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As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on ~~May~~October 1624, 2025

Registration No. 333-__________

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

WINDTREE THERAPEUTICS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

2836

94-3171943

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)

(Primary Standard Industrial

Classification Code Number)

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification No.)

2600 Kelly Road, Suite 100
Warrington, Pennsylvania 18976
(215) 488-9300

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Jed Latkin

President and Chief Executive Officer

Windtree Therapeutics, Inc.

2600 Kelly Road, Suite 100

Warrington, Pennsylvania 18976

(215) 488-9300

(Name, address including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

~~Faith~~Rachael M. Bushey, Esq. Jennifer L. ~~Charles~~Porter, Esq. ~~Thompson~~Justin ~~Hine~~S. Platt, Esq. Goodwin Procter LLP ~~300~~3025 ~~Madison~~John ~~Avenue~~F. Kennedy Boulevard, ~~27th~~8th Floor ~~New York~~Philadelphia, ~~New~~Pennsylvania ~~York~~19104 ~~10017~~ (~~212~~445) ~~344~~207-~~5680~~7800 ~~Jamie~~Eric ~~McAndrew~~Curtis Senior Vice President and Chief ~~Financial~~Operating Officer Windtree Therapeutics, Inc. 2600 Kelly Road, Suite 100 Warrington, Pennsylvania 18976 (215) 488-9300

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Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after the effective date of this Registration Statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. ☒

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

~~The~~This ~~registrant hereby amends this~~ Registration Statement ~~on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant~~ shall ~~file~~hereafter ~~a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter~~ become effective in accordance with the provisions of Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 ~~or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine~~.

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The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. The selling stockholders may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and the selling stockholders ~~are~~is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED ~~MAY~~OCTOBER 1624, 2025

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

Up to 42751,~~168~~872,~~035~~ 888 Shares of Common Stock

This prospectus relates to the ~~offer~~potential ~~and~~ resale byfrom ~~the~~time ~~selling~~to ~~stockholders~~time ~~identified~~by inSeven ~~this~~Knots, ~~prospectus~~LLC (“Seven Knots”) of up to ~~an aggregate of 42~~722,~~168~~242,~~035~~771 shares of ~~our~~ common stock, par value $0.001 per share (“common stock”), orissuable by us to Seven Knots pursuant to the equity line of credit (“ELOC”) established under the common stock purchase agreement, ~~issuable~~dated ~~upon~~July 23, 2025, as amended by the ~~conversion~~amendment, dated as of ~~shares~~October 23, ~~referred~~2025 (the “ELOC Purchase Agreement”). Such shares of our common stock include (i) up to as555,555,556 shares of common stock (the ~~Preferred~~“Purchase Shares”) that we may elect, ofin our ~~Series~~sole Ddiscretion, ~~convertible~~to ~~preferred~~issue and sell to Seven Knots, from time to time from and after the Commencement Date (as defined below) under the ELOC Purchase Agreement and (ii) up to 166,687,215 shares of common stock (the “Note Shares,” ~~par~~and ~~value~~together ~~$0.001~~with ~~per~~the ~~share~~Purchase Shares, orthe “ELOC Shares”), issuable upon the ~~Series~~conversion Dof ~~Preferred~~the ~~Stock~~outstanding unpaid principal balance, together with all accrued and unpaid interest, if any, of the convertible promissory note (the “Commitment Note”), issued to Seven Knots as consideration for it entering into the ELOC Purchase Agreement.

~~The~~This ~~Preferred~~prospectus ~~Shares~~also ~~were~~relates ~~acquired~~to by the ~~applicable~~potential ~~selling~~resale ~~stockholders~~or ~~under~~other adisposition ~~securities~~from ~~purchase~~time ~~agreement~~to time by Seven Knots and Keystone Capital Partners, orLLC (collectively, the ~~Securities~~“selling ~~Purchase~~stockholders”) ~~Agreement,~~of ~~dated~~up ~~April~~to 29, ~~2025~~630,117 orshares of our common stock (the ~~Securities~~“Subject ~~Purchase~~Note ~~Agreement,~~Shares”) bythat ~~and~~may ~~among~~be usissued ~~and~~upon the ~~investors~~conversion ~~party~~of ~~thereto,~~the orsenior convertible promissory notes due 2026 (the ~~Investors~~“Subject Notes”) that we issued on October 9, 2025.

The ~~sale~~actual number of shares of our common stock issuable will vary depending on the ~~Preferred~~then-current ~~Shares~~market ~~was~~price ~~not~~of ~~registered~~shares of our common stock sold to Seven Knots under the ELOC Purchase Agreement, but will not exceed the number set forth in the preceding sentences unless we file an additional registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or (the “Securities Act”), with inthe ~~reliance~~Securities ~~upon~~Exchange Commission. We obtained the ~~exemption~~approval ~~from~~of the ~~registration~~issuance ~~requirements~~of inshares ~~Section~~of 4(common stock by our stockholders at the Special Meeting of Stockholders held on August 28, 2025. See “The Committed Equity Financing” for a~~)(2)~~ description of the ~~Securities~~ELOC ~~Act~~Purchase Agreement and ~~Regulation~~“Selling DStockholders” ~~promulgated~~for ~~thereunder~~additional information regarding the selling stockholders.

We are registering the resale of (i) the ~~shares~~ELOC ofShares ~~common~~pursuant ~~stock~~to ~~covered~~Seven byKnots’ ~~this~~registration ~~prospectus~~rights asunder ~~required by~~ the Registration Rights Agreement, dated ~~April~~July 2923, 2025, by and ~~among~~between us and ~~the~~Seven ~~Investors~~Knots, orand ~~the~~(ii) ~~Registration Rights Agreement. The selling stockholders will receive all of~~ the ~~proceeds~~Subject ~~from any sales of the shares of common stock offered hereby~~Notes. ~~We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale by the selling stockholders of the shares of common stock.~~

~~Sales~~We ofwill ~~the~~not ~~shares~~receive ofany ~~common~~proceeds ~~stock~~from the sale by the selling stockholders ~~may~~of ~~occur~~their inshares ~~one~~of orcommon ~~more~~stock. ~~transactions~~However, atwe ~~fixed~~may ~~prices,~~receive atup ~~market~~to ~~prices~~$50 ~~prevailing~~million atfrom ~~the~~sales ~~time~~ of ~~sale,~~Purchase atShares ~~prices~~to ~~related~~Seven Knots pursuant to ~~prevailing~~this ~~market~~prospectus. ~~prices,~~We athave ~~negotiated~~agreed ~~prices~~to ~~and/or~~bear atthe ~~varying~~expenses ~~prices~~in ~~determined~~connection atwith the ~~time~~registration of ~~sale.~~the ~~The~~resale ~~selling~~of ~~stockholders may sell~~ the shares of common stock ~~directly or~~ to orbe ~~through~~offered ~~underwriters,~~by ~~broker-dealers~~this orprospectus ~~agents,~~by ~~who~~the ~~may~~selling ~~receive~~stockholders ~~compensation~~except infor ~~the~~any ~~form~~underwriting of discounts, ~~concessions~~and or commissions ~~from~~or ~~the~~transfer ~~selling~~taxes ~~stockholders,~~relating to the ~~purchasers~~sale of ~~the~~common ~~shares~~stock, orwhich ~~both~~will be borne by the selling stockholders.

~~The~~Our registration of the shares on behalf of the selling stockholders ~~may~~does ~~sell~~not ~~any,~~mean ~~all~~that orthe ~~none~~selling ofstockholders ~~the~~will ~~securities~~offer ~~offered~~or bysell ~~this~~any ~~prospectus~~of ~~and~~their weshares doof ~~not~~common ~~know~~stock. We cannot predict when, or in what ~~amount~~amounts, the selling stockholders may sell their shares of common stock. ~~hereunder~~Sales ~~following~~of the ~~effective~~shares ~~date~~ of common stock by the ~~registration~~selling ~~statement~~stockholders ofmay ~~which~~occur ~~this~~in ~~prospectus~~one ~~forms~~or amore ~~part.~~transactions ~~The~~at ~~registration~~fixed ofprices, ~~the~~at ~~shares~~market onprices ~~behalf~~prevailing ofat the ~~selling~~time ~~stockholders~~of sale, ~~however~~at prices related to prevailing market prices, ~~does~~at ~~not~~negotiated ~~necessarily~~prices, ~~mean~~and/or ~~that~~at ~~any~~varying ofprices determined at the ~~selling~~time ~~stockholders~~of ~~will~~sale. ~~offer~~The orselling stockholders may sell their shares of common stock ~~under~~directly ~~this~~or ~~registration~~to ~~statement~~ or atthrough ~~any~~underwriters, ~~time~~broker-dealers inor ~~the~~agents, ~~near~~who ~~future.~~may Wereceive ~~cannot~~compensation ~~predict~~in ~~when~~the form of discounts, concessions or incommissions ~~what~~from ~~amounts,~~ the selling stockholders, ~~may~~the ~~sell~~purchasers ~~any~~ of the shares, ofor ~~common stock~~both. We provide more information about how the selling stockholders may sell or otherwise dispose of their shares of common stock in the section ~~titled “Plan~~ of ~~Distribution”~~this ~~beginning~~prospectus ontitled ~~page~~“Plan 24 of ~~this prospectus~~Distribution.”

We are paying the cost of registering the shares of common stock covered by this prospectus as well as various related expenses. The selling stockholders are responsible for all selling commissions, transfer taxes and other costs related to the offer and sale of their shares of common stock.

On February 14, 2025, we filed a certificate of amendment to the Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to effectuate a 1-for-50 reverse stock split (the “Reverse Stock Split”) of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock. Our stockholders previously approved the Reverse Stock Split and granted the Company’s board of directors the authority to determine the exact split ratio and when to proceed with the Reverse Stock Split at the Company’s special meeting of stockholders held on February 3, 2025. The Reverse Stock Split became effective on February 20, 2025 at 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time and our common stock began trading on The Nasdaq Capital Market on a Reverse Stock Split-adjusted basis on February 21, 2025 at market open under the existing ticker symbol, “WINT.” Pursuant to the Reverse Stock Split, every 50 shares of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock was combined into one share of common stock. The par value and other terms of the common stock were not affected by the Reverse Stock Split. No fractional shares were issued as a result of the Reverse Stock Split.

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~~All~~Our ~~financial~~common ~~information,~~stock ~~share~~is ~~numbers,~~traded ~~option~~on ~~numbers,~~The ~~warrant~~OTCID ~~numbers,~~Basic ~~other~~Market ~~derivative~~under ~~security~~the ~~numbers,~~symbol ~~and~~“WINT”. ~~exercise~~On ~~prices~~October ~~appearing~~22, in2025, ~~this~~the ~~prospectus~~closing ~~have~~sale ~~been~~price ~~adjusted~~of toour ~~give~~common ~~effect~~stock toon ~~the~~The ~~Reverse~~OTCID ~~Stock~~Basic ~~Split,~~Market ~~except~~was ~~where~~$0.10 ~~otherwise~~per ~~stated~~share.

Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market, or Nasdaq, under the symbol “WINT”. The last reported sale price of our common stock on Nasdaq on May 15, 2025 was $0.83 per share.

We may amend or supplement this prospectus from time to time by filing amendments or supplements as required. You should read the entire prospectus and any amendments or supplements carefully before you make your investment decision.

We are a “smaller reporting company” as defined under the federal securities laws and, as such, have elected to comply with certain reduced public company reporting requirements for this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein.

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the “Risk Factors” beginning on page 7 9 of this prospectus and under similar headings in any amendment or supplement to this prospectus and in any other documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus, before purchasing any of the shares offered by this prospectus.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus is __________, 2025.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Page
ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS	1
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY	2
RISK FACTORS	79
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	956
USE OF PROCEEDS	11
THE COMMITTED EQUITY FINANCING	58
DIVIDEND POLICY	12
USE OF PROCEEDS	62
SELLING STOCKHOLDERS	13
DIVIDEND POLICY	63
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES	17
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	64
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION	22
BUSINESS	80
LEGAL MATTERS	23
MANAGEMENT	112
EXPERTS	23
EXECUTIVE AND DIRECTOR COMPENSATION	117
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION	24
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS	125
INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE	25
SELLING STOCKHOLDERS	128
SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT	130
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES	131
MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES TO NON-U.S. HOLDERS	135
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION	139
LEGAL MATTERS	141
EXPERTS	141
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION	142
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	F-1

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ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

The registration statement we filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) includes exhibits that provide more detail of the matters discussed in this prospectus. You should read this prospectus, the related exhibits filed with the SEC, and the documents incorporated by reference herein before making your investment decision. You should rely only on the information provided in this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein or any amendment or supplement thereto.

You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus or any related free writing prospectus is accurate on any date subsequent to the date set forth on the front of the document or that any information we have incorporated by reference herein or therein is correct on any date subsequent to the date of the document incorporated by reference, even though this prospectus or any related free writing prospectus is delivered, or securities are sold, on a later date. We may amend or supplement this prospectus from time to time by filing amendments or supplements as required. This prospectus contains or incorporates by reference summaries of certain provisions contained in some of the documents described herein, but reference is made to the actual documents for complete information. You should read the entire prospectus, any amendments or supplements, and the information incorporated by reference in this prospectus carefully. All of the summaries are qualified in their entirety by the actual documents. Copies of some of the documents referred to herein have been or will be filed or have been or will be incorporated by reference as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, and you may obtain copies of those documents as described in this prospectus under the heading “Where You Can Find More Information.”

You should rely only on the information that we have included or incorporated by reference in this prospectus and any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you. We have not, and the selling stockholders have not, authorized anyone to give any information or to make any representation other than those contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus or any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you. You must not rely upon any information or representation not contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus or any related free writing prospectus. This prospectus and any related free writing prospectus do not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities other than the registered securities to which they relate, nor do this prospectus or any related free writing prospectus constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy securities in any jurisdiction to any person to whom it is unlawful to make such offer or solicitation in such jurisdiction.

In addition, while we believe the industry, market and competitive position data included in this prospectus, including the information incorporated by reference herein, is reliable and based on reasonable assumptions, such data involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors. These factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates made by the independent parties or by us.

Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this prospectus to “Windtree,” “Windtree Therapeutics,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” and “us” refer to Windtree Therapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and our consolidated subsidiaries.

We use “Windtree Therapeutics,” as our trademark, and we have been granted a trademark or have a trademark application on file with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. All trademarks or trade names referred to in this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, the trademarks and trade names in this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein are referred to without the ® and ™ symbols, but such references should not be construed as any indicator that their respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto. We do not intend the use or display of other companies’ trademarks and trade names to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us, by any other companies.

