minimum risk-weighted asset ratios. The capital conservation buffer is 2.5%. Banking institutions which do not maintain capital in excess of the capital conservation buffer will face constraints on the payment of dividends, equity repurchases, and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall. Accordingly, if the Bank fails to maintain the applicable minimum capital ratios and the capital conservation buffer, distributions to the Company may be prohibited or limited.

We may not be able to pay dividends on our common stock if we have not made required dividend payments on our outstanding, noncumulative preferred stock.

We have a series of outstanding perpetual preferred stock, our 5.25% Fixed-Rate Reset Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A. The rights of the preferred stockholders to receive dividends are senior to the rights of our common holders, although the preferred dividend rights are non-cumulative. Therefore, unless all dividends due on our outstanding preferred stock have been declared and paid for the most recent dividend period provided for under the terms of the preferred stock, we may not pay a dividend on our common stock or repurchase shares of our common stock during that period.

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We may incur impairment to goodwill.

We review our goodwill at least annually. Significant negative industry or economic trends, reduced estimates of future cash flows or disruptions to our business, could indicate that goodwill might be impaired. Our valuation methodology for assessing impairment requires management to make judgments and assumptions based on historical experience and to rely on projections of future operating performance. We operate in a competitive environment , and projections of future operating results and cash flows may vary significantly from actual results. Additionally, if our analysis results in an impairment to our goodwill, we would be required to record a non-cash charge to earnings in our financial statements during the period in which such impairment is determined to exist. Any such charge could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We have grown and may continue to grow through acquisitions.

Since January 1, 2019, we have acquired GHB, BoeFly, ~~and~~ BNJ and ~~entered into an agreement to acquire~~ FLIC (First of Long Island Corp.)~~, the consummation of which is pending regulatory approval~~. To be successful as a larger institution, we must ~~successfully~~ effectively integrate the operations and retain the clients of acquired institutions, attract and retain the management required to successfully manage larger operations, and control costs.

Future results of operations will depend in large part on our ability to successfully integrate the operations of the acquired institutions and retain the clients of those institutions. If we are unable to successfully manage the integration of the separate cultures, client bases and operating systems of the acquired institutions, and any other institutions that may be acquired in the future, our results of operations may be adversely affected.

In addition, to successfully manage substantial growth, we may need to increase noninterest expenses through additional personnel, leasehold and data processing costs, among others. In order to successfully manage growth, we may need to adopt and effectively implement policies, procedures and controls to maintain credit quality, control costs and oversee our operations. No assurance can be given that we will be successful in this strategy.

We may be challenged to successfully manage our business as a result of the strain on management and operations that may result from growth. The ability to manage growth will depend on our ability to continue to attract, hire and retain skilled employees. Success will also depend on the ability of officers and key employees to continue to implement and improve operational and other systems, to manage multiple, concurrent client relationships and to hire, train and manage employees.

Finally, substantial growth may stress regulatory capital levels, and may require us to raise additional capital. No assurance can be given that we will be able to raise any required capital, or that we will be able to raise capital on terms that are beneficial to stockholders.

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Attractive acquisition opportunities may not be available to us in the future.

We expect that other banking and financial service companies, many of which have significantly greater resources than us, will compete with us in acquiring other target companies if we seek to pursue such acquisitions. This competition could increase prices for potential acquisitions that we believe are attractive. Also, acquisitions are subject to various regulatory approvals. If we fail to receive the appropriate regulatory approvals, we will not be able to consummate an acquisition that we believe is in our best interests. Among other things, our regulators will consider our capital, liquidity, profitability, regulatory compliance and levels of goodwill when considering acquisition and expansion proposals. Any acquisition could be dilutive to our earnings and shareholders’ equity per share of our common stock.

Hurricanes or other adverse weather or health related events could negatively affect our local economies or disrupt our operations, which would have an adverse effect on our business or results of operations.

Hurricanes and other weather events can disrupt our operations, result in damage to our properties and negatively affect the local economies in which we operate. In addition, these weather events may result in a decline in value or destruction of properties securing our loans and an increase in delinquencies, foreclosures and credit losses. Finally, health related events, such as a viral pandemic, could adversely affect the business of our clients and our local economies, thereby adversely affecting our results of operations.

The Company will be subject to heightened regulatory requirements when total assets exceed $10 billion.

The Company’s total assets were $9.880 billion as of December 31, 2024. Upon consummation of the FLIC merger, our assets will be substantially in excess of $10 billion. Banks with assets in excess of $10 billion are subject to requirements imposed by the Dodd-Frank Act and its implementing regulations, including: the examination authority of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to assess compliance with Federal consumer financial laws, imposition of higher FDIC premiums, and reduced debit card interchange fees, all of which increase operating costs and reduce earnings.

As the Company has approached $10 billion in total consolidated assets, additional costs have been incurred to prepare for the implementation of these imposed requirements. The Company may be required to invest more significant management attention and resources to evaluate and continue to make any changes necessary to comply with the new statutory and regulatory requirements under the Dodd-Frank Act. Any failure of the Company to meet these requirements may negatively impact results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Applicable to our Proposed Merger with FLIC

Shareholders of ConnectOne will have less influence as shareholders of the combined company than as a shareholder of ConnectOne prior to the completion of the merger.

The shareholders of ConnectOne will experience a decline in their influence over the resulting entity in the merger. Presently, ConnectOne shareholders have the right to control ConnectOne through their ability to elect the board of directors of ConnectOne and to vote on other matters affecting ConnectOne. As a result of the merger, the existing shareholders of ConnectOne will own approximately 76% of the combined company’s outstanding common stock. Consequently, while the existing shareholders of ConnectOne will continue to own a majority of the outstanding shares of the combined company and thus will continue to have the ability to control the vote on most matters submitted to the shareholders of the combined company, the extent of the existing ConnectOne shareholders’ influence over the management and policies of the combined company will be less than their current influence over the management and policies of ConnectOne.

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Regulatory approvals may not be received, may take longer than expected or may impose conditions that are not presently anticipated or that could have an adverse effect on the combined company following the Merger.

Before the merger and the bank merger may be completed, ConnectOne and FLIC must obtain approvals from, or provide notice to, the Federal Reserve Board, the FDIC and the New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance. Other approvals, waivers or consents from regulators may also be required. In determining whether to grant these approvals the regulators consider a variety of factors. An adverse development in either party’s regulatory standing or these factors could result in an inability to obtain approvals or delay their receipt. These regulators may impose conditions on the completion of the holding company merger or the bank merger or require changes to the terms of the merger or the bank merger. Such conditions or changes could have the effect of delaying or preventing completion of the merger or the bank merger or imposing additional costs on or limiting the revenues of the combined company following the merger and the bank merger, any of which might have an adverse effect on the combined company following the merger.

ConnectOne may need to raise additional capital in connection with the merger.

In order to further support the capital ratios of the combined entity, ConnectOne expects that it will raise additional capital as part of the transaction. Under the terms of the merger agreement, ConnectOne has agreed that it would raise up to $200 million in new capital if required to obtain any necessary regulatory approval. The actual amount of capital to be raised, the timing, and the type of securities to be issued by ConnectOne to raise such capital, have not yet been determined. We can offer you no assurances that ConnectOne will be able to raise additional capital in connection with the merger. If ConnectOne is unable to raise additional capital, it may negatively impact ConnectOne’s ability to obtain necessary regulatory approvals for the merger.

Failure to complete the merger could severely disadvantage ConnectOne.

Completion of the merger is subject to the satisfaction or waiver of a number of conditions. ConnectOne or FLIC cannot guarantee when or if these conditions will be satisfied or that the merger will be successfully completed. The consummation of the merger may be delayed, the merger may be consummated on terms different than those contemplated by the merger agreement, or the merger may not be consummated at all. If the merger is not completed, the ongoing business of ConnectOne may be adversely affected, and ConnectOne will be subject to several risks, including the following:

● ConnectOne could incur substantial costs relating to the proposed merger, such as legal, accounting, financial advisor, filing, printing and mailing fees; and

● ConnectOne’s management’s and employees’ attention may be diverted from their day-to-day business and operational matters as a result of efforts relating to the attempt to consummate the merger.

In addition, if the merger is not completed, ConnectOne may experience negative reactions from the financial markets and from its customers and employees. ConnectOne also could be subject to litigation related to any failure to complete the merger or to enforcement proceedings commenced against ConnectOne to perform its obligations under the merger agreement. If the merger is not completed, ConnectOne cannot assure shareholders that the risks described above will not materialize and will not materially affect the stock price and business and financial results of ConnectOne.

The expected benefits of the merger may not be realized if the combined company does not achieve cost savings and other benefits.

The expectation by the management teams of ConnectOne and FLIC that cost savings and revenue enhancements are achievable is a forward-looking statement that is inherently uncertain. The combined company’s actual cost savings and revenue enhancements, if any, cannot be quantified at this time. Any actual cost savings or revenue enhancements will depend on future expense levels and operating results, the timing of certain events and general industry, regulatory and business conditions. Many of these events will be beyond the control of the combined company.

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ConnectOne will be subject to business uncertainties and contractual restrictions, while the merger is pending.

Uncertainty about the effect of the merger on employees and customers may have an adverse effect on ConnectOne. These uncertainties may impair ConnectOne’s ability to attract, retain and motivate key personnel until the merger is completed, and could cause customers and others that deal with ConnectOne to seek to change existing business relationships with ConnectOne. Retention of certain employees by ConnectOne may be challenging while the merger is pending, as certain employees may experience uncertainty about their future roles with ConnectOne. If key employees depart because of issues relating to the uncertainty and difficulty of integration or a desire not to remain with ConnectOne, ConnectOne’s business could be harmed. In addition, subject to certain exceptions, ConnectOne has agreed to operate its business in the ordinary course, consistent with past practices, prior to closing. This could prohibit ConnectOne from taking advantage of a new business opportunity prior to consummation of the merger.

Shareholder litigation could prevent or delay the completion of the merger or otherwise negatively impact the business and operations of ConnectOne.

ConnectOne shareholders and/or FLIC shareholders may file lawsuits against ConnectOne, FLIC and/or the directors and officers of either company in connection with the merger. If any plaintiff were successful in obtaining an injunction prohibiting ConnectOne or FLIC from completing the merger or any of the other transactions contemplated by the merger agreement, then such injunction may delay or prevent the effectiveness of the merger and could result in significant costs to ConnectOne, including any cost associated with the indemnification of directors and officers or the defense or settlement of any shareholder lawsuits filed in connection with the merger. Such litigation could have an adverse effect on the consolidated financial condition and consolidated results of operations of ConnectOne and could prevent or delay the completion of the merger.

The combined company may be unable to retain ConnectOne and/or FLIC personnel successfully after the merger is completed.

The success of the merger will depend in part on the combined company’s ability to retain the talents and dedication of key employees currently employed by ConnectOne and FLIC. It is possible that these employees may decide not to remain with ConnectOne or FLIC, as applicable, while the merger is pending or with the combined company after the merger is consummated. If ConnectOne is unable to retain key employees, including management, who are critical to the successful integration and future operations of the companies, ConnectOne could face disruptions in their operations, loss of existing customers, loss of key information, expertise or know-how and unanticipated additional recruitment costs. In addition, following the merger, if key employees terminate their employment, the combined company’s business activities may be adversely affected, and management’s attention may be diverted from successfully hiring suitable replacements, all of which may cause the combined company’s business to suffer. ConnectOne also may not be able to locate or retain suitable replacements for any key employees who leave the company.

Unanticipated costs relating to the merger could reduce ConnectOne’s future earnings per share.

ConnectOne has incurred substantial legal, accounting, financial advisory and other merger-related costs, and ConnectOne’s management has devoted considerable time and effort in connection with the merger. If the merger is not completed, ConnectOne will bear certain fees and expenses associated with the merger without realizing the benefits of the merger. If the merger is completed, ConnectOne expects to incur substantial expenses in connection with integrating the business, operations, network, systems, technologies, policies and procedures of the two companies. The fees and expenses may be significant and could have an adverse impact on ConnectOne’s results of operations.

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ConnectOne believes that it has reasonably estimated the likely costs of integrating the operations of ConnectOne and FLIC, and the incremental costs of operating as a combined company. However, it is possible that unexpected transaction costs such as taxes, fees or professional expenses or unexpected future operating expenses such as increased personnel costs or increased taxes, as well as other types of unanticipated adverse developments, could have a material adverse effect on the results of operations and financial condition of the combined company. If unexpected costs are incurred, the merger could have a dilutive effect on ConnectOne’s earnings per share. In other words, if the merger is completed, the earnings per share of ConnectOne common stock could be less than anticipated or even less than if the merger had not been completed.

Issuance of shares of ConnectOne common stock in connection with the merger may adversely affect the market price of ConnectOne common stock.

In connection with the payment of the merger consideration, ConnectOne expects to issue approximately 12 million shares of ConnectOne common stock to FLIC shareholders. The issuance of these new shares of ConnectOne common stock may result in fluctuations in the market price of ConnectOne's common stock, including a stock price decrease.

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Risks Applicable to the Banking Industry Generally:

Our allowance for credit losses may not be adequate to cover actual losses.

Like all financial institutions, we maintain an allowance for credit losses and to provide for loan defaults and nonperformance. The process for determining the amount of the allowance is critical to our financial results and condition. It requires difficult, subjective and complex judgments about the future, as well as the impact of national and regional economic conditions on the ability of our borrowers to repay their loans. If our judgment proves to be incorrect, our allowance may not be sufficient to cover losses in our loan portfolio. Further, state and federal regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, review our loans and allowance and may require an increase in our allowance for credit losses. Further increases to the allowance could adversely affect our earnings.

Changes in interest rates, as well as other actions the Federal Reserve may take may adversely affect our earnings and financial condition.

Our net income depends primarily upon our net interest income. Net interest income is the difference between interest income earned on loans, investments and other interest-earning assets and the interest expense incurred on deposits and borrowed funds. The level of net interest income is primarily a function of the average balance of our interest-earning assets, the average balance of our interest-bearing liabilities, and the spread between the yield on such assets and the cost of such liabilities. These factors are influenced by both the pricing and mix of our interest-earning assets and our interest-bearing liabilities which, in turn, are impacted by such external factors as the local economy, competition for loans and deposits, the monetary policy of the Federal Open Market Committee of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors (the “FOMC”), and market interest rates.

A period of sustained high market interest rates could adversely affect our earnings if our cost of funds increases more rapidly than our yield on our earning assets and compresses our net interest margin. In addition, the economic value of portfolio equity would decline as interest rates increase.

Different types of assets and liabilities may react differently, and at different times, to changes in market interest rates. We expect that we will periodically experience gaps in the interest rate sensitivities of our assets and liabilities. That means either our interest-bearing liabilities will be more sensitive to changes in market interest rates than our interest-earning assets, or vice versa. When interest-bearing liabilities mature or re-price more quickly than interest-earning assets, an increase in market rates of interest could reduce our net interest income. Likewise, when interest-earning assets mature or re-price more quickly than interest-bearing liabilities, falling interest rates could reduce our net interest income. We are unable to predict changes in market interest rates, which are affected by many factors beyond our control, including inflation, deflation, recession, unemployment, money supply, domestic and international events and changes in the United States and other financial markets.

We also attempt to manage risk from changes in market interest rates, in part, by controlling the mix of interest rate sensitive assets and interest rate sensitive liabilities. However, interest rate risk management techniques are not exact. A rapid increase or decrease in interest rates could adversely affect our results of operations and financial performance.

In addition to increases in interest rates, the FOMC has also changed its stance on monetary policy as an additional effort to reduce inflation. Beginning in the second half of 2022, the FOMC began reducing its balance sheet, implementing a program of quantitative tightening to reduce the overall money supply. As a result, we may face greater competition for deposits, resulting in a higher cost of funds and a reduced net interest margin, as well as greater liquidity risk to continue to fund our loan originations. We are unable to predict the duration and ultimate impact of the FOMC’s quantitative tightening program. However, if the program significantly tightens the nation’s money supply, it may adversely affect our results of operations and financial performance. -32-

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The banking business is subject to significant government regulations.

We are subject to extensive governmental supervision, regulation and control. These laws and regulations are subject to change and may require substantial modifications to our operations or may cause us to incur substantial additional compliance costs. In addition, future legislation and government policy could adversely affect the commercial banking industry and our operations. Such governing laws can be anticipated to continue to be the subject of future modification. Our management cannot predict what effect any such future modifications will have on our operations. In addition, the primary focus of ~~Federal~~federal and state banking regulation is the protection of depositors and not the shareholders of the regulated institutions.

~~For~~Current ~~example,~~or ~~implementation~~proposed ofregulatory ~~all~~or ~~required~~legislative ~~regulations~~changes ~~under~~to laws applicable to the ~~Dodd-Frank~~financial ~~Act~~industry, ~~may~~as ~~result~~well inas ~~substantial~~future ~~new~~legal ~~compliance~~and ~~costs.~~regulatory ~~The~~changes, ~~Dodd-Frank~~may ~~Act~~impact ~~was~~the ~~signed~~profitability ~~into~~of ~~law~~our onbusiness ~~July 21,~~activities ~~2010. Generally,~~and ~~the~~may ~~Dodd-Frank~~change ~~Act~~certain isof ~~effective~~our ~~the~~business ~~day~~practices, ~~after~~including itthe ~~was~~ability ~~signed~~to ~~into~~offer ~~law~~new products, ~~but~~obtain ~~different~~financing, ~~effective~~attract ~~dates~~deposits, ~~apply~~make toloans, ~~specific~~and ~~sections~~achieve ofsatisfactory ~~the~~interest ~~law~~spreads, ~~many~~and ofcould ~~which~~expose ~~will~~us ~~not~~to ~~become~~additional ~~effective~~costs, ~~until~~including ~~various~~increased ~~Federal~~compliance ~~regulatory~~costs. ~~agencies~~These ~~have~~changes ~~promulgated~~also ~~rules~~may ~~implementing~~require ~~the~~us ~~statutory~~to ~~provisions. Ultimately,~~invest ~~final~~significant ~~implementation~~management ~~the~~attention ~~Dodd-Frank~~and ~~Act~~resources ~~could~~to ~~have~~make aany ~~material~~necessary ~~adverse~~changes ~~impact~~to ~~either~~operations onin ~~the~~order ~~financial~~to ~~services~~comply ~~industry~~and ascould atherefore ~~whole,~~also ormaterially onand adversely affect our business, ~~results~~financial ofcondition ~~operations~~ and ~~financial~~results ~~condition~~of operations.

~~These~~The ~~provisions,~~ultimate aseffect ~~well~~of ascertain ~~any other aspects~~ of ~~current~~these ~~or proposed regulatory or legislative~~ changes toon ~~laws applicable to~~ the financial services industry, ~~may~~in ~~impact the profitability of our business activities and may change certain of our business practices~~general, ~~including the ability to offer new products, obtain financing, attract deposits, make loans,~~ and ~~achieve satisfactory interest spreads, and could expose~~ us ~~to additional costs, including increased compliance costs. These changes also may require us to invest significant management attention and resources to make any necessary changes to operations~~ in ~~order to comply and could therefore also materially and adversely affect our business~~particular, ~~financial~~is ~~condition and results of operations~~uncertain.

~~The ultimate effect of certain of these changes on the financial services industry in general, and us in particular, is uncertain at this time.~~ -33-

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The laws that regulate our operations are designed for the protection of depositors and the public, not our shareholders.

The federal and state laws and regulations applicable to our operations give regulatory authorities extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement responsibilities, and generally have been promulgated to protect depositors and the ~~Deposit Insurance Fund~~ DIF and not for the purpose of protecting shareholders. These laws and regulations can materially affect our future business. Laws and regulations now affecting us may be changed at any time, and the interpretation of such laws and regulations by bank regulatory authorities is also subject to change.

We can give no assurance that future changes in laws and regulations or changes in their interpretation will not adversely affect our business. Legislative and regulatory changes may increase our cost of doing business or otherwise adversely affect us and create competitive advantages for non-bank competitors.

We cannot predict how changes in technology will impact our business; increased use of technology may expose us to service interruptions or breaches in security.

The financial services market, including banking services, is increasingly affected by advances in technology, including developments in:

●

Telecommunications;

●

Data processing;

●

Automation;

●

Internet-based banking, including personal computers, mobile phones and tablets;

●

Debit cards and so-called “smart cards”;

●

Remote deposit capture;

●

Artificial Intelligence;

● Cryptocurrency; ~~and~~

● ~~Use~~Blockchain; ofand ~~Blockchain~~● Stablecoins.

Our ability to compete successfully in the future will depend, to a certain extent, on whether we can anticipate and respond to technological changes. We offer electronic banking services for our consumer and business clients via our website, www.cnob.com, including Internet banking and electronic bill payment, as well as mobile banking by phone. We also offer check cards, ATM cards, credit cards, and automatic and ACH transfers. The successful operation and further development of these and other new technologies will likely require additional capital investments in the future. In addition, increased use of electronic banking creates opportunities for interruptions in service or security breaches, which could expose us to claims by clients or other third parties and damage our reputation. We cannot assure you that we will have sufficient resources or access to the necessary proprietary technology to remain competitive in the future, or that we will be able to maintain a secure electronic environment.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

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Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity Risk Management, Strategy and Governance

Cybersecurity is a material part of ConnectOne’s business. As a financial institution offering products through multiple digital delivery channels, cybersecurity incidents could have a material effect on the Company, its results of operations and its reputation, although to date the Company has not experienced any cybersecurity incident which has had a material effect on the Company’s business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. See “Item 1A- Risk Factors - We cannot predict how changes in technology will impact our business; increased use of technology may expose us to service interruptions or breaches in security.”

Cybersecurity risk is ainitially ~~material~~overseen ~~part~~at of ConnectOne’s ~~business.~~by Asthe amanagement ~~financial~~IT ~~institution~~Committee ~~offering products through multiple digital delivery channels, cybersecurity incidents could have a material effect on~~ (the ~~Company,~~“ITC”). ~~its~~The ~~results~~members of ~~operations~~this ~~and~~committee ~~its reputation~~include, ~~although~~as toco-chairs, ~~date~~ the ~~Company~~Chief ~~has~~Compliance ~~not~~Officer ~~experienced~~and ~~any~~the ~~cybersecurity~~Chief ~~incident~~Data ~~which~~& ~~has~~Development ~~had~~Officer. aAdditional ~~material~~members ~~effect~~are onour ~~the~~Information ~~Company’s~~Security ~~business strategy~~Officer, ~~results~~Information ofTechnology ~~operations~~(“IT”) orManager, ~~financial~~Chief ~~condition.~~Risk ~~See~~Officer, ~~“Item~~Chairman ~~1A-~~& ~~Risk~~Chief ~~Factors~~Executive -Officer, WeChief ~~cannot~~Digital ~~predict~~Officer ~~how~~and ~~changes~~Chief inBrand ~~technology~~and ~~will~~Innovation ~~impact~~Officer. ~~our~~Set ~~business;~~forth ~~increased~~below ~~use~~is ofcertain ~~technology~~background ~~may~~information ~~expose~~regarding usthe tosenior ~~service~~members ~~interruptions~~of orthe ~~breaches in security.”~~ITC:

~~Cybersecurity~~● ~~risk~~Sharif isAlexandre, ~~initially~~Chief ~~overseen~~Data at& ~~ConnectOne~~Development byOfficer ~~the~~– ~~management~~Mr. ITAlexandre ~~Committee~~leads (the ~~“ITC”).~~software ~~The~~development ~~members~~and ofdata ~~this~~management ~~committee~~teams ~~include,~~at asthe ~~co-chairs,~~Bank. ~~the~~He ~~Chief~~has ~~Compliance~~over ~~Officer~~20 ~~and~~years ~~the~~of ~~Chief~~industry ~~Technology~~experience, ~~Officer. Additional~~including ~~members~~managing ~~are~~information ~~our~~technology ~~Information~~and ~~Security~~software ~~Officer,~~development ~~Information~~teams ~~Technology~~for ~~(“IT”)~~organizations ~~Manager,~~ranging ~~Chief~~from ~~Risk~~technology ~~Officer,~~startups ~~Chairman~~to &Fortune ~~Chief~~500 ~~Executive~~companies. ~~Officer,~~His ~~Chief~~prior ~~Digital~~experience ~~Officer~~at ~~and~~the ~~Chief~~Bank ~~Brand~~also ~~and~~includes ~~Innovation~~the ~~Officer~~oversight of IT operations.

● ~~Tarak~~Laura ~~Patel~~Criscione, ~~Information~~Chief ~~Security~~Compliance Officer -– MrMs. ~~Patel~~Criscione oversees the company’s compliance and information security functions. She has ~~facilitated~~more than 30 years of experience in the financial services industry, with an extensive background in overseeing compliance and IT operations. ● Mark Pappas, Chief Risk Officer – Mr. Pappas oversees entity-wide risk management, including cybersecurity-related risks. He previously served as Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer for Amalgamated Bank and as Director of ~~information~~Internal ~~security~~Audit ~~programs~~for Alma Bank. ● Ali Mattera, Chief Digital Officer – Ms. Mattera has over 19 years of experience in the financial services industry, including 13 years in IT leadership. Throughout her career at various financial institutions, she has been responsible for ~~over~~technology 17and ~~years~~digital strategy, enterprise program management, data analytics, and IT service management.