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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights information contained elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary is not complete and does not contain all of the information you should consider in making your investment decision. You should carefully read the entire prospectus, including the risks of investing in our securities discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” and under similar headings in the other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus. You should also carefully read the information incorporated by reference into this prospectus (including our financial statements) and the exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.

Overview

We are a ~~biotechnology~~diversified company ~~focused~~with onseveral ~~advancing~~divisions ~~early~~ and ~~late-stage~~focused ~~innovative~~on ~~therapies~~seeking ~~for~~partnerships ~~critical conditions~~ and ~~diseases.~~becoming ~~Our portfolio of product candidates includes istaroxime,~~ a ~~Phase 2 candidate that inhibits the sodium~~revenue-~~potassium~~generating ~~ATPase~~company ~~and~~through ~~also~~various ~~activates~~initiatives. ~~sarco~~Our ~~endoplasmic~~operations ~~reticulum~~include ~~Ca2+~~pharmaceutical ~~-ATPase~~manufacturing ~~2a,~~as ora ~~SERCA2a,~~sourcing ~~for~~agent ~~acute heart failure and/or associated cardiogenic shock; preclinical SERCA2a activators~~ for ~~heart~~Evofem ~~failure; rostafuroxin for the treatment of hypertension in patients with a specific genetic profile; and a preclinical atypical protein kinase C iota~~Biosciences, orInc. ~~aPKCi, inhibitor~~ (~~topical and oral formulations~~“Evofem”), ~~being developed for potential application in rare~~ and ~~broad oncology indications~~biotechnology. ~~We also have a licensing business model with partnership out-licenses currently in place.~~

InWe ~~addition,~~became ~~in January 2025, we launched a new corporate strategy to become a revenue generating biotech company through acquisitions of small companies and their FDA-approved products while~~ the ~~Company~~manufacturing ~~continues~~sourcing toagent ~~progress~~for ~~its cardiovascular and oncology development pipeline. The Company will seek acquisition targets to achieve the Company~~Evofem’s ~~new corporate strategy. We believe there is an opportunity in the market: the acquisition of small companies with~~ FDA-approved ~~products~~product ~~from~~Phexxi® ~~the~~in ~~many~~March ~~small~~2025 ~~biotech~~and ~~companies~~signed ~~that~~the ~~struggle~~manufacturing todeal ~~maximize their commercialization potential. To capitalize on this opportunity, we plan to become a parent company acquiring strategic subsidiaries~~ with ~~FDA-approved~~Zhoake ~~products.~~(Hong ~~The~~Kong) ~~Company’s~~Ophthalmology ~~management~~Pharmaceutical ~~team~~Limited ~~has commercialization expertise~~ in ~~both~~June ~~large~~2025 ~~pharmaceutical and small biotech companies across multiple therapeutic areas, potentially enabling them~~ to ~~leverage~~produce ~~synergies and optimize commercial performance across future subsidiaries. The Company will seek to use equity to acquire subsidiaries. The number of deals, if any, over time will depend upon~~ the ~~valuation~~approved ~~and~~product ~~growth~~at ~~potential~~lower ~~of the subsidiary companies~~cost.

~~Our~~In ~~lead product candidate~~addition, ~~istaroxime,~~in isJanuary ~~a first-in-class~~2025, ~~dual-mechanism~~we ~~agent~~launched ~~being~~a ~~developed~~new tocorporate ~~increase~~strategy ~~blood pressure and improve cardiac function in patients with cardiogenic shock and~~ to ~~improve~~become ~~cardiac~~a ~~function~~revenue ingenerating ~~patients~~biotech ~~with~~company ~~acute~~through ~~heart~~acquisitions ~~failure,~~of orsmall ~~AHF,~~companies and ~~reverse~~their ~~the~~FDA-approved ~~hypotension~~products. ~~and~~We ~~hypoperfusion~~will ~~associated~~seek ~~with~~acquisition ~~heart~~targets ~~failure~~to ~~that~~achieve ~~deteriorates~~our tonew ~~cardiogenic~~corporate ~~shock~~strategy. ~~Istaroxime~~We ~~demonstrated~~believe ~~significant~~there ~~improvement~~is inan ~~both~~opportunity ~~systolic and diastolic aspects of cardiac function and was generally well tolerated~~ in ~~four~~the ~~Phase~~market: ~~2 clinical trials. Istaroxime has been granted Fast Track designation for~~ the ~~treatment~~acquisition of ~~AHF~~small bycompanies ~~the~~with ~~U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or~~ FDA.-approved ~~Based~~products onfrom the ~~profile~~many ~~observed~~small inbiotech ~~our~~companies ~~Phase~~that 2struggle ~~clinical~~to ~~studies~~maximize intheir ~~AHF,~~commercialization ~~where~~potential. ~~istaroxime~~To ~~significantly~~capitalize ~~improved~~on ~~cardiac~~this ~~function and systolic blood pressure~~opportunity, ~~or SBP, in acute decompensated heart failure patients and had a favorable renal profile,~~ we ~~initiated~~plan ~~a Phase 2 global clinical study, or the SEISMiC Study,~~ to ~~evaluate~~become ~~istaroxime for the treatment of early cardiogenic shock (Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, or SCAI, Stage B shock),~~ a ~~severe~~parent ~~form~~company ofacquiring ~~AHF~~strategic ~~characterized~~subsidiaries bywith ~~very~~FDA-approved ~~low blood pressure and risk for hypoperfusion to critical organs and mortality~~products. InOur ~~April~~management ~~2022,~~team we announced our observations in the SEISMiC Study that istaroxime rapidly and significantly increased SBP while also improving cardiac function and preserving renal function. We believe that istaroxime has ~~the~~commercialization ~~potential~~expertise ~~to fulfill an unmet need~~ in ~~early and potentially more severe cardiogenic shock. We further believe that the data from the SEISMiC Study supports continued development in~~ both ~~cardiogenic~~large ~~shock~~pharmaceutical and ~~AHF.~~small Inbiotech ~~September~~companies ~~2024,~~across wemultiple ~~announced~~therapeutic ~~positive topline results from our Phase 2b SEISMiC Extension Study~~areas, orpotentially ~~the~~enabling ~~SEISMiC~~them Extension, which demonstrated that istaroxime infused intravenously significantly improves cardiac function and blood pressure without increasing heart rate or clinically significant cardiac rhythm disturbances. Additionally, we have initiated a study in more severe SCAI Stage C cardiogenic shock, or the SEISMiC C Study, to ~~evaluate~~leverage ~~the~~synergies ~~safety~~ and ~~efficacy~~optimize ofcommercial ~~istaroxime~~performance inacross ~~cardiogenic~~future ~~shock patients who are also receiving standard of care rescue therapy for shock~~subsidiaries. ~~The~~We ~~SEISMiC~~will Cseek ~~Study is expected~~ to ~~enroll~~use upequity to ~~100~~acquire ~~subjects with SCAI Stage C cardiogenic shock with enrollment anticipated to be completed in Q1 2026~~subsidiaries. AnThe ~~unblinded~~number ~~review~~ of ~~the~~deals, ~~data~~if ~~from~~any, ~~the~~over ~~first~~time 20will ~~subjects~~depend ~~is planned to take place in Q3 2025. Our ability to complete this study with its intended sample size is dependent~~ upon ~~our~~the ~~ability~~valuation toand ~~secure~~growth ~~adequate~~potential ~~resourcing~~of ~~for~~ the ~~program~~subsidiary ~~through financing efforts or business development activities~~companies.

On April 2, 2024, we entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement (the “Asset Purchase Agreement”), with Varian Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Varian”). Pursuant to the Asset Purchase Agreement, we purchased all of the assets of Varian’s business associated with a license agreement, dated as of July 5, 2019, by and between Varian and Cancer Research Technology Limited (the “Licence Agreement”), which includes the Licence Agreement, all rights in molecules and compounds subject to the Licence Agreement, know-how and inventory of drug substance, or the Transferred Assets. The Transferred Assets include a novel, potential high-potency, specific, aPKCi inhibitor with possible broad use in oncology as well as certain rare malignant diseases. The asset platform includes two formulations (topical and oral) of an aPKCi inhibitor. We plan to seek partnership for the oncology program alleviating any cash burn on development.

We have incurred operating losses since our incorporation on November 6, 1992. As of June 30, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $861.3 million. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had operating losses of $26.1 million and $20.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $846.6 million. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through private placements and public offerings of our common and preferred stock and borrowings from investors and financial institutions. As of June 30, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $301 thousand and current liabilities of $15.7 million. To date, we have financed operations primarily through private placements and public offerings of common and preferred stock, warrants to purchase common stock, and borrowings from investors and financial institutions.

Our ability to advance our corporate strategy is dependent upon our ability to secure additional capital in both the near and long-term, through public or private securities offerings; convertible debt financings; and/or potential strategic opportunities, including licensing agreements, drug product development, marketing collaboration arrangements, pharmaceutical research cooperation arrangements, and/or other similar transactions in geographic markets, including the United States (the “U.S.”), and/or through potential grants and other funding commitments from U.S. government agencies, in each case, if available. We have engaged with potential counterparties in various markets and will continue to pursue non-dilutive sources of capital as well as potential private and public securities offerings. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be able to identify and enter into public or private securities offerings on acceptable terms and in amounts sufficient to meet our needs or qualify for non-dilutive funding opportunities under any grant programs sponsored by U.S. government agencies, private foundations, and/or leading academic institutions, or identify and enter into any strategic transactions that will provide the additional capital that we will require. If none of these alternatives is available, or if available and we are unable to raise sufficient capital through such transactions, we potentially could be forced to limit or cease our development activities, as well as modify or cease our operations, either of which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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~~Our~~ELOC ~~heart~~Purchase ~~failure~~Agreement cardiovascular portfolio also includes other SERCA2a activators. One family of compounds has the dual mechanism of action that includes inhibition of the sodium-potassium ATPase as well as activation of SERCA2a. The other family of compounds are considered selective SERCA2a activators and ~~are~~Commitment devoid of activity against the sodium-potassium ATPase. This research program is evaluating these preclinical product candidates, including oral and intravenous SERCA2a activator heart failure compounds. These candidates would potentially be developed for both acute decompensated and chronic out-patient heart failure. In addition, our cardiovascular drug product candidates include rostafuroxin, a novel product candidate for the treatment of hypertension in patients with a specific genetic profile. We are pursuing potential licensing arrangements and/or other strategic partnerships and do not intend to advance the development of rostafuroxin without securing such an arrangement or partnership.Note

~~Our~~On ~~cardiovascular~~July ~~assets~~23, ~~and~~2025, ~~programs~~we ~~are~~entered ~~associated~~into the ELOC Purchase Agreement with aSeven ~~regional~~Knots, ~~licensed~~pursuant ~~partnership~~to ~~with~~which ~~Lee’s~~Seven ~~Pharmaceutical~~Knots ~~(HK)~~has ~~Ltd.~~agreed to purchase from us, orfrom ~~Lee’s~~time ~~(HK)~~to time, ~~for~~in our sole discretion, in accordance with the ~~development~~terms ~~and~~thereof, ~~commercialization~~shares of our ~~product~~common ~~candidate~~stock having a total maximum aggregate purchase price of $500 million, ~~istaroxime~~of which $50 million is registered pursuant to this prospectus, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth in ~~Greater~~the ~~China~~ELOC Purchase Agreement. InOn ~~addition~~any tobusiness ~~istaroxime,~~day on which the ~~agreement~~closing ~~also~~sale ~~licenses~~price of our ~~preclinical~~common ~~next-generation~~stock ~~dual~~is ~~mechanism~~equal ~~SERCA2a~~to ~~activators,~~or ~~and~~greater ~~rostafuroxin~~than $0.50 In(the ~~addition~~“VWAP Purchase Date”), we ~~are~~may ~~supporting~~direct ~~the~~Seven ~~efforts~~Knots to purchase a number of ~~Lee’s~~shares of common stock in an amount up to the VWAP Purchase Maximum Amount (~~HK)~~as defined in ~~starting~~the ELOC Purchase Agreement) (a ~~Phase~~“VWAP 3Purchase”) ~~trial~~at ina ~~AHF~~purchase ~~with~~price ~~istaroxime~~equal to 96.5% of the lowest sale price of the common stock on the applicable VWAP Purchase Date; provided, however, that if the resulting price is less than $0.50 (to be appropriately adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction), then the percentage applied shall be 90% instead of the 96.5% referred to above. There is no upper limit on the price per share that Seven Knots could be obligated to pay for the Purchase Shares.

OnAs ~~April~~consideration 2,for ~~2024,~~Seven weKnots’ ~~entered~~irrevocable ~~into~~commitment anto ~~Asset~~purchase the Purchase ~~Agreement,~~Shares orupon the ~~Asset~~terms of and subject to satisfaction of the conditions set forth in the ELOC Purchase Agreement, concurrently with ~~Varian~~the ~~Biopharmaceuticals,~~execution ~~Inc.,~~and ordelivery ~~Varian.~~of ~~Pursuant to~~ the ~~Asset~~ELOC Purchase Agreement, we ~~purchased~~issued ~~all~~the ofCommitment Note to Seven Knots in the ~~assets~~amount of ~~Varian’s~~$10,000,000. ~~business~~The ~~associated~~Commitment ~~with~~Note amatures ~~license~~on ~~agreement~~April 23, ~~dated~~2026 as(the of“Maturity ~~July~~Date”) and will bear interest at 5,% ~~2019~~per annum on a 365-day basis, bydue and ~~between~~payable ~~Varian~~on ~~and~~the ~~Cancer~~Maturity ~~Research~~Date. ~~Technology~~Upon ~~Limited~~the occurrence of an Event of Default (as defined in the Commitment Note) the Purchaser, orby written notice, may declare the ~~Licence~~Commitment ~~Agreement~~Note to be due immediately and payable, which ~~includes~~payment shall consist of the ~~Licence~~unpaid ~~Agreement~~principal balance, ~~all~~together ~~rights~~with inany ~~molecules~~accrued and ~~compounds~~unpaid ~~subject~~interest, toif ~~the~~any. ~~Licence~~Seven ~~Agreement~~Knot, ~~know-how~~in its sole discretion and ~~inventory~~upon ofwritten ~~drug~~notice ~~substance~~to us, may convert all or a portion of the ~~Transferred~~entire ~~Assets.~~unpaid ~~The~~principal ~~Transferred~~balance ~~Assets~~of ~~include~~the aCommitment ~~novel~~Note, ~~potential~~together ~~high-potency,~~with ~~specific~~all accrued and unpaid interest, ~~aPKCi~~if ~~inhibitor~~any ~~with~~(the ~~possible~~“Conversion ~~broad~~Amount”) ~~use~~into inan ~~oncology~~amount asof ~~well~~Note Shares equal to (x) the Conversion Amount divided by, as ~~certain~~of ~~rare~~the ~~malignant~~date ~~diseases.~~of ~~The~~such ~~asset~~conversion ~~platform~~notice ~~includes~~or ~~two~~other ~~formulations~~date ~~(topical~~of ~~and~~determination, ~~oral~~the lesser of (i) a 20% discount to the lowest intraday sale price of anour ~~aPKCi~~common ~~inhibitor.~~stock Weas ~~plan~~traded toon ~~advance~~the ~~investigational~~principal ~~new~~market ~~drug~~on ~~enabling~~July ~~activities~~23, 2025 and ~~are~~(ii) ina 20% discount to the ~~process~~lowest intraday sale price of ~~determining~~our common stock as traded on the ~~expected~~principal ~~clinical~~market ~~development~~during ~~plan~~the ~~for~~20 trading days immediately preceding the ~~platform~~date of such conversion notice, subject to adjustment as provided in the terms of the Commitment Note.