● Sharif Alexandre, Chief Technology Officer - Mr. Alexandre has over 20 years industry experience including managing Information Technology and Software Development teams at organizations ranging from technology startups to Fortune 500 companies. He recently oversaw IT operations and currently leads the Software Development and Data Management teams at the Bank.

● Laura Criscione, Chief Compliance Officer - Ms. Criscione oversees the company’s Compliance and Information Security. Ms. Criscione has overseen Compliance and IT Operations throughout her more than 30-year career in financial institutions.

● Dale Dwaileebe, IT Manager - Mr. Dwaileebe has over 20 years of IT experience, is a current member of Infragard, and holds multiple industry recognized certifications.

● Michael O’Malley, Chief Risk Officer – Mr. O’Malley oversees entity-wide risk management, including cybersecurity related risk.

● Ali Mattera, Chief Digital Officer – Ms. Mattera is a technology subject matter expert with over 13 years of IT leadership and over 18 years of financial service experience. In her career she has been responsible for technology/digital strategy, enterprise program management, data analytics and IT service management at other financial institutions.

In addition to the members above, Frank Sorrentino III, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer and Siya Vansia, Chief Brand & Innovation Officer are also members of the ITC due to their roles in overseeing entity-wide management.

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In order to ensure that cybersecurity risk management is integrated into the Company’s overall risk management plans, systems and processes, members of the ITC, along with other lines of business heads, report to the management Enterprise Risk Management Committee (the “ERMC”), which in turn reports to the Board ~~Audit and~~ Risk Committee quarterly. The ERMC consists of the Company’s Chief Risk Officer, Chairman & CEO, President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer & Chief Corporate Development Officer, Chief Compliance Officer, Chief ~~Technology~~Data & Development Officer , General Counsel and Chief Credit Officer. In addition, the Company’s Chief ~~Technology~~Data & Development Officer attends Company Board of Directors meetings and provides an ~~information technology ("~~IT") report at each meeting.

The Company’s cybersecurity risk mitigation program involves a combination of internal resources and the use of third parties. The Company’s internal IT team performs monthly vulnerability scanning and performs an annual risk assessment based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework. The results are reported to the ITC. The Company’s IT and compliance staff also review potential cybersecurity threats associated with the Company’s third-party vendors, including performing a review of and obtaining a System of Organization Controls report from all vendors rated as “high risk” by the Company’s internal vendor management program. The Company also has an internal Incident Response Plan and Team, which is charged with overseeing the Company’s response to any cybersecurity incident. The team performs a table-top exercise at least annually to prepare to respond in the event of any actual cybersecurity incident.

In addition to these internal resources, the Company uses a third-party vendor to undertake annual penetration and vulnerability testing, with the results reported to the ITC. Finally, the Company’s cybersecurity compliance program is audited by the Bank’s outsourced internal auditor.

The Company also maintains insurance which may provide coverage for expenses and certain losses incurred in connection with a cybersecurity incident.

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Item 2. Properties

The Bank operates ~~six~~a total of 59 banking offices in Bergen County, ~~NJ,~~Essex ~~in Fort Lee~~County, ~~Englewood~~Hudson ~~Cliffs~~County, ~~Hackensack,~~Monmouth ~~Cresskill, Ridgewood and Saddle River; four banking offices in Union~~ County, ~~NJ, consisting of two offices in Union Township, and one office each in Springfield Township, and Summit; one banking office in Morristown in~~ Morris County, ~~NJ;~~and ~~one~~Union ~~office in Newark in Essex~~ County, ~~NJ; one office in West~~ New ~~York in Hudson County, NJ~~Jersey; ~~one~~ ~~office~~ in ~~Holmdel in Monmouth County, NJ; one banking office in~~ the ~~borough~~Boroughs of Manhattan and Queens, in New York City,; ~~one office~~ in ~~Melville,~~ Nassau County ~~and one office in East Hampton~~, ~~Suffolk~~Orange County ~~in Long Island~~, ~~one~~Rockland ~~in Astoria~~County, ~~Queens~~Suffolk ~~and~~County ~~five branches in the Hudson Valley, including in White Plains~~ and ~~Tarrytown, in~~ Westchester County, ~~NY, Bardonia and Blauvelt,~~ in ~~Rockland~~New ~~County,~~York NYState; and in ~~Middletown,~~Palm inBeach ~~Orange~~ County, ~~NY,~~Florida. ~~and~~The ~~one~~Bank ~~financial~~also ~~center~~leases ina ~~West~~loan ~~Palm~~production ~~Beach~~office in ~~Palm Beach County~~Orlando, FLFlorida. The Bank’s principal office is located at 301 Sylvan Avenue, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. The principal office is a three-story leased building constructed in 2008.

~~The following table sets forth certain information regarding the Bank’s leased operating locations.~~ -37-

Banking Office Location		Term
301 Sylvan Avenue, Englewood Cliffs, NJ		Term expires November 2028
1 Union Ave, Cresskill, NJ		Term expires January 2038
142 John Street, Hackensack, NJ		Term expires December 2026
171 East Ridgewood Avenue, Ridgewood, NJ		Term expires April 2029
71 East Allendale Road, Saddle River, NJ		Term expires May 2032
356 Chestnut Street, Union, NJ		Term expires May 2027
545 Morris Avenue, Summit, NJ		Term expires January 2034
217 Chestnut Street, Newark, NJ		Term expires December 2034
5914 Park Avenue, West New York, NJ		Term expires September 2028
963 Holmdel Road, Holmdel, NJ		Term expires September 2026
551 Madison Avenue, Suite 201, NY, NY		Term expires May 2032
551 Madison Avenue, Suite 202, NY, NY		Term expires October 2028
48 South Service Rd, 2nd Fl, Melville, NY		Term expires June 2025
36-19 Broadway, Astoria, NY		Term expires August 2028
485 Schutt Rd, Middletown, NY		Term expires October 2025
715 Route 304, Bardonia NY		Term expires August 2028
567 North Broadway, White Plains NY		Term expires September 2028
155 White Plains Rd., Tarrytown NY		Term expires December 2026
170 East Erie St, Blauvelt NY		Term expires February 2028
625 N Flagler Dr Ste 1002, West Palm Beach, FL		Term expires June 2027
78B Park Place, East Hampton, NY		Term expires January 2029
4175 Veterans Memorial Highway, Ste 100, Ronkonkoma, NY		Term expires August 2034

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Item 3. Legal Proceedings

~~There~~On ~~are~~August no28, ~~significant~~2024, ~~pending~~FLIC, ~~legal~~a ~~proceedings~~predecessor ~~involving~~company to the Company ~~other~~by ~~than~~merger, ~~those~~filed ~~arising~~an ~~out~~8-K disclosing ofthat ~~routine~~its ~~operations.~~subsidiary, ~~None~~FNBLI was notified by a client of ~~these~~suspicious ~~matters~~wire ~~would~~transfer ~~have~~activity ain ~~material~~July ~~adverse~~2024 ~~effect~~involving onthe client's bank accounts. According to the ~~Company~~8-K, orthe ~~its~~wire ~~results~~transfer ofactivity ~~operations~~arose ifas ~~decided~~the ~~adversely~~result of unauthorized access to banking information within the ~~Company~~client's control. FLIC completed an investigation with the assistance of a digital forensic investigations firm, which did not yield evidence of unauthorized bank network activity.

The net amount of funds at issue, after the initial return of recalled wires, involved in the suspicious wire transfer activity is approximately $11.1 million.

On January 22, 2025, the client filed suit against FLIC and FNBLI claiming damages of approximately $11.1 million. The Company and the Bank, as the successors to FLIC and FNBLI, vehemently disagree with the client's allegations and intend to vigorously defend these claims. The case is still in the discovery stage.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Security Market Information

The common stock of the Company is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “CNOB”. As of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, the Company had 678 stockholders of record, excluding beneficial owners for whom Cede & Company or others act as nominees.

Share Repurchase Program

Historically, repurchases have been made from time to time as, in the opinion of management, market conditions warranted, in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions.

In September 2021, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 2,000,000 shares. The Company may repurchase shares from time to time in the open market, in privately negotiated share purchases or pursuant to any trading plan that may be adopted in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities and Exchange Commission and applicable federal securities laws. The share repurchase plan does not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of common stock, and it may be modified or suspended at any time at the Company's discretion. ~~During~~The ~~the year ended December 31, 2024, the~~ Company ~~repurchased~~did anot ~~total~~repurchase ofany ~~282,370~~ shares during 2025. As of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, shares remaining for repurchase under the program were 641,118.

The following table details share repurchases for the year 2024:

							Cumulative Total
							Number of Shares		Maximum Number
							Purchased		of Shares
							as Part of Publicly		that May Yet
			Total Number				Announced		Be Purchased
	Shares		of Shares		Average Price		Plans or		Under the Plans
	Authorized		Purchased		Paid per Share		Programs		or Programs
										923,488
First Quarter 2024		-		282,370	$	20.27		282,370		641,118
Second Quarter 2024		-		-		-		282,370		641,118
Third Quarter 2024		-		-		-		282,370		641,118
Fourth Quarter 2024		-		-		-		282,370		641,118

Dividends

Federal laws and regulations contain restrictions on the ability of the Parent Corporation and the Bank to pay dividends. For information regarding restrictions on dividends, see Part I, Item 1, “Business” and Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”, Note 19 and Note 22 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.”

Stockholders Return Comparison

Set forth on the following page is a line graph presentation comparing the cumulative stockholder return on the Parent Corporation’s common stock, on a dividend reinvested basis, against the cumulative total returns of the NASDAQ Composite and the KBW Bank Index for the period from December 31, ~~2019~~2020 through December 31, ~~2024~~2025.

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COMPARATIVE ~~SIX~~FIVE-YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN AMONG CONNECTONE BANCORP INC. ~~NASDAQ AND KBW BANK INDEX~~

~~Assumes~~NASDAQ ~~$100~~COMPOSITE ~~Invested~~AND onKBW ~~December~~BANK ~~31, 2019, with Dividends Reinvested Year Ended December 31, 2024~~INDEX

Assumes $100 invested on January 1, 2021

Assumes dividends reinvested

Year Ended December 31, 2025

COMPARISON OF CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN OF ONE OR MORE
COMPANIES, PEER GROUPS, INDUSTRY INDEXES AND/OR BROAD MARKETS

	Fiscal Year Ending
Company/Index/Market	12/31/~~2019~~2020		12/31/~~2020~~2021		12/31/~~2021~~2022		12/31/~~2022~~2023		12/31/~~2023~~2024		12/31/~~2024~~2025
ConnectOne Bancorp, Inc.	$	100.00	$	78167.5985	$	~~131~~126.92	$	99124.7652	$	97128.8659	$	~~101~~151.0649
KBW Bank Index		100.00		91136.3265		~~124~~127.7919		~~116~~126.1569		~~115~~143.6942		~~130~~152.9674
Nasdaq		100.00		~~145~~122.0522		~~177~~82.2748		119.6335		~~173~~154.1167		~~224~~187.3442

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Item 6. [Reserved]

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The purpose of this analysis is to provide the reader with information relevant to understanding and assessing the Company’s results of operations for each of the past three years and financial condition for each of the past two years. In order to fully appreciate this analysis, the reader is encouraged to review the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes thereto appearing under Item 8 of this report, and statistical data presented in this document.

Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements

See Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding forward-looking statements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. The Company considers the allowance for credit losses and related provision to be critical to our financial results. For information on our significant accounting policies, see Note 1a in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.:

Allowance for Credit Losses and Related Provision

The allowance for credit losses is an estimate of current expected credit losses considering available information relevant to assessing collectability of cash flows over the contractual term of the financial assets necessary to cover lifetime expected credit losses inherent in financial assets at the balance sheet date. The methodology for determining the allowance for credit losses is considered a critical accounting policy by management because of the high degree of judgment involved, the subjectivity of the assumptions used, and the potential for changes in the forecasted economic environment that could result in changes to the amount of the recorded allowance for credit losses. The loan portfolio also represents the largest asset type on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

Management believes the following information may enable investors to better understand the changes in our allowance for credit losses for loans. The Company’s allowance for credit losses ("ACL") for loans totaled $82154.73 million and $82.07 million as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024, respectively. The $071.76 million increase in the ~~allowance~~ ACL for ~~credit losses for~~ loans was primarily due to ~~increases~~the inFLIC ~~individually~~merger ~~evaluated~~with $43.3 million of allowance, ~~partially~~being ~~offset~~recorded bythrough agoodwill ~~decrease in~~ related to the ~~level~~purchased ofcredit-deteriorated ~~collectively~~loans ~~evaluated~~and ~~allowance~~$27.3 million reflecting the initial provision for credit losses.

The quantitative component of our ACL for collectively evaluated loans, increased ~~which is largely based on a selection of various economic forecasts, decreased~~ by $713.4 million as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025 when compared to December 31, ~~2023~~2024. This ~~decrease~~increase was primarily attributable to aan ~~decrease~~increase in collectively evaluated loans of $543.40 ~~million~~billion due to the FLIC merger. The qualitative component of our ACL for loans, which is largely based on management’s judgment of qualitative loss factors, increased by $817.02 million on an absolute basis, over the same period-of-time. In addition, as qualitative risk factor trends generally increased over ~~2024~~2025.

The Company’s allowance for credit losses for collectively evaluated loans totaled $81.2 million as of December 31, 2024, which included $71.6 million of allowance related to commercial and commercial real estate loans. Of the $71.6 million allowance related to commercial and commercial real estate loans, $32.0 million was attributable to qualitative loss factors. Changes in managements’ judgement of qualitative loss factors could result in a significant change to the allowance for credit losses for loans. As described in Note 1a to our financial statements filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, qualitative loss factors are applied to each portfolio segment with the amounts judgmentally determined by the relative risk to the most severe loss periods identified in the historical loan charge-offs of a peer group of similar-sized regional banks. As of December 31, 2024, on a weighted average basis the most severe historical loss rate for our commercial and commercial real estate loans were 2.37% and 1.96%, respectively.

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The Company’s allowance for credit losses for collectively evaluated loans totaled $111.8 million as of December 31, 2025, which included $94.4 million of allowance related to commercial and commercial real estate loans. Of the $94.4 million allowance related to commercial and commercial real estate loans, $47.9 million was attributable to qualitative loss factors. Changes in management's judgment of qualitative loss factors could result in a significant change to the ACL for loans. As described in Note 1a to our financial statements filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, qualitative loss factors are applied to each portfolio segment with the amounts judgmentally determined by the relative risk to the most severe loss periods identified in the historical loan charge-offs of a peer group of similar-sized regional banks. As of December 31, 2025, on a weighted average basis the most severe historical loss rate for our commercial and commercial real estate loans were 2.38% and 1.94%, respectively.

The Company’s quantitative component of allowance for credit losses for collectively evaluated loans is calculated with an economic forecast sourced from Moody’s. Management performed a hypothetical sensitivity analysis to understand the impact of changes in the economic forecast as a key input on our allowance for credit losses for collectively evaluated loans. Within the various economic scenarios considered for this hypothetical sensitivity analysis, as of December 31, 2025, the quantitative estimate of the allowance for credit loss for collectively evaluated loans would increase by approximately $54.9 million under sole consideration of an adverse Moody’s economic forecast. The hypothetical sensitivity calculation reflects the sensitivity of the modeled allowance estimate to macroeconomic forecast data but lacks other qualitative overlays and other qualitative adjustments that are part of the quarterly reserving process. As such, this does not necessarily reflect the nature and extent of future changes in the allowance for reasons including increases or decreases in qualitative adjustments, changes in the risk profile and size of the portfolio, changes in the severity of the macroeconomic scenario and the range of scenarios under management consideration.

Our allowance for credit losses for individually analyzed loans is determined on an individual basis using the present value of expected cash flows discounted using the loan’s effective interest rate or, for collateral-dependent loans, the fair value of the collateral, less estimated selling costs, as applicable. As of December 31, 2025, the Company’s allowance for credit losses on individually analyzed loans decreased by approximately $0.8 million when compared to December 31, 2024.

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Fair Value of Loans Acquired in a Business Combination

On June 1, 2025, the Company completed the acquisition of FLIC, which was accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting. As a result of the merger, the Company recorded the acquired loans at their estimated fair value. The fair value of acquired loans is based on a discounted cash flow methodology that considers factors such as the specific type of loan and related collateral. This process requires management’s judgment regarding several key estimates, including:

●

Discount Rates: Selection of market-based rates that reflect current interest rates and the specific risk profile of the FLIC portfolio.

●

Expected Future Cash Flows: Projections of principal and interest payments, including expectations for prepayments and defaults.

●

Market Conditions: Evaluation of current economic factors in the Nassau, Suffolk, and New York City markets where the 36 acquired branches operate.

Uncertainties Regarding Estimates:

Management relies on economic forecasts, internal valuations, and other relevant factors available at the time of the merger to determine the assumptions used to calculate the fair value of the acquired loans. These estimates—specifically those regarding discount rates and future cash flows—are inherently subjective. Actual results may differ from these estimates if economic conditions in the Long Island and New York City regions deviate from management's original projections.

Impact on Financial Condition and Results of Operations:

The estimate of fair value for acquired loans is one of the primary components in determining the $11.9 million in goodwill recorded from the FLIC merger. In future income statement periods, the Company’s results of operations will be impacted by the following:

●

Interest Income: The difference between the initial fair value and the unpaid principal balance is recognized as interest income over the lives of the related loans using a level-yield method.

●

Accretion and Amortization: Reported interest income will include the accretion of any purchase discounts or the amortization of any premiums resulting from the fair value adjustment.

●

Credit Loss Provision: For loans identified as having experienced credit deterioration (PCD), the provision for credit losses may be impacted in future periods by changes in the assumptions used to calculate expected cash flows.

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The Company’s quantitative component of allowance for credit losses for collectively evaluated loans is calculated with an economic forecast sourced from Moody’s. Management performed a hypothetical sensitivity analysis to understand the impact of changes in the economic forecast as a key input on our allowance for credit losses for collectively evaluated loans. Within the various economic scenarios considered for this hypothetical sensitivity analysis, as of December 31, 2024, the quantitative estimate of the allowance for credit loss for collectively evaluated loans would increase by approximately $47.2 million under sole consideration of an adverse Moody’s economic forecast. The hypothetical sensitivity calculation reflects the sensitivity of the modeled allowance estimate to macroeconomic forecast data but lacks other qualitative overlays and other qualitative adjustments that are part of the quarterly reserving process. As such, this does not necessarily reflect the nature and extent of future changes in the allowance for reasons including increases or decreases in qualitative adjustments, changes in the risk profile and size of the portfolio, changes in the severity of the macroeconomic scenario and the range of scenarios under management consideration.

Our allowance for credit losses for individually analyzed loans is determined on an individual basis using the present value of expected cash flows discounted using the loan’s effective interest rate or, for collateral-dependent loans, the fair value of the collateral, less estimated selling costs, as applicable. As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s allowance for credit losses on individually analyzed loans was relatively flat when compared to December 31, 2023.

Overview and Strategy

We serve as a holding company for the Bank, which is our primary asset and only operating subsidiary. We follow a business plan that emphasizes the delivery of customized banking services in our market area to clients who desire a high level of personalized service and responsiveness. The Bank conducts a traditional banking business, making commercial loans, consumer loans and residential and commercial real estate loans. In addition, the Bank offers various non-deposit products through non-proprietary relationships with third party vendors. The Bank relies upon deposits as the primary funding source for its assets. The Bank offers traditional deposit products.

Many of our client relationships start with referrals from existing clients. We then seek to cross sell our products to clients to grow the client relationship. For example, we will frequently offer an interest rate concession on credit products for clients that maintain a noninterest-bearing deposit account at the Bank. This strategy has helped maintain our funding costs and the growth of our interest expense even as we have substantially increased our total deposits. It has also helped fuel our significant loan growth. We believe that the Bank’s continued growth and profitability demonstrate the need for and success of our brand of banking.

Our results of operations depend primarily on our net interest income, which is the difference between the interest earned on our interest-earning assets and the interest paid on funds borrowed to support those assets, primarily deposits. Net interest margin is the difference between the weighted average rate received on interest-earning assets and the weighted average rate paid to fund those interest-earning assets, which is also affected by the average level of interest-earning assets as compared with that of interest-bearing liabilities. Net income is also affected by the amount of noninterest income and noninterest expenses.

General

The following discussion and analysis present the more significant factors affecting the Company’s financial condition as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024 and results of operations for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, ~~2024~~2025. The MD&A should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements, notes to consolidated financial statements and other information contained in this report.

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Operating Results Overview

Net income available to common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $74.4 million, an increase of $6.7 million, or 9.8%, compared to net income of $67.8 million for 2024. Diluted earnings per share were $1.63 for 2025, a 7.4% decrease from $1.76 for 2024.

The change in net income from 2024 to 2025 was attributable to the following:

	●	Increase in net interest income of $105.9 million, primarily due to a 39 basis-point expansion in the net interest margin to 3.11% from 2.72% and by a $2.3 billion, or 24.9%, increase in average interest-earning assets primarily due to the FLIC merger.

	●	Increase in noninterest expenses of $76.8 million, primarily due to an increase of $32.9 million in merger-related expenses and a $21.4 million increase in salaries and employee benefits. Other notable increases included $6.7 million in amortization of core deposit intangibles and $4.9 million in occupancy and equipment expense. Information technology and communications, professional and consulting, and other expenses increased by $2.4 million, $2.4 million, and $1.9 million, respectively. The remaining increase was attributable to a $1.4 million increase in FDIC insurance, $1.0 million in restructuring and exit charges, $0.8 million increase in both branch closing and marketing expenses, and a $0.3 million restructuring charge for bank-owned life insurance.

	●	Increase in provision for credit losses of $33.2 million, which was primarily driven by an initial $27.4 million provision for credit losses associated with the FLIC merger.

	●	Increase in noninterest income of $18.3 million, primarily due to a $6.6 million one-time benefit from the Employee Retention Tax Credit, a federal program under the CARES Act and a $3.5 million gain related to the curtailment of the FLIC defined benefit pension plan, which was frozen on September 30, 2025. Further contributing to the increase were a $4.8 million increase in deposit, loan and other income, a $2.4 million increase in income on bank owned life insurance and a $1.7 million increase in net gains (losses) on equity securities. These were partially offset by a $0.7 million decrease in net gains on sale of loans held-for-sale.

	●	Increase in income tax expense of $7.6 million resulting primarily from higher taxable income and tax rates, due to the FLIC merger.

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Net income available to common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $67.8 million, a decrease of $13.2 million, or 16.3%, compared to net income of $81.0 million for 2023. Diluted earnings per share were $1.76 for 2024, a 15.0% decrease from $2.07 for 2023.

The change in net income from 2023 to 2024 was primarily attributable to the following:

● Decrease in net interest income of $7.8 million. The decrease was primarily due to ana 10 basis-point contraction in the net interest margin to 2.72% from 2.82%, partially offset by a $43.0 million, or 0.5%, increase in average interest-earning assets. ● Increase in noninterest expenses of $7.8 million. The increase is primarily due to increases in information technology and communications expenses of $3.2 million, attributable to additional investments in technology, equipment and software. Additionally, there were increases in salaries and employee benefits of $1.8 million, attributable to an increase in incentive compensation accruals and an increase in expenses related to the Bank’s Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan. Finally, there were increases in merger expenses of $1.6 million, due to the planned merger with ~~The First of Long Island Corporation~~FLIC, professional and consulting expenses of $0.9 million, occupancy and equipment of $0.7 million, branch closing expenses of $0.5 million, and marketing and advertising of $0.5 million, partially offset by decreases in FDIC insurance of $1.2 million, due to an FDIC special assessment charge in 2023, and amortization of core deposit intangible of $0.2 million. ● Increase in provision for credit losses of $5.6 million. The increase reflected an increase in the individually evaluated allowance, partially offset by a decrease in the level of collectively evaluated allowance. ● Increase in noninterest income of $2.7 million, primarily due to increases in net gains on sale of loans held-for-sale of $1.0 million, income on bank owned life insurance of $0.8 million, deposit, loan and other income of $0.8 million, and net losses on equity securities of $0.1 million. ● Decrease in income tax expense of $5.3 million resulting primarily from lower taxable income.

Net income available to common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $81.0 million, a decrease of $38.2 million, or 32.1%, compared to net income of $119.2 million for 2022. Diluted earnings per share were $2.07 for 2023, a 31.2% decrease from $3.01 for 2022. -47-

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The change in net income from 2022 to 2023 was primarily attributable to the following:

● Decrease in net interest income of $47.0 million. The decrease was primarily due to an 87 basis-point contraction in the net interest margin to 2.82% from 3.69%, partially offset by a $0.9 billion, or 11.0%, increase in average interest-earning assets. ● Increase in noninterest expenses of $17.6 million, primarily due to increases in salaries and employee benefits of $7.0 million attributable to increased staff in both the revenue and back-office areas of the Bank, base salary increases and incentive compensation accruals. Additionally, there were increases in FDIC insurance of $5.5 million, which included a $2.1 million FDIC special assessment recognized in 2023. Excluding the $2.1 million special assessment, the increase in FDIC insurance from the prior year of $3.4 million was attributable to balance sheet growth and a two-basis point increase in the Bank’s initial base rate. Finally, there were increases in information technology and communications of $3.2 million, other expenses of $2.3 million, occupancy and equipment of $1.0 million and marketing and advertising of $0.3 million, partially offset by decreases in professional and consulting of $0.5 million, BoeFly acquisition of $0.5 million and amortization of core deposit intangibles of $0.2 million. The increase in information technology and communications was primarily attributable to additional investments in technology, equipment and software. ● Decrease in provision for credit losses of $9.6 million. The decrease was primarily due to changes in forecasted macroeconomic conditions. ● Increase in noninterest income of $0.7 million, primarily due to decreases in net losses on equity securities of $1.4 million and income on bank owned life insurance of $0.7 million, partially offset by decreases in deposit, loan and other income of $1.4 million. ● Decrease in income tax expense of $16.1 million resulting primarily from lower taxable income.