On ~~April~~August 1928, 2025, ~~WINT~~we ~~Real~~obtained ~~Estate,~~stockholder ~~LLC~~approval ~~(“WINT~~at ~~LLC”),~~the aSpecial ~~wholly~~Meeting ~~owned subsidiary~~ of ~~the~~Stockholders ~~Company, entered into an Assignment and Conditional Assumption Agreement (the “Assignment”) with Way Maker Growth Fund, LLC (“Way Maker”) relating~~ to ~~that~~issue ~~certain~~up ~~Purchase and Sale Agreement dated June 28, 2024 (the “Original Purchase Agreement”), as amended by that certain First Amendment~~ to ~~Purchase~~$500 ~~and~~million ~~Sale~~of ~~Agreement,~~ELOC ~~dated~~Shares ~~December~~under ~~19, 2024 (~~the ~~“First~~ELOC ~~Amendment”) and that certain Second Amendment to~~ Purchase ~~and Sale~~ Agreement, dated March 25, 2025, (the “Second Amendment”; the Original Purchase Agreement, as amended by the First Amendment and the Second Amendment, is referred to hereafter as the “Aubrey Purchase Agreement”), and that certain development services agreement, dated February 4, 2025 (the “Development Agreement,” and together with the Aubrey Purchase Agreement, collectively, the “Assigned Agreements”, each between Way Maker and TBB Crescent Park Drive LLC (“TBB CPD”)). ~~Pursuant to the Aubrey Purchase Agreement, TBB CPD agreed to sell to Way Maker real property commonly known as the Aubrey, located at 11755 Southlake, Houston, Texas (the “Property”).~~

~~Pursuant~~In toall ~~the terms of the Assignment~~cases, ~~Way~~we ~~Maker~~may ~~agreed to assign to WINT LLC its right, title and interest in the Assigned Agreements. WINT LLC will~~ not beissue ~~deemed to have assumed~~ or ~~have~~sell any ~~liability~~shares ~~under~~of ~~the~~common ~~Assigned~~stock ~~Agreements~~to ~~until~~Seven ~~certain~~Knots ~~conditions~~under ~~have been met, including (i)~~ the ~~Aubrey~~ELOC Purchase Agreement ~~is amended as required by WINT LLC~~which, ~~(ii)~~when ~~WINT~~aggregated ~~has~~with ~~reviewed~~all ~~and~~other ~~approved~~shares ~~the~~of ~~Development~~our ~~Agreement,~~common ~~(iii)~~stock ~~WINT~~then ~~LLC~~beneficially ~~has~~owned ~~reviewed~~by ~~and~~Seven ~~approved~~Knots ~~the title commitment~~ and ~~current~~its ~~permitted~~affiliates, ~~encumbrances~~would ~~provided~~result ~~for~~ in ~~the~~Seven ~~Aubrey~~Knots ~~Purchase~~beneficially ~~Agreement,~~owning ~~(iv)~~more ~~WINT~~than ~~LLC~~4.99% ~~has~~of ~~reviewed and approved~~ the ~~survey~~outstanding ~~with~~shares ~~respect~~of toour ~~the~~common ~~Property, and (v) WINT LLC has reviewed and approved all terminated and non-terminable contracts provided for in the Sales Agreement (collectively, the “Assumption Conditions”)~~stock.

~~Notwithstanding~~For ~~the~~additional ~~Assumption~~information ~~Conditions,~~on ~~WINT LLC has advanced $1,400,000 (~~the “Advance”) to TBB CPD to be held as part of the earnest money due under the Aubrey Purchase Agreement (the “Earnest Money”) in exchange for an extension of the closing date under the Aubrey Purchase Agreement to May 23ELOC, ~~2025.~~ELOC ~~The purchase price for the Property pursuant to the Aubrey~~ Purchase Agreement isand ~~approximately $43,000,000 (~~the ~~“Purchase~~Commitment ~~Price”). Pursuant to the Aubrey Purchase Agreement~~Note, ~~the~~please ~~sale~~see of the ~~Property~~section ~~must~~titled ~~close on or before May 23, 2025 (the~~ “~~Aubrey~~The ~~Closing~~Committed ~~Date”),~~Equity ~~provided WINT LLC is entitled to extend the Aubrey Closing Date by up to two times, each extension being for 30 days, by payment of $1,000,000 per extension (each, an “Extension Payment~~Financing”) toin ~~TBB~~this ~~CPD.~~prospectus ~~The~~and ~~Extension~~our ~~Payments~~Current ~~shall~~Report beon ~~held~~Form as8-K ~~part~~filed ofwith the ~~Earnest~~SEC ~~Money and shall be applicable to the Purchase Price~~ on ~~the~~July ~~Aubrey~~24, ~~Closing Date~~2025.

WeSubject ~~have~~Notes ~~incurred operating losses since our incorporation on November 6, 1992. For the years ended December 31, 2024~~ and ~~2023,~~Subject weNote had operating losses of $26.1 million and $20.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $846.6 million. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through private placements and public offerings of our common and preferred stock and borrowings from investors and financial institutions. As of December 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $1.8 million and current liabilities of $5.7 million. We expect to continue to incur significant research and clinical development, regulatory and other expenses as we (i) continue to develop our product candidates; (ii) seek regulatory clearances or approvals for our product candidates; (iii) conduct clinical trials on our product candidates; and (iv) manufacture, market and sell any product candidates for which we may obtain regulatory approval.Shares

~~Our~~On ~~ability~~October to9, ~~advance~~2025, ~~our~~we ~~development~~issued ~~programs~~and issold ~~dependent upon our ability~~ to ~~secure~~two ~~additional~~institutional ~~capital~~investors ~~in both~~ the ~~near~~Subject ~~and~~Notes ~~long-term,~~in ~~through~~an ~~public~~aggregate orprincipal ~~private~~amount ~~securities~~of ~~offerings; convertible debt financings; and/or potential strategic opportunities~~$1, ~~including licensing agreements~~600, ~~drug product development~~000, ~~marketing~~which ~~collaboration~~are ~~arrangements~~convertible, ~~pharmaceutical~~at ~~research~~the ~~cooperation~~option ~~arrangements,~~of ~~and/or other similar transactions in geographic markets, including~~ the ~~United States (“U.S.”)~~holders, ~~and/or~~into ~~through~~shares ~~potential~~of ~~grants~~our ~~and~~common ~~other~~stock ~~funding~~at ~~commitments~~a ~~from~~conversion ~~U.S.~~price ~~government~~equal ~~agencies,~~to inequal ~~each~~to ~~case,~~90% ifof ~~available.~~the Welowest ~~have~~sale ~~engaged~~price ~~with~~for ~~potential~~the ~~counterparties~~20 inconsecutive ~~various~~trading ~~markets~~days ~~and~~preceding ~~will~~conversion ~~continue~~(subject to ~~pursue~~adjustment ~~non-dilutive sources of capital~~ as ~~well~~provided asin ~~potential~~the ~~private~~Subject ~~and public securities offerings~~Notes). ~~There~~The ~~can~~Subject beNotes noinclude ~~assurance,~~a ~~however,~~conversion ~~that~~limitation weprohibiting ~~will~~any beholder ~~able~~from toconverting ~~identify~~the ~~and~~Subject ~~enter~~Notes ~~into~~to ~~public~~the orextent ~~private~~such ~~securities~~conversion ~~offerings~~would onresult ~~acceptable terms and~~ in ~~amounts~~the ~~sufficient~~holder toand ~~meet~~its ~~our~~affiliates ~~needs~~beneficially orowning ~~qualify~~more ~~for~~than ~~non-dilutive~~4.99% ~~funding~~of ~~opportunities~~the ~~under~~outstanding ~~any~~common ~~grant~~stock ~~programs~~of ~~sponsored~~the ~~by U~~Company.S. ~~government~~Holders ~~agencies,~~of ~~private~~the ~~foundations,~~Subject ~~and/or~~Notes ~~leading~~may ~~academic~~increase ~~institutions,~~such orbeneficial ~~identify~~ownership ~~and~~limitation ~~enter~~up ~~into~~to ~~any~~a ~~strategic~~maximum ~~transactions~~of ~~that~~9.99% ~~will~~upon ~~provide~~at ~~the~~least ~~additional~~61 ~~capital~~days’ ~~that~~notice weto ~~will require~~us. IfThe ~~none~~Subject ofNotes ~~these~~have ~~alternatives~~a ismaturity ~~available,~~date orof ifOctober ~~available~~9, ~~and~~2026, weunless ~~are~~extended ~~unable~~at tothe ~~raise~~holders’ ~~sufficient~~option ~~capital~~in ~~through~~accordance ~~such~~with ~~transactions,~~the weterms ~~potentially~~of ~~could~~the beSubject ~~forced~~Notes, tobear ~~limit~~interest orat ~~cease~~10% ~~our~~per ~~development~~annum ~~activities,~~on asa ~~well~~360-day asand ~~modify~~twelve or30-day ~~cease~~month ~~our operations~~basis, ~~either~~and ofare ~~which~~subject ~~would~~to ~~have~~ a ~~material~~mandatory ~~adverse~~pre-payment ~~effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations~~requirement.

For additional information on the Subject Notes, please see our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 9, 2025.

Recent Developments

Nasdaq Deficiencies and Delisting

On June 18, 2025, we received a deficiency letter (the “Bid Price Deficiency Letter”) from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Department (the “Staff”) notifying us that, for the last 30 consecutive business days, the closing bid price for our common stock has been below the minimum $1.00 per share required for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (“Minimum Bid Price Requirement”).

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~~Private~~Normally, ~~Placement~~a company would be afforded a 180-calendar day period to demonstrate compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement. However, as previously disclosed, we are subject to a Discretionary Panel Monitor until March 20, 2026, pursuant to Listing Rule 5815(4)(A). Moreover, pursuant to Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A)(iv), we are not eligible for any compliance period specified in Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) because we effected two reverse stock splits over the prior two-year period with a cumulative ratio of ~~Preferred~~more ~~Shares~~than 250 shares to one.

On ~~April~~August 2919, 2025, we ~~entered~~were ~~into~~notified ~~the~~by ~~Securities~~The ~~Purchase~~Nasdaq ~~Agreement~~Stock ~~with~~Market ~~the~~LLC ~~Investors.~~(“Nasdaq”) ~~Pursuant~~that toas ~~the~~a ~~Securities~~result ~~Purchase~~of ~~Agreement~~our noncompliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), weNasdaq ~~agreed~~has determined to ~~the~~delist ~~private~~our ~~placement~~common (stock from the ~~“Private~~Nasdaq ~~Placement”)~~Capital ofMarket ~~shares~~and, ~~(the~~accordingly, ~~“Preferred~~suspended ~~Shares”)~~trading ofin ~~the~~our ~~Company’s~~common ~~Series~~stock Deffective ~~Preferred~~at ~~Stock~~the ~~for~~open ~~aggregate~~of ~~gross~~trading ~~proceeds~~on ofAugust ~~approximately~~21, $22025.~~5 million.~~

We ~~agreed~~began totrading ~~seek~~publicly ~~stockholder~~on ~~approval for~~ the ~~issuance of all of~~ over-the-counter ~~shares~~market of(“OTCID”) ~~the~~on ~~Company’s~~August ~~common~~22, ~~stock~~2025, ~~issuable~~under ~~upon~~its ~~conversion~~existing ofsymbol ~~the Preferred Shares in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market~~“WINT.”

~~The~~Settlement ~~Company additionally agreed that, subject to certain exceptions, without the consent~~ of ~~the holders holding at least~~ a ~~majority~~disputed of the Registrable Securities (as defined below), for the period commencing on April 29, 2025 and ending on the date immediately following the 90th trading day after the Applicable Date (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) (the “Restricted Period”), neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries shall directly or indirectly issue, offer, sell, grant any option or right to purchase, or otherwise dispose of (or announce any issuance, offer, sale, grant of any option or right to purchase or other disposition of) any equity security or any equity-linked or related security (including, without limitation, any “equity security” (as that term is defined under Rule 405 promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended), any Convertible Securities (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement), any debt, any preferred stock or any purchase rights) (any such issuance, offer, sale, grant, disposition or announcement (whether occurring during the Restricted Period or at any time thereafter) is referred to as a “Subsequent Placement”).

~~Subject~~On toApril ~~the~~19, ~~limitations~~2025, ~~described~~WINT inReal ~~the~~Estate, ~~Securities~~LLC ~~Purchase~~(“WINT ~~Agreement~~LLC”), ~~for~~our sowholly ~~long~~owned assubsidiary, ~~any~~entered ~~Preferred~~into ~~Shares~~an ~~are~~Assignment ~~outstanding,~~and ~~the~~Conditional ~~Company~~Assumption ~~will~~Agreement be(the ~~prohibited~~“Assignment”) ~~from~~with ~~effecting~~Way orMaker ~~entering~~Growth ~~into~~Fund, anLLC ~~agreement~~(“Way Maker”) relating to ~~effect~~that ~~any~~certain ~~Subsequent~~Purchase ~~Placement~~and ~~involving~~Sale aAgreement ~~Variable~~dated ~~Rate~~June ~~Transaction~~28, (2024, as ~~defined~~amended in (the ~~Securities~~ “Purchase Agreement”), ~~(other~~between ~~than~~Way aMaker ~~Permitted~~and ~~Equity~~TBB ~~Line~~Crescent ~~(as~~Park ~~defined~~Drive inLLC ~~the Securities~~(“TBB ~~Purchase Agreement~~CPD”)). ~~Additionally,~~Pursuant to the ~~Securities~~ Purchase Agreement ~~contains a participation right~~, ~~which~~TBB ~~provides~~CPD ~~that,~~agreed ~~subject~~ to ~~certain~~sell ~~exceptions,~~to atWay ~~any~~Maker ~~time~~real onproperty orcommonly ~~prior~~known toas the ~~fourth anniversary of the Closing Date~~Aubrey, ~~neither~~located ~~the~~at ~~Company~~11755 ~~nor any of its Subsidiaries shall~~Southlake, ~~directly or indirectly~~Houston, ~~effect~~Texas. ~~any~~Pursuant ~~Subsequent~~to ~~Placement unless~~ the ~~Company~~terms ~~complies~~of ~~with~~ the ~~notice~~Assignment, ~~procedures~~Way asMaker ~~outlined~~agreed ~~in the Securities Purchase Agreement with respect~~ to ~~each~~assign ~~Buyer, providing the opportunity for such Buyer~~ to ~~participate~~WINT inLLC ~~such~~its ~~Subsequent~~right, ~~Placement~~title onand ainterest ~~pro rata basis as described~~ in the ~~Securities~~ Purchase Agreement.

InAs ~~addition,~~disclosed ~~pursuant~~on toJune ~~the Securities Purchase Agreement~~24, ~~the Company agreed (i) in lieu of the payments required pursuant Sections 10~~2025, 6TBB ~~and~~CPD ~~2(d)~~provided ofa ~~the~~notice ~~that certain certificate~~ of ~~designation~~termination ~~(as amended, modified, or supplemented, the “Series C COD”) filed by the Company~~ with ~~the~~respect ~~Secretary~~to ~~of State of~~ the ~~State~~Purchase ofAgreement ~~Delaware~~to onus ~~July 19, 2024, for the purpose of establishing and designating the Company’s Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share~~ (the “~~Series C Preferred Stock~~Notice”),. ~~those~~The ~~two~~Notice ~~certain~~demanded ~~Senior Secured Notes issued by~~ the ~~Company,~~$3 ~~dated~~million ~~as of March 18, 2025,~~ in ~~the~~earnest ~~original~~money ~~principal amount of $156,250 each~~ (the “~~March~~Earnest ~~Notes~~Money”) ~~and~~held ~~those two certain 20% OID Senior Secured Convertible Promissory Notes issued~~ by the ~~Company,~~escrow ~~dated~~agent asfor ofthe ~~April 4~~transaction, ~~2025, in the original principal amount~~ of which $~~156~~1,~~250 each (the “April Notes~~400,”000 ~~and~~was ~~together~~paid ~~with~~by ~~the~~us ~~March Notes, the “Notes”), respectively, to redeem the Series C Preferred Stock and the Notes~~ with ~~40% of~~ the ~~aggregate~~remainder ~~gross~~by ~~proceeds~~Way ~~from each Eligible Equity Line Transaction (as defined in the Series C COD) in accordance with the mechanics in such sections of the Series C COD and the Notes~~Maker, ~~mutatus~~ ~~mutandis (the “Mandatory Redemptions”), and (ii) such Mandatory Redemptions shall~~ be ~~paid~~released ~~in order first~~ to ~~the~~TPP ~~holders~~CPD. ofWe ~~Series~~had disputed CTPP ~~Preferred~~CPD’s ~~Stock,~~entitlement ~~next~~ to the ~~holders~~Earnest ~~of March Notes and lastly to the holders of April Notes~~Money.

On ~~May~~September 230, 2025, ~~the~~WINT ~~holders~~LLC ofand ~~the~~TBB ~~Notes~~entered ~~accepted~~into ina ~~writing~~Settlement ~~the~~and ~~Company’s~~Mutual ~~payoff~~Release ~~letter,~~Agreement ~~pursuant~~(the to“Agreement”) which instructs the ~~Company~~Escrow ~~made~~Holder ~~a one-time payment~~ to ~~the~~release ~~respective~~$750,000 ~~holders~~of in the ~~aggregate~~Earnest ~~amount~~Money ~~of $600,000~~ to ~~retire~~WINT and ~~fully~~to ~~satisfy~~release the ~~balance~~remaining ofEarnest ~~the~~Money ~~Notes~~to ofTBB. ~~$625~~In addition,~~000~~ ~~plus~~the ~~any~~parties ~~accrued~~agree ~~interest~~that asthe ofPurchase ~~such~~Agreement ~~payoff~~is ~~date~~validly atterminated aand ~~discount.~~WINT ~~The~~has ~~Notes~~no ~~automatically~~rights ~~terminated~~with ~~upon~~regard to the ~~Company’s~~Property ~~payment~~along ofwith ~~such~~a ~~payoff~~mutual ~~amount~~release ~~and~~of ~~will~~claims beas ofdefined noin ~~further~~the ~~effect~~Agreement.

~~The~~Crypto ~~terms~~Treasury of the Series D Preferred Stock are as set forth in the Certificate of Designations of the Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, or the Series D Certificate of Designations, which was filed and became effective with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on April 30, 2025. Each holder of Series D Preferred Stock may convert all, or any part, of the outstanding Series D Preferred Stock, at any time at such holder’s option, into shares of our common stock at an initial conversion price of $1.368, which is subject to adjustment as provided in the Series D Certificate of Designations to no lower than $0.274.Strategy

On ~~April~~July 2916, 2025, inwe ~~connection~~announced ~~with~~its ~~the~~launch ~~Securities~~of ~~Purchase Agreement, the Company entered into the Registration Rights Agreement with the Investors. Pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement, the Company agreed to file~~ a ~~registration~~crypto ~~statement~~treasury ~~with~~strategy ~~the~~utilizing ~~Securities and Exchange Commission (~~the ~~“SEC”)~~native ~~covering~~token ~~the resale~~ of the ~~Registrable~~BNB ~~Securities~~chain oncommonly orreferred ~~before~~to ~~the~~as ~~15th calendar day following the closing of the Private Placement (the~~ “~~Closing Date~~BNB,”) ~~and~~including toa ~~cause~~$60 ~~such~~million ~~registration~~securities ~~statement~~purchase toagreement beled ~~declared effective~~ by ~~the~~Build ~~SEC~~and ~~on or before the 45th calendar day following the Closing Date~~Build, ~~subject to limited exceptions described therein~~Corp. The Registrable Securities include, (i) all the shares of common stock underlying the Preferred Shares (the “Preferred Conversion Shares”), and (ii) any capital stock of the Company issued or issuable with ~~respect to~~ the ~~Conversion~~potential ~~Shares~~for orup ~~the~~$200 ~~Series~~million ~~D Preferred Stock, including, without limitation, (1) as a result~~ of ~~any~~total stock split, stock dividend, recapitalization, exchange or similar event or otherwise and (2) shares of capital stock of the Company into which the shares of common stock (as defined in the Certificate of Designations) are converted or exchanged and shares of capital stock of a Successor Entity (as defined in the Certificate of Designations) into which the shares of common stock are converted or exchanged, without regard to any limitations on conversion of the Series D Preferred Stock, The registration rights granted under the Registration Rights Agreement are subject to certain conditions and limitations and are subject to customary indemnification and contribution provisionssubscriptions.

~~Notwithstanding~~On ~~the~~July ~~foregoing~~16, ~~our~~2025, ~~ability~~we toentered ~~issue~~into ~~shares~~a ofsecurities ~~common~~purchase ~~stock~~agreement ~~upon~~with the ~~conversion~~purchasers ofnamed ~~the~~therein ~~Preferred~~pursuant ~~Shares is subject~~ to ~~certain~~which ~~limitations~~we ~~set~~agreed ~~forth~~to insell ~~Series D the Certificate of Designations~~ and ~~the~~issue ~~Warrants. Prior~~ to ~~receiving~~the ~~stockholder~~purchasers ~~approval,~~in ~~such limitations include~~ a ~~limit~~private onplacement ~~the~~offering ~~number~~an aggregate of (i) approximately 60,000 shares ~~that~~of ~~may~~the beour newly issued ~~until~~Series ~~the~~E ~~time,~~Convertible ifPreferred ~~any~~Stock, ~~that~~par ~~our~~value ~~stockholders~~$0.001 ~~have~~per ~~approved~~share (the ~~issuance~~“Series ofE ~~more~~Preferred ~~than~~Stock,” ~~19.99%~~and ofsuch ~~our outstanding~~ shares ofissuable ~~common~~upon ~~stock~~the inconversion ~~accordance~~of ~~with~~Series ~~Nasdaq~~E ~~listing~~Preferred ~~standards~~Stock, or the ~~Stockholder~~“Conversion ~~Approval.~~Shares”) Weat ~~agreed~~an tooffering ~~seek~~price ~~the~~of ~~Stockholder~~$1,000 ~~Approval~~per atshare aof ~~meeting~~Series toE bePreferred ~~held~~Stock no(the ~~later~~“Stated ~~than~~Value”), ~~the~~and ~~sixtieth~~ (~~60th~~ii) ~~calendar~~warrants ~~day after~~ (the ~~closing~~“Warrants,” ofand ~~the Private Placement. Until~~ such ~~time~~shares asissuable weupon ~~have~~exercise ~~received~~of the ~~Stockholder Approval~~Warrants, ~~we cannot issue any shares upon~~ the ~~conversion~~“Warrant ~~of the Preferred~~ Shares”) ifto ~~such~~purchase ~~conversion~~up ~~would~~to ~~exceed~~an ~~19.99%~~aggregate of ~~our issued and outstanding~~ 66,000,000 shares of our common stock. ~~prior~~The toSeries ~~the~~E ~~Private~~Preferred ~~Placement,~~Stock ~~which~~may ~~amount~~be isconverted ~~the~~into ~~aggregate~~Conversion ~~number~~Shares ofat ~~shares~~a ofprice ~~common~~equal ~~stock~~to ~~which we may issue under~~ the ~~rules~~Stated orValue ~~regulations~~divided ofby ~~Nasdaq~~$0.30.

~~For~~Company ~~additional~~management ~~information~~made on the ~~Private~~decision ~~Placement,~~not ~~including~~to ~~additional~~move ~~terms of~~ the ~~Series~~cryptocurrency Dtreasury ~~Preferred~~strategy ~~Stock~~forward ~~please~~and ~~see~~to ~~our~~focus ~~Current Reports~~ on ~~Form~~other ~~8-K~~businesses ~~filed~~in ~~with~~our ~~the~~new ~~SEC~~corporate ~~on April 30, 2025 and May 1, 2025~~strategy.

Increase in Authorized Shares

On August 28, 2025, we obtained stockholder approval at the Special Meeting of Stockholders to amend our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of capital stock from 125,000,000 shares to 1,000,000,000 shares. On October 23, 2025, we filed an amendment to our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to increase the number of authorized shares of capital stock from 125,000,000 shares to 1,000,000,000 shares, consisting of 995,000,000 shares of common stock and 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share. The amendment was affected at 5:30 p.m. Eastern Time on October 23, 2025.

Amendment to ELOC Purchase Agreement

On October 23, 2025, we and Seven Knots entered into an amendment (the “ELOC Amendment”) to the ELOC Purchase Agreement, pursuant to which the parties agreed to, among other things, expand the definition of “Eligible Market” to include over-the-counter markets, including The OTCID Basic Market.

Summary of Risk Factors

Risks Related to This Offering

●

A sale of a substantial number of shares of common stock by the selling stockholders could cause the price of our common stock to decline;

●

You may experience future dilution as a result of future equity offerings and other issuances of our securities;

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●

We expect to require additional capital in the future in order to pursue our strategic goals, including partnerships, in order to develop our product candidates. If we do not obtain any such additional financing, it may be difficult to effectively realize our near- and long-term strategic goals and objectives;

●

Future resales and/or issuances of shares of common stock, including pursuant to this prospectus, or the perception that such sales may occur, may cause the market price of our shares to drop significantly; and

●

We may use proceeds from sales of our common stock made pursuant to the ELOC Purchase Agreement in ways with which you may not agree or in ways which may not yield a significant return.

Risks Related to Our Finances and Capital Requirements

●

We have incurred significant operating losses since inception, we expect to incur operating losses in the future, and we may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability;

●

We have incurred indebtedness, which could adversely affect our operating flexibility and financial condition; and

●

If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce accurate and timely financial statements could be impaired, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting and the trading price of our common stock may decline.

Risks Related to our Development Activities and Regulatory Approval of our Product Candidates

●

We are substantially dependent on a partnership for the further development and success of our lead product candidate istaroxime. To the extent that our partnership efforts for clinical development of istaroxime is not successful, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially adversely affected and the price of our common stock may decline; and

●

Although we have multiple product candidates or potential indications of those candidates in our clinical pipeline, we may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate or indication, especially if we fail to secure a partnership, and fail to capitalize on other product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Risks Related to Our Reliance on Third Parties

●

We rely on third parties, primarily outside of the U.S., to conduct many of our preclinical studies and clinical trials. Any failure by a third party to conduct the clinical trials according to good clinical practices, and other requirements and in a timely and quality manner may delay or prevent our ability to seek or obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates; and

●

We plan to rely on third parties, some of which are located outside the U.S., to manufacture our drug product candidates, which exposes us to risks that may affect our ability to maintain supplies of our clinical materials, and subject us to uncertainty associated with the international political climate, and could potentially delay or cease our research and development activities, as well as eventual regulatory approval and commercialization of our drug product candidates.

Risks Related to our Business and Operations

●

Our operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes our future operating results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations or any guidance we may provide;

●

We may seek to enter into partnerships, licensing transactions, collaboration arrangements, and other similar transactions and strategic opportunities, and may not be successful in doing so, and even if we are, we may not realize the benefits of such relationships;

●

We could be adversely affected by any interruption, including from breaches in cybersecurity, in our ability to conduct business at our current location; and

●

We may change or diversify the nature of our business, exposing us to new risks.

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Risks Related to Government Regulation

●

Our activities are subject to various and complex laws and regulations, and we are susceptible to a changing regulatory environment. Violations or allegations of violations of these laws may result in large civil and criminal penalties, debarment from participating in government programs, diversion of management time, attention and resources and may otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations;

●

We face risks related to our collection and use of data, including personal information, which could result in investigations, inquiries, litigation, fines, legislative and regulatory action and negative press about our privacy and data protection practices;

●

Healthcare reform measures in the U.S., as well as the general tightening of drug reimbursement pathways and levels of reimbursement globally, are expected to add additional pressure to achieve financial expectations for our product candidates, if approved; and

●

Our international operations subject us to additional regulatory oversight in foreign jurisdictions, as well as economic, social, and political uncertainties, which could cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, and operating results.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property Matters

●

If we cannot protect our intellectual property, others could use our technology in competitive products. Even if we obtain patents to protect our product candidates, those patents may not be sufficiently broad, or they may expire and others could then compete with us; and

●

Litigation or other proceedings or third-party claims of intellectual property infringement could require us to spend significant time and money and could prevent us from selling our product candidates or affect our stock price.