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Net Interest Income

Fully taxable equivalent net interest income for ~~2024~~2025 totaled $~~250~~357.73 million, aan ~~decrease~~ increase of $7106.6 million, or 242.95%, from ~~2023~~2024. The ~~decrease~~ increase in net interest income was due to a 1039 basis-point ~~contraction in~~ widening of the net interest margin to 23.7211% from 2.8272%~~, partially offset by a $43~~.0 ~~million,~~The ormargin ~~0.5%,~~benefitted from ~~increase~~stable inrates ~~average~~on interest-earning assets~~. The~~, ~~net~~despite ~~interest~~a ~~margin~~declining ~~contraction~~rate ~~was~~environment, ~~due~~combined towith a ~~49-basis~~58 basis-point ~~increase~~decrease in the average cost of deposits, including noninterest-bearing ~~demand~~deposits, toand ~~3.23%,~~a ~~and~~43 ~~was~~basis-point decrease in the average cost of borrowings. These were partially offset by aan ~~29 basis-point~~ increase in both the ~~loan~~cost and ~~portfolio~~average ~~yield~~balance toof 5outstanding subordinated debt.~~86%.~~

Fully taxable equivalent net interest income for ~~2023~~2024 totaled $~~258~~250.37 million, a decrease of $467.36 million, or ~~15.~~2.9%, from ~~2022~~2023. The decrease in net interest income was due to ~~an 87~~a 10 basis-point contraction in the net interest margin to 2.8272% from 32.6982%, partially offset by a $043.~~9 billion~~0 million, or ~~11.~~0.5%, increase in average interest-earning assets. The net interest margin contraction was due to a ~~199~~49-basis point increase in the average cost of deposits, including noninterest-bearing demand deposits, to 23.7423%, and was partially offset by a 77 29 basis-point increase in the loan portfolio yield to 5.5786%. Average total loans, which include loans held-for-sale, increased by 10.8% to $8.2 billion in 2023 from $7.4 billion in 2022. The increase in average total loans is attributable to higher loan originations.

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Average Balance Sheets

The following table sets forth certain information relating to our average assets and liabilities for the years ended December 31, ~~2024~~2025, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023 and reflects the average yield on assets and average cost of liabilities for the periods indicated. Such yields are derived by dividing income or expense by the average balance of assets or liabilities, respectively, for the periods shown.

	Years Ended December 31,
	2024									2023									2022
	2025									2024									2023
	Average			Income/			Yield/			Average			Income/			Yield/			Average			Income/			Yield/
(Tax-Equivalent Basis)	Balance			Expense			Rate			Balance			Expense			Rate			Balance			Expense			Rate
	(dollars in thousands)
ASSETS
Interest-earning assets:
Investment securities (1) (2)	$	~~733~~1,~~261~~094,081		$	2444,~~261~~345			34.3105	%	$	~~726~~733,~~487~~261		$	2224,~~541~~261			3.1031	%	$	~~660~~726,~~760~~487		$	1722,~~640~~541			23.6710	%
Loans receivable and loans held-for-sale (2) (3) (4)		89,~~192~~957,~~738~~149			~~479~~583,~~994~~461			5.86	%		8,~~179~~192,~~853~~738			~~455~~479,~~940~~994			5.5786	%		78,~~380~~179,~~584~~853			~~354~~455,~~450~~940			45.8057	%
Federal funds sold and interest-earning deposits with banks		~~243~~408,~~650~~077			1217,~~617~~428			54.1827	%		~~220~~243,~~143~~650			1112,~~104~~617			5.0418	%		~~186~~220,~~205~~143			211,~~493~~104			15.3404	%
Restricted investment in bank stocks		4445,~~209~~600			43,~~349~~694			98.8410	%		44,~~389~~209			34,~~662~~349			89.2584	%		3644,~~744~~389			13,~~655~~662			48.5025	%
Total interest-earning assets		911,~~213~~504,~~858~~907			~~521~~648,~~221~~928			5.6664	%		9,~~170~~213,~~872~~858			~~493~~521,~~247~~221			5.3866	%		89,~~264~~170,~~293~~872			~~376~~493,~~238~~247			45.5538	%
Noninterest-earning assets:
Allowance for credit losses		(83125,~~993~~245	)								(8983,~~119~~993	)								(8489,~~209~~119	)
Noninterest-earning assets		~~620~~854,~~574~~595									~~613~~620,~~642~~574									~~602~~613,~~657~~642
Total assets	$	912,~~750~~234,~~439~~257								$	9,~~695~~750,~~395~~439								$	89,~~782~~695,~~741~~395
LIABILITIES & STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Time deposits	$	2,~~564~~779,~~670~~367		$	~~114~~110,~~555~~381			43.4797	%	$	2,~~529~~564,~~892~~670		$	92114,~~969~~555			34.6747	%	$	12,~~449~~529,~~826~~892		$	2192,~~331~~969			13.4767	%
Other interest-bearing deposits		35,~~751~~045,~~117~~005			~~130~~149,~~291~~913			32.4797	%		3,~~667~~751,~~096~~117			~~113~~130,~~207~~291			3.0947	%		3,~~702~~667,~~773~~096			29113,~~230~~207			03.7909	%
Total interest-bearing deposits		67,~~315~~824,~~787~~372			~~244~~260,~~846~~294			3.8833	%		6,~~196~~315,~~988~~787			~~206~~244,~~176~~846			3.3388	%		56,~~152~~196,~~599~~988			50206,~~561~~176			03.9833	%
Borrowings		~~774~~744,~~533~~139			2016,~~386~~390			2.6320	%		~~792~~774,~~239~~533			2220,~~453~~386			2.8363	%		~~661~~792,~~729~~239			1222,~~188~~453			12.8483	%
Subordinated debentures		79179,~~673~~576			514,~~239~~869			68.5828	%		8579,~~249~~673			65,~~234~~239			76.3158	%		~~153~~85,~~092~~249			86,~~759~~234			57.7231	%
Finance lease		1,~~382~~102			8164			5.8681	%		1,~~630~~382			9681			5.8986	%		1,~~838~~630			~~119~~96			65.4789	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities		78,~~171~~749,~~375~~189			~~270~~291,~~552~~617			3.7733	%		7,~~076~~171,~~106~~375			~~234~~270,~~959~~552			3.3277	%		57,~~969~~076,~~258~~106			71234,~~627~~959			13.2032	%
Noninterest-bearing deposits		1,~~268~~991,~~839~~311									1,~~332~~268,~~809~~839									1,~~612~~332,~~040~~809
Other liabilities		8074,~~702~~939									8980,~~122~~702									5189,~~048~~122
Stockholders’ equity		1,~~229~~418,~~523~~818									1,~~197~~229,~~358~~523									1,~~150~~197,~~395~~358
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	912,~~750~~234,~~439~~257								$	9,~~695~~750,~~395~~439								$	89,~~782~~695,~~741~~395
Net interest income/interest rate spread (5)					~~250~~357,~~669~~311			12.8831	%					~~258~~250,~~288~~669			21.0688	%					~~304~~258,~~611~~288			32.3506	%
Tax-equivalent adjustment					(34,~~332~~060	)								(3,~~182~~332	)								(23,~~492~~182	)
Net interest income as reported				$	~~247~~353,~~337~~251								$	~~255~~247,~~106~~337								$	~~302~~255,~~119~~106
Net interest margin (6)								23.7211	%								2.8272	%								32.6982	%

⁽¹⁾	Average balances are based on amortized cost.
⁽²⁾	Interest income is presented on a tax equivalent basis using 21% federal tax rate.
⁽³⁾	Includes loan fee income and accretion of purchase accounting adjustments.
⁽⁴⁾	Loans include nonaccrual loans.
⁽⁵⁾	Represents difference between the average yield on interest-earning assets and the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities and is presented on a tax equivalent basis.
⁽⁶⁾	Represents net interest income on a tax equivalent basis divided by average total interest-earning assets.

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Rate/Volume Analysis

The following table presents, by category, the major factors that contributed to the changes in net interest income. Changes due to both volume and rate have been allocated in proportion to the relationship of the dollar amount change in each.

	2024/2023									2023/2022
	2025/2024									2024/2023
	Increase (Decrease)									Increase (Decrease)
	Due to Change in:									Due to Change in:
	Average			Average			Net			Average			Average			Net
	Volume			Rate			Change			Volume			Rate			Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Interest income:
Interest income
Investment securities:	$	224		$	1,496		$	1,720		$	2,039		$	2,862		$	4,901
Investment securities	$	14,624		$	5,460		$	20,084		$	224		$	1,496		$	1,720
Loans receivable and loans held-for-sale		~~755~~103,390			~~23,299~~77			24103,~~054~~467			~~44,551~~755			5623,~~939~~299			~~101~~24,~~490~~054
Federal funds sold and interest-earnings deposits with banks		17,~~217~~022			~~296~~(2,211	)		14,~~513~~811			1,~~712~~217			~~6,899~~296			81,~~611~~513
Restricted investment in bank stocks		~~(18~~113	)		~~705~~(768	)		~~687~~(655	)		~~631~~(18	)		~~1,376~~705			~~2,007~~687
Total interest income:	$	2,178		$	25,796		$	27,974		$	48,933		$	68,076		$	117,009
Total interest income	$	125,149		$	2,558		$	127,707		$	2,178		$	25,796		$	27,974
Interest expense:
Interest expense
Savings, NOW, money market, interest checking	$	238,~~918~~448		$	14(18,~~166~~826	)	$	1719,~~084~~622		$	(12,~~101~~918	)	$	8514,~~078~~166		$	8317,~~977~~084
Time deposits		18,~~553~~527			20(12,~~033~~701	)		21(4,~~586~~174	)		391,~~690~~553			3120,~~949~~033			7121,~~639~~586
Borrowings and subordinated debentures		~~(833~~2,352	)		(23,~~229~~282	)		(35,~~062~~634	)		(~~1,262~~833	)		9(2,~~001~~229	)		7(3,~~739~~062	)
Finance obligation		(1516	)		-(1	)		(1517	)		(1215	)		~~(11~~-	)		(2315	)
Total interest expense:	$	3,623		$	31,970		$	35,593		$	37,315		$	126,017		$	163,332
Total interest expense	$	49,311		$	(28,246	)	$	21,065		$	3,623		$	31,970		$	35,593
Net interest income:	$	(1,445	)	$	(6,174	)	$	(7,619	)	$	11,618		$	(57,941	)	$	(46,323	)
Net interest income	$	75,838		$	30,804		$	106,642		$	(1,445	)	$	(6,174	)	$	(7,619	)

Provision for Credit Losses

In determining the provision for credit losses, management considers national and local economic trends and conditions; trends in the portfolio including orientation to specific loan types or industries; experience, ability and depth of lending management in relation to the complexity of the portfolio; effects of changes in lending policies, trends in volume and terms of loans; levels and trends in delinquencies, individually analyzed loans and net charge-offs and the results of independent third party loan reviews.

~~For~~ The ~~the year ended December 31, 2024, the~~ provision for credit losses was $1347.80 million, ~~an increase of $5.6 million, compared to the provision~~ for ~~credit losses of $8.2 million for~~ the year ended December 31, ~~2023.~~2025, ~~The~~an increase inof $33.2 ~~provision~~million ~~for~~from ~~credit~~$13.8 ~~losses~~million ~~for~~in ~~the~~2024. ~~year~~This ~~ended~~increase ~~December 31, 2024~~ was ~~due~~primarily todriven ~~increases~~by inan ~~individually~~initial ~~evaluated~~$27.4 ~~allowance,~~million ~~partially~~provision ~~offset~~for bycredit alosses ~~decrease~~associated inwith the ~~level~~FLIC ~~of collectively evaluated allowance~~merger.

~~For~~The ~~the year ended December 31, 2023, the~~ provision for credit losses was $813.~~2 million, a decrease of $9.6 million, compared to the provision for credit losses of $17.~~8 million for the year ended December 31, ~~2022.~~2024, ~~The~~an ~~decrease~~increase inof $5.6 ~~provision~~million ~~for~~from ~~credit~~$8.2 ~~losses~~million ~~for~~in ~~the~~2023. ~~year~~This ~~ended~~increase ~~December~~was ~~31,~~due ~~2024 reflected~~to ~~changes~~increases in ~~forecasted~~individually ~~macroeconomic~~evaluated ~~conditions~~allowance, partially offset by ~~organic~~a ~~loan~~decrease ~~growth~~in the level of collectively evaluated allowance.

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Noninterest Income

Noninterest income for 2025 increased by $18.3 million, or 109.6%, to $35.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $16.7 million in 2024. The growth was primarily driven by a $6.6 million one-time benefit from the Employee Retention Tax Credit, a federal program under the CARES Act and a $3.5 million gain related to the curtailment of the FLIC defined benefit pension plan, which was frozen on September 30, 2025. Further contributing to the increase were a $4.8 million increase in deposit, loan and other income, a $2.4 million increase in income on bank owned life insurance and a $1.7 million increase in net gains on equity securities. These were partially offset by a $0.7 million decrease in net gains on sale of loans held-for-sale.

Noninterest income for 2024 increased by $2.7 million, or 19.5%, to $16.7 million from $14.0 million in 2023. The increase was primarily due to increases in net gains on sale of loans held-for-sale of $1.0 million, bank owned life insurance of $0.8 million, deposit, loan and other income of $0.8 million and net gains on equity securities of $0.1 million.

Noninterest income for 2023 increased by $0.7 million, or 5.7%, to $14.0 million from $13.2 million in 2022. The increase was primarily due to decreases in net losses on equity securities of $1.4 million and increases in income on bank owned life insurance of $0.7 million, partially offset by decreases in deposit, loan and other income of $1.4 million.

Noninterest Expense

Noninterest expenses ~~for 2024~~ increased by $776.8 million, ~~primarily due to increases~~ in ~~information~~2025, ~~technology~~driven ~~and~~primarily ~~communications~~by ~~expenses of~~ $332.29 million, ~~attributable~~increase ~~to additional investments~~ in ~~technology,~~merger-related ~~equipment~~expenses and ~~software~~a $21.4 ~~Additionally,~~million ~~there~~increase ~~were increases~~ in salaries and employee benefits ~~of $1~~.~~8 million,~~ ~~attributable~~Other ~~to an~~notable ~~increase~~increases inincluded ~~incentive~~$6.7 ~~compensation~~million ~~accruals and an increase~~ in ~~expenses~~amortization ~~related~~of tocore ~~the~~deposit ~~Bank’s~~intangibles ~~Supplemental~~and ~~Executive Retirement Plan~~$4. ~~Finally,~~9 ~~there~~million ~~were increases~~ in ~~merger~~occupancy ~~expenses~~and ofequipment $1expense.6 ~~million,~~Information ~~due~~technology toand ~~the planned merger with The First of Long Island Corporation~~communications, professional and consulting, and other expenses ofincreased by $02.94 million, ~~occupancy and equipment of~~ $02.7 4 million, ~~branch~~ ~~closing~~and ~~expenses of~~ $01.5 9 million, ~~and~~respectively. ~~marketing~~The ~~and~~remaining ~~advertising~~increase ofwas attributable to a $01.54 million, ~~partially~~increase ~~offset by decreases~~ in FDIC insurance, of $1.20 million, ~~due~~in torestructuring ~~FDIC~~and ~~special~~exit ~~assessment~~charges, ~~charge~~$0.8 million increase in ~~2023,~~both ~~and~~branch ~~amortization~~closing ofand ~~core~~marketing ~~deposit~~expenses, ~~intangible~~and ofa $0.23 million restructuring charge for bank owned life insurance.

Noninterest expenses for ~~2023~~ 2024 increased by $177.68 million, primarily due to increases in ~~salaries~~information technology and ~~employee~~communications ~~benefits~~expenses of $73.0 2 million, attributable to ~~increased~~ ~~staff~~additional investments in ~~both the revenue and back-office areas of the Bank~~technology, ~~base~~equipment ~~salary increases~~ and ~~incentive compensation accruals~~software. Additionally, there were increases in ~~FDIC~~salaries ~~insurance~~and ofemployee ~~$5.5~~benefits ~~million, which included a~~ of $2.1 ~~million FDIC special assessment recognized in 2023~~.8 ~~Excluding the $2.1~~ million ~~special assessment~~, ~~the~~attributable to an increase in ~~FDIC~~incentive ~~insurance~~compensation ~~from~~accruals ~~the~~and ~~prior~~an ~~year~~increase ofin ~~$3.4~~expenses ~~million~~related ~~was attributable~~ to ~~balance sheet growth and a two-basis point increase in~~ the Bank’s ~~initial~~Supplemental ~~base~~Executive ~~rate~~Retirement Plan. Finally, there were increases in ~~information~~merger ~~technology~~expenses ~~and communications~~ of $31.26 million, ~~other~~due ~~expenses~~to ofthe ~~$2.3 million~~planned merger with FLIC, ~~occupancy~~professional and ~~equipment~~consulting expenses of $1.0.9 million, ~~and marketing~~occupancy and ~~advertising~~equipment of $0.37 million, ~~partially~~branch ~~offset~~closing byexpenses ~~decreases in professional and consulting~~ of $0.5 million, ~~BoeFly~~and ~~acquisition~~marketing and advertising of $0.5 million, ~~and~~partially ~~amortization~~offset ofby ~~core~~decreases ~~deposit~~in ~~intangibles~~FDIC insurance of $01.2 million~~. The~~, ~~increase~~due into ~~information~~FDIC ~~technology~~special ~~and~~assessment ~~communications~~charge ~~was~~in ~~primarily~~2023, ~~attributable~~and toamortization ~~additional~~of ~~investments~~core indeposit ~~technology,~~intangible ~~equipment~~of ~~and~~$0.2 ~~software~~million.

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Income Taxes

Income tax expense was $2432.73 million for ~~2024~~2025 compared to $3024.07 million for ~~2023~~2024 and $4630.0 million for ~~2022~~2023. The ~~decrease~~ increase in income tax expense in ~~2024~~2025 when compared to ~~2023~~ 2024 and ~~2022~~2023 was primarily the result of ~~lower~~higher taxable income and higher statutory tax rates due to the FLIC merger. The effective tax rates were 2528.16% in ~~2024~~2025, 25.61% in ~~2023~~2024 and 2625.96% for ~~2022. The lower effective tax rate during 2024 when compared to~~ 2023 ~~and 2022, was the result of a lower percentage of income being derived from taxable sources~~.

For a more detailed description of income taxes see Note 11 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Financial Condition Overview

As of December 31, 2025, the Company’s total assets were $14.0 billion, an increase of $4.1 billion from December 31, 2024. Total loans (including loans held-for-sale) were $11.5 billion, an increase of $3.2 billion from December 31, 2024. Deposits were $11.2 billion, an increase of $3.4 billion from December 31, 2024.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s total assets were $9.9 billion, an increase of $24 million from December 31, 2023. Total loans (including loans held-for-sale) were $8.3 billion, a decrease of $70 million from December 31, 2023. Deposits were $7.8 billion, an increase of $284 million from December 31, 2023.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s total assets were $9.9 billion, an increase of $0.2 billion from December 31, 2022. Total loans (including loans held-for-sale) were $8.3 billion, an increase of $0.2 billion from December 31, 2022. Deposits were $7.5 billion, an increase of $0.2 billion from December 31, 2022.

Loan Portfolio

The Bank’s lending activities are generally oriented to small- to-medium sized businesses, high net worth individuals, professional practices and consumer and retail clients living and working in the Bank’s metropolitan, New York market area, consisting of Bergen, Union, Morris, Essex, Hudson, Mercer and Monmouth ~~counties~~Counties, New Jersey, as well as NYC’s five boroughs, Nassau, Rockland, Orange, Suffolk and Westchester ~~counties~~Counties, in New York and businesses and individuals living and working in the communities served by the Bank's West Palm Beach, Florida office. The Bank has also recently established a loan production office in Orlando, in central Florida. The Bank has not made loans to borrowers outside of the United States. The Bank believes that its strategy of high-quality client service, competitive rate structures and selective marketing have enabled it to gain market share.

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Commercial loans are loans made for business purposes and are primarily secured by collateral such as business assets including accounts receivable, inventory and equipment. These facilities can also be secured by cash balances with the Bank, marketable securities held by or under the control of the Bank, and commercial and residential real estate. Commercial construction loans are loans to finance the construction of commercial or residential properties secured by first liens on such properties. Commercial real estate loans include loans secured by first liens on completed commercial properties, including multifamily properties, to purchase or refinance such properties, as well as land loans. Residential mortgages include loans secured by first liens on residential real estate and are generally made to existing clients of the Bank to purchase or refinance primary and secondary residences. Home equity loans and lines of credit include loans secured by first or second liens on residential real estate for primary or secondary residences. Consumer loans are made to individuals who qualify for auto loans, cash reserve, credit cards and installment loans.

~~The~~Commercial real estate loans remained the largest component of ~~the~~our gross loan portfolio, astotaling of$8.1 ~~December~~billion ~~31,~~at ~~2024 and~~ December 31, ~~2023 was commercial real estate loans~~2025. ~~Commercial~~This ~~real~~represents ~~estate~~an ~~loans~~increase ~~decreased~~of $142.92 ~~million~~billion, or ~~0.3~~37%, tofrom ~~$5.9~~the ~~billion~~prior ~~as of December 31~~year-end, ~~2024~~primarily ~~from~~driven ~~December~~by ~~31,~~assets ~~2023.~~acquired ~~See~~in the ~~tables~~FLIC ~~below~~merger. ~~for~~Similarly, ~~more~~residential ~~detailed information on our commercial~~ real estate ~~portfolio.~~loans ~~Commercial~~saw ~~loans~~a ~~decreased~~substantial increase of $46961.03 million, or ~~2.9~~385%, toending the year at $1.52 billion ~~as of December 31~~, ~~2024~~largely ~~from~~reflecting ~~December~~the ~~31,~~integration ~~2023. Commercial~~of ~~construction~~FLIC’s ~~loans~~residential ~~decreased $4~~portfolio.3 ~~million,~~Other orsegments ~~0.7%,~~showed asmore ofmoderate ~~December~~growth: ~~31,~~commercial ~~2024 from December 31, 2023. Residential real estate~~ loans ~~decreased~~rose $633.42 million, or 2.52%, to $01.26 billion, asand ofcommercial ~~December~~construction ~~31,~~grew ~~2024~~by ~~from~~$7.7 ~~December~~million ~~31,~~or ~~2023~~1. 2%. Consumer loans ~~remained~~increased ~~essentially~~$0.9 ~~flat~~million ~~when~~or ~~compared~~77.6%, primarily due to the ~~prior~~FLIC ~~year~~merger.

The following table sets forth the classification of our loans by loan portfolio segment for the periods presented.

	December 31,			December 31,
	2024			2023
	2025			2024
Commercial	$	1,532,730		$	1,578,730
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial real estate		5,880,679			5,895,545
Commercial	$	1,565,963		$	1,532,730
Commercial construction		616,246			620,496
Commercial real estate		8,054,696			5,880,679
Residential real estate		249,691			256,041
Commercial construction		623,902			616,246
Consumer		1,136			1,029
Residential real estate		1,210,980			249,691
Gross loans		8,280,482			8,351,841
Consumer		2,017			1,136
Net deferred fees		(5,672	)		(6,696	)
Gross loans		11,457,558			8,280,482
Loans receivable		8,274,810			8,345,145
Net deferred fees		(4,278	)		(5,672	)
Allowance for credit losses		(82,685	)		(81,974	)
Loans receivable		11,453,280			8,274,810
Net loans receivable	$	8,192,125		$	8,263,171
Allowance for credit losses		(154,305	)		(82,685	)
Net loans receivable	$	11,298,975		$	8,192,125

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While the previous table reflects the classification of our loans by loan portfolio segment, the following ~~tables~~table presents ~~present~~ further disaggregation of our commercial real estate portfolio along with loan-to-value ("LTV") percentages.

December 31, 2024

December 31, 2023

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

Balance

Loan-to-Value

Balance

Loan-to-Value

(dollars in thousands)

Commercial real estate loans

Multifamily

23,~~496~~477,~~508~~302

6158

2,~~553~~496,~~401~~508

Nonowner-occupied

12,~~965~~761,~~044~~920

5352

21,~~177~~965,~~585~~044

5453

Owner-occupied

1,~~101~~572,~~034~~158

5251

~~930~~1,~~319~~101,034

5352

Land loans

~~317~~349,~~524~~125

4542

~~234~~317,~~563~~524

Total commercial real estate loans (before fair value adjustment)

58,~~880~~160,~~110~~505

5654

5,~~895~~880,~~868~~110

Fair value premium (discount)

~~569~~(105,809

)

~~(323~~569

)

Total commercial real estate loans

58,~~880~~054,~~679~~696

5,~~895~~880,~~545~~679

The table above is further broken down in the following ~~table~~tables by geography: The values below are shown before fair value adjustments.