Risks Related to the Ownership of our Securities

●

Our common stock has been delisted from Nasdaq, which could cause significant adverse consequences to our stockholders;

●

The market price of our common stock may be highly volatile, and investors may not be able to resell their shares at or above the price at which they purchase them;

●

The Series C Certificate of Designation and certain warrants issued in July 2024, (the “July 2024 Warrants”), each contain anti-dilution provisions that may result in the reduction of the conversion price of the Series C Preferred Stock and exercise price of the July 2024 Warrants. These features may increase the number of shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of the Series C Preferred Stock and the exercise of the July 2024 Warrants;

●

The Series C Preferred Stock have a liquidation preference senior to our common stock; and

●

Under the terms of the PIPE Purchase Agreements (as defined below), we are subject to certain restrictive covenants that may make it difficult to procure additional financing.

Corporate Information

We were incorporated in Delaware on November 6, 1992. Our principal executive offices are located at 2600 Kelly Road, Suite 100, Warrington, Pennsylvania 18976, and our telephone number is (215) 488-9300. Our website address is www.windtreetx.com. The information on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this prospectus and is not incorporated by reference herein and you should not consider it part of this prospectus. We have included our website address as an inactive textual reference only.

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Implications of Being a Smaller Reporting Company

We are a smaller reporting company as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). We may take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosures available to smaller reporting companies and will be able to take advantage of these scaled disclosures for so long as (i) the market value of our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter or (ii) our annual revenue is less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter. Specifically, as a smaller reporting company, we may choose to present only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in our Annual Reports on Form 10-K and have reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation, and, as long as we are a smaller reporting company with less than $100 million in annual revenue, we are not required to obtain an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting from our independent registered public accounting firm.

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The Offering

Common stock that may be offered by the selling stockholder		The 42,168,035 shares of common stock covered by this prospectus consist of an aggregate of 42,168,035 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Preferred Shares.
Common stock that may be offered by the selling stockholders		Up to 751,872,888 shares of common stock, consisting of up to (i) 555,555,556 Purchase Shares that may be issued by us to Seven Knots, from time to time at our sole discretion, pursuant to the ELOC Purchase Agreement, (ii) 166,687,215 Note Shares and (iii) 29,630,117 Subject Note Shares.
Common stock outstanding prior to this offering		333,~~661~~634,~~289~~220 (as of October 17, 2025).
Common stock outstanding immediately after this offering		Up to 45785,~~829~~507,324*108, assuming the issuance of up to (i) 555,555,556 Purchase Shares that may be issued by us to Seven Knots, from time to time at our sole discretion, pursuant to the ELOC Purchase Agreement, (ii) up to 166,687,215 Note Shares and (iii) 29,630,117 Subject Note Shares.
Plan of Distribution		The selling stockholders, ~~including~~will ~~their~~determine ~~transferees,~~when ~~donees,~~and ~~pledgees,~~how ~~assignees~~they orwill ~~successors-in-interest, may sell, transfer or otherwise~~ dispose of any or all of the shares of our common stock ~~offered~~that ~~by this prospectus from time to time on The Nasdaq Capital Market or any other stock exchange, market or trading facility on which the shares~~ are ~~traded~~registered orunder inthis ~~private~~prospectus ~~transactions.~~for The shares of common stock may be sold at fixed prices, at prevailing market prices, at prices related to prevailing market prices, at negotiated prices and/or at varying prices determined at the time of saleresale. See the “Plan of Distribution” onsection ~~page~~of 24this prospectus.
Use of proceeds		All of the shares of common stock offered by the selling stockholders pursuant to this prospectus will be sold by the selling stockholders for their respective accounts. We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of shares of our common stock offered by the selling stockholders. In addition, we will not receive any proceeds from the issuance or sale of the Note Shares or the Subject Note Shares. Pursuant to this prospectus, we may receive up to $50 million in aggregate gross proceeds from Seven Knots under the ELOC Purchase Agreement in connection with sales of our shares of our common stock to Seven Knots pursuant to the ELOC Purchase Agreement after the date of this prospectus. However, the actual proceeds may be less than this amount depending on the number of shares of our common stock sold and the price at which the shares of our common stock are sold. We intend to use any net proceeds that we receive under the ELOC Purchase Agreement for working capital and other general corporate purposes. However, as of the date of this prospectus, we cannot specify with certainty all of the particular uses, and the respective amounts we may allocate to those uses, for any net proceeds we receive. See “Use of Proceeds.”
Risk factors		See the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus for a discussion of factors you should carefully consider before deciding to invest in our securities.
Nasdaq Capital Market symbol		WINT
The OTCID Basic Market symbol		WINT
Transfer Agent and Registrar		Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company

*Throughout ~~This~~this prospectus, ~~generally~~when ~~covers~~we ~~the~~refer ~~resale~~to ~~of 300% of~~ the ~~sum of the maximum number of~~ shares of common stock ~~issuable~~being ~~pursuant~~registered toon ~~the~~behalf ~~Series~~of Dthe ~~Certificate~~selling ofstockholders ~~Designations,~~for ~~including~~offer ~~payment~~and ofresale, ~~10%~~we ~~dividends~~are onreferring to the ~~Preferred~~shares ~~Shares~~of ~~through~~common ~~the~~stock ~~October~~issuable ~~29,~~by ~~2026,~~us. ~~determined~~When aswe ifrefer to the ~~outstanding~~selling ~~Preferred~~stockholders ~~Shares~~in ~~were~~this ~~converted~~prospectus, inwe ~~full~~are atreferring ~~the~~to ~~initial~~Seven ~~floor~~Knots, ~~price~~Keystone ofCapital ~~the~~Partners, ~~Series~~LLC Dand, ~~Preferred~~as ~~Stock~~applicable, ofits ~~$0.274.~~transferees, ~~Because~~donees, ~~the~~pledgees, ~~conversion~~distributes, ~~price~~and ofother ~~the~~successors-in-interest ~~Preferred~~that ~~Shares~~ may be ~~adjusted,~~identified ~~the~~in ~~number~~a ofsupplement ~~shares~~to ~~that~~this ~~will~~prospectus ~~actually~~or, beif ~~issued~~required, ~~may~~a bepost-effective ~~more~~amendment orto ~~less than~~ the ~~number~~registration statement of ~~shares~~which ~~being~~this ~~offered~~prospectus byis ~~this~~a ~~prospectus~~part.

~~Throughout~~The ~~this~~number ~~prospectus,~~of ~~when we refer to the~~ shares of our common stock ~~being~~to ~~registered~~be onoutstanding ~~behalf~~after ofthis ~~the~~offering ~~selling~~is ~~stockholders~~based ~~for~~on ~~offer and resale~~33,634,220 ~~we are referring to the~~ shares of common stock ~~issued.~~outstanding ~~When we refer to the selling stockholders in this prospectus, we are referring to the selling stockholders identified in this prospectus and,~~ as ~~applicable,~~of ~~its~~October ~~transferees~~17, ~~donees~~2025, ~~pledgees, distributes~~ and ~~other successors-in-interest that may be identified in a supplement to this prospectus or~~excludes, ifunless ~~required,~~otherwise ~~a post-effective amendment to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.~~stated:

~~The~~● ~~number~~19,639 of shares of ~~our~~ common stock toissuable beupon ~~outstanding~~conversion ~~after~~of ~~this~~our ~~offering~~outstanding ~~is based on 3,661,289~~ shares of ~~common~~Series ~~stock~~C ~~outstanding~~Convertible asPreferred ~~of May 15~~Stock, ~~2025,~~par ~~and~~value ~~excludes,~~$0.001 ~~unless~~per ~~otherwise stated:~~share;

● 2,479,084 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of our outstanding shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share; ● 146,861 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants issued pursuant to that certain securities purchase agreement, dated July 18, 2024 and dated July 26, 2024, in each case by and among us and the investor party thereto; ● 5,137 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants, with a weighted-average exercise price of $10,299.27 per share; ● 287 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options, with a weighted-average exercise price of $77,742.72 per share; ● 154 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding restricted stock units, with a weighted-average grant date fair value of $1,895.03 per share; and ● 17 shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our Amended and Restated Windtree Therapeutics 2020 Equity Incentive Plan, or A&R 2020 Plan, plus any future increases in the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance. 7

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●

13,333 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of our outstanding shares of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share;

●

40,827,373 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of our outstanding convertible promissory notes, including the Subject Notes;

●

41,529 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants issued pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement, dated July 18, 2024, July 26, 2024 and July 16, 2025, in each case by and among us and the investor party thereto;

●

11,586,110 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants issued pursuant to the Note Purchase Agreements, dated June 5, 2025, June 9, 2025, June 24, 2025, June 27, 2025 and July 2, 2025, in each case by and among us and the investor party thereto;

●

119,226 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants, with a weighted-average exercise price of $269.85 per share;

●

287 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options, with a weighted-average exercise price of $76,279.00 per share;

●

154 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding restricted stock units, with a weighted-average grant date fair value of $1,884.00 per share; and

●

411 shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our Amended and Restated Windtree Therapeutics 2020 Equity Incentive Plan, plus any future increases in the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance.

Except as otherwise indicated, the information in this prospectus assumes no exercise of the outstanding options or warrants described above.

6 8

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RISK FACTORS

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below, and those discussed under the section entitled “Risk Factors” contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, which is incorporated by reference in this prospectus, and any of our subsequent Quarterly Reports, together with other information in this prospectus, the information and documents incorporated by reference herein, and in any free writing prospectus that we have authorized for use in connection with this offering. These risks and uncertainties are not the only risks and uncertainties we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us, or that we currently view as immaterial, may also impair our business, operating results, prospects, or financial condition. If the realization of any of the risks or uncertainties actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you might lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to This Offering

A sale of a substantial number of shares of common stock by the selling stockholders could cause the price of our common stock to decline.

The shares of common stock covered by this prospectus represent a large number of shares of our common stock, and, following the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, such shares of common stock may be sold by the selling stockholders in the public market without restriction. If the selling stockholders sell, or the market perceives that our stockholders intend to sell for various reasons, substantial amounts of the shares of common stock in the public market, the price of our common stock may decline. Additionally, such conditions may make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and price that we deem reasonable or appropriate.

You may experience future dilution as a result of future equity offerings and other issuances of our securities.

In order to raise additional capital, we may in the future offer additional shares of common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock prices that may not be the same as the price per share paid by the selling stockholders. We may not be able to sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is equal to or greater than the price per share paid by the investors in this offering, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders. The price per share at which we sell additional shares of common stock or securities convertible into shares of common stock in future transactions may be higher or lower than the price per share paid to the selling stockholders. Our stockholders will incur dilution upon exercise of any outstanding stock options, warrants or other convertible securities or upon the issuance of shares of common stock under our stock incentive programs.

Any additional capital raised through the sale of equity or equity-backed securities may dilute our stockholders’ ownership percentages and could also result in a decrease in the market value of our equity securities.

The terms of any securities issued by us in future capital transactions may be more favorable to new investors, and may include preferences, superior voting rights and the issuance of warrants or other derivative securities, which may have a further dilutive effect on the holders of any of our securities then outstanding.

Our current cash resources will not be sufficient to fund our research and development efforts for our product candidates, including our lead product candidate, istaroxime. If we cannot secure ~~this~~a ~~additional~~partnership ~~funding~~ when such funds are required, we may fail to develop our product candidates or be forced to forego certain strategic opportunities.

In addition, we may incur substantial costs in pursuing future capital financing, including investment banking fees, legal fees, accounting fees, securities law compliance fees, printing and distribution expenses and other costs. We may also be required to recognize non-cash expenses in connection with certain securities we issue, such as convertible notes and warrants, which may adversely impact our financial condition.

7Future resales and/or issuances of shares of common stock, including pursuant to this prospectus, or the perception that such sales may occur, may cause the market price of our shares to drop significantly.

Pursuant to this prospectus, we may elect, at our sole discretion, to sell from time to time up to $50 million of Purchase Shares to Seven Knots pursuant to the ELOC Purchase Agreement, which may result in the issuance of up to 555,555,556 Purchase Shares. Additionally, we issued the Commitment Note to Seven Knots as consideration for its execution and delivery of the ELOC Purchase Agreement, which, if converted in full, may result in the issuance of up to 166,687,215 Note Shares.

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Assuming that we issue and sell to Seven Knots such 555,555,556 Purchase Shares and Seven Knots chooses to convert all of the unpaid principal balance of the Commitment Note, Seven Knots will have acquired a total of 722,242,771 ELOC Shares. Additionally, we may issue the remaining $450 million ELOC Shares available under the ELOC Purchase Agreement through additional registration statements that we may choose to file with the Commission. Seven Knots may resell all, some or none of such ELOC Shares at any time or from time to time in its discretion and at different prices. Because the shares held by Seven Knots will represent a significant portion of our public float, sales of ELOC Shares to Seven Knots by us could result in substantial dilution to the interests of other holders of shares of our common stock and may result in substantial decreases to the price of our common stock. The actual sales of ELOC Shares or the mere existence of our arrangement with Seven Knots may also make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect such sales.

We are also registering for resale by certain selling stockholders 29,630,117 Subject Note Shares under this prospectus. In addition, shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise or vesting of incentive awards under our incentive plans are, once issued, eligible for sale in the public market, subject to any lock-up agreements and, in some cases, limitations on volume and manner of sale applicable to affiliates under Rule 144. Furthermore, shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our incentive plan may become available for sale in the future.

The market price of shares of our common stock could drop significantly if the holders described above sell or are perceived by the market as intending to sell. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to raise additional funds through future offerings of shares of our common stock or other securities.

We may use proceeds from sales of our common stock made pursuant to the ELOC Purchase Agreement in ways with which you may not agree or in ways which may not yield a significant return.

We will have broad discretion over the use of proceeds we may receive with respect to our ELOC, and you will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. Because of the number and variability of factors that will determine our use of the net proceeds, their ultimate use may vary substantially from their currently intended use. While we expect to use the net proceeds from this offering as set forth in “Use of Proceeds,” we are not obligated to do so. The failure by us to apply these funds effectively could harm our business, and the net proceeds may be used for corporate purposes that do not increase our operating results or enhance the value of our common stock.

Risks Related to the ELOC

It is not possible to predict the actual number of shares of our common stock, if any, we will sell under the ELOC Purchase Agreement, or the actual gross proceeds resulting from those sales or the dilution to you from those sales. Further, we may not have access to the full amount available under the ELOC Purchase Agreement.

Pursuant to the ELOC Purchase Agreement, Seven Knots shall purchase from us up to $50 million of shares of common stock, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth in the ELOC Purchase Agreement (the “Commitment Amount”). We may elect, at our sole discretion, to sell from time to time an up to $50 million of Purchase Shares to Seven Knots pursuant to the ELOC Purchase Agreement, which may result in the issuance of up to 555,555,556 Purchase Shares. Additionally, we issued the Commitment Note to Seven Knots as consideration for its execution and delivery of the ELOC Purchase Agreement, which, if converted in full, may result in the issuance of up to 166,687,215 Note Shares. We are hereby registering all of the foregoing ELOC Shares for resale.

The shares of our common stock that may be issued under the ELOC Purchase Agreement may be sold by us to Seven Knots at our discretion from time to time from the Commencement Date (as defined below) until the earliest to occur of (i) the first day of the month next following the 24-month anniversary of the Commencement Date, (ii) the date on which Seven Knots shall have purchased the Commitment Amount, (iii) the date on which our common stock fails to be listed or quoted on Nasdaq or any Eligible Market (as defined in the ELOC Purchase Agreement), (iv) the thirtieth trading day next following the date on which, pursuant to or within the meaning of any bankruptcy law, we commence a voluntary case or any person commences a proceeding against us, in each case that is not discharged or dismissed prior to such thirtieth trading day, and (v) the date on which, pursuant to or within the meaning of any bankruptcy law, a custodian is appointed for us or for all or substantially all of our property, or we make a general assignment for the benefit of our creditors or each, a Termination Event.

We do not have a right to commence any sales of common stock to Seven Knots under the Purchase Agreement until the time when all of the conditions to our right to commence sales of common stock to Seven Knots set forth in the Purchase Agreement have been satisfied (the “Commencement Date”) including the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

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Over the 36-month period from and after the Commencement Date, we will generally have the right to control the timing and amount of any sales of our common stock to Seven Knots when all of the conditions to our right to commence sales are satisfied under the ELOC Purchase Agreement. Sales of our common stock, if any, to Seven Knots under the ELOC Purchase Agreement will also depend upon market conditions and other factors to be determined by us. We may ultimately decide to sell to Seven Knots all or only a portion of the common stock that may be available for us to sell to Seven Knots pursuant to the ELOC Purchase Agreement. Accordingly, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to sell all of the Commitment Amount or how much in proceeds we may obtain under the ELOC Purchase Agreement. If we cannot sell securities under the ELOC, we may be required to utilize more costly and time-consuming means of accessing the capital markets, which could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and cash position.

Because the purchase price per share of common stock to be paid by Seven Knots for the Purchase Shares that we may elect to sell to Seven Knots under the ELOC Purchase Agreement, if any, will fluctuate based on the market prices of our common stock at the time we make such election, it is not possible for us to predict, as of the date of this prospectus and prior to any such sales, the number of shares of common stock that we will sell to Seven Knots under the ELOC Purchase Agreement, the purchase price per share that Seven Knots will pay for Purchase Shares purchased from us under the ELOC Purchase Agreement, or the aggregate gross proceeds that we will receive from those purchases by Seven Knots under the ELOC Purchase Agreement.

We are registering 722,242,771 of ELOC Shares under this prospectus, including 166,687,215 Note Shares issuable upon the conversion of the outstanding unpaid principal balance, together with all accrued and unpaid interest, if any, of the Commitment Note issued to Seven Knots as consideration for its execution and delivery of the ELOC Purchase Agreement. As of October 17, 2025, there were 33,634,220 shares of common stock outstanding. If all of the 751,872,888 shares of our common stock offered for resale by the selling stockholders under this prospectus were issued and outstanding as of that date, such shares would represent approximately 96% of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding.

Seven Knots is not obligated to buy any Purchase Shares under the ELOC Purchase Agreement if such shares, when aggregated with all other common stock then beneficially owned by Seven Knots and its affiliates (as calculated pursuant to Section 13(d) of the Securities Exchange Act, and Rule 13d-3 promulgated thereunder), would result in Seven Knots beneficially owning common stock in excess of 4.99% of the then-outstanding shares of common stock. Our inability to access a portion or the full amount available under the ELOC Purchase Agreement, in the absence of any other financing sources, could have a material adverse effect on our business or results of operation.

Seven Knots will pay less than the then-prevailing market price for our common stock, which could cause the price of our common stock to decline.

The purchase price of our common stock to be sold to Seven Knots under the ELOC Purchase Agreement is derived from the market price of our common stock on The OTCID Basic Market. Shares to be sold to Seven Knots pursuant to the ELOC Purchase Agreement will be purchased at a discounted price.

For example, we may effect sales to Seven Knots pursuant to a VWAP Purchase Notice at a purchase price equal to 96.5% of the lowest sale price of our common stock on the applicable VWAP Purchase Date; provided, however, that if the sale price of our common stock is less than $0.50 (as appropriately adjusted), then the percentage applied shall be 90% instead.

As a result of this pricing structure, Seven Knots’ selling the shares they receive immediately after receipt of such shares could cause the price of our common stock to decrease.

Investors who buy shares of common stock from Seven Knots at different times will likely pay different prices.

Pursuant to the ELOC Purchase Agreement, we have discretion, to vary the timing, price and number of shares of common stock we sell to Seven Knots. If and when we elect to sell shares of common stock to Seven Knots pursuant to the ELOC Purchase Agreement, after Seven Knots has acquired such shares, Seven Knots may resell all, some or none of such shares at any time or from time to time in its sole discretion and at different prices. As a result, investors who purchase shares from Seven Knots in this offering at different times will likely pay different prices for those shares, and so may experience different levels of dilution and in some cases substantial dilution and different outcomes in their investment results. Investors may experience a decline in the value of the shares they purchase from Seven Knots in this offering as a result of future sales made by us to Seven Knots at prices lower than the prices such investors paid for their shares in this offering. In addition, if we sell a substantial number of shares to Seven Knots under the ELOC Purchase Agreement, or if investors expect that we will do so, the actual sales of shares or the mere existence of our arrangements with Seven Knots may make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect such sales.

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Risks Related to Our Finances and Capital Requirements

Our current cash position, losses, negative cash flows from operations, and accumulated deficit raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern absent obtaining adequate new debt or equity financings. Our ability to continue as a going concern requires that we obtain sufficient funding to finance our operations in the near term.

The auditor’s opinion on our audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 includes an explanatory paragraph stating that we have incurred recurring losses from operations that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. ~~Subsequent~~ toAs of December 31, 2024 ~~and through April 15~~, ~~2025, (i)~~ we ~~sold~~had ancash ~~additional 0.2 million shares of common stock pursuant to the equity line of credit (the “ELOC”), established under a securities purchase agreement (the “ELOC Purchase Agreement”~~ and ~~the~~cash ~~shares~~equivalents ~~issued and issuable thereunder, the “ELOC Shares”), dated as~~ of ~~June 26, 2024, between the Company and Seven Knots, LLC (“Seven Knots”), for net proceeds of~~ $1.48 million ~~following mandatory redemption payments on our Series C Preferred Stock; (ii) 47,799 July 2024 Warrants were exercised for gross~~ and ~~net~~current ~~proceeds~~liabilities of $05.37 million;. ~~(iii)~~As onof ~~March~~June 1830, 2025, we ~~agreed~~had tocash ~~issue~~ and ~~sell~~cash toequivalents ~~two institutional investors an aggregate principal amount~~ of $~~312,500,~~0.3 atmillion ~~an original issue discount of 20%, in senior secured notes due in 2026 for net proceeds of $250,000;~~ and ~~(iv)~~current onliabilities ~~April 4, 2025, we agreed to issue and sell to two institutional investors senior secured promissory notes in an aggregate principal amount~~ of $~~312,500,~~15.7 ~~at an original issue discount of 20%, for net proceeds of $250,000~~million. As aWe ~~result, we believe that we have sufficient resources available to fund our business operations through April 2025, but~~ will need additional capital to continue to support our ~~operations~~ongoing ~~for more than 12 months following the date of issuance of our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024~~operations. AsThese ~~of December~~conditions ~~31,~~raise ~~2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $1.8 million and current liabilities of $5.7 million, and management has concluded that this circumstance raises~~ substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

To alleviate the conditions that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, management plans to secure additional capital, potentially through a combination of public or private securities offerings; convertible debt financings; strategic transactions, including potential licensing arrangements, alliances and drug product collaborations focused on specified geographic markets; and/or potential revenues from any future acquisitions of small companies with FDA-approved products as a result of our new corporate strategy announced in January 2025; however, none of these alternatives are committed at this time. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining sufficient funding on terms acceptable to us to fund continuing operations, if at all, or identify and enter into any strategic transactions that will provide the capital that we will require. If none of these alternatives is available, or if available and we are unable to raise sufficient capital through such transactions, we will not have sufficient cash resources and will experience difficulty in operating as a going concern as a result. Moreover, if such additional financing is not available on satisfactory terms, or is not available in sufficient amounts, we may be required to delay, limit or eliminate the development of business opportunities and our ability to achieve our business objectives and our competitiveness, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations will be materially adversely affected. The perception that we may not be able to continue as a going concern may impede our ability to pursue strategic opportunities or operate our business due to concerns about our ability to meet our contractual obligations.

Further, under the terms of certain securities purchase agreements that we entered into in July 2024 (the “PIPE Purchase Agreements”), we are subject to certain restrictive covenants that may make it difficult to procure additional financing. For additional information, see the risk factor captioned “Under the terms of the PIPE Purchase Agreements, we are subject to certain restrictive covenants that may make it difficult to procure additional financing.” As a result of these covenants, our ability to respond to changes in business and economic conditions may be limited, including our ability to obtain additional debt or equity financing as needed in the future, on favorable terms, if at all, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we fail to raise sufficient capital, we potentially could be forced to limit or cease our development activities, as well as modify or cease our operations, either of which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market or the perception that these sales might occur, including pursuant to ~~our~~the ~~existing~~ ELOC, could depress the market price of our common stock and could further impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. These conditions are indicators that further impact our ability to continue as a going concern.

We have incurred significant operating losses since inception, we expect to incur operating losses in the future, and we may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability.

We have incurred operating losses since our incorporation on November 6, 1992. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had operating losses of $26.1 million and $20.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $846.6 million. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through private placements and public offerings of our common and preferred stock and borrowings from investors and financial institutions. As of December 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $1.8 million and current liabilities of $5.7 million.

We expect to continue to incur significant research and clinical development, regulatory and other expenses as we (i) develop product candidates; (ii) seek regulatory clearances or approvals for our planned or future product candidates; (iii) conduct clinical trials on our planned or future product candidates; and (iv) manufacture, market, and sell any product candidates for which we may obtain regulatory approval. As a result, we expect to continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve profitability. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on an ongoing basis. If we do not achieve or sustain profitability, it will be more difficult for us to finance our business and accomplish our strategic objectives, either of which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and may cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

8We have incurred indebtedness, which could adversely affect our operating flexibility and financial condition.

We have, and may from time to time in the future have, third-party debt service obligations pursuant to our outstanding indebtedness. The degree to which we are leveraged could have important consequences. For example, it could:

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make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to our existing indebtedness;

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increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions;

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require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flows from operations to payments on our indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flows to fund working capital and capital expenditures, and for other general corporate purposes;

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limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and industry, which may place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt;

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restrict us from making strategic acquisitions or other investments or cause us to make non-strategic divestitures; and

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limit, along with the financial and other restrictive covenants in the documents governing our indebtedness, among other things, our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital and capital expenditures, and for other general corporate purposes.

If we cannot maintain an adequate cash balance to service our debt, we may be unable to pay amounts due under our outstanding indebtedness or to fund other liquidity needs and it may be required to refinance all or part of our then existing indebtedness, sell assets, reduce or delay capital expenditures or seek to raise additional capital, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We cannot assure you that our business will generate sufficient cash flows from operations in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay our indebtedness or to fund our other liquidity needs. Further, we cannot assure you that we will be able to refinance any of our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

In addition, in some cases, our debt instruments may allow for the interest to be paid in a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, and may allow for the interest to be convertible into shares of our common stock, which may dilute our existing stockholders. Such conversion may also subject to adjustment, which may cause further dilution to our existing stockholders.

Our debt instruments may also be subject to restrictive and other covenants that may limit our discretion and the discretion of our subsidiaries with respect to certain business matters. A breach of any of these covenants could result in a default under our outstanding indebtedness, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We will require substantial additional financing to achieve our goals, including a partnership, and a failure to obtain this necessary capital or partnership when needed on acceptable terms, or at all, could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development programs, or other operations.

The development of biopharmaceutical product candidates is capital-intensive. We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we conduct our planned clinical trials under our key clinical development programs, continue research and development and potentially initiate clinical trials under our other development programs and seek regulatory approval for any product candidates we may develop. In addition, as our product candidates progress through development and toward commercialization, we may need to make milestone payments to licensors and other third parties from whom we have in-licensed or acquired our product candidates. Furthermore, if and to the extent we seek to acquire or in-license additional product candidates in the future, we may be required to make significant upfront payments, milestone payments, and/or licensing payments. If we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we also expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution. Because the outcome of any clinical trial or preclinical study is highly uncertain, we cannot reasonably estimate the actual amounts necessary to successfully complete the development and commercialization of our product candidates. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding, including a partnership, in connection with our continuing operations. Moreover, a small group of investors that hold a significant portion of our issued and outstanding common stock may be in a position to influence the terms of a funding transaction, potentially making it more difficult to reach agreement on terms that are acceptable to investors participating in the financing, in a timely manner, if at all. If we are unable to raise sufficient capital or secure a partnership to fund our activities when needed and on acceptable terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs or, if our product candidates are approved, any future commercialization efforts.

We have based estimates included in our operating plan on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Our operating plans and other demands on our cash resources may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned, through public or private equity or debt financings or other capital sources, including potentially partnerships, collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements. In addition, we may seek additional capital or partnerships due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. Attempting to secure additional financing or a partnership may divert our management from our day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop our product candidates.

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Our future capital or partnership requirements will depend on many factors, including:

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the type, number, scope, progress, expansions, results, costs and timing of our clinical trials and preclinical studies of our product candidates, which we are pursuing or may choose to pursue in the future;

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the costs and timing of manufacturing for our product candidates, including commercial manufacturing if any product candidate is approved;

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the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates;

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the costs of obtaining, maintaining and enforcing our patents and other intellectual property rights;

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the timing and amount of the milestone or other payments we must make to the licensors and other third parties from whom we have in-licensed or acquired our product candidates;

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the costs and timing of establishing or securing sales and marketing capabilities if any product candidate is approved;

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the costs, terms and timing of establishing and maintaining collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements;

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costs associated with any product candidates or technologies that we may in-license or acquire; and

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our ability to achieve sufficient market acceptance, coverage and adequate reimbursement from payors and adequate market share and revenue for any approved products.

Conducting clinical trials and preclinical studies is a time consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete, and we may never generate the necessary data or results required to obtain regulatory approval and achieve product sales. In addition, our product candidates, if approved, may not achieve commercial success.