	December 31, 2024					December 31, 2023
	December 31, 2025					December 31, 2024
	Balance		Percent of Total			Balance		Percent of Total
(dollars in thousands)
Multifamily loans
New Jersey	$	1,~~588~~643,~~891~~765		6347.63	%	$	1,~~623~~588,~~666~~891		63.6	%
New York		~~713~~1,~~651~~497,916		2843.61			~~789~~713,~~065~~651		3028.96
Florida		744,~~732~~403		01.3			7,~~828~~732		0.3
Connecticut		3639,~~486~~628		1.51			36,~~761~~486		1.45
All Other States		~~149~~251,~~748~~590		67.02			96149,~~081~~748		36.80
Total multifamily loans	$	23,~~496~~477,~~508~~302		100.0	%	$	2,~~553~~496,~~401~~508		100.0	%

	December 31, 2024					December 31, 2023
	December 31, 2025					December 31, 2024
	Balance		Percent of Total			Balance		Percent of Total
(dollars in thousands)
Nonowner-occupied
Owner-occupied
New Jersey	$	~~796~~559,~~785~~404		4035.56	%	$	~~972~~509,~~907~~151		4446.73	%
New York		~~730~~607,~~145~~679		3738.26			~~778~~312,~~842~~514		3528.84
Florida		~~162~~94,~~184~~682		86.30			~~205~~46,~~178~~540		9.4.2
Connecticut		4759,~~083~~008		23.48			8036,~~067~~636		3.73
All Other States		~~228~~251,~~847~~385		1116.60			~~140~~196,~~592~~193		617.48
Total nonowner occupied	$	1,965,044		100.0	%	$	2,177,585		100.0	%
Total owner-occupied	$	1,572,158		100.0	%	$	1,101,034		100.0	%

	December 31, 2024					December 31, 2023
	December 31, 2025					December 31, 2024
	Balance		Percent of Total			Balance		Percent of Total
(dollars in thousands)
Owner-occupied
Nonowner-occupied
New Jersey	$	~~509~~780,~~151~~321		4628.32	%	$	~~474~~796,~~905~~785		5140.15	%
New York		~~312~~1,~~514~~625,546		2858.49			~~267~~730,~~990~~145		2837.82
Florida		46178,~~540~~830		46.25			69162,~~989~~184		78.53
Connecticut		3637,~~636~~234		31.3			547,~~887~~083		02.64
All Other States		~~196~~139,~~193~~989		175.81			~~111~~228,~~548~~847		1211.06
Total owner-occupied	$	1,101,034		100.0	%	$	930,319		100.0	%
Total nonowner-occupied	$	2,761,920		100.0	%	$	1,965,044		100.0	%

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	December 31, 2024					December 31, 2023
	December 31, 2025					December 31, 2024
	Balance		Percent of Total			Balance		Percent of Total
(dollars in thousands)
Land loans
New Jersey	$	78123,~~429~~541		2435.74	%	$	~~106~~78,~~884~~429		4524.67	%
New York		~~110~~43,~~967~~263		3512.04			77110,~~767~~967		3335.10
Florida		~~125~~128,~~523~~547		3936.58			48125,~~807~~523		2039.85
Connecticut		-		-			-		-
All Other States		253,~~605~~774		015.84			12,~~105~~605		0.58
Total land	$	317,524		100.0	%	$	234,563		100.0	%
Total land loans	$	349,125		100.0	%	$	317,524		100.0	%

In addition, the following tables present further ~~detail~~ details with respect to our owner-occupied and nonowner-occupied borrower concentrations included in the commercial real estate segment. The values below are before fair value adjustments.

	December 31, 2024					December 31, 2023
	December 31, 2025					December 31, 2024
	Balance		Percent of Total			Balance		Percent of Total
(dollars in thousands)
Owner-occupied
Retail	$	~~203~~216,~~119~~500		1813.48	%	$	~~208~~203,~~685~~119		2218.4	%
Office		94130,~~821~~646		8.63			~~102~~94,~~886~~821		118.16
Warehouse/Industrial		~~247~~395,~~413~~830		2225.52			~~249~~247,~~557~~413		2622.85
Mixed Use		~~126~~134,~~783~~113		118.5			~~116~~126,~~046~~783		1211.5
Other		~~428~~695,~~898~~069		3944.02			~~253~~428,~~145~~898		2739.20
Total owner-occupied	$	1,~~101~~572,~~034~~158		100.0	%	$	~~930~~1,~~319~~101,034		100.0	%

	December 31, 2024					December 31, 2023
	December 31, 2025					December 31, 2024
	Balance		Percent of Total			Balance		Percent of Total
(dollars in thousands)
Nonowner-occupied
Retail	$	~~612~~848,~~431~~400		3130.17	%	$	~~637~~612,~~211~~431		2931.31	%
Office		~~420~~672,~~059~~744		2124.4			~~424~~420,~~479~~059		1921.54
Warehouse/Industrial		~~213~~273,~~842~~866		109.9			~~233~~213,~~518~~842		10.79
Mixed Use		~~127~~250,~~604~~588		69.51			~~192~~127,~~617~~604		86.85
Other		~~591~~716,~~108~~322		3025.19			~~689~~591,~~760~~108		3130.71
Total nonowner-occupied	$	12,~~965~~761,~~044~~920		100.0	%	$	21,~~177~~965,~~585~~044		100.0	%

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The following table sets forth the classification of our gross loans by loan portfolio segment and by fixed and adjustable-rate loans as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025 by remaining contractual maturity.

As of December 31, 2024 Maturing:

As of December 31, 2025 Maturing:

After

One Year

Five Years

One Year

through

After

or Less

Five Years

Fifteen Years

Total

(dollars in thousands)

or Less

Five Years

Fifteen Years

Total

Commercial

~~465~~728,~~415~~447

~~471~~377,~~079~~956

~~366~~184,~~432~~996

~~229~~274,~~804~~564

1,~~532~~565,~~730~~963

Commercial real estate

~~843~~1,~~846~~407,954

23,~~081~~020,~~202~~035

23,~~862~~428,~~719~~840

92197,~~912~~867

58,~~880~~054,~~679~~696

Commercial construction

~~436~~567,~~007~~729

~~180~~31,~~239~~862

-24,311

~~616~~623,~~246~~902

Residential real estate

3125,~~560~~414

25145,~~343~~757

36123,~~568~~530

~~184~~816,~~220~~279

~~249~~1,~~691~~210,980

Consumer

1,~~048~~916

6777

1817

12,~~136~~017

Total

12,~~749~~831,~~876~~460

23,~~757~~575,~~930~~687

3,~~265~~761,~~722~~684

~~506~~1,~~954~~288,727

811,~~280~~457,~~482~~558

Loans with:

Fixed rates

~~514~~699,~~628~~825

12,~~773~~048,~~159~~498

~~978~~1,~~930~~431,380

~~341~~855,~~187~~232

35,~~607~~034,~~904~~935

Variable rates

12,~~235~~100,~~248~~230

~~984~~1,~~771~~611,334

2,~~286~~291,~~792~~022

~~165~~420,~~767~~037

46,~~672~~422,~~578~~623

Total

12,~~749~~800,~~876~~055

23,~~757~~659,~~930~~832

3,~~265,~~722,402

~~506~~1,~~954~~275,269

811,~~280~~457,~~482~~558

Loan Portfolio Repricing

A significant portion of our loan portfolio, approximately $2.4 billion, primarily originated during the low-interest-rate environment of 2021 and 2022, is scheduled to contractually reprice during 2026 and 2027. As these loans transition to future current market rates over the next 2 years, we anticipate a favorable impact on our net interest income, net interest margin, and earnings per share. While these anticipated increased rates will benefit our results, the increased rates may also, in certain instances, place financial pressure on certain borrowers and potentially lead to elevated levels of stress, such as late payments or defaults.

For additional information regarding loans, see Note 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Asset Quality

General. One of our key objectives is to maintain a high level of asset quality. When a borrower fails to make a scheduled payment, we attempt to cure the deficiency by sending late notices, as well as making personal contact with the borrower. Typically, late notices are sent approximately 10 days after the date the payment is due , followed up by direct contact with the borrower approximately 15 days after payment is due. In most cases, deficiencies are promptly resolved. If the delinquency continues, late charges are assessed, and additional efforts are made to collect the deficiency. Total loans delinquent 30 days or more are reported to the Board of Directors of the Bank on a monthly basis.

On loans where the collection of principal or interest payments is doubtful, the accrual of interest income ceases (“nonaccrual” loans). Except for loans that are well-secured and in the process of collection, it is our policy to discontinue accruing additional interest and reverse any interest accrued on any loan that is 90 days or greater past due. On occasion, this action may be taken earlier if the financial condition of the borrower raises significant concern with regard to the borrower’s ability to service the debt in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement. Interest income is not accrued on these loans until the borrower’s financial condition and payment record demonstrate an ability to service the debt. Typically, a nonaccrual loan may return to accrual status if the borrower makes the loan current and then makes six consecutive payments as scheduled.

Real estate acquired as a result of foreclosure is classified as other real estate owned (“OREO”) until sold. OREO is recorded at the lower of cost or fair value less estimated selling costs. Costs associated with acquiring and improving a foreclosed property are usually capitalized to the extent that the carrying value does not exceed fair value less estimated selling costs. Holding costs are charged to expense. Gains and losses on the sale of OREO are charged to operations, as incurred.

The Company evaluates individual instruments for expected credit losses when those instruments do not share similar risk characteristics with instruments evaluated using a collective (pooled) basis. The Company evaluates the pooling methodology at least annually. Loans transition from defined segments for individual analysis when credit characteristics, or risk traits, change in a material manner. A loan is considered for individual analysis when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by the Company in determining individual analysis include payment status and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Nonaccrual loans ~~that~~with ~~are~~balances of $250,000 or ~~higher~~ greater and all purchased credit-deteriorated ("PCD") loans are individually analyzed. For loans designated as nonaccrual with balances of less than $250,000, these loans are collectively evaluated, and, accordingly, are not separately identified for analysis or disclosures. ~~Instruments~~ ~~will~~Each ~~not~~financial beasset ~~included~~is insubject to either a collective or an individual loss analysis; no single instrument will be included in both calculations simultaneously. Individual analysis will establish an individually evaluated allowance for instruments in scope.

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Asset Classification. Federal regulations and our policies require that we utilize an internal asset classification system as a means of reporting problem and potential problem assets. We have incorporated an internal asset classification system, substantially consistent with Federal banking regulations, as a part of our credit monitoring system. Federal banking regulations set forth a classification scheme for problem and potential problem assets as “substandard,” “doubtful” or “loss” assets. An asset is considered “substandard” if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. “Substandard” assets include those characterized by the “distinct possibility” that the insured institution will sustain “some loss” if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as “doubtful” have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified “substandard” with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make “collection or liquidation in full,” on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, “highly questionable and improbable.” Assets classified as “loss” are those considered “uncollectible” and of such little value that their continuance as assets without the establishment of a specific loss reserve is not warranted. Assets which do not currently expose the insured institution to sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories but possess weaknesses are required to be designated “special mention.”

When an insured institution classifies one or more assets, or portions thereof, as “substandard” or “doubtful,” it is required that a general valuation allowance for credit losses must be established in an amount deemed prudent by management. General valuation allowances represent loss allowances which have been established to recognize the inherent losses associated with lending activities, but which, unlike specific allowances, have not been allocated to particular problem assets. When an insured institution classifies one or more assets, or portions thereof, as “loss,” it is required either to establish a specific allowance for losses equal to 100% of the amount of the asset so classified or to charge off such amount.

A bank’s determination as to the classification of its assets and the amount of its valuation allowances is subject to review by Federal bank regulators which can order the establishment of additional general or specific loss allowances. The Federal banking agencies have adopted an interagency policy statement on the allowance for credit losses. The policy statement provides guidance for financial institutions on both the responsibilities of management for the assessment and establishment of allowances and guidance for banking agency examiners to use in determining the adequacy of general valuation guidelines. Generally, the policy statement requires that institutions have effective systems and controls to identify, monitor and address asset quality problems; that management analyze all significant factors that affect the collectability of the portfolio in a reasonable manner; and that management establish acceptable allowance evaluation processes that meet the objectives set forth in the policy statement. Our management believes that, based on information currently available, our allowance for credit losses is maintained at a level which is reasonable and supportable to cover our current expected credit losses at each reporting date. However, actual realized losses over time are dependent upon future events and, as such, further additions, or subtractions, to the level of allowances for credit losses may become necessary.

The table below sets forth information on our classified loans and loans designated as special mention (excluding loans held-for-sale) as of the dates presented:

	2024		2023
	December 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands)
Classified Loans:
Substandard	$	72156,~~399~~249	$	5872,~~509~~399
Doubtful		-		-
Loss		-		-
Total classified loans		72156,~~399~~249		5872,~~509~~399
Special Mention Loans		~~149~~128,~~375~~470		54149,~~168~~375
Total classified and special mention loans	$	~~221~~284,~~774~~719	$	~~112~~221,~~677~~774

During the year ended December 31, ~~2024~~2025, “substandard” loans and “doubtful” loans, which include lower credit quality loans which possess higher risk characteristics than “special mention” loans, increased to $72156.4 2 million, or 01.94% of loans receivable, as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025 from $5872.54 million, or 0.79% of loans receivable, as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024. The increase in substandard loans from the prior year was primarily due to the addition of PCD loans associated with the FLIC merger, in addition to a net increase in loans migrating to nonaccrual during the year ended December 31, ~~2024~~2025.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, “~~special~~substandard” ~~mention~~loans and “doubtful” loans, ~~were~~increased to $~~149~~72.4 million, or 10.89% of loans receivable, ~~while “special mention” loans~~ as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024 ~~were~~from $5458.25 million, or 0.87% of loans receivable, as of December 31, 2023. The increase in ~~special~~substandard ~~mention~~ loans from the prior year was primarily ~~attributable~~due to a ~~loan~~net ~~modification~~increase ofin ~~one~~loans ~~commercial~~migrating ~~real~~to ~~estate~~nonaccrual ~~relationship~~during ofthe ~~$48.7~~year ~~million~~ended ~~and one commercial real estate relationship of $31.2 million. As of~~ December 31, 2024~~, these relationships are paying as agreed and are all current~~.

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Nonaccrual Loans, OREO and Loans 90 Days or Greater Past Due and Still Accruing

Nonperforming assets include nonaccrual loans and OREO. Nonaccrual loans represent loans on which interest accruals have been suspended. OREO represents property acquired through foreclosure in partial or full satisfaction of loans. Loans 90 days or greater past due and still accruing represent loans that are both well-secured and in the process of collection, as well as any purchased credit-deteriorated loans, net of fair value marks, which accrete income per the valuation at the date of acquisition. The Company considers charging off loans, or a portion thereof, at the time the Company deems it has exhausted all means of collection. For additional information regarding loans, see Note 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The following table sets forth, as of the dates indicated, the amount of the Company’s nonaccrual loans, ~~other real estate owned (“~~OREO”), and loans past due 90 days or greater and still accruing:

	December 31,			December 31,
	2024			2023
	2025			2024
Nonaccrual loans	$	57,310		$	52,524
(dollars in thousands)
Nonaccrual loans	$	45,915		$	57,310
OREO		-			-
Total nonperforming assets	$	5745,~~310~~915		$	5257,~~524~~310
Loans 90 days or greater past due and still accruing	$	-17,472		$	-
Nonaccrual loans to loans receivable		0.6940	%		0.6369	%
Nonperforming assets to total assets		0.5833			0.5358

Allowance for Credit Losses and Related Provision

The ~~allowance for credit losses~~ ACL is an estimate of current expected credit losses considering available information relevant to assessing collectability of cash flows over the contractual term of the financial assets necessary to cover lifetime expected credit losses inherent in financial assets at the balance sheet date. The measurement of expected credit losses is applicable to loans receivable and investment securities measured at amortized cost. It also applies to off-balance-sheet credit exposures such as loan commitments and unused lines of credit. Loan losses are charged against the allowance for credit losses when the Bank believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses. The allowance is established through a provision for credit losses that is charged against income. The methodology for determining the allowance for credit losses is considered a critical accounting policy by management because of the high degree of judgment involved, the subjectivity of the assumptions used, and the potential for changes in the forecasted economic environment that could result in changes to the amount of the recorded allowance for credit losses. The expected credit loss for unfunded loan commitments is reported on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition in “Other Liabilities”.

As of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, the allowance for credit losses for loans was $82154.73 million, an increase of $071.76 million, or 086.96%, from $82.07 million as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024. The increase in the allowance for credit losses was primarily driven by the FLIC merger with $1442.0 million inof allowance being recorded through goodwill related to the purchased credit-deteriorated loans and $27.3 million reflecting the initial provision for credit losses. In addition, there was a $20.5 million provision in credit losses on loans, partially offset by net charge-offs of $1318.32 million.

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The allowance for credit losses for loans as a percentage of loans receivable was 1.0035% as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025 and 01.9800% as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024.

Three-Year Statistical Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans

The following table reflects the relationship of loan volume, the provision and allowance for credit losses for loans and net charge-offs for the periods presented.

	December 31,			December 31,			December 31,
	2024			2023			2022
	2025			2024			2023
Balance as of January 1,	$	81,974		$	90,513		$	78,773
(dollars in thousands)
Balance as of January 1,	$	82,685		$	81,974		$	90,513
Charge-offs:
Commercial		34,~~286~~516			143,~~888~~286			214,~~612~~888
Commercial real estate		1013,~~416~~839			210,~~142~~416			2,~~819~~142
Residential real estate		-1,000			18-			918
Consumer		-26			1-			31
Total charge-offs		1319,~~702~~381			1713,~~049~~702			517,~~443~~049
Recoveries:
Commercial		~~392~~366			10392			5410
Commercial real estate		31746			-31			-
Residential real estate		635			686			6368
Consumer		-			8-			-8
Total recoveries		~~429~~1,147			86429			~~117~~86
Net charge-offs		1318,~~273~~234			1613,~~963~~273			516,~~326~~963
Provision for credit losses for loans		~~13,984~~-			813,~~424~~984			178,~~066~~424
Balance at end of year	$	82,685		$	81,974		$	90,513
Initial provision related to acquisition – loans		27,307			-			-
Ratio of net charge-offs during the year to average loans receivable outstanding during the year		0.16	%		0.23	%		0.07	%
Operating provision for credit losses		20,525			-			-
Allowance for credit losses for loans as a percentage of loans receivable		1.00			0.98			1.12
Nonaccretable credit marks on PCD loans		42,022			-			-
Balance at end of year	$	154,305		$	82,685		$	81,974
Ratio of net charge-offs during the year to average loans receivable outstanding during the year		0.17	%		0.16	%		0.23	%
Allowance for credit losses for loans as a percentage of loans receivable		1.35			1.00			0.98

For additional information regarding loans, see Note 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Implicit in the lending function is the fact that credit losses will be experienced and that the risk of loss will vary with the type of loan being made, the creditworthiness of the borrower and prevailing economic conditions. The allowance for credit losses has been allocated in the table below according to the estimated amount deemed to be reasonably and supportably necessary to provide for the possibility of either lifetime expected losses or losses being incurred within the following categories of loans as of December 31, for each of the past three years.

The following table shows the amounts of the allowance allocable to such loans and the percentage of such loans to gross loans, along with the amount of the unallocated allowance. “Total Commercial”, as shown below, includes commercial, commercial real estate and commercial construction loans.

	Total Commercial					Residential Real Estate					Consumer
	Amount of		% of Total			Amount of		% of Total			Amount of		% of Total			Total
	Allowance		Allowance			Allowance		Allowance			Allowance		Allowance			Allowance
	(dollars in thousands)
2024	$	78,119		94.5	%	$	4,561		5.5	%	$	5		0.0	%	$	82,685
2025	$	142,088		92.1	%	$	12,199		7.9	%	$	18		0.0	%	$	154,305
2024		78,119		94.5	%		4,561		5.5	%		5		0.0	%		82,685
2023		77,649		94.7	%		4,320		5.2	%		5		0.1	%		81,974
2022		86,363		95.4	%		4,143		4.6	%		7		0.1	%		90,513

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Investments

For the year ended December 31, ~~2024~~2025, the average amortized cost of investment securities, including equity securities, increased by $6360.8 million to approximately $~~733~~1.31 ~~million~~billion, or 89.05% of average interest earning -assets, from $~~726~~733.53 million, or 78.90% of average interest-earning assets, for the year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024. As of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, the principal components of the investment portfolio are U.S. Treasury and Government Agency Obligations, Federal Agency Obligations including mortgage-backed securities, Obligations of U.S. States and Political Subdivisions, Corporate Bonds and other debt and equity securities.

During the year ended December 31, ~~2024~~2025, rate related factors increased investment revenue by $15.5 million and volume related factors increased investment revenue by $014.26 million. The tax-equivalent yield on investments increased by 21 74 basis points to 34.3105% from a yield of 3.1031% during the year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024.

Investment securities available-for-sale are a part of the Company’s interest rate risk management strategy and may be sold in response to changes in interest rates, changes in prepayment risk, liquidity management and other factors. The Company continues to reposition the investment portfolio as part of an overall corporate-wide strategy to produce reasonable and consistent margins where feasible, while attempting to limit risks inherent in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Condition.

As of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, net unrealized losses on securities available-for-sale, which are carried as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss and included in stockholders’ equity, net of tax, amounted to $6940.6 7 million as compared with net unrealized losses of $5769.86 million as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024. The ~~increase~~decrease in unrealized losses is predominately attributable to changes in market conditions and interest rates. Unrealized losses have not been recognized into income because the issuers are of high credit quality, we do not intend to sell, and it is likely that we will not be required to sell the securities prior to their anticipated recovery. The issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments on the securities. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. For additional information regarding the Company’s investment portfolio, see Note 4, Note 16 and Note 21 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

~~During 2024, 2023 and 2022, there were no sales from the Company’s available~~ -~~for~~61-sale portfolio. The Company had no impairment charges in 2024, 2023 and 2022. The table below illustrates the maturity distribution and weighted average yield on a tax-equivalent basis for amortized cost of our investment securities, excluding equity securities, as of December 31, 2024, on a contractual maturity basis.

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						Due after 1 year					Due after 5 years
	Due in 1 year or less					through 5 years					through 10 years					Due after 10 years					Total
			Weighted					Weighted					Weighted					Weighted					Weighted
	Amortized		Average			Amortized		Average			Amortized		Average			Amortized		Average			Amortized		Average			Market
	Cost		Yield			Cost		Yield			Cost		Yield			Cost		Yield			Cost		Yield			Value
(dollars in thousands)
Investment Securities Available-for-Sale
Federal Agency Obligations	$	-		-	%	$	-		-	%	$	610		2.62	%	$	95,555		4.07	%	$	96,165		4.06	%	$	84,670
Residential Mortgage Pass-through Securities		10		2.79			190		3.33			2,220		3.34			437,025		3.26			439,445		3.26			378,838
Commercial Mortgage Pass-through Securities		-		-			-		-			3,941		1.54			21,048		2.90			24,989		2.69			20,892
Obligations of U.S. States and Political Subdivisions		1,034		5.33			3,305		4.40			9,507		3.67			127,929		3.65			141,775		3.68			122,404
Corporate Bonds and Notes		3,000		5.26			2,000		4.42			-		-			-		-			5,000		4.92			4,987
Asset-backed Securities		-		-			-		-			282		5.81			610		5.55			892		5.63			885
Other Securities		171		0.25			-		-			-		-			-		-			171		0.25			171
Total Investment Securities	$	4,215		5.07	%	$	5,495		4.37	%	$	16,560		3.12	%	$	682,167		3.44	%	$	708,437		3.45	%	$	612,847

During 2025, 2024 and 2023, there were gains/losses from the sales from the Company’s available-for-sale portfolio. The Company had no impairment charges in 2025, 2024 and 2023. The table below illustrates the maturity distribution and weighted average yield on a tax-equivalent basis for amortized cost of our investment securities, excluding equity securities, as of December 31, 2025, on a contractual maturity basis.

						Due after 1 year					Due after 5 years
	Due in 1 year or less					through 5 years					through 10 years					Due after 10 years					Total
			Weighted					Weighted					Weighted					Weighted					Weighted
	Amortized		Average			Amortized		Average			Amortized		Average			Amortized		Average			Amortized		Average			Market
	Cost		Yield			Cost		Yield			Cost		Yield			Cost		Yield			Cost		Yield			Value
	(dollars in thousands)
Investment Securities Available-for-Sale
Federal Agency Obligations	$	-		-	%	$	-		-	%	$	16,582		5.06	%	$	381,810		4.74	%	$	398,392		4.75	%	$	391,190
Residential Mortgage Pass-through Securities		7		2.46			483		4.05			1,301		3.04			643,020		4.08			644,811		4.08			607,144
Commercial Mortgage Pass-through Securities		-		-			-		-			5,743		1.91			24,381		4.24			30,124		3.80			26,969
Obligations of U.S. States and Political Subdivisions		963		4.98			24,264		4.89			45,238		4.99			151,080		4.09			221,545		4.37			212,409
Corporate Bonds and Notes		2,000		4.42			4,000		4.06			6,500		6.09			-		-			12,500		5.17			12,519
Asset-backed Securities		-		-			-		-			-		-			528		5.04			528		5.04			525
Other Securities		182		4.21			-		-			-		-			-		-			182		4.21			182
Total Investment Securities	$	3,152		4.57	%	$	28,747		4.76	%	$	75,364		4.83	%	$	1,200,819		4.29	%	$	1,308,082		4.34	%	$	1,250,938

For information regarding the carrying value of the investment portfolio, see Note 4, Note 16 and Note 21 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The securities listed in the table above are either rated investment grade by Moody’s and/or Standard and Poor’s or have shadow credit ratings from a credit agency supporting an investment grade and conform to the Company’s investment policy guidelines. There were no municipal securities, or corporate securities, of any single issuer exceeding 10% of stockholders’ equity as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025. Other securities do not have a contractual maturity and are included in the “Due in 1 year or less” maturity in the table above.