Accordingly, we will need to continue to rely on additional financing or partnerships to achieve our business objectives. Adequate additional financing or partnerships may not be available to us at any time on acceptable terms, or at all.

As a result of our failure to timely file our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024 with the SEC, we are currently ineligible to file new registration statements on Form S-3, which may impair our ability to raise capital in a timely manner or at all.

Because we were unable to file our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024 with the SEC on a timely basis, we will not be eligible to register the offer and sale of our securities using a registration statement on Form S-3 until no earlier than December 1, 2025. Should we wish to register the offer and sale of our securities to the public prior to the time we are eligible to use Form S-3, including for purposes of raising capital or permitting the resale of privately placed securities, we will be required to file a registration statement on Form S-1 which may be reviewed and will need to be declared effective by the SEC. Doing so would likely take longer than filing a registration statement on Form S-3 and increase our transaction costs, making it more difficult to execute any such transaction successfully and potentially harming our liquidity and financial condition.

Our strategy to expand our pipeline on our own, through acquisitions of early-stage product candidates, or through research partnerships, may not be successful.

Our business is focused on advancing early and late-stage innovative therapies for critical conditions and diseases. In this regard, we continue to pursue internal discovery efforts or partnerships with pharmaceutical and biotech companies, with the goal of identifying new product candidates to advance into clinical trials. Our efforts to identify new product candidates will require substantial technical, financial and human resources. These discovery efforts may initially show promise in identifying potential product candidates, yet ultimately fail to yield product candidates for clinical development for a number of reasons. For example, potential product candidates may, on later stage clinical trial, be shown to have inadequate efficacy, harmful side effects, suboptimal pharmaceutical profiles or other characteristics suggesting that they are unlikely to be commercially viable products.

Apart from our internal efforts, we may continue to seek to broaden and diversify our product portfolio through acquisitions. This strategy is dependent on our ability to successfully identify and acquire relevant product candidates. For example, in April 2024, we entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement, or the Asset Purchase Agreement, with Varian Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., or Varian, to acquire certain of Varian’s assets, including a proprietary aPKCi inhibitor.

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The acquisition of a product is a highly competitive area, and many other companies are pursuing the same or similar product candidates to those that we may consider attractive. In particular, larger companies with more well-established and diverse revenue streams may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, financial resources and more extensive clinical development and commercialization capabilities. Furthermore, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign rights to us. The success of this strategy depends partly upon our ability to identify, select and acquire promising product candidates. The process of proposing, negotiating and implementing an acquisition of a product candidate is lengthy and complex, and we may be unable to acquire the rights to any such products or product candidates from third parties for several reasons. We may also be unable to acquire additional relevant product candidates on acceptable terms. Further, even if we identify acquisition targets, we may not be able to complete the transactions or we may determine after due diligence investigation not to pursue identified targets. Even if we succeed in our efforts to obtain rights to suitable product candidates, the success of our investments in these areas will remain subject to the inherent risks associated with the development and commercialization of the product and with the competitive business environment in which we operate.

In addition, acquisitions may entail numerous operational, financial and legal risks, including:

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potential failure of the due diligence process to identify significant problems, liabilities or other shortcomings or challenges of an acquired product candidate or technology, including problems, liabilities or other shortcomings or challenges with respect to intellectual property, product quality, partner disputes or issues and other legal and financial contingencies and known and unknown liabilities;

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assumption of unknown or contingent liabilities or incurrence of unanticipated expenses;

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exposure to known and unknown liabilities, including possible intellectual property infringement claims, violations of laws, tax liabilities and commercial disputes;

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incurrence of substantial debt, dilutive issuances of securities or depletion of cash to pay for acquisitions;

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incurrence of large one-time expenses and acquiring intangible assets that could result in significant future amortization expense and significant write-offs;

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higher than expected acquisition and integration costs; and

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inability to maintain uniform standards, controls, procedures and policies.

Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates.

Until we can generate substantial product revenues to support our operations, we expect to finance our cash needs through equity offerings, debt financings or other capital sources, including potentially collaborations, licenses and other strategic transactions. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, our stockholders’ ownership interests will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect their rights as common stockholders. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends.

If we raise funds through future collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us and/or that may reduce the value of our common stock.

Unstable market and economic conditions may have serious adverse consequences on our business, financial condition, and stock price.

Global financial markets have recently, and may continue to, experience extreme volatility and disruptions, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates, and uncertainty about economic stability as a result of geopolitical unrest, liquidity constraints, failures and instability in U.S. and international financial banking systems, inflation, and other factors beyond control. There can be no assurance that further deterioration in credit and financial markets and confidence in economic conditions will not occur. Our general business strategy and ability to raise capital may be adversely affected by any such economic downturn, volatile business environment, or continued unpredictable and unstable market conditions. If the current equity and credit markets deteriorate, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult, more costly, and more dilutive. Failure to secure any necessary financing in a timely manner and on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on our growth strategy, financial performance, and stock price and could require us to delay or abandon clinical development plans. In addition, there is a risk that one or more of our current service providers, manufacturers, and other partners may not survive these difficult economic times, which could directly affect our ability to attain our operating goals on schedule and on budget.

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In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies, including in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted in decreased stock prices for many companies notwithstanding the lack of a fundamental change in their underlying business models or prospects. These fluctuations have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. For additional information regarding the impact of any pandemic, please see the risk factor captioned “Our business may be adversely affected by a pandemic, epidemic, or outbreak of an infectious disease.”

Further, the impacts of political unrest, including as a result geopolitical tension, such as a deterioration in the relationship between the U.S. and China or continued conflict between Russia and Ukraine, including any additional sanctions, export controls or other restrictive actions that may be imposed by the U.S. and/or other countries against governmental or other entities in, for example, China or Russia, also could lead to disruption, instability, and volatility in the global markets, which may have an adverse impact on our business or ability to access the capital markets. Broad market and industry factors, including potentially worsening economic conditions, inflationary pressures, and other adverse effects, political, regulatory, and other market conditions, may negatively affect the market price of shares of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance.

Our business could be adversely affected by economic downturns, changes in inflation and interest rates, changes in trade policy, political crises, geopolitical events, such as the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine and the war involving Israel, or other macroeconomic conditions, which may in the future negatively impact our business and financial performance.

The global economy, including credit and financial markets, has experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, including, among other things, severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, supply chain shortages, changes in inflation and interest rates, and uncertainty about economic stability. For example, during 2022 and 2023, the Federal Reserve raised interest rates multiple times in response to concerns about inflation. Higher interest rates, coupled with reduced government spending and volatility in financial markets may increase economic uncertainty and affect consumer spending. Trade policies and geopolitical disputes and conflicts can result in tariffs, sanctions and other measures that restrict international trade, and may adversely affect our costs of doing business, particularly if these measures occur in regions where our suppliers source components or raw materials, such as China. Similarly, the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine and the war involving Israel have created volatility in the global capital markets and are expected to have further global economic consequences, including disruptions of the global supply chain and energy markets.

Additionally, a general slowdown in the global economy, including a recession, or in a particular region or industry, an increase in trade tensions between the U.S. and its trading partners, imposition of higher tariffs and sanctions, particularly if such measures occur in regions where drug products are manufactured or raw materials are sourced, inflation or a tightening of the credit markets could negatively impact our business, financial condition and liquidity. Adverse global economic conditions have from time to time caused or exacerbated significant slowdowns in the industries and markets in which we operate, which could adversely affect our ability to commercialize our products and continue development of our product candidates, finance our operations in a timely manner or on favorable terms, and materially harm our business, operations and financial condition.

Natural disasters, including those resulting from significant climate change, could adversely affect our business and our third-party partners’ businesses.

Natural disasters, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, wildfire, and drought may impact our operations or our partners’ businesses. Climate change is increasing the frequency, intensity, and duration of these weather events. These natural disasters, including those resulting from significant climate change, could destroy or damage facilities or other properties, disrupt business, increase the probability of power or other outages, or otherwise cause significant economic dislocation in the affected regions. Any of these situations may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, including events or concerns involving liquidity, defaults or non-performance by financial institutions or transactional counterparties, could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry or the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems. Although we assess our banking and customer relationships as we believe necessary or appropriate, our access to funding sources and other credit arrangements in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize our current and projected future business operations could be significantly impaired by factors that affect us, the financial services industry or economy in general. These factors could include, among others, events such as liquidity constraints or failures, the ability to perform obligations under various types of financial, credit or liquidity agreements or arrangements, disruptions or instability in the financial services industry or financial markets, or concerns or negative expectations about the prospects for companies in the financial services industry.

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In addition, investor concerns regarding the U.S. or international financial systems could result in less favorable commercial financing terms, including higher interest rates or costs and tighter financial and operating covenants, or systemic limitations on access to credit and liquidity sources, thereby making it more difficult for us to acquire financing on acceptable terms or at all. Any decline in available funding or access to our cash and liquidity resources could, among other risks, adversely impact our ability to meet our operating expenses, financial obligations or fulfill our other obligations, result in breaches of our contractual obligations or result in violations of federal or state wage and hour laws. Any of these impacts, or any other impacts resulting from the factors described above or other related or similar factors not described above, could have material adverse impacts on our liquidity and our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Due to the significant resources required to develop our product candidates, we seek partnerships and must prioritize development of certain product candidates and/or certain disease indications. If we secure a partnership, we may expend our limited resources on candidates or indications that do not yield a successful product and fail to capitalize on other product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

We are currently focused on seeking partnerships and on developing product candidates to address unmet medical needs in acute cardiovascular diseases. We seek partnerships and to allocate our limited capital among our programs in an efficient manner and to advance our cardiovascular product candidate. However, due to the significant resources required to advance the development of our product candidates, we also must focus on specific indications and disease pathways and decide which product candidates and indications to pursue and the amount of resources to allocate to each such product candidate.

Our ability to advance a product candidate depends on our ability to secure a partnership and the additional capital required to execute each phase of product development. In developing our plan, we were aware of the size and projected costs of our planned late stage development of istaroxime to improve cardiac function and clinical outcomes in patients with AHF. We have allocated our limited resources initially toward cardiogenic shock as we believe this may be a less resource intensive and faster development program. Such decisions concerning the allocation of research and development funds towards, or away from, particular product candidates or therapeutic areas may not lead to the development of any viable commercial product and may divert resources away from better opportunities. Similarly, any decision to delay, terminate or engage with third parties in respect of certain programs may subsequently also prove to be suboptimal and could cause us to miss valuable opportunities. In that event, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. As a result, we may fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities, be required to forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or other diseases and disease pathways that may later prove to have greater commercial potential than those we choose to pursue, or relinquish valuable rights to such product candidates through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been advantageous for us to invest additional resources to retain development and commercialization rights.

We have a significant amount of intangible assets recorded on our consolidated balance sheets which may lead to potentially significant impairment charges.

As a result of the acquisition of CVie Therapeutics in December 2018, we have recorded significant intangible assets on our consolidated balance sheets, which could become impaired and lead to material charges in the future. The identifiable intangible assets resulting from the CVie Therapeutics acquisition relate to IPR&D of istaroxime and rostafuroxin, which, as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, were $22.3 million and $1.8 million, respectively, recorded in aggregate on our consolidated balance sheet as intangible assets of $24.1 million as of each June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Throughout the year, we consider whether any events or changes in the business environment have occurred which indicate that intangible assets may be impaired. If an impairment exists, we would be required to take an impairment charge with respect to the impaired asset. Events giving rise to impairment are difficult to predict, including the uncertainties associated with the development of product candidates and the success of business development activities, and are an inherent risk in the pharmaceutical industry. As part of our annual quantitative impairment assessment of indefinite-lived IPR&D intangible assets as of December 1, 2024, we reassessed certain assumptions related to our rostafuroxin drug candidate due to the continued difficulties in current macroeconomic conditions which have continued to make it more challenging to secure the funding needed to conduct the additional Phase 2 clinical trial and have therefore further delayed our intended development of rostafuroxin. As a result, we concluded that the fair value of the IPR&D related to our rostafuroxin drug candidate was less than its carrying value. We estimated the fair value of the asset using multi-period excess earnings method, or MPEEM, and determined that the fair value as of December 1, 2024 was approximately $1.8 million. We then compared this fair value to the carrying value of approximately $2.9 million, and recorded a loss on impairment of intangible assets of $1.1 million related to the IPR&D of our rostafuroxin drug candidate. We also reassessed the assumptions related to the fair value of the IPR&D related to our istaroxime drug candidate. The estimated fair value exceeded the carrying value of that asset. As a result, no impairment charge was recognized related to the IPR&D of our istaroxime drug candidate.

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Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, we are required to furnish a report by our management on our internal control over financial reporting. We cannot assure you that there will not be material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting in the future. Any failure to maintain internal control over financial reporting could severely inhibit our ability to accurately report our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. If our financial statements are not accurate, investors may not have a complete understanding of our operations. If we do not file our financial statements on a timely basis as required by the SEC, we could face severe consequences. For example, as a result of our failure to timely file our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024 with the SEC, we are currently ineligible to file new registration statements on Form S-3, which may impair our ability to raise capital in a timely manner or at all. However, such failure to timely file such Quarterly Report was determined not to be a result of any material weakness or significant deficiency in our internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our common stock could decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities. Moreover, responding to such investigations, are likely to consume a significant amount of our management resources and cause us to incur significant legal and accounting expense. Failure to remedy any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, or to maintain effective control systems, could also restrict our future access to the capital markets. This could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements.

Risks Related to our Development Activities and Regulatory Approval of our Product Candidates

We seek partnerships for continued development of our lead product candidate istaroxime. To the extent that our partnership efforts for clinical development of istaroxime is not successful, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially adversely affected and the price of our common stock may decline.

We currently have no product candidates approved for sale, and we may never be able to develop marketable products. We are focusing a significant portion of our activities and resources on seeking a partnership for continued development of our lead product candidate, istaroxime, and we believe our prospects are highly dependent on, and a significant portion of the value of our company relates to, our ability to successfully secure a partnership and obtain regulatory approval for istaroxime. We currently do not have sufficient capital to fully execute clinical trials with respect to istaroxime. Furthermore, the clinical development and regulatory approval of istaroxime is subject to many risks, including the risks discussed in other risk factors, and istaroxime may not receive marketing approval from any regulatory agency. If we are unable to continue to secure a partnership and advance istaroxime through clinical development, or if the results or timing of regulatory filings, the regulatory process, regulatory developments, clinical trials or preclinical studies, or other activities, actions or decisions related to istaroxime do not meet our or others’ expectations, the market price of our common stock could decline significantly. Should the results of our clinical development program be insufficient to support regulatory approval, we may be forced to rely on our other product candidates, which will require additional time and resources to potentially obtain regulatory approval. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully secure a partnership or develop istaroxime.