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The following table sets forth the carrying value of the Company’s investment securities, as of December 31, for each of the last ~~three~~ two years.

	2024		2023
	2025		2024
	(dollars in thousands)
Investment Securities Available-for-Sale:
Federal agency obligations	$	84391,~~670~~190	$	4584,~~326~~670
Residential mortgage pass-through securities		~~378~~607,~~838~~144		~~411~~378,~~191~~838
Commercial mortgage pass-through securities		2026,~~892~~969		2120,~~564~~892
Obligations of U.S. States and political subdivisions		~~122~~212,~~404~~409		~~132~~122,~~705~~404
Corporate bonds and notes		412,~~987~~519		4,~~973~~987
Asset-backed securities		~~885~~525		~~1,238~~885
Certificates of deposit		-		-
Other securities		182		171
Other securities		171		165
Total	$	1,250,938	$	612,847
Total	$	612,847	$	617,162

For other information regarding the Company’s investment securities portfolio, see Note 4, Note 16 and Note 21 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Interest Rate Sensitivity Analysis

The principal objective of our asset and liability management function is to evaluate the interest-rate risk included in certain balance sheet accounts; determine the level of risk appropriate given our business focus, operating environment, and capital and liquidity requirements; establish prudent asset concentration guidelines; and manage the risk consistent with Board approved guidelines. We seek to reduce the vulnerability of our operations to changes in interest rates, and actions in this regard are taken under the guidance of the Bank’s Asset Liability Committee (the “ALCO”). The ALCO generally reviews our liquidity, cash flow needs, maturities of investments, deposits and borrowings, and current market conditions and interest rates.

The Company utilizes a number of strategies to manage interest rate risk including, but not limited to: (i) balancing the types and structures of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities by diversifying mix, coupons, maturities and/or repricing characteristics, (ii) reducing the overall interest rate sensitivity of liabilities by emphasizing core and/or longer-term deposits; utilizing FHLB advances and wholesale deposits for our interest rate risk profile, (iii) managing the investment portfolio for liquidity and interest rate risk profile, and (iv) entering into interest rate swap and cap agreements.

We currently utilize net interest income simulation and economic value of equity (“EVE”) models to measure the potential impact to the Bank of future changes in interest rates. As of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, and December 31, ~~2023~~2024, the results of the models are monitored by guidelines prescribed by our Board of Directors. If model results were to fall outside prescribed ranges, action, including additional monitoring and reporting to the Board, would be required by the ALCO and Bank’s management.

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The net interest income simulation model attempts to measure the change in net interest income over the next one-year period, and over the next three-year period on a cumulative basis, assuming certain changes in the general level of interest rates. The year over year change in the interest rate risk profile primarily reflects updated model assumptions in response to dynamically changing market conditions, including higher beta assumptions, as well as a positioning of the balance sheet to be more liability sensitive.

Based on our model, which was run as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, we estimated that over the next one-year period a 200 basis-point instantaneous increase in the general level of interest rates would decrease our net interest income by 84.0295%, while a 100 basis-point instantaneous decrease in interest rates would increase net interest income by 3.5606%. As of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, we estimated that over the next one-year period a 200 basis-point instantaneous increase in the general level of interest rates would decrease our net interest income by 98.2502%, while a 100 basis-point instantaneous decrease in interest rates would increase net interest income by 53.3456%.

Based on our model, which was run as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, we estimated that over the next three years, on a cumulative basis, a 200 basis-point instantaneous increase in the general level of interest rates would decrease our net interest income by 20.0832%, while a 100 basis-point instantaneous decrease in interest rates would increase net interest income by 01.3704%. As of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, we estimated that over the next three years, on a cumulative basis, a 200 basis-point instantaneous increase in the general level of interest rates would decrease our net interest income by 52.6808%, while a 100 basis-point instantaneous decrease in interest rates would increase net interest income by 40.2937%.

An EVE analysis is also used to dynamically model the present value of asset and liability cash flows with instantaneous rate shocks of up 200 basis points and down 100 basis points. The economic value of equity is likely to be different as interest rates change. Our EVE as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, would decrease by 7.8712% with an instantaneous rate shock of up 200 basis points, and increase by 10.6728% with an instantaneous rate shock of down 100 basis points. Our EVE as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, would decrease by 157.0987% with an instantaneous rate shock of up 200 basis points, and increase by 51.7567% with an instantaneous rate shock of down 100 basis points.

The change in interest rate sensitivity was impacted by changes in overall market interest rates, updates to certain model assumptions, changes in short and intermediate-term fixed rate funding and by the deposit mix shift into certificates of deposit, from both noninterest-bearing and interest-bearing non-maturity deposits.

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The following table illustrates the ~~most~~estimates ~~recent~~of ~~results~~net interest income for ~~EVE~~the year ending December 31, 2026 and ~~NII~~the ascalculations of EVE at December 31, ~~2024~~2025 assuming rate changes of plus and minus 100, 200 and 300 bps.

Interest Rates	Estimated		Estimated Change in EVE						Interest Rates	Estimated		Estimated Change in NII
(basis points)	EVE		Amount			%			(basis points)	NII		Amount			%
+300	$	1,~~174~~644,~~401~~607	$	(~~163~~232,~~250~~073	)		(12.2037	)	+300	$	~~258~~428,~~021~~089	$	(3637,~~732~~680	)		(128.4609	)
+200		1,~~232~~743,~~430~~034		(~~105~~133,~~221~~646	)		(7.8712	)	+200		~~271~~442,~~126~~725		(23,~~627~~044	)		(84.0295	)
+100		1,~~291~~841,~~769~~476		(4535,~~882~~204	)		(31.4388	)	+100		~~284~~456,~~180~~880		(108,~~573~~889	)		(31.5991	)
0		1,~~337~~876,~~651~~680		-			-		0		~~294~~465,~~753~~769		-			-
-100		1,~~359~~881,~~994~~859		225,~~343~~179			10.6728		-100		~~305~~480,~~248~~026		1014,~~495~~257			3.5606
-200		1,~~370~~840,~~518~~294		32(36,~~867~~386	)		2(1.4694	)	-200		~~316~~494,~~695~~233		2128,~~942~~464			76.4411
-300		1,~~364~~746,~~153~~268		26(130,~~502~~412	)		1(6.9895	)	-300		~~330~~505,~~191~~881		3540,~~438~~112			128.0261

Certain model limitations are inherent in the methodology used in the EVE and net interest income measurements. The models require the making of certain assumptions which may tend to oversimplify the way actual yields and costs respond to changes in market interest rates. The models assume that the composition of the Company’s interest sensitive assets and liabilities existing at the beginning of a period remain constant over the period being measured, thus they do not consider the Company’s strategic plans, or any other steps it may take to respond to changes in rates over the forecasted period of time. Additionally, the models assume immediate changes in interest rates, based on yield curves as of a point-in-time, which are reflected in a parallel, instantaneous and uniform manner across all yield curves, when in reality changes may rarely be of this nature. The models also utilize data derived from historical performance and as interest rates change the actual performance of loan prepayments, rate sensitivities, and average life assumptions may deviate from assumptions utilized in the models and can impact the results. Accordingly, although the above measurements provide an indication of the Company’s interest rate risk exposure at a particular point in time, such measurements are not intended to provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in market interest rates. Given the unique nature of the post-pandemic interest rate environment, and the speed with which interest rates have been changing, the projections noted above on the Company’s EVE and net interest income ~~and~~ can be expected to differ from actual results.

Estimates of Fair Value

The estimation of fair value is significant to certain assets of the Company, including available-for-sale investment securities. These are all recorded at either fair value or the lower of cost or fair value. Fair values are volatile and may be influenced by a number of factors. Circumstances that could cause estimates of the fair value of certain assets and liabilities to change include a change in prepayment speeds, expected cash flows, credit quality, discount rates, or market interest rates. Fair values for most available-for-sale investment securities are based on quoted market prices. If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic condition risk characteristics of various financial instruments, and other factors. See Note 21 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion.

These estimates are subjective in nature, involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

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Impact of Inflation and Changing Prices

The financial statements and notes thereto presented elsewhere herein have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, which require the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering the change in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. The impact of inflation is reflected in the increased cost of the operations; unlike most industrial companies, nearly all of the Company’s assets and liabilities are monetary. As a result, interest rates have a greater impact on performance than do the effects of general levels of inflation. Interest rates do not necessarily move in the same direction or to the same extent as the prices of goods and services.

Liquidity

Liquidity is a measure of a bank’s ability to fund loans, withdrawals or maturities of deposits, and other cash outflows, in a cost-effective manner. Our principal sources of funds are deposits, scheduled amortization and prepayments of loan principal, maturities of investment securities, and funds provided by operations. While scheduled loan payments and maturing investments are relatively predictable sources of funds, deposit flow and loan prepayments are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition.

As of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, the amount of liquid assets remained at a level management deemed adequate to ensure that, on a short and long-term basis, contractual liabilities, depositors’ withdrawal requirements, and other operational and client credit needs could be satisfied. As of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, liquid assets (cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits with banks and unencumbered investment securities) were $~~799~~874.74 million, which represented 86.12% of total assets and 97.42% of total deposits and borrowings, compared to $~~516~~799.37 million as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, which represented 58.21% of total assets and 69.14% of total deposits and borrowings on such date. As of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, not included in the above liquid assets were securities with a market value of $~~102~~97.57 million which were pledged to the Federal Home Loan Bank, and securities with a market value of $137.6 million which ~~support~~were pledged to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, which supported aggregate unutilized borrowing capacity of $95223.23 million as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025.

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The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York and, based on available qualified collateral as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, had the ability to borrow $23.59 billion. The Bank also has a credit facility established with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for direct discount window borrowings based on pledged collateral and had the ability to borrow $12.63 billion as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025. In addition, as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, the Bank had in place borrowing capacity of $~~305~~280 million through correspondent banks and other unsecured borrowing lines. As of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, the Bank had aggregate available and unused credit of approximately $34.06 billion, which represents the aforementioned facilities totaling $46.4 billion net of $1.49 billion in outstanding borrowings and letters of credit. As of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, outstanding commitments for the Bank to extend credit were approximately $12.10 billion.

Cash and cash equivalents totaled $~~356~~380.59 million as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, increasing by $~~113~~24.84 million from $~~242~~356.75 million as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024. Operating activities provided $60106.74 million in net cash. Investing activities ~~provided~~used $55186.2 million in net cash, primarily ~~reflecting~~due ~~a decrease~~to inpurchases of securities and funding of loans. Financing activities ~~used~~provided $2104.12 million in net cash, primarily reflecting aan ~~net~~ increase in deposits and proceeds from the issuance of ~~$284.0 million~~subordinated debt, partially offset by ~~a decrease in~~ net ~~borrowings~~repayment of ~~$245~~borrowings.~~5 million and $33.3 million in cash dividends paid.~~

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Deposits

Deposits ~~are~~serve ~~our~~as the Bank’s primary source of ~~funds~~funding. ~~Noninterest~~Our ~~bearing demand~~ deposit ~~products~~portfolio ~~include~~is ~~“Totally~~comprised ~~Free~~of ~~Checking”~~a ~~and~~diversified ~~“Simply~~range ~~Better~~of ~~Checking”~~products ~~for~~designed ~~consumer~~to ~~clients~~meet ~~and~~the ~~“Small~~needs ~~Business~~of ~~Checking” and “Analysis Checking” for commercial clients. Interest-bearing checking accounts require minimum balances for~~ both consumer and commercial clients ~~and~~while ~~include~~supporting ~~“Consumer~~our ~~Interest~~liquidity ~~Checking”~~ and “Business Interest Checking”. Money market accounts consist of products that provide a market rate of interest to depositors. Our savings accounts offer paper and/or electronic statements. Time deposits ("TD") are for non-retirement and IRA accounts, generally with initial maturities ranging from 31 days to 60 months, and brokered TDs, which we use for asset -liability management ~~purposes and to supplement other sources of funding~~goals. Many of our deposit products can be accessed through both our branches and online to provide ease of access to our clients and communities. CDARS/ICS reciprocal deposits are offered based on the Bank’s participation in the IntraFi Network LLC ("the Network"). Clients, who are Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance sensitive, are able to place large dollar deposits with the Company and the Company utilizes CDARS to place those funds into certificates of deposit issued by other banks in the Network. This occurs in increments of less than the FDIC insurance limits so that both the principal and interest are eligible for FDIC insurance coverage in amounts larger than the insured dollar amount. Unless certain conditions are satisfied, the FDIC considers these funds as brokered deposits for certain reporting requirements. The Bank also utilizes internet listing services deposits which are obtained through the use of websites such as Rateline or QwickRate.

~~The~~● ~~following~~Noninterest-Bearing ~~table~~Demand ~~sets~~Deposits: ~~forth~~We ~~the~~offer ~~year~~several noninterest-~~to-date~~bearing ~~average~~solutions, ~~balances~~including ~~and~~"Totally ~~weighted~~Free ~~average~~Checking" ~~rates~~and of"Simply ~~our~~Better ~~deposits~~Checking" for ~~the~~consumers, ~~periods~~as ~~indicated~~well as "Small Business Checking" and "Analysis Checking" for commercial clients.

	Year-to-Date Average December 31, 2024					Year-to-Date Average December 31, 2023					Year-to-Date Average December 31, 2022
	Balance		Rate			Balance		Rate			Balance		Rate
(dollars in thousands)
Demand, noninterest-bearing	$	1,268,839		-	%	$	1,332,809		-	%	$	1,612,040		-	%
Demand, interest-bearing & NOW		3,253,364		3.50			3,292,907		3.17			3,284,866		0.80
Savings		497,753		3.28			374,189		2.37			417,907		0.70
Time		2,564,670		4.47			2,529,892		3.67			1,449,826		1.47
Average Total Deposits	$	7,584,626		3.23	%	$	7,529,797		2.74	%	$	6,764,639		0.75	%

●

Interest-Bearing Deposits: These accounts, which generally require minimum balances, include "Consumer Interest Checking," "Business Interest Checking," and money market accounts that provide market-competitive interest rates. Our savings products are available with both paper and electronic statement options.

~~Average~~● ~~total~~Time ~~deposits~~Deposits: ~~increased~~We byoffer ~~$54.8 million,~~non-retirement orand ~~0.7%,~~IRA ~~during~~time ~~the~~deposits ~~year~~with ~~ended~~initial ~~December~~maturities ~~31,~~typically ~~2024~~ranging ~~when~~from ~~compared~~31 days to ~~the~~60 ~~year ended December 31, 2023~~months. ~~The~~ ~~increase~~We inalso ~~total~~utilize ~~average~~brokered ~~deposits~~certificates ~~was~~of ~~primarily~~deposit ~~due~~ to ~~increases~~supplement infunding ~~savings deposits of $123.6 million~~ and ~~time~~ ~~deposits~~support ofour ~~$34.9 million, partially offset by decreases in noninterest~~asset-~~bearing~~liability ~~demand~~management ~~deposits of $64~~strategy.~~0 million and interest-bearing demand deposits of $39.5 million.~~

~~The~~● ~~increase~~Digital inand ~~average~~Branch ~~time~~Access: ~~deposits~~To ofensure ~~$34.9 million~~ease ~~during~~of ~~the~~access ~~year ended~~for ~~December~~our ~~31,~~clients ~~2024 was attributed to increases in retail time deposits of $117.9 million~~ and ~~internet~~communities, ~~listing~~substantially ~~services~~all ofdeposit ~~$3.0 million,~~products ~~partially~~are ~~offset~~accessible bythrough ~~decreases~~both inour ~~CDARs~~physical ofbranch ~~$39.9 million~~network and ~~nonreciprocal~~our ~~brokered~~online ~~time~~and ~~deposits~~mobile ofbanking ~~$46~~platforms.~~0 million.~~

~~The~~Reciprocal ~~decrease~~and inSpecialized ~~year-to-date~~Deposits ~~average~~Through ~~noninterest-bearing~~our ~~demand~~participation ~~deposits~~in ~~was~~the IntraFi ~~consistent~~Network ~~with~~LLC ~~industry~~and, ~~trends~~to ~~reflecting~~a ~~higher~~lesser ~~levels~~extent, the ofNBID ~~interest~~network, ~~rates~~we ~~which~~provide ~~resulted~~reciprocal indeposits. ~~migration~~These ofproducts ~~noninterest~~allow clients with large-~~bearing~~dollar ~~deposits~~balances—who are sensitive to ~~interest-bearing~~deposit ~~transaction deposits~~insurance limits—to place funds with the Bank.

~~Average~~The ~~demand~~Bank ~~deposits~~utilizes ~~(including~~the ~~interest-bearing~~IntraFi ~~and~~Network ~~noninterest-bearing)~~to ~~during~~place ~~the~~these ~~year~~funds ~~ended~~into ~~December~~certificates ~~31,~~of ~~2024~~deposit ~~included~~or ~~$1.1 billion~~demand accounts issued by other participating banks in ~~ICS~~increments ~~reciprocal~~below ~~deposits,~~the ~~compared~~FDIC toinsurance limit ($0250,000).~~9 billion~~ ~~during~~This ~~the~~structure ~~year~~ensures ~~ended~~that ~~December~~both ~~31,~~principal ~~2023.~~and ~~Average~~interest ~~time~~are ~~deposits~~eligible ~~during~~for ~~the~~full ~~year~~FDIC ~~ended~~insurance ~~December~~coverage ~~31,~~while ~~2023~~maintaining ~~included~~a ~~$71~~single relationship with the Bank.~~0 million~~ inFor ~~CDARS~~certain regulatory reporting purposes, ~~compared~~these tofunds ~~$110~~may be classified as brokered deposits unless specific conditions are met.~~9 million~~ ~~during~~Additionally, the ~~year~~Bank ~~ended~~utilizes ~~December~~internet 31listing services, ~~2023.~~such ~~The~~as ~~decrease~~Rateline inor ~~CDARS~~QwickRate, ~~was~~to ~~attributed~~supplement toour ~~maturities~~funding ~~that~~through ~~did~~targeted ~~not~~deposit ~~renew~~acquisition.

The ~~beta,~~following ~~which~~table ispresents the ~~measurement~~average ofbalances ~~deposit rate sensitivity in response to market rate changes, on nonreciprocal brokered deposits tends to be higher than that~~ of ~~ICS~~our ~~and~~deposit ~~CDARS~~portfolios ~~reciprocal~~along ~~deposits,~~with asthe ~~nonreciprocal~~associated ~~brokered~~weighted ~~time~~average ~~deposits~~interest ~~are more directly correlated to prevailing market~~ rates offor ~~interest, while ICS and CDARs reciprocal deposits reflect~~ the ~~Bank’s~~periods ~~relationship with reciprocal deposit clients and are more driven by a desire for FDIC insurance coverage than market leading rates~~indicated.

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	Year-to-Date Average December 31, 2025					Year-to-Date Average December 31, 2024					Year-to-Date Average December 31, 2023
	Balance		Rate			Balance		Rate			Balance		Rate
(dollars in thousands)
Demand, noninterest-bearing	$	1,991,311		-	%	$	1,268,839		-	%	$	1,332,809		-	%
Demand, interest-bearing & NOW		4,194,485		2.96			3,253,364		3.50			3,292,907		3.17
Savings		850,520		3.04			497,753		3.28			374,189		2.37
Time		2,779,367		3.97			2,564,670		4.47			2,529,892		3.67
Average Total Deposits	$	9,815,683		2.65	%	$	7,584,626		3.23	%	$	7,529,797		2.74	%

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~~The~~Average ~~following~~total ~~table~~deposits ~~sets~~increased ~~forth~~by ~~information~~$2.2 ~~related~~billion, or 29.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the ~~uninsured~~prior ~~deposit~~year. ~~balances~~This ofgrowth was primarily attributable to the ~~Bank~~merger with FLIC, which impacted all deposit categories. On a segment basis, the increase was driven by:

	As of December 31, 2024		As of December 31, 2023
	Balance		Balance
(dollars in thousands)
As stated in FFIEC 041-Consolidated Report of Condition, schedule RC-O:
Total Bank unconsolidated deposits (including affiliate and subsidiary accounts)	$	11,196,115	$	11,243,254
Estimated uninsured deposits		7,536,202		6,152,454
The Bank, on a consolidated basis:
Total deposits	$	6,883,241	$	7,536,202
Estimated uninsured deposits (excluding affiliate and subsidiary accounts)		2,712,798		2,388,545

●

Interest-bearing demand deposits: Increased $941.1 million

~~The~~● ~~following~~Noninterest-bearing ~~table~~demand ~~sets~~deposits: ~~forth~~Increased ~~the distribution of total actual deposit accounts, by account types for the periods indicated~~$722.5 million

	December 31, 2024					December 31, 2023
	Amount		% of total			Amount		% of total
(dollars in thousands)
Demand, noninterest-bearing	$	1,422,044		18.2	%	$	1,259,364		16.7	%
Demand, interest-bearing & NOW		3,248,731		41.5			3,326,989		44.1
Savings		592,139		7.6			418,478		5.6
Time		2,557,200		32.7			2,531,371		33.6
Total Deposits	$	7,820,114		100.0	%	$	7,536,202		100.0	%

●

Savings deposits: Increased $352.8 million

~~Total~~● ~~deposits~~Time ~~increased by $283.9 million, or 3.8%, to $7.8 billion as of December 31, 2024 from $7.5 billion as of December 31, 2023. The increase in total~~ deposits: ~~was~~Increased ~~primarily due to an increase in savings deposits of~~ $~~173~~214.7 million~~, an increase in noninterest-bearing demand of $162.7 million and an increase in time deposits of $25.9 million, partially offset by a decrease in interest-bearing demand of $78.3 million.~~

~~Total interest~~Noninterest-bearing demand deposits as represented 20.3% of ~~both~~total average deposits for the year ended December 31, ~~2024~~2025, ~~and~~compared to 16.7% for the year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024. ~~include~~This ~~$1.0 billion~~shift in ~~ICS~~the ~~reciprocal~~deposit ~~deposits.~~mix ~~Total~~along ~~time~~with ~~deposits~~declines asin rates improved our overall cost of ~~December 31,~~funds ~~2024~~and ~~include~~reflects ~~$60.3 million in~~our ~~CDARS,~~strategic ~~compared~~focus toon ~~$96.0 million~~growing ascore ofcommercial ~~December~~operating ~~31,~~accounts ~~2023~~following the FLIC merger.

~~Included~~The $214.7 million increase in average time deposits ~~were~~included ~~nonreciprocal~~growth ~~brokered~~in retail time deposits of $~~907~~200.2 9 million, asnonreciprocal ofbrokered ~~December~~time deposits of $31,.3 ~~2024~~million, ~~which~~and ~~decreased~~internet ~~from~~listing services of $~~915~~6.53 million. asThese ofincreases ~~December~~were ~~31,~~partially ~~2023~~offset by a $23.1 million decrease in CDARS balances.

AsAverage ofdemand ~~December~~deposits ~~31,~~(including ~~2024,~~interest-bearing weand ~~held~~noninterest-bearing) ~~$695.7 million~~for ofboth ~~time~~2025 ~~deposits~~and ~~balances~~2024 ~~greater~~included ~~than~~ $~~250,000~~1. ~~The~~1 ~~following~~billion ~~table~~in ~~provides~~ICS ~~information~~reciprocal ondeposits. ~~the~~Average ~~maturity~~CDARS ~~distribution~~within of the time ~~deposits~~deposit ~~with~~portfolio ~~balances~~were ~~greater~~$47.9 ~~than~~million ~~$250,000 as~~for ofthe year ended December 31, 2025, a decrease from $71.0 million in 2024:. This decline was primarily attributed to maturities that were not renewed.

	December 31,
	2024
(dollars in thousands)
3 months or less	$	223,840
Over 3 to 6 months		225,561
Over 6 to 12 months		221,962
Over 12 months		24,384
Total	$	695,747

The Bank monitors its deposit beta, which measures the sensitivity of deposit costs to market rate changes. Nonreciprocal brokered deposits generally exhibit a higher beta, as they are more directly correlated to prevailing market interest rates. Conversely, ICS and CDARS reciprocal deposits typically reflect the Bank’s core relationship with clients; these balances are primarily driven by a desire for FDIC insurance coverage rather than market-leading rates, resulting in lower price sensitivity.

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The following table sets forth information related to the uninsured deposit balances of the Bank for the periods presented.

	December 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
	Balance		Balance
(dollars in thousands)
As stated in FFIEC 041-Consolidated Report of Condition, schedule RC-O:
Total Bank unconsolidated deposits (including affiliate and subsidiary accounts)	$	11,423,825	$	11,996,115
Estimated uninsured deposits		5,150,662		6,883,241

The Bank, on a consolidated basis:
Total deposits	$	11,296,431	$	7,820,114
Estimated uninsured deposits (excluding affiliate and subsidiary accounts)		4,860,186		2,713,019

The following table sets forth the mix of our deposit accounts and their respective percentages of total deposits for the periods presented.

	December 31, 2025					December 31, 2024
	Amount		% of total			Amount		% of total
(dollars in thousands)
Demand, noninterest-bearing	$	2,420,397		21.5	%	$	1,422,044		18.2	%
Demand, interest-bearing & NOW		4,992,696		44.4			3,248,731		41.5
Savings		1,030,644		9.2			592,139		7.6
Time		2,796,877		24.9			2,557,200		32.7
Total Deposits	$	11,240,614		100.0	%	$	7,820,114		100.0	%

Total deposits increased by $3.4 billion, or 43.7%, to $11.2 billion as of December 31, 2025, compared to $7.8 billion at year-end 2024. This significant growth was primarily driven by the merger with FLIC. The increase in the deposit base was reflected across the following categories:

●

Interest-bearing demand deposits: Increased $1.7 billion

●

Noninterest-bearing demand deposits: Increased $1.0 billion

●

Savings deposits: Increased $438.5 million

●

Time deposits: Increased $239.7 million

The Bank continues to utilize reciprocal deposit programs to manage large-dollar client relationships. Total interest-bearing demand deposits included $1.2 billion in ICS reciprocal deposits as of December 31, 2025 and $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2024. Within the time deposit portfolio, CDARS balances were $43.3 million at year-end 2025, compared to $60.3 million at year-end 2024.

Additionally, time deposits included $723.4 million in nonreciprocal brokered deposits as of December 31, 2025. This represents a decrease from $907.2 million at the prior year-end, reflecting a strategic shift toward core retail deposits following the merger.

As of December 31, 2025, we held $948.9 million of time deposits balances greater than $250,000. The following table provides information on the maturity distribution of the time deposits with balances greater than $250,000 as of December 31, 2025:

	December 31,
	2025
(dollars in thousands)
3 months or less	$	242,095
Over 3 to 6 months		311,426
Over 6 to 12 months		320,729
Over 12 months		74,633
Total	$	948,883

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Federal Home Loan Bank Advances

Federal Home Loan Bank advances are secured, under the terms of a blanket collateral agreement, primarily by commercial mortgage loans. As of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, the Company had a gross carrying value of $~~688~~903.15 million, excluding a net fair value discount of $3614 thousand, in notes outstanding at a weighted average interest rate of 43.4997%. As of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, the Company had a gross carrying value of $~~933~~688.61 million, excluding a net fair value discount of $5836 thousand, in notes outstanding at a weighted average interest rate of 54.4149%.

Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments

The following table summarizes contractual obligations as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025 and the effect such obligations are expected to have on liquidity and cash flows in future periods.

Over 5

Total

Less than 1 year

1 – 3 years

4 – 5 years

years

(dollars in thousands)

December 31, 2024

December 31, 2025

Contractual obligations:

Operating lease obligations

1737,~~851~~466

35,~~576~~870

69,~~370~~724

35,~~525~~992

415,~~380~~880

Other contractual obligations:

Time Deposits

2,~~557~~797,~~200~~886

2,~~202~~571,~~302~~266

~~345~~219,~~612~~445

97,~~286~~168

-7

Federal Home Loan Bank advances and repurchase agreements

~~688~~903,~~064~~503

~~660~~878,~~493~~050

225,~~310~~226

~~25,000~~-

~~261~~227

Finance lease

1,~~381~~029

353

~~706~~676

~~322~~-

Subordinated debentures, net of debt issuance costs

79201,~~944~~864

Total other contractual obligations

3,~~326~~904,~~589~~282

23,~~863~~449,~~148~~669

~~348~~245,~~628~~347

347,~~608~~168

80202,~~205~~098

Other commercial commitments – off-balance sheet:

Commitments under commercial loans and lines of credit

~~748~~1,~~082~~099,702

~~562~~711,~~656~~562

~~145~~300,~~467~~607

926,~~464~~597

3060,~~495~~936

Home equity and other revolving lines of credit

4191,~~365~~102

715,~~977~~756

1632,~~369~~140

1020,~~110~~330

622,~~909~~876

Outstanding commercial mortgage loan commitments

~~345~~293,~~911~~851

64110,~~327~~152

~~277~~170,~~879~~126

23,~~935~~270

~~770~~10,303

Standby letters of credit

4121,~~466~~355

2918,~~399~~468

~~10,067~~887

2,000

Overdraft protection lines

~~818~~2,742

~~414~~2,217

~~181~~331

~~216~~189

Total other commercial commitments-off balance sheet

1,~~177~~508,~~642~~752

~~664~~858,~~773~~155

~~449~~504,~~963~~091

2452,~~516~~202

3894,~~390~~304

Total contractual obligations and other commitments

45,~~522~~450,~~082~~500

34,~~531~~313,~~497~~694

~~804~~759,~~961~~162

6265,~~649~~362

~~122~~312,~~975~~282

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Capital

The maintenance of a solid capital foundation continues to be a primary goal for the Company. Accordingly, capital plans, stock repurchases, and dividend policies are monitored on an ongoing basis. The most important objective of the capital planning process is to balance effectively the retention of capital to support future growth and the goal of providing stockholders with an attractive long-term return on their investment.

United States bank regulators have issued guidelines establishing minimum capital standards related to the level of assets and off balance-sheet exposures adjusted for credit risk. Specifically, these guidelines categorize assets and off balance-sheet items into risk-weightings and require banking institutions to maintain a minimum ratio of capital to risk-weighted assets. As of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, the Company’s CET 1, Tier 1 and total risk-based capital ratios were 10.9724%, 1211.2922% and 1413.1188%, respectively. For information on risk-based capital and regulatory guidelines for the Parent Corporation and its bank subsidiary, see Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The foregoing capital ratios are based in part on specific quantitative measures of assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by the bank regulators regarding capital components, risk weightings, and other factors.

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Subordinated Debentures

During 2003, the Company formed a statutory business trust, which exists for the exclusive purpose of (i) issuing Trust Securities representing undivided beneficial interests in the assets of the Trust; (ii) investing the gross proceeds of the Trust securities in junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures (subordinated debentures) of the Company; and (iii) engaging in only those activities necessary or incidental thereto. On December 19, 2003, Center Bancorp Statutory Trust II, a statutory business trust and wholly-owned subsidiary of the Parent Corporation issued $5.0 million of MMCapS capital securities to investors due on January 23, 2034. The capital securities presently qualify as Tier I capital. The trust loaned the proceeds of this offering to the Company and received in exchange $5.2 million of the Parent Corporation’s subordinated debentures. The subordinated debentures are redeemable in whole or in part prior to maturity. The floating interest rate on the subordinate debentures was previously three-month LIBOR plus 2.85% and reprices quarterly. Upon the cessation of publication of LIBOR rates and pursuant to the Federal LIBOR Act and Federal Reserve regulations implementing the Act, applicable US Dollar LIBOR indexed instruments like the Company’s outstanding $5.0 million of MMCapS capital securities converted effective June 30, 2023 to a new index based on CME Term SOFR, as defined in the LIBOR Act, plus a tenor spread adjustment, which is referred to as the Benchmark Replacement. Therefore, effective for quarterly interest rate resets after July 3, 2023 the subordinated debentures’ floating rate will be three-month CME Term SOFR plus 2.85% plus a tenor spread of 0.26161%. The rate as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025 was 76.7095%. These subordinated debentures and the related income effects are not eliminated in the consolidated financial statements, as the statutory business trust is not consolidated in accordance with FASB ASC 810-10. "Consolidation" . Distributions on the subordinated debentures owned by the subsidiary trust have been classified as interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

~~During June~~On ~~2020~~May 15, 2025, the Parent Corporation issued $75 200 million in aggregate principal amount of fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes (the ~~“2020~~ "2025 Notes”"). The ~~2020~~ 2025 Notes bear interest at 5 8.75125% annually from, and including, the date of initial issuance up to, but excluding~~, June~~ 15June 1, ~~2025~~2030 or the date of earlier redemption, payable semi-annually in arrears on ~~June~~ 15June 1 and December 151 of each year, commencing December 151, ~~2020~~2025. From and including ~~June~~ 15June 1, ~~2025~~2030 through maturity or earlier redemption, the interest rate shall reset quarterly to an interest rate per annum equal to a benchmark rate, which is ~~expected to be~~ Three-Month Term SOFR: (as defined in the ~~Second~~Prospectus ~~Supplemental Indenture~~Supplement), plus ~~560~~ 441.5 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears on March 151, June 151, September 15 1 and December 15 1 of each year, commencing on September ~~June 15~~1, ~~2025~~2030. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the benchmark rate is less than zero, then the benchmark rate shall be deemed to be zero.

During June 2020, the Parent Corporation issued $75 million in aggregate principal amount of fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes (the “2020 Notes”). The 2020 Notes which were redeemed in full on September 15, 2025, bore interest, since June 15, 2025, at a variable rate equal to the then benchmark rate, which is Three-Month Term SOFR (as defined in the Second Supplemental Indenture), plus 560.5 basis points.

During January 2018, the Parent Corporation issued $75 million in aggregate principal amount of fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes (the “2018 Notes”). The 2018 Notes bore interest at a rate that resets quarterly to an interest rate per annum equal to the then current three-month LIBOR rate plus 284 basis points (2.84%) payable quarterly in arrears. Interest on the 2018 Notes was to be paid on February 1, May 1, August 1, and November 1, of each year to but excluding the stated maturity date, unless in any case previously redeemed. The 2018 Notes were redeemed in full on February 1, 2023.

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Preferred Stock

On August 19, 2021, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 115,000 shares, or $115 million in aggregate liquidation preference, of its depositary shares, each representing a 1/40th interest in a share of the Company’s 5.25% Fixed-Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A, no par value, with a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share. The net proceeds received from the issuance of preferred stock at the time of closing were $110.9 million.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Interest Sensitivity

Market Risk

Interest rate risk management is our primary market risk. See “Item 7- Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation- Interest Rate Sensitivity Analysis” herein for a discussion of our management of our interest rate risk.

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PART II

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

All Financial Statements:

The following financial statements are filed as part of this report under Item 8 - “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

		Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		7376
Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition		7680
Consolidated Statements of Income		7781
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income		7882
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity		7983
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows		8084
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements		8185

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM (PCAOB ID 173)

Shareholders and the Board of Directors of

ConnectOne Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying statements of financial condition of ConnectOne Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, ~~2024~~2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, ~~2024~~2025 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements.

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Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit ~~Matter~~Matters

The critical audit ~~matter~~matters communicated below isare amatters ~~matter~~ arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) ~~relates~~relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit ~~matter~~matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit ~~matter~~matters below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit ~~matter~~matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which itthey relates.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Qualitative Loss Factors on Commercial and Commercial Real Estate Loans

As described in Note 1a to the consolidated financial statements, the Company accounts for credit losses under ASC 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses. ASC 326 requires the measurement of expected lifetime credit losses for financial assets measured at amortized cost at the reporting date. As of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, the allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) on loans was $82154,~~685~~305,000.

Management employs a process and methodology to estimate the ACL on pooled loans that evaluates both quantitative and qualitative factors. The methodology for evaluating quantitative factors includes pooling loans into portfolio segments for loans that share similar characteristics. Pooled loan portfolio segments include commercial, commercial real estate, commercial construction, residential real estate, and consumer loans.

For pooled loans, the Company utilizes a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) methodology to estimate credit losses over the expected life of the loan. The DCF methodology combines probability of default, the loss given default, and prepayment speed assumptions to estimate a reserve for each loan. The quantitative loss rates are adjusted by macroeconomic scenarios and reverts, on a straight-line basis, to average historical losses after the forecasted periods. The sum of all the loan level reserves is aggregated for each portfolio segment and a quantitative loss factor is derived. The quantitative factors are also supplemented by certain qualitative loss factors reflecting management’s view of how losses may vary from those represented by quantitative loss rates. Qualitative loss factors, for each loan segment within the portfolio, incorporate consideration for a minimum to maximum range for qualitative loss factor derived from either the Company’s historical loss experience of or peer group historical loss experience. Changes in these assumptions could have a material effect on the Company’s financial results.

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We identified auditing the qualitative component of the ACL on pooled loans in the commercial and commercial real estate loan segments as a critical audit matter because the methodology to determine the estimate of credit losses uses subjective judgments by management and is subject to material variability.

Performing audit procedures to evaluate the qualitative loss factors on the commercial and commercial real estate loan segments involved a high degree of auditor judgment and required significant effort, including the need to involve more experienced audit personnel including the use of internal specialists.

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

● Testing the ~~effective~~effectiveness of controls over the evaluation of the ACL on pooled loans, including controls addressing:

Methodology and accounting policies.

Data inputs, judgments and calculations used to determine the qualitative loss factors.

Information technology general controls and application controls.

Management’s evaluation of qualitative loss factors.

●

Substantively, testing management’s process, including evaluating their judgments and assumptions, for developing the ACL on pooled loans, which included:

Evaluating the appropriateness of the Company’s accounting policies, judgments and elections.

Testing the mathematical accuracy of the calculation.

Testing the completeness and accuracy of data used in the calculation including utilizing internal specialists to assist in testing the mathematical accuracy of the underlying peer data used to develop the maximum loss factors.

Evaluating the reasonableness of management’s judgments related to qualitative loss factors to determine if they are calculated to conform with management’s policies and were consistently applied period over period.

Business Combination – Fair Value of Acquired Loans

As described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, on June 1, 2025, the Company completed the acquisition of The First of Long Island Corporation for stock and cash consideration totaling $270,828,000. The acquisition was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires management to record the assets and liabilities assumed at fair value on the acquisition date. The estimation of fair values related to acquired loans required management to make significant judgments and assumptions. The acquired loans were initially recorded at $2,882,951,000.

The fair value of the acquired loan portfolio was calculated on a pooled loan basis using discounted cash flow analysis for accruing loans and on an individual basis for nonaccrual loans. This analysis took into consideration the contractual terms of the loans and assumptions related to the credit risk, expected lifetime losses, qualitative factors, collateral values, discount rates, and other liquidity considerations to estimate projected cash flows. Acquired loans were evaluated to determine whether they met the definition of purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) based on indicators of more-than-insignificant credit deterioration since origination. For PCD loans, an allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) was established at acquisition date through a gross-up of amortized cost, with no provision for credit losses recognized at acquisition, and the remaining difference between amortized cost, net of ACL and fair value allocated to the loans on the acquisition date is recorded as a non-credit-related discount to be accreted into interest income over the life of the loans.

We identified auditing the fair value of acquired loans as a critical audit matter because it involved a high degree of auditor judgment and significant audit effort to evaluate the significant judgments made by management, including expected lifetime losses, discount rates, projected cash flows and PCD loan criteria, and the need to involve more experienced audit personnel including the use of internal specialists.

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

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●

Testing the effectiveness of controls over the evaluation of the fair value of acquired loans, including controls addressing the evaluation of the:

Appropriateness of methods and significant assumptions applied in the estimate of fair value over the acquired loans

Relevance and reliability of data used in the fair value of acquired loans.

Criteria used to identify purchase credit deteriorated loan population and completeness of the population.

Completeness and accuracy of loan data used in the calculation

●

Substantively, testing management’s process, for establishing the fair value of acquired loans, which included:

Evaluation of, with the assistance of our internal specialists, the appropriateness, from a market-participant viewpoint, of the methods and significant assumptions applied in the estimate of the fair value of acquired loans, including the application of the expected lifetime losses, discount rates, projected cash flows used in the calculation.

Evaluation of the relevance and reliability of data used in the valuation of acquired loans.

Evaluation of criteria used to identify purchase credit deteriorated loan population and completeness of the population.

Testing the completeness and accuracy of loan data used in the calculation.

/s/ Crowe LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2014.

Livingston, New Jersey

February 2124, ~~2025~~2026

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CONNECTONE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

	December 31,
	2024			2023
	2025			2024
(in thousands, except share data)
ASSETS
Cash and due from banks	$	5792,~~816~~406		$	6157,~~421~~816
Interest-bearing deposits with banks		~~298~~288,~~672~~489			~~181~~298,~~293~~672
Cash and cash equivalents		~~356~~380,~~488~~895			~~242~~356,~~714~~488
Investment securities		~~612~~1,~~847~~250,938			~~617~~612,~~162~~847
Equity securities		2019,~~092~~287			1820,~~564~~092
Loans held-for-sale		~~743~~391			-743
Loans receivable		811,~~274~~453,~~810~~280			8,~~345~~274,~~145~~810
Less: Allowance for credit losses - loans		82154,~~685~~305			8182,~~974~~685
Net loans receivable		811,~~192~~298,~~125~~975			8,~~263~~192,~~171~~125
Investment in restricted stock, at cost		4054,~~449~~722			5140,~~457~~449
Bank premises and equipment, net		2855,~~447~~285			3028,~~779~~447
Accrued interest receivable		4560,~~498~~761			4945,~~108~~498
Bank owned life insurance		~~243~~370,~~672~~713			~~237~~243,~~644~~672
Right of use operating lease assets		1429,~~489~~603			1214,~~007~~489
Goodwill		~~208~~220,~~372~~235			208,372
Core deposit intangibles		459,~~639~~923			54,~~874~~639
Other assets		~~111~~200,~~739~~972			~~118~~111,~~751~~739
Total assets	$	914,~~879~~002,~~600~~700		$	9,~~855~~879,~~603~~600
LIABILITIES
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing	$	12,~~422~~420,~~044~~397		$	1,~~259~~422,~~364~~044
Interest-bearing		68,~~398~~820,~~070~~218			6,~~276~~398,~~838~~070
Total deposits		711,~~820~~240,~~114~~615			7,~~536~~820,~~202~~114
Borrowings		~~688~~903,~~064~~489			~~933~~688,~~579~~064
Subordinated debentures, net of debt issuance costs		79201,~~944~~864			79,~~439~~944
Operating lease liabilities		1532,~~498~~446			1315,~~171~~498
Other liabilities		3450,~~276~~946			7634,~~592~~276
Total liabilities		812,~~637~~429,~~896~~360			8,~~638~~637,~~983~~896
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Preferred Stock, no par value;
$1,000 per share liquidation preference; Authorized 5,000,000 shares; issued 115,000 shares as of December 31, 2024 and as of December 31, 2023; outstanding 115,000 shares as of December 31, 2024 and as of December 31, 2023		110,927			110,927
$1,000 per share liquidation preference; Authorized 5,000,000 shares; issued 115,000 shares as of December 31, 2025 and as of December 31, 2024; outstanding 115,000 shares as of December 31, 2025 and as of December 31, 2024		110,927			110,927
Common stock, no par value:
Authorized 100,000,000 shares; issued 42,255,865 shares as of December 31, 2024 and 42,122,948 shares as of December 31, 2023; outstanding 38,370,317 shares as of December 31, 2024 and 38,519,770 as of December 31, 2023		586,946			586,946
Authorized 100,000,000 shares; issued 54,157,402 shares as of December 31, 2025 and 42,255,865 shares as of December 31, 2024; outstanding 50,271,854 shares as of December 31, 2025 and 38,370,317 as of December 31, 2024		857,765			586,946
Additional paid-in capital		3638,~~347~~763			3336,~~182~~347
Retained earnings		~~631~~673,~~446~~897			~~590~~631,~~970~~446
Treasury stock, at cost 3,885,548 shares as of December 31, 2024 and 3,603,178 shares as of December 31, 2023		(76,116	)		(70,296	)
Treasury stock, at cost: 3,885,548 common shares as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024		(76,116	)		(76,116	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(4731,~~846~~896	)		(3547,~~109~~846	)
Total stockholders’ equity		1,~~241~~573,~~704~~340			1,~~216~~241,~~620~~704
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	914,~~879~~002,~~600~~700		$	9,~~855~~879,~~603~~600

See the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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CONNECTONE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

	Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023			2022
	2025		2024			2023
(dollars in thousands, except for per share data)
Interest income:
Interest and fees on loans	$	~~477~~581,~~859~~136	$	~~453~~477,~~992~~859		$	~~352~~453,~~993~~992
Interest and dividends on investment securities:
Taxable		1836,~~561~~085		1618,~~666~~561			1216,~~712~~666
Tax-exempt		46,~~503~~525		4,~~641~~503			34,~~893~~641
Dividends		43,~~349~~694		34,~~662~~349			13,~~655~~662
Interest on federal funds sold and other short-term investments		1217,~~617~~428		1112,~~104~~617			211,~~493~~104
Total interest income		~~517~~644,~~889~~868		~~490~~517,~~065~~889			~~373~~490,~~746~~065
Interest expense:
Deposits		~~244~~260,~~846~~294		~~206~~244,~~176~~846			50206,~~561~~176
Borrowings		2531,~~706~~323		2825,~~783~~706			2128,~~066~~783
Total interest expense		~~270~~291,~~552~~617		~~234~~270,~~959~~552			71234,~~627~~959
Net interest income		~~247~~353,~~337~~251		~~255~~247,~~106~~337			~~302~~255,~~119~~106
Provision for credit losses		1347,~~800~~000		813,~~200~~800			178,~~750~~200
Net interest income after provision for credit losses		~~233~~306,~~537~~251		~~246~~233,~~906~~537			~~284~~246,~~369~~906
Noninterest income:
Deposit, loan and other income		611,~~861~~701		6,~~098~~861			76,~~472~~098
Income on bank owned life insurance		7,142		6,316			5,597
Defined benefit pension plan curtailment gain		3,501		-			-
Net gains on sale of loans held-for-sale		2,723		1,704			1,695
Employee retention tax credit		6,608		-			-
Net gains (losses) on equity securities		2		(117	)		(1,521	)
Income on bank owned life insurance		9,548		7,142			6,316
Total noninterest income		16,728		14,001			13,243
Net gains on sale of loans held-for-sale		2,003		2,723			1,704
Net gains (losses) on equity securities		1,704		2			(117	)
Total noninterest income		35,065		16,728			14,001
Noninterest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits		90111,~~053~~423		8890,~~223~~053			8088,~~717~~223
Occupancy and equipment		1116,~~615~~545		1011,~~884~~615			910,~~865~~884
FDIC insurance		78,~~200~~600		87,~~365~~200			28,~~881~~365
Professional and consulting		810,~~447~~801		78,~~547~~447			87,~~053~~547
Marketing and advertising		23,~~420~~180		12,~~965~~420			1,~~692~~965
Information technology and communications		1720,~~574~~005		1417,~~340~~574			1114,~~108~~340
Merger expenses		1,605		-			-
Restructuring and exit charges		994		-			-
Branch closing expenses		477		-			-
Merger expenses		34,461		1,605			-
Amortization of core deposit intangible		1,235		1,438			1,685
Branch closing expenses		1,275		477			-
Increase in value of acquisition price		-		-			1,516
Bank owned life insurance restructuring charge		327		-			-
Other expenses		11,172		11,187			8,871
Amortization of core deposit intangible		7,922		1,235			1,438
Total noninterest expenses		151,798		143,949			126,388
Other expenses		13,040		11,172			11,187
Income before income tax expense		98,467		116,958			171,224
Total noninterest expenses		228,573		151,798			143,949
Income tax expense		24,674		29,955			46,013
Income before income tax expense		112,743		98,467			116,958
Net income		73,793		87,003			125,211
Income tax expense		32,300		24,674			29,955
Preferred dividends		6,036		6,036			6,037
Net income		80,443		73,793			87,003
Net income available to common stockholders	$	67,757	$	80,967		$	119,174
Preferred dividends		6,036		6,036			6,036
Net income available to common stockholders	$	74,407	$	67,757		$	80,967
Earnings per common share:
Basic	$	1.7764	$	21.0877		$	32.0308
Diluted		1.7663		21.0776			32.0107

See the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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CONNECTONE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

	Years Ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2022
	2025			2024			2023
(dollars in thousands)
Net income	$	7380,~~793~~443		$	8773,~~003~~793		$	~~125~~87,~~211~~003
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Net unrealized holding (losses) gains on available-for-sale-securities arising during period		(11,856	)		3,940			(61,291	)
Net unrealized holding gains (losses) on available-for-sale-securities arising during period		28,980			(11,856	)		3,940
Net unrealized (losses) gains on cash flow hedges		(2,329	)		(7,550	)		29,954
Net unrealized losses on cash flow hedges		(14,577	)		(2,329	)		(7,550	)
Pension plan adjustments		1,~~448~~547			~~865~~1,448			~~377~~865
Total other comprehensive loss, net of tax		(12,737	)		(2,745	)		(30,960	)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		15,950			(12,737	)		(2,745	)
Total comprehensive income	$	6196,~~056~~393		$	8461,~~258~~056		$	9484,~~251~~258

See the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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CONNECTONE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

														Accumulated
														Other			Total
					Additional Paid			Retained						Comprehensive			Stockholders’
	Preferred Stock		Common Stock		In Capital			Earnings			Treasury Stock			~~Income~~ (Loss) Income			Equity
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)
Balance as of January 1, 2022	$	110,927	$	586,946	$	27,246		$	440,169		$	(39,672	)	$	(1,404	)	$	1,124,212
Balance as of January 1, 2023	$	110,927	$	586,946	$	30,126		$	535,915		$	(52,799	)	$	(32,364	)	$	1,178,751
Net income		-		-		-			125,211			-			-			125,211
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax		-		-		-			-			-			(30,960	)		(30,960	)
Cash dividends declared on preferred stock ($1.3125 per share)		-		-		-			(6,037	)		-			-			(6,037	)
Cash dividends declared on common stock ($0.595 per share)		-		-		-			(23,428	)		-			-			(23,428	)
Exercise of stock options (15,086 shares)		-		-		124			-			-			-			124
Restricted stock grants, net of forfeitures (53,169 shares)		-		-		-			-			-			-			-
Stock grants (153 shares)		-		-		-			-			-			-			-
Net shares issued in satisfaction of deferred stock units earned (31,383 shares)		-		-		-			-			-			-			-
Net shares issued in satisfaction of performance units earned (22,350 shares)		-		-		-			-			-			-			-
Share redemption for tax withholdings on performance units and deferred stock units earned		-		-		(2,133	)		-			-			-			(2,133	)
Repurchase of stock (447,108 shares)		-		-		-			-			(13,127	)		-			(13,127	)
Stock-based compensation expense		-		-		4,889			-			-			-			4,889
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	110,927	$	586,946	$	30,126		$	535,915		$	(52,799	)	$	(32,364	)	$	1,178,751
Net income		-		-		-			87,003			-			-			87,003
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax		-		-		-			-			-			(2,745	)		(2,745	)
Cash dividends declared on preferred stock ($1.3125 per share)		-		-		-			(6,036	)		-			-			(6,036	)
Cash dividends declared on common stock ($0.665 per share)		-		-		-			(25,912	)		-			-			(25,912	)
Exercise of stock options (7,388 shares)		-		-		96			-			-			-			96
Restricted stock grants, net of forfeitures (84,057 shares)		-		-		-			-			-			-			-
Stock grants (995 shares)		-		-		-			-			-			-			-
Net shares issued in satisfaction of deferred stock units earned (36,006 shares)		-		-		-			-			-			-			-
Net shares issued in satisfaction of performance units earned (52,353 shares)		-		-		-			-			-			-			-
Share redemption for tax withholdings on performance units and deferred stock units earned		-		-		(1,900	)		-			-			-			(1,900	)
Repurchase of stock (904,152 shares, including 1% excise tax)		-		-		-			-			(17,497	)		-			(17,497	)
Repurchase of stock (904,152 shares including 1% excise tax)		-		-		-			-			(17,497	)		-			(17,497	)
Stock-based compensation expense		-		-		4,860			-			-			-			4,860
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	110,927	$	586,946	$	33,182		$	590,970		$	(70,296	)	$	(35,109	)	$	1,216,620
Net income		-		-		-			73,793			-			-			73,793
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax		-		-		-			-			-			(12,737	)		(12,737	)
Cash dividends declared on preferred stock ($1.3125 per share)		-		-		-			(6,036	)		-			-			(6,036	)
Cash dividends declared on common stock ($0.71 per share)		-		-		-			(27,281	)		-			-			(27,281	)
Restricted stock grants, net of forfeitures (69,772 shares)		-		-		-			-			-			-			-
Stock grants (1,533 shares)		-		-		-			-			-			-			-
Net shares issued in satisfaction of deferred stock units earned (37,542 shares)		-		-		-			-			-			-			-
Net shares issued in satisfaction of performance units earned (24,070 shares)		-		-		-			-			-			-			-
Share redemption for tax withholdings on performance units and deferred stock units earned		-		-		(1,403	)		-			-			-			(1,403	)
Repurchase of stock (282,370 shares)		-		-		-			-			(5,820	)		-			(5,820	)
Stock-based compensation expense		-		-		4,568			-			-			-			4,568
Balance as of December 31, 2024	$	110,927	$	586,946	$	36,347		$	631,446		$	(76,116	)	$	(47,846	)	$	1,241,704
Net income		-		-		-			80,443			-			-			80,443
Other comprehensive income, net of tax		-		-		-			-			-			15,950			15,950
Cash dividends paid on preferred stock ($1.312500 per depositary share)		-		-		-			(6,036	)		-			-			(6,036	)
Cash dividends paid on common stock ($0.72 per share)		-		-		-			(31,956	)		-			-			(31,956	)
Restricted stock grants, net of forfeitures (70,533 shares)		-		-		-			-			-			-			-
Stock grants (1,328 shares)		-		-		-			-			-			-			-
Net shares issued in satisfaction of deferred stock units earned (42,621 shares)		-		-		-			-			-			-			-
Net shares issued in satisfaction of performance units earned (19,577 shares)		-		-		-			-			-			-			-
Share redemption for tax withholdings on restricted stock units for FLIC (22,638 shares)		-		-		(507	)		-			-			-			(507	)
Share redemption for tax withholdings on performance units and deferred stock units earned		-		-		(1,725	)		-			-			-			(1,725	)
Stock-based compensation		-		-		4,648			-			-			-			4,648
Stock issued in connection with FLIC merger (11,790,116 shares)		-		270,819		-			-			-			-			270,819
Balance as of December 31, 2025	$	110,927	$	857,765	$	38,763		$	673,897		$	(76,116	)	$	(31,896	)	$	1,573,340

See the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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Table of Contents

CONNECTONE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

.	Years Ended December 31,
	Years Ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2022
(dollars in thousands)		2025			2024			2023
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income	$	7380,~~793~~443		$	8773,~~003~~793		$	~~125~~87,~~211~~003
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment		46,~~422~~087			4,~~503~~422			34,~~863~~503
Provision for credit losses		1347,~~800~~000			813,~~200~~800			178,~~750~~200
Amortization of intangibles		17,~~235~~922			1,~~438~~235			1,~~685~~438
Net accretion of loans		(~~879~~23,902	)		(~~1,904~~879	)		(31,~~178~~904	)
Accretion on bank premises		~~(49~~-	)		(49	)		(49	)
Accretion on deposits		(88	)		(279	)		(777	)
Amortization (accretion) on deposits		1,236			(88	)		(279	)
Amortization on borrowings		22			2122			4021
Net deferred income tax (benefit) expense		(2,~~040~~772	)		4(2,~~135~~040	)		~~(403~~4,135	)
Stock-based compensation		4,568			4,860			4,889
Loss on bank owned life insurance policy exchange		327			-			-
Change in fair value of equity securities, net		(2	)		117			1,521
Stock-based compensation		4,648			4,568			4,860
Gain on sale of loans held-for-sale, net		(2,723	)		(1,704	)		(1,695	)
(Gain) loss on equity securities, net		(1,704	)		(2	)		117
Net losses on disposition of fixed assets		477			-			22
Gain on sale of loans held-for-sale, net		(2,003	)		(2,723	)		(1,704	)
Gain on sale of other real estate owned		-			22			6
Loans originated for resale		(30,321	)		(29,340	)		(26,153	)
Loans originated for resale		(29,340	)		(26,153	)		(21,128	)
Proceeds from sale of loans held-for-sale		32,676			31,320			36,645
Proceeds from sale of loans held-for-sale		31,320			36,645			28,341
Net loss on disposition of fixed assets		1,275			477			-
Increase in cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance		(7,142	)		(6,316	)		(5,597	)
Net loss on sale of other real estate owned		-			-			22
Amortization of premiums on investment securities, net		793			1,030			2,155
Accretion of cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance		(9,548	)		(7,142	)		(6,316	)
Amortization of subordinated debt issuance costs		505			1,184			304
Accretion of discounts and amortization of premium on securities available-for-sale		(746	)		793			1,030
Decrease (increase) in accrued interest receivable		3,610			(3,046	)		(11,910	)
Amortization of subordinated debt issuance costs		645			505			1,184
Net change in operating leases		(155	)		(54	)		(182	)
(Increase) decrease in accrued interest receivable		(1,327	)		3,610			(3,046	)
Decrease (increase) in other assets		8,691			(7,514	)		(12,413	)
Net change in operating leases		(1,042	)		(155	)		(54	)
(Increase) decrease in other liabilities		(40,118	)		(9,248	)		48,322
(Increase) decrease in other assets		(10,628	)		8,691			(7,514	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		60,700			92,891			176,777
Increase (decrease) in other liabilities		8,110			(40,118	)		(9,248	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		106,398			60,700			92,891
Cash flows from investing activities
Investment securities available-for-sale:
Purchases		(80441,~~519~~441	)		(4280,~~143~~519	)		(~~339~~42,~~059~~143	)
Maturities, calls and principal repayments		69,651			64,550			150,287
Sales		277,477			-			-
Net redemptions (purchases) of restricted investment in bank stocks		11,008			(4,853	)		(18,778	)
Maturities, calls and principal repayments		161,768			69,651			64,550
Purchases of equity securities		(1,~~526~~825	)		(21,~~870~~526	)		(32,~~538~~870	)
Loans held-for-sale payments		-			25			54
Proceeds from equity securities sold		4,334			-			-
Net decrease (increase) in loans		57,941			(255,556	)		(1,292,938	)
Net redemptions (purchases) of restricted investment in bank stocks		10,003			11,008			(4,853	)
Cash flow hedge premium payment		-			-			(6,965	)
Loans held-for-sale payments		-			-			25
Purchases of premises and equipment		(3,793	)		(7,433	)		(3,301	)
Net (increase) decrease in loans		(246,232	)		57,941			(255,556	)
Purchases of bank owned life insurance		-			-			(30,000	)
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned		-			-			242
Proceeds from BOLI death benefits		1,114			-			-
Proceeds from bank owned life insurance		278			1,114			-
Proceeds from disposition of fixed assets		1,275			-			697
Purchases of premises and equipment		(5,389	)		(3,793	)		(7,433	)
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned		-			242			309
Proceeds from disposition of fixed assets		-			1,275			-
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		55,151			(248,038	)		(1,543,232	)
Cash acquired, net of cash consideration paid in acquisition		54,869			-			-
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities		(186,158	)		55,151			(248,038	)
Cash flows from financing activities
Net increase in deposits		~~284~~168,~~000~~118			~~179~~284,~~859~~000			1179,~~024,446~~859
Repayment of subordinated debt		-			(75,000	)		-
Proceeds from issuance of subordinated debt		200,000			-			-
Advances of Federal Holme Loan Bank ("FHLB") borrowings		866,529			2,946,500			4,203,181
Redemption of subordinated debt		(75,000	)		-			(75,000	)
Repayments of FHLB borrowings		(1,112,066	)		(2,870,564	)		(3,813,792	)
Payment of subordinated debt issuance costs		(3,725	)		-			-
Cash dividends paid on preferred stock		(6,036	)		(6,036	)		(6,037	)
Proceeds from FHLB borrowings		966,000			866,529			2,946,500
Cash dividends paid on common stock		(27,281	)		(25,912	)		(23,428	)
Repayment of FHLB borrowings		(1,111,002	)		(1,112,066	)		(2,870,564	)
Purchase of treasury stock		(5,820	)		(17,497	)		(13,127	)
Cash dividends paid on preferred stock		(6,036	)		(6,036	)		(6,036	)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		-			96			124
Cash dividends paid on common stock		(31,956	)		(27,281	)		(25,912	)
Share redemption for tax withholdings on performance units and deferred stock units earned		(1,403	)		(1,900	)		(2,133	)
Purchase of treasury stock		-			(5,820	)		(17,497	)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(2,077	)		129,546			1,369,234
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		-			-			96
Net change in cash and cash equivalents		113,774			(25,601	)		2,779
Share redemption for tax withholdings on performance units and deferred stock units earned		(2,232	)		(1,403	)		(1,900	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		242,714			268,315			265,536
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		104,167			(2,077	)		129,546
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	356,488		$	242,714		$	268,315
Net change in cash and cash equivalents		24,407			113,774			(25,601	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		356,488			242,714			268,315
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	380,895		$	356,488		$	242,714
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash payments for:
Interest paid	$	~~270~~286,~~946~~294		$	~~230~~270,~~806~~946		$	67230,~~850~~806
Income taxes paid		2443,~~001~~739			3124,~~647~~001			4931,~~234~~647
Supplemental disclosures of noncash investing activities:
Transfer of loans to other real estate owned	$	-		$	-		$	579
Fair value of assets acquired	$	3,905,094		$	-		$	-
Transfer of loans held-for-sale to loans held-for-investment		-			16,156			8,043
Fair value of liabilities assumed		3,641,505			-			-
Transfer of loans held-for-investment to loans held-for-sale		-			11,197			27,137
Stock issued in connection with FLIC merger		270,819			-			-
Transfer of loans held-for-sale to loans held-for-investment		-			-			16,156
Transfer of loans held-for-investment to loans held-for-sale		-			-			11,197

See the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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Table of Contents

CONNECTONE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1a – Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Operations

ConnectOne Bancorp, Inc. (the “Parent Corporation”) is incorporated under the laws of the State of New Jersey and is a registered bank holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHCA”). The Parent Corporation’s business currently consists of the operation of its wholly-owned subsidiary, ConnectOne Bank (the “Bank” and, collectively with the Parent Corporation and the Parent Corporation’s subsidiaries, the “Company”) and making certain limited investments. The Bank’s direct and indirect subsidiaries include Union Investment Co. (a New Jersey investment company), Twin Bridge Investment Co. (a Delaware investment company), ConnectOne Preferred Funding Corp. (a New Jersey real estate investment trust), Center Financial Group, LLC (a New Jersey financial services company), Center Advertising, Inc. (a New Jersey advertising company), Morris Property Company, LLC, (a New Jersey limited liability company), Volosin Holdings, LLC, (a New Jersey limited liability company), NJCB Spec-1, LLC (a New Jersey limited liability company), Port Jervis Holdings, LLC (a New Jersey limited liability company), BONJ Special Properties, LLC (a New Jersey limited liability company), The First of Long Island REIT (a New York real estate investment trust), FNY Service Corp (a New York investment company) and BoeFly, Inc. (a New Jersey financial technology company).

The Bank is a community-based, full-service New Jersey-chartered commercial bank that was founded in 2005. The Bank operates from its headquarters located at 301 Sylvan Avenue in the Borough of Englewood Cliffs, Bergen County, New Jersey and through its 2358 other banking offices. On June 1, 2025, the Company completed its acquisition of The First of Long Island Corporation ("FLIC") and the First National Bank of Long Island ("FNBLI"), FLIC’s wholly owned subsidiary depository institution, which was merged into the Bank. See Note 2. Substantially all loans are secured with various types of collateral, including business assets, consumer assets and commercial/residential real estate. Each borrower’s ability to repay ~~its~~ their loans is dependent on the conversion of assets, cash flows generated from the borrowers’ business, real estate rental and consumer wages.

Basis of Presentation and Principals of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The consolidated financial statements of the Parent Corporation are prepared on an accrual basis and include the accounts of the Parent Corporation and the Company. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated from the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Segments

FASB ASC 28, “Segment Reporting,” requires companies to report certain information about operating segments. The Company is managed as one segment: a community bank. All decisions including but not limited to loan growth, deposit funding, interest rate risk, credit risk and pricing are determined after assessing the effect on the totality of the organization. For example, loan growth is dependent on the ability of the organization to fund this growth through deposits or other borrowings. As a result, the Company is managed as one operating segment. See Note 24 for disclosures related to the reportable segment.

Use of Estimates

In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management has made estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the dates of the consolidated statements of condition and that affect the results of operations for the periods presented. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

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CONNECTONE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1a – Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash, deposits with other financial institutions with maturities of less than 90 days, and federal funds sold. Net cash flows are reported for client loan and deposit transactions, interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions, and federal funds purchased and repurchase agreements.

Investment Securities

The Company accounts for its investment securities in accordance with FASB ASC 320, “Investments-Debt and Equity Securities”. Investments are classified into the following categories: (1) held-to-maturity securities, for which the Company has both the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity, which are reported at amortized cost; (2) trading securities, which are purchased and held principally for the purpose of selling in the near term and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in earnings; and (3) available-for-sale securities, which do not meet the criteria of the other two categories and which management believes may be sold prior to maturity due to changes in interest rates, prepayment risk, liquidity or other factors, and are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses, net of applicable income taxes, reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income, which is included in stockholders’ equity and excluded from earnings.

Investment securities are adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts as adjustments to interest income, which are recognized on a level yield method without anticipating prepayments, except for mortgage-backed securities where prepayments are anticipated. Investment securities gains or losses are determined using the specific identification method.

Investment securities available-for-sale are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses reported in comprehensive income, net of tax. Interest income includes amortization of purchase premiums or discounts. Premiums and discounts on securities are generally amortized using the level-yield method without estimating prepayments, except for mortgage-backed securities, where prepayment rates are estimated. Premiums on callable investment securities are amortized to their earliest call date. Gains and losses on sales of securities are recorded on the trade date and determined using the specific identification method.

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CONNECTONE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1a – Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued)

For available-for-sale investment securities which are in an unrealized loss position, the Company will first assess whether we intend to sell, or it is more likely than not, that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria is met, the amortized cost basis of the security is written down to fair value through income. For available-for-sale investment securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from an actual or estimated credit loss event or other factors. In making this assessment, we consider the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, changes to the rating of the security, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss is likely, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the estimated credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit loss is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of tax. The Company elected the practical expedient of zero loss estimates for securities issued by U.S. government entities and agencies. These securities are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, are highly rated by major agencies and have a long history of no credit losses.

Equity Securities

The Company’s investments in equity securities are recorded at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included in earnings.

Loans Held-for-Sale

Residential mortgage loans, originated and intended for sale in the secondary market, are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or estimated fair value as determined by outstanding commitments from investors. For these loans originated and intended for sale, gains and losses on loan sales (sale proceeds minus carrying value) are recorded in other income and direct loan origination costs and fees are deferred at origination of the loan and are recognized in other income upon sale of the loan.

Other loans held-for-sale are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or estimated fair value. Fair value on these loans is determined based on the terms of the loan, such as interest rate, maturity date, and reset term, as well as sales of similar assets.

Loans

Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at the principal balance outstanding, net of deferred loan fees and costs, purchase premium and discounts and an allowance for credit losses. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized in interest income using the level-yield method without anticipating prepayments.

Loan segments are defined as a group of loans, which share similar initial measurement attributes, risk characteristics, and methods for monitoring and assessing credit risk. Management has determined that the Company has five segments of loans: commercial, commercial real estate, commercial construction, residential real estate (including home equity) and consumer.

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CONNECTONE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1a – Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued)

Loans that are 90 days past due are placed on nonaccrual and previously accrued interest is reversed and charged against interest income unless the loans are both well-secured and in the process of collection. Past due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan. In certain cases, loans are placed on nonaccrual or charged-off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful. Nonaccrual loans include both ~~smaller balance~~ homogeneous loans that are collectively evaluated for credit losses and loans individually analyzed for credit losses.

All interest accrued but not received for loans placed on nonaccrual is reversed against interest income. Interest received on such loans is accounted for on the cash-basis or cost-recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

The policy of the Company is to grant commercial, residential and consumer loans to residents and businesses within the market-areas served by its offices in New Jersey, New York and Florida. The borrowers’ abilities to repay their obligations are dependent upon various factors including the borrowers’ income and net worth, cash flows generated by the borrowers’ underlying collateral, value of the underlying collateral, and priority of the lender’s lien on the property. Such factors are dependent upon various economic conditions and individual circumstances beyond the control of the Company. The Company is therefore subject to risk of loss. The Company believes its lending policies and procedures adequately minimize the potential exposure to such risks and that adequate provisions for credit losses are provided for all known and inherent risks. Collateral and/or personal guarantees are required for a large majority of the Company’s loans.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses is an estimate of current expected credit losses considering available information relevant to assessing the collectability of cash flows over the contractual term of the financial assets necessary to cover lifetime expected credit losses inherent in financial assets at the balance sheet date. The measurement of expected credit losses is applicable to loans receivable and investment securities measured at amortized cost. It also applies to off-balance-sheet credit exposures such as loan commitments and unused lines of credit. Loan losses are charged against the allowance for credit losses when the Company believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses. The allowance is established through a provision for credit losses that is charged against income. The methodology for determining the allowance for credit losses is considered a critical accounting policy by management because of the high degree of judgment involved, the subjectivity of the assumptions used, and the potential for changes in the forecasted economic environment that could result in changes to the amount of the recorded allowance for credit losses. The expected credit loss for unfunded loan commitments is reported on the consolidated statement of financial condition in other liabilities.

For financial assets, the allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from, or added to, the amortized cost basis of the financial assets to present the net amount expected to be collected on the financial assets. The Company's methodology to estimate the allowance for credit losses has two components: (i) a collective reserve component for estimated lifetime expected credit losses for pools of loans that share common risk characteristics and (ii) an individual reserve component for loans that do not share common risk characteristics. The Company maintains an allowance for unfunded credit commitments mainly consisting of undisbursed non-cancellable lines of credit, new loan commitments and commercial letters of credit.

Information relevant to establishing an estimate of current expected credit losses includes historical credit loss experience on financial assets with similar risk characteristics, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the remaining cash flows over the contractual term of the financial assets. The Company reports in net income (as a credit loss expense) the amount necessary to adjust the allowance for credit losses and liabilities for credit losses on off-balance-sheet credit exposures for the current estimate of expected credit losses.

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CONNECTONE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1a – Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued)

Expected credit losses of financial assets are measured on a collective (~~pool~~pooled) basis when similar risk characteristic(s) exist. If the Company determines that a financial asset does not share risk characteristics with other financial assets, the Company will evaluate the financial asset for expected credit losses on an individual basis. Financial assets are assessed once, either through collective assessments or individual assessments. ~~Standard expected losses are evaluated on a collective, or pool, basis when financial assets share similar risk characteristics.~~ For pooled loan segments, utilizing a quantitative analysis, the Company calculates estimated credit losses using a probability of default and loss given default methodology, the results of which are applied to the aggregated discounted cash flow of each individual loan within the segment. In the absence of relevant and reliable internal data, probability of default and loss given default rates are determined using peer data. The point in time probability of default and loss given default are then conditioned by macroeconomic scenarios to incorporate reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. Financial assets may be segmented based on one characteristic, or a combination of characteristics. Examples of risk characteristics relevant to the Company’s evaluation include, but were not limited to: (1) Internal or external credit scores or credit ratings, (2) Risk ratings or classifications, (3) Financial asset type, (4) Collateral type, (5) Size, (6) Effective interest rate, (7) Term, (8) Geographical location, (9) Industry of the borrower and (10) Vintage.

The Company’s quantitative analysis also considers relevant available information from internal and external sources related to past events and current conditions, as well as the incorporation of reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company evaluates a variety of factors including third -party economic forecasts, industry trends and other available published economic information in arriving at its forecasts. After the reasonable and supportable forecast period, the Company reverts, on a straight-line basis, to average historical losses. Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate.

Included in the allowance for credit losses are qualitative reserves to cover losses that are expected but, in the Company’s assessment, may not be adequately represented in the quantitative analysis or the forecasts described above. Each qualitative loss factor, for each loan segment within the portfolio, incorporates consideration for a minimum to maximum range for loss factors derived from either the Company’s historical loss experience, or peer group historical charge-off experience. These qualitative factor adjustments may increase or decrease the Company’s estimate of expected credit losses and are applied to each loan segment.

The Bank evaluates individual instruments for expected credit losses when those instruments do not share similar risk characteristics with instruments evaluated using a collective (pooled) basis. The Company evaluates the pooling methodology at least annually. Loans transition from defined segments to individual analysis when credit characteristics, or risk traits, change in a material manner. A loan is considered for individual analysis when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by the Company in determining individual analysis include payment status and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments, when due.

Nonaccrual loans that are $250,000 or higher and all purchased credit-deteriorated ("PCD") loans are individually analyzed. Loans that are designated as nonaccrual with balances of less than $250,000 are collectively evaluated, and, accordingly, are not separately identified for analysis or disclosures. Individual analysis will establish an individually evaluated allowance for instruments in scope.

For collateral dependent loans, when it is determined that a foreclosure is probable, the allowance for credit losses is determined on a loan level basis using the fair value of the collateral as of the reporting date, less estimated disposition costs (“net fair value”), which will ensure that the credit loss is not delayed until the time at which the actual foreclosure takes place. In the event that this fair value is less than ~~then~~ the amortized cost basis of these specific loans, the Company will recognize the difference between the net fair value at the reporting date and the amortized cost basis in the allowance for credit losses. If the fair value of the collateral has increased as of the evaluation date, the increase in the fair value of the collateral is reflected through a reduction in the allowance for credit losses. Adjustments for estimated disposition costs are not appropriate when the repayment of a collateral-dependent loan is expected from the operation of the collateral. If repayment is based upon future expected cash flows, the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate is compared to the carrying value of the loan, and any shortfall is recorded as the allowance for credit losses. The effective interest rate used to discount expected cash flows is adjusted to incorporate expected prepayments, if applicable.

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CONNECTONE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1a – Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued)

Purchased Credit-Deteriorated Loans

Loans acquired in a business combination that have experienced a more-than-significant deterioration in credit quality since origination are considered PCD loans. The Company evaluates acquired loans for deterioration in credit quality based on any of, but not limited to, the following: (1) non-accrual status; ; (2) risk ratings of special mention, substandard or doubtful; (3) watchlist credits; and (4) delinquency status, including loans that were current on acquisition date, but had been previously delinquent. At the acquisition date, an estimate of expected credit losses is made for groups of PCD loans with similar risk characteristics and individual PCD loans without similar risk characteristics. This initial allowance for credit losses is allocated to individual PCD loans and added to the purchase price or acquisition date fair values to establish the initial amortized cost basis of the PCD loans. As the initial allowance for credit losses is added to the purchase price, there is no credit loss expense recognized upon acquisition of a PCD loan. Any difference between the unpaid principal balance of PCD loans and the amortized cost basis is considered to relate to noncredit factors and results in a discount or premium, which is recognized through interest income on a level-yield basis over the lives of the related loans.

PCD loans that met the criteria for nonaccrual may be considered performing, regardless of whether the client is contractually delinquent, if management can reasonably estimate the timing and amount of the expected cash flows on such loans and if management expects to fully collect the new carrying value of the loans. As such, management may no longer consider the loans to be nonaccrual or nonperforming and may accrue interest on these loans, including the impact of any accretable discount.

Derivatives

At the inception of a derivative contract, the Company designates the derivative as one of three types based on the Company’s intentions and belief as to likely effectiveness as a hedge. These three types are (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or of an unrecognized firm commitment ("fair value hedge"), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability ("cash flow hedge"), or (3) an instrument with no hedging designation ("non-designated derivative"). For a fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative, as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item is attributable to the hedged risk, are recognized in current earnings as fair values change. For a cash flow hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in other comprehensive income ("OCI") and is reclassified into earnings in the same period during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. The changes in the fair value of a derivative that is not designated is recorded currently in earnings, as noninterest income.

Net cash settlements on derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting are recorded in interest income or interest expense, based on the item being hedged. Net cash settlements on derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting are reported in noninterest income. Cash flows on hedges are classified in the cash flow statement the same as the cash flows of the items being hedged.

The Company formally documents the relationship between derivatives and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and the strategy for undertaking hedge transactions at the inception of the hedging relationship. This documentation includes linking cash flow hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the balance sheet or to specific firm commitments or forecasted transactions. The Company also formally assesses, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivative instruments that are used are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the hedged items. The Company discontinues hedge accounting when it determines that the derivative is no longer effective in offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item, the derivative is settled or terminates, a hedged forecasted transaction is no longer probable, a hedged firm commitment is no longer firm, or treatment of the derivative as a hedge is no longer appropriate or intended.

When hedge accounting is discontinued, subsequent changes in fair value of the derivative are recorded as noninterest income. When a cash flow hedge is discontinued but the hedged cash flows or forecasted transactions are still expected to occur, gains or losses that were accumulated in other comprehensive income are amortized into earnings over the same periods which the hedged transactions will affect earnings.

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CONNECTONE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1a – Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued)

Restricted Stock

The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of New York. Members are required to own a certain amount of stock based on the level of borrowings and other factors and may invest in additional amounts. FHLB stock is carried at cost, classified as a restricted security, and periodically evaluated for impairment based on ultimate recovery of par value. Cash dividends on the stock are reported as income.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales, when control over the assets has been relinquished. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when the assets have been isolated from the Company, the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

Premises and Equipment

Land is carried at cost and premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Buildings and related components are depreciated using the straight-line method with useful lives ranging from 4 to 30 years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated using the straight-line method over the terms of the respective leases, or the estimated useful lives of the improvements, whichever is shorter. Furniture, fixtures and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method with useful lives ranging from 3 to 10 years.

Leases

Leases are classified as operating or finance leases at the lease commencement date. Lease expense for operating leases and short-term leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease team. The Company includes lease extension and termination options in the lease term if, after considering relevant economic factors, it is reasonably certain the Company will exercise the option.

Right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the estimated present value of the lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at lease commencement to calculate the present value of lease payments when the rate implicit in a lease is not known. The Company has elected not to recognize leases with original terms of 12 months or less on the consolidated balance sheet.

Other Real Estate Owned

Other real estate owned (“OREO”), representing property acquired through foreclosure or deed in lieu and held-for-sale, is initially recorded at fair value less cost to sell at the date of acquisition, establishing a new cost basis. Subsequently, valuations are periodically performed by management and the assets are carried at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. Costs relating to holding the assets are charged to expenses.

Employee Benefit Plans

The Company has a noncontributory pension plan that covered all eligible employees up until September 30, 2007, at which time the Company froze its defined benefit pension plan. As such, all future benefit accruals in this pension plan were discontinued and all retirement benefits that employees would have earned as of September 30, 2007 were preserved. In addition, the Company acquired a defined benefit pension plan that covered all former eligible FLIC employees. FLIC and the Bank, commencing at the merger closing on June 1, 2025, made contributions to the plan, which together with participant contributions equal to 2% of their compensation, funded these benefits. Effective September 30, 2025, the plan was frozen and all retirement benefits that employees earned through that date were preserved. The Company’s policy is to fund at least the minimum contribution required by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. The costs associated with the plan are accrued based on actuarial assumptions and included in salaries and employee benefits expense.

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CONNECTONE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1a – Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued)

The Company accounts for its defined benefit pension plan in accordance with FASB ASC 715-30. This standard requires that the funded status of defined benefit postretirement plans be recognized on the Company’s statement of financial condition and changes in the funded status be reflected in other comprehensive income. This standard also requires companies to measure the funded status of the plan as of the date of its fiscal year-end.

The Company maintains a 401(k)- employee savings plan to provide for defined contributions which covers substantially all employees of the Company. Employee 401(k) and profit-sharing plan expense is the amount of matching contributions.

Stock-Based Compensation

FASB ASC 718 “Compensation-Stock Compensation”, requires that the compensation ~~cost~~costs related to share-based payment transactions be recognized in financial statements. That cost will be measured based on the grant date fair value of the equity or liability instruments issued. The stock compensation accounting guidance covers a wide range of share-based compensation arrangements including stock options, restricted share plans, performance-based awards, share appreciation rights and employee share purchase plans.

Stock compensation accounting guidance requires that compensation cost for all stock awards be calculated and recognized over the employees’ service period, generally defined as the vesting period. For awards with graded-vesting, compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. See Note 18 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

Treasury Stock

Subject to certain regulatory limitations applicable to the Parent Corporation, treasury stock purchases may be made from time to time as, in the opinion of management, market conditions warrant, in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. Shares repurchased are added to the corporate treasury and will be used for future ~~stock dividends and other~~ issuances. The repurchased shares are recorded as treasury stock, which results in a decrease in stockholders’ equity. Treasury stock is recorded using the cost method and accordingly is presented as a reduction of stockholders’ equity. The Parent Corporation did not repurchase any shares in 2025. During the ~~years~~year ended December 31, 2024 ~~and December 31~~, ~~2023,~~ the Parent Corporation repurchased 283,270 ~~and 904,152~~ shares, ~~respectively,~~ under board-approved share repurchase programs.

On August 16, 2022, The Inflation Reduction Act, P.L. 117-169, was signed into law. The act included a new Sec. 4501 that imposes an excise tax on certain repurchases of stock by publicly traded corporations.

In general, and before considering exceptions, the amount of the excise tax is equal to 1% of (1) the aggregate fair market value (FMV) of stock repurchased by a corporation, over (2) the aggregate FMV of stock issued by the corporation, in each case, during the tax year. The excise tax applies to repurchases of stock by corporations beginning after December 31, 2022. The excise tax is not deductible for purposes of computing U.S. federal income tax (Sec. 275(a)(6)).

On December 27, 2022, Treasury and the IRS released Notice 2023-2, which announced that they intend to issue proposed regulations with respect to the excise tax. The notice provides interim guidance that Treasury and the Service generally intend to include in the proposed regulations, including several examples that illustrate the application of the rules set forth in the notice. Treasury and the IRS anticipate that the proposed regulations will be consistent with the guidance provided in the notice. In addition, until the issuance of the proposed regulations, taxpayers are permitted to rely on the operating rules set forth in Section 3 of the notice. The proposed regulations are anticipated to apply to repurchases of stock made after December 31, 2022, and to issuances of stock made during a tax year ending after December 31, 2022. As of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, the Company ~~accrued~~had ~~$0.1 million~~no accruals related to the excise tax through equity.

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CONNECTONE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1a – Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued)

Goodwill

Goodwill arises from business combinations and is generally determined as the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred, plus the fair value of any noncontrolling interests in the acquiree, over the fair value of the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. Goodwill and intangible assets acquired in a purchase business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized but tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events and circumstances exist that indicate that a goodwill impairment test should be performed. The Company has selected December 31 as the date to perform the annual impairment test. No impairment charge was deemed necessary as of the years ended December 31, ~~2024~~2025, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023.

Other Intangible Assets

Other intangible assets consist of core deposit intangibles arising from business combinations that are amortized over their estimated useful lives to their estimated residual value.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Total comprehensive income includes all changes in equity during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from nonowner sources. The Company’s ~~other comprehensive income~~ OCI (loss) is comprised of unrealized holding gains and losses on securities available-for-sale, unrecognized actuarial gains and losses of the Company’s defined benefit pension ~~plan~~plans and unrealized gains and losses on cash flow hedges, net of taxes.

Restrictions on Cash

Cash on hand or on deposit with the Federal Reserve Bank is required to meet regulatory reserve and clearing requirements.

Dividend Restriction

Banking regulations require maintaining certain capital levels and may limit the dividends paid by the Bank to the Parent Corporation or by the Parent Corporation to the stockholders.

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CONNECTONE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1a – Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued)

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The fair values of financial instruments are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions, as more fully disclosed in a separate note. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment regarding interest rates, credit risk, prepayments, and other factors, especially in the absence of broad markets for particular items. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect the estimates.

Bank Owned Life Insurance

The Company invests in Bank Owned Life Insurance (“BOLI”) to help offset the cost of employee benefits. The change in the cash surrender value of the BOLI is recorded as a component of noninterest income.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ~~FASB~~ ASC 740, “ Income Taxes”,. ~~which~~We ~~requires~~recognize ~~the recognition of~~ deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events ~~that~~already ~~have been~~ included in the financial statements. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are ~~determined~~measured ~~based~~using onenacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences ~~between~~are ~~the~~expected ~~financial~~to ~~statement~~be ~~carrying~~recovered ~~amounts~~or ~~and~~settled. ~~the~~The ~~tax~~effect ~~bases~~ of ~~assets~~a ~~and~~change ~~liabilities~~in ~~using~~tax ~~enacted~~rates on deferred tax ~~rates~~assets ~~expected~~and toliabilities beis recognized in ~~effect~~the ~~when~~period ~~the~~that ~~taxes~~includes ~~are~~the ~~actually~~date ~~paid~~of orthe ~~recovered~~enactment.

~~Deferred~~Valuation ~~tax~~Allowances: ~~assets~~We ~~are~~record ~~recognized~~a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the ~~extent~~amount itthat is more likely than not ~~that~~to ~~they will~~ be realized. AIn ~~valuation~~making ~~allowance~~this ~~is recorded to reduce deferred tax assets if~~assessment, ~~based~~we onweigh ~~the~~all ~~weight of~~ available evidence, itboth ispositive ~~more~~and ~~likely~~negative, ~~than~~including ~~not~~projected ~~that~~future ~~some~~taxable ~~portion~~income orand ~~all of the deferred~~ tax-planning ~~assets will not be realized~~strategies.

~~The~~Uncertain ~~Company~~Tax ~~evaluates~~Positions: ~~tax~~The ~~positions~~Company ~~taken~~recognizes orthe ~~expected to be taken in a~~ tax ~~return~~benefit ~~and~~from ~~recognizes~~an auncertain tax ~~benefit~~position only if it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination by the ~~relevant~~ taxing authorities. ~~Unrecognized~~We record unrecognized tax benefits, including associated interest and penalties, ~~are recorded~~ as a component of ~~income~~Income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of ~~Income~~Operations. Accrued interest and penalties are classified within Other long-term liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

In December ~~accordance with ASC 740-10-25~~2023, the ~~Company~~FASB ~~classifies~~issued ~~interest~~ASU ~~and~~2023-09, ~~penalties~~Improvements ~~related~~ to ~~unrecognized~~Income ~~tax~~Tax ~~benefits~~Disclosures, aswhich arequires ~~component~~enhanced ~~of income~~transparency ~~tax~~through ~~expense in~~a ~~the~~standardized, ~~Consolidated~~disaggregated ~~Statements~~tax ofrate ~~Operations.~~reconciliation ~~Accrued~~table ~~interest~~ and ~~penalties~~expanded ~~are~~disclosures ~~included~~for ~~in other~~income ~~long-term~~taxes ~~liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets~~paid. The Company ~~recognizes~~adopted ~~interest and penalties beginning in~~ the ~~period~~standard ineffective January ~~which~~1, ~~the~~2025. ~~uncertain tax position is taken~~Specifically, ~~and~~we ~~they~~are ~~continue~~now ~~to accrue until the matter is resolved or until it is determined that payment is not~~ required. to:

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	●	Disaggregate the rate reconciliation into specific categories (e.g., state and local, foreign effects, enacted law changes) with a 5% quantitative threshold for separate disclosure of reconciling items.
	●	Disaggregate cash taxes paid by federal, state, and foreign jurisdictions, with further detail for any jurisdiction representing 5% or more of total taxes paid.

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CONNECTONE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1a – Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued)

The Company regularly monitors developments in tax laws and regulations that may impact its tax positions and financial reporting. Any changes in classification, measurement, or recognition of tax-related interest and penalties will be disclosed in accordance with GAAP and relevant SEC reporting requirements. See Note 11 for more discussion on income taxes.

Advertising Costs

The Company recognizes its marketing and advertising costs as incurred.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made in the consolidated financial statements and footnotes for ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023 to conform to the classifications presented in ~~2024~~2025. Such reclassifications had no impact on net income or stockholders’ equity.

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CONNECTONE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1b – Authoritative Accounting Guidance

Adoption of New Accounting Standards

In ~~November~~December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting ~~Standards~~Standard Update (“"ASU”") 2023-0709, ~~Segment~~Income ~~Reporting~~Taxes (Topic ~~280~~740): Improvements to ~~Reportable~~Income ~~Segment~~Tax Disclosures. ~~The~~These amendments ~~apply~~require tothat ~~all~~ public business entities on an annual basis (1) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that ~~are~~meet ~~required~~a quantitative threshold (if the effect of those reconciling items is equal to ~~report~~or ~~segment~~greater than 5% of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income (or loss) by the applicable statutory income tax rate). The amendments require that all entities disclose on an annual basis the following information inabout ~~accordance~~income ~~with~~taxes ~~Topic~~paid: ~~280~~1) The amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal (national), ~~Segment~~state, ~~Reporting.~~and foreign taxes; and 2) The ~~amendments~~amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by individual jurisdictions in ~~this ASU~~which ~~are intended~~income totaxes ~~improve~~paid ~~reportable~~(net ~~segment~~of ~~disclosure~~refunds ~~requirements~~received) ~~primarily~~is ~~through~~equal ~~enhanced~~to ~~disclosures~~or ~~about~~greater ~~significant~~than ~~segment~~5% of ~~expenses~~total income taxes paid (net of refunds received). ~~ASU~~ ~~2023-07~~The isamendments ~~effective~~also ~~for~~require that all entities disclose the ~~Company~~following ~~beginning January~~information: 1) Income (or loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense (or benefit) disaggregated between domestic and foreign; and 2) Income tax expense (or benefit) from continuing operations disaggregated by federal (national), ~~2024~~state, and foreign. The ~~See~~Company ~~Note~~adopted 24ASU 2023-09 on January 1, 2025.

~~In December~~Impact 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. These amendments require that public business entities on an annual basis (1) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold (if the effect of ~~those~~Issued ~~reconciling~~But ~~items~~Not isYet ~~equal~~Effective toAccounting or greater than 5% of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income (or loss) by the applicable statutory income tax rate). The amendments require that all entities disclose on an annual basis the following information about income taxes paid: 1) The amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal (national), state, and foreign taxes. 2) The amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by individual jurisdictions in which income taxes paid (net of refunds received) is equal to or greater than 5% of total income taxes paid (net of refunds received). The amendments also require that all entities disclose the following information: 1) Income (or loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense (or benefit) disaggregated between domestic and foreign and 2) Income tax expense (or benefit) from continuing operations disaggregated by federal (national), state, and foreign. ASU 2023-09 is effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2025. The Company adopted ASU 2023-09 on January 1, 2025 and is currently not expected to have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements in 2025.Standards

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024- 9203, "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40)" ("ASU 2024-03"). ASU 2024-03 requires public entities to provide disaggregated disclosures, in the notes to the financial statements, of certain categories of expenses that are included in expense line items on the face of the income statement. ASU 2024-03 is effective for the Company on January 1, 2027. The Company is currently not expecting the ASU to have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements and footnotes.

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CONNECTONE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 2. Business Combination ~~(unaudited)~~

On ~~September~~June 41, ~~2024,~~2025 (the ~~Parent~~“Acquisition ~~Corporation~~Date”), ~~and~~the ~~The~~Company ~~First~~completed ofthe ~~Long~~acquisition ~~Island~~of ~~Corporation~~FLIC, ~~(Nasdaq:~~the ~~FLIC)~~parent ~~(“First~~company offor ~~Long~~the ~~Island”)~~FNBLI, ~~parent~~in ~~company~~accordance ofwith ~~The~~the ~~First~~definitive ~~National~~Agreement ~~Bank~~and Plan of ~~Long~~Merger ~~Island~~dated ~~entered~~as ~~into~~of September a4, ~~definitive~~2024 ~~agreement~~(the ~~pursuant~~“Merger Agreement”). Pursuant to ~~which~~the ~~First~~Merger ofAgreement, ~~Long~~on ~~Island~~the ~~will~~Acquisition ~~merge~~Date, FLIC merged with and into the ~~Parent Corporation~~Company, ~~which~~with ~~will~~the beCompany continuing as the surviving ~~entity~~corporation, inand FNBLI merged with and into the ~~transaction.~~Bank, ~~The~~with ~~combined~~the ~~company~~Bank ~~will~~as ~~operate~~the ~~under~~surviving bank (collectively, the ~~ConnectOne~~“merger”). ~~brand~~As part of this merger, ~~and~~the ~~will~~Company ~~have~~acquired ~~approximately~~36 branch ~~$14~~offices ~~billion~~located in ~~total~~Nassau ~~assets,~~and ~~$11~~Suffolk ~~billion~~Counties inof ~~total~~Long ~~deposits~~Island, and ~~$11~~the ~~billion~~boroughs inof ~~total~~New ~~loans~~York City.

~~Under~~In connection with the ~~terms~~completion of the ~~agreement~~merger, ~~First~~former ofFLIC ~~Long Island~~ shareholders ~~will receive~~ received 0.5175 shares of ~~Parent~~the ~~Corporation~~Company’s common stock for each share of ~~First~~FLIC ~~of Long Island~~ common stock they held. The ~~transaction~~value isof ~~presently~~the ~~valued~~total attransaction consideration was approximately $~~284~~ 270.8 million. inThe ~~aggregate~~consideration ~~based~~included ~~upon~~the issuance of 11,790,116 shares of the ~~closing~~Company’s common stock, ~~price~~valued ofat $2322.97 ~~for~~per ~~ConnectOne~~share, aswhich was the closing price of the Company’s common stock on ~~September~~May 430, ~~2024~~2025, the last trading day prior to the consummation of the merger. Also included in the total consideration was cash in lieu of any fractional shares, which was effectively settled upon closing.

OnThe acquisition of FLIC was accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting and, accordingly, assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and consideration paid were recorded at estimated fair values on the Acquisition Date. The excess consideration paid over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired has been reported as goodwill in the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition. Goodwill was originally reported at $7.2 million as of ~~February~~June 1430, 2025. During the measurement period, the Company updated atits ~~separate~~assessment ~~special~~of ~~meetings~~the fair value of net assets acquired to reflect a net increase of $4.6 million to goodwill, resulting in a total of $11.9 million recorded from the ~~shareholders~~merger. The adjustment was related to deferred tax assets, including a $5.0 million increase from true-ups based on tax filings (decrease to goodwill), a $1.3 million increase from the application of ~~both~~the ~~companies~~finalized ~~approved~~30.9% ~~proposals~~blended ~~relating~~statutory tax rate (decrease to goodwill), and a $10.9 million valuation allowance related to Section 382 limitations-including recognized built-in losses and net operating losses resulting from the ~~pending~~completion of a formal limitation study and updated New York apportionment rates (increase to goodwill). The $11.9 million of goodwill created from the merger is not amortizable or deductible for tax purposes. The amount of goodwill represents an asset attributed to the ~~Company~~future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired in a business combination. Future economic benefits consist largely of the synergies and economies of scale expected from combining the operations of FLIC and the Company.

~~- 93-~~ The Company continues to identify and assess information regarding the nature of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Accordingly, these valuations, including the amounts recorded for current and deferred taxes, are considered preliminary and subject to further adjustment during the measurement period, which ends June 1, 2026.

In connection with the acquisition, the consideration paid, as well as the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the Acquisition Date, are summarized in the following tables:

	As of
	June 1, 2025
(dollars in thousands, except for per share data)
Purchase Price Consideration
FLIC common shares settled for stock		22,783,572
Exchange Ratio		0.5175
ConnectOne shares entitlement		11,790,499
Fractional shares subject to cash in lieu		(383	)
ConnectOne whole shares issued		11,790,116
Price per share of ConnectOne common stock on May 30, 2025	$	22.97
Total fair value of stock consideration issued	$	270,819
Cash consideration paid		9
Total purchase price consideration	$	270,828

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Table of Contents

CONNECTONE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 2. Business Combination – (continued)

	As of		Measurement			As of
	June 1, 2025		Period Adjustments			June 1, 2025
	(dollars in thousands)

Total purchase price consideration	$	270,828	$	-		$	270,828

Fair Value of Assets Acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents		54,869		-			54,869
Securities available-for-sale		596,702		-			596,702
Loans receivables, net		2,882,951		-			2,882,951
Restricted stock, at cost		24,276		-			24,276
Premises and equipment, net		45,895		-			45,895
Bank-owned life insurance		118,098		-			118,098
Pension plan assets		11,617		-			11,617
Core deposit intangible		63,206		-			63,206
Other assets		107,480		(4,624	)		102,856
Total assets acquired	$	3,905,094	$	(4,624	)	$	3,900,470

Fair Value of Liabilities Assumed:
Deposits		3,251,147		-			3,251,147
Borrowings		360,405		-			360,405
Other liabilities		29,953		-			29,953
Total liabilities assumed	$	3,641,505	$	-		$	3,641,505

Net assets acquired	$	263,589	$	(4,624	)	$	258,965

Goodwill recorded in acquisition	$	7,239	$	4,624		$	11,863

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Table of Contents

CONNECTONE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 2. Business Combination – (continued)

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used to estimate the fair values of significant assets and liabilities presented above.

Cash and cash equivalents – The carrying amount of these items is a reasonable estimate of their fair value based on the short-term nature of these assets.

Investment securities – Fair values for investment securities available-for-sale were based on quoted market prices, where available. If quoted market prices were not available, fair value estimates are based on observable inputs, including quoted market prices for similar instruments. Fair value estimates also reflect an adjustment related to certain securities that were sold shortly after closing and were determined by the current market price. Additional information is included in Note 4 - Investments.

Loans – The fair value of the loan portfolio was calculated on a pooled loan basis using discounted cash flow analysis for accruing loans and on an individual basis for nonaccrual loans. This analysis took into consideration the contractual terms of the loans and assumptions related to the credit risk, expected lifetime losses, qualitative factors, collateral values, discount rates, and other liquidity considerations to estimate projected cash flows. The assumptions used in determining the fair value of the loan portfolio were considered reasonable from a market-participant viewpoint.

Acquired loans are classified into two categories: purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) and non-PCD loans. PCD loans are defined as a loan or group of loans that have experienced more-than-insignificant credit deterioration since origination. The Company considers various factors in connection with the identification of more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit, including but not limited to nonperforming status, delinquency, risk ratings, and other qualitative factors that indicate deterioration in credit quality since origination. Non-PCD loans will have an allowance established subsequent to the Acquisition Date, which is recognized as an expense through the provision for credit losses. For PCD loans, the loans were recorded at their amortized cost, less an allowance for credit losses ("ACL") of $43.3 million on the Acquisition Date. There is no provision for credit loss expense recognized on PCD loans because the initial allowance is established by grossing-up the amortized cost of the PCD loans. The remaining difference between the net of the amortized cost basis and the ACL and the fair value allocated to the loans on the date of acquisition is recognized as a non-credit-related discount that will be accreted into interest income over the life of the loans.

The following table provides details related to the fair value of PCD loans that were acquired on June 1, 2025.

						Gross-up for PCD
	Unpaid Principal		Total Discount at			Allowance for Credit			Fair Value of
(dollars in thousands)	Balance		Acquisition			Losses at Acquisition			Loans at Acquisition
PCD Loans	$	271,904	$	(34,394	)	$	(43,336	)	$	194,174
Non-PCD Loans		2,860,661

Filing Compare · ConnectOne Bancorp, Inc.