Clinical development involves a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and results of preclinical studies and early clinical trials are not necessarily predictive of future results. In addition, our assumptions about why certain of our product candidates are worthy of future development and potential approval are based on data primarily collected by other companies. Our product candidates may not have favorable results in later clinical trials, if any, or receive regulatory approval on a timely basis, if at all.

Clinical drug development is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. We cannot guarantee that any clinical trials will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all, and failure can occur at any time during the preclinical study or clinical trial process as a result of inadequate study design, inadequate performance of a drug, inadequate adherence by patients or investigators to clinical trial protocols, or other factors. For example, conducting a toxicology study as part of a preclinical program, to be included in a required regulatory submission, could result in unanticipated findings that could potentially negatively impact the clinical program. Despite promising preclinical or clinical results, any product candidate can unexpectedly fail at any stage of preclinical or clinical development. The historical failure rate for product candidates in our industry is high.

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Product candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to achieve the desired safety and efficacy outcomes despite having progressed through earlier clinical trials. As a result, data we obtain from our Phase 2 clinical trials may not accurately predict Phase 3 trial results, whether due to differences in sample size, study arms, duration, endpoints, or other factors. If any of our product candidates should fail to perform as designed in their respective Phase 3 clinical programs, such failures could adversely affect the results of our clinical development program despite promising results in earlier trials. If clinical trials for any of our product candidates fail to demonstrate safety or efficacy to the satisfaction of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, or the equivalent regulatory authorities in other countries, the FDA or the equivalent regulatory authorities in other countries will not approve that drug and we would not be able to commercialize it, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Moreover, if we are required to cease development activities on any of our recently acquired product candidates due to adverse clinical results or otherwise, it could result in impairment of related intangible assets and goodwill on our consolidated balance sheets.

Even if later stage clinical trials are successful, regulatory authorities may question the trial design or sufficiency for approval of the endpoints we select for our clinical trials or add new requirements, such as the completion of additional studies, as conditions for obtaining approval or obtaining an indication. For the foregoing reasons, we cannot be certain that our planned clinical trials and preclinical studies will be successful. Any safety concerns observed in any one of our clinical trials in our targeted indications could limit the prospects for regulatory approval of our product candidates in those and other indications, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, and result in significant additional costs and expenses, require additional time and have an adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition and results of operations.

Delays in clinical trials are common and have many causes, and any delay could result in increased costs to us and jeopardize or delay our ability to continue development activities, including our ability to obtain trial results, regulatory approval and commence product sales or allow for competition to emerge.

We may experience delays in clinical trials of our product candidates, or the time required to complete clinical trials for our product candidates may be longer than anticipated. Our planned clinical trials may not begin on time, have an effective design, enroll a sufficient number of patients, or be completed on schedule, if at all. Our clinical trials can be delayed for a variety of reasons, including, but not limited to:

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our inability to raise funding necessary to initiate or continue a trial;

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delays in obtaining regulatory approval to commence a trial or reaching a consensus with regulatory authorities on trial design or product standards;

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delays in reaching an agreement with the FDA or the equivalent foreign regulatory authorities in other countries on final trial design or the scope of the development program;

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inability to develop studies that are acceptable in all markets of interest;

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inability to come to an agreement on clinical trial design or execution factors with potential development partners;

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imposition of a clinical hold following an inspection of our clinical trial operations or trial sites by the FDA or the equivalent regulatory authorities in other countries;

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failures or delays in reaching agreement on acceptable terms with prospective contract research organizations, or CROs, and clinical trial sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites;

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delays associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the causative agent in a novel strain of coronavirus, which have and may continue to impact our healthcare systems and our trial sites ability to conduct trials to varied degrees and times. Coronavirus creates risk of interrupting availability of necessary clinical supplies, local regulatory reviews, hospital ethics committee reviews, professional staff, site monitors and other necessary travel;

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delays in obtaining contracts with clinical sites and required IRB approval at each site;

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IRBs refusing to approve, suspending or terminating the trial at an investigational site, precluding enrollment of additional subjects, or withdrawing their approval of the trial;

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competition with other studies for study patients;

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changes to clinical trial protocol;

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delays in recruiting suitable patients to participate in a trial;

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subjects choosing an alternative treatment for the indication for which we are developing our product candidates, or participating in competing clinical trials;

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delays in having subjects complete participation in a trial or return for post-treatment follow-up;

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clinical sites deviating from trial protocol or dropping out of a trial to the detriment of enrollment;

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subjects experiencing severe or unexpected adverse events;

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occurrence of serious adverse events in trials of the same class of agents conducted by other companies;

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selection of clinical endpoints that require prolonged periods of clinical observation or analysis of the resulting data;

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third-party clinical investigators losing the licenses or permits necessary to perform our clinical trials, not performing our clinical trials on our anticipated schedule or consistent with the clinical trial protocol, GCPs, or other regulatory requirements;

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third-party contractors not performing data collection or analysis in a timely or accurate manner;

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third-party contractors lacking adequate certification to provide services in all regions where we conduct our business activities;

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third-party contractors becoming debarred or suspended or otherwise penalized by the FDA or other government or regulatory authorities for violations of regulatory requirements, in which case we may need to find a substitute contractor, and we may not be able to use some or all of the data produced by such contractors in support of our marketing applications;

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manufacturing timing and/or obtaining sufficient quantities of product candidate or obtaining sufficient quantities of combination therapies for use in clinical trials or changes in the manufacturing process or inability to meet analytical standards for product release or use that may be necessary or desired;

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time required to add new clinical sites; or

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delays by our contract manufacturers to produce and deliver a sufficient supply of clinical trial materials or being ordered by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities to temporarily or permanently shut down due to violations of cGMP regulations or other applicable requirements, or infections or cross-contaminations of product candidates in the manufacturing process.

In addition, we may not reach agreement with the FDA, or a foreign regulator on the extent of our Phase 3 programs, the design of any one or more of the clinical trials necessary for approval, or we may be unable to reach agreement on a single design that would permit us to conduct a common pivotal Phase 3 clinical development program in all markets of interest. For example, we may not be able to design a study that is acceptable to both the FDA and the EMA regulators, which would cause us to limit the scope of our geographical activities or greatly increase our investment. Even if we complete the clinical trial within our anticipated time, if our results are inconclusive or non-compelling or otherwise insufficient to support a strategic or financing transaction, we potentially could be forced to limit or cease our development activities, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

We have conducted, and may in the future conduct, clinical trials for our product candidates at clinical sites located in the U.S. and outside of the U.S. If the FDA and other foreign equivalents raise concerns about certain of the clinical sites based on location and regulatory environment, they may not accept data from such trials, in which case our development plans will be delayed, which could materially harm our business.

We have conducted and are expecting in the future to conduct one or more of our clinical trials for our product candidates at clinical sites located in the U.S. and outside of the U.S., including the EU, China, Russia, Israel, and South America. Although the FDA may accept data from clinical trials conducted outside the U.S., acceptance of this data may be subject to certain conditions imposed by the FDA. For example, the FDA requires the clinical trial to have been conducted in accordance with GCPs, and the FDA must be able to validate the data from the clinical trial through an onsite inspection if it deems such inspection necessary. Where data from foreign clinical trials are intended to serve as the sole basis for marketing approval in the U.S., the FDA will not approve the application on the basis of foreign data alone unless those data are considered applicable to the U.S. patient population and U.S. medical practice, the clinical trials were performed by clinical investigators of recognized competence, and the data is considered valid without the need for an onsite inspection by the FDA or, if the FDA considers such an inspection to be necessary, the FDA is able to validate the data through an onsite inspection or other appropriate means. There can be no assurance the FDA will accept data from clinical trials conducted outside of the U.S. If the FDA does not accept data from our clinical trials of our product candidates, it would likely result in the need for additional clinical trials, which would be costly and time consuming and delay or permanently halt our development of our product candidates.

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For example, we have previously conducted clinical trials in Russia. The February 2022 invasion of Ukraine by Russia and the resulting imposition of economic and other sanctions by the U.S., EU, and many other nations on Russia, individuals in Russia, Russian businesses, and the Russian central bank, has impacted the way we executed certain trial procedures as we completed the first part of our trial in early cardiogenic shock. This geopolitical disruption could also disrupt or delay our ability to conduct clinical trial activities in Russia in the future. Although the length and impact of any military action are highly unpredictable, making them unavailable for follow-up could result in increased costs and could delay our anticipated timeline for the completion of our future clinical trials.

Our business may be adversely affected by a pandemic, epidemic, or outbreak of an infectious disease.

Our business could be adversely affected by health epidemics in regions where we have concentrations of clinical trial sites or other business activities and could cause significant disruption in the operations of third-party contract manufacturers and contract research organizations upon whom we rely, as well as our ability to recruit patients for our clinical trials. For example, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in, and may in the future result in, significant disruptions to the global economy, as well as businesses and capital markets around the world. Health epidemics may in the future affect our ability and the ability of our employees, contractors, suppliers, and other partners in the U.S. and abroad to conduct normal business activities from time to time, including due to shutdowns that may be requested or mandated by governmental authorities.

The global spread of COVID-19 had adversely impacted trial conduct and operations and may do so again in the future. We have, in the past, initiated several clinical trials for istaroxime in the EU and other worldwide locations impacted by the COVID-19 outbreak. Our clinical trials have suffered delays and interruptions and our previous decision to cease enrollment in the AEROSURF clinical trial was partially due to such delays and escalating expenses. Our efforts to conduct trials could be materially delayed in the future by governmental restrictions and enrollment difficulties as hospitals reduce and divert staffing, divert resources to patients suffering from the infectious disease and limit hospital access for nonpatients, whether as a result of COVID-19 or other health epidemics.

Similarly, there is a risk that clinical supplies of our product candidates may be significantly delayed or may become unavailable as a result of any pandemic and the resulting impact on our suppliers’ labor forces and operations, including as a result of governmental restrictions on business operations and the movement of people and goods in an effort to curtail the spread of the virus. There can be no assurance that we would be able to timely implement any mitigation plans. Disruptions in our supply chain, whether as a result of restricted travel, quarantine requirements or otherwise, could negatively impact clinical supplies of our product candidates, which could materially adversely impact our clinical trial and development timelines.

The effects of any pandemic, including identification of potential new variants, has led and may in the future lead to periodic disruption and volatility in the global capital markets, which could increase our cost of capital and adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets in the future. It is possible that the spread of an infectious disease, including COVID-19, in the future could cause an economic slowdown or recession or cause other unpredictable events, each of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

The extent to which any pandemic impacts our financial results going forward will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. Moreover, epidemics have had and may in the future have indeterminable adverse effects on general commercial activity and the world economy, and our business and results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent that any pandemic harms the global economy generally.

Use of our product candidates could be associated with side effects, adverse events or other properties or safety risks, which could delay or preclude approval, cause us to suspend or discontinue clinical trials, abandon a product candidate, limit the commercial profile of an approved label or result in other significant negative consequences that could severely harm our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition.

As is the case with pharmaceuticals generally, there may be adverse events in patients treated with our product candidates. Results of our clinical trials could reveal a high and unacceptable severity and prevalence of side effects or unexpected characteristics. Undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Adverse events could affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial or result in potential product liability claims. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly.

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Moreover, if our product candidates are associated with undesirable side effects in clinical trials or have characteristics that are unexpected, we may elect to abandon their development or limit their development to more narrow uses or subpopulations in which the undesirable side effects or other characteristics are less prevalent, less severe or more acceptable from a risk-benefit perspective, which may limit the commercial expectations for the product candidate if approved. We may also be required to modify our study plans based on findings in our clinical trials. Many compounds that initially show promise in early-stage testing have later been found to cause side effects that prevented further development of the compound. In addition, regulatory authorities may draw different conclusions or require additional testing to confirm these determinations.

It is possible that as we test our product candidates in larger, longer and more extensive clinical trials, or as the use of these product candidates becomes more widespread if they receive regulatory approval, illnesses, injuries, discomforts and other adverse events that were observed in earlier trials, as well as conditions that did not occur or went undetected in previous trials, will be reported by subjects. If such side effects become known later in development or upon approval, if any, such findings may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly.

In addition, if one or more of our product candidates receives marketing approval, and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by such products, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

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regulatory authorities may withdraw, suspend or limit approvals of such product;

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we may be required to recall a product or change the way such product is administered to patients;

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regulatory authorities may require additional warnings on the label, such as a “black box” warning or a contraindication;

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we may be required to implement a REMS or create a medication guide outlining the risks of such side effects for distribution to patients;

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we may be required to change the way a product is distributed or administered, conduct additional clinical trials or change the labeling of a product or be required to conduct additional post-marketing studies or surveillance;

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we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients;

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sales of the product may decrease significantly, or the product could become less competitive; and

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our reputation may suffer.

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the particular product candidate, if approved, and could significantly harm our business, results of operations, and prospects.

Our product candidates are subject to extensive regulation and compliance, which is costly and time consuming, and such regulation may cause unanticipated delays or prevent the receipt of the required approvals to commercialize our product candidates.

The clinical development, manufacturing, labeling, storage, record-keeping, advertising, promotion, import, export, marketing and distribution of investigational new drugs and approved new drugs are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA in the U.S. and by comparable foreign regulatory authorities in foreign markets. In the U.S., the process of obtaining regulatory approval is expensive, often takes many years following the commencement of clinical trials and can vary substantially based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidates involved, as well as the target indications and patient population. Approval policies or regulations may change, and the FDA has substantial discretion in the drug approval process, including the ability to delay, limit or deny approval of a product candidate for many reasons. Despite the time and expense invested in clinical development of product candidates, regulatory approval is never guaranteed. We are not permitted to market any of our product candidates in the U.S. until we receive approval of an NDA from the FDA.

Prior to obtaining approval to commercialize a product candidate, if approved, in the U.S. or abroad, we must demonstrate with substantial evidence from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials, and to the satisfaction of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, that such product candidates are safe and effective for their intended uses.

Results from nonclinical studies and clinical trials can be interpreted in different ways. Even if we believe the nonclinical or clinical data for our product candidates are promising, such data may not be sufficient to support approval by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities. The FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, as the case may be, may also require us to conduct additional preclinical studies or clinical trials for our product candidates either prior to or post-approval, or may object to elements of our clinical development program.

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The FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities can delay, limit, or deny approval of a product candidate for many reasons, including:

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such authorities may disagree with the design or implementation of our clinical trials;

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negative or ambiguous results from our clinical trials or results may not meet the level of statistical significance required by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory agencies for approval;

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such authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials;

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such authorities may not agree that the data collected from clinical trials of our product candidates are acceptable or sufficient to support approval;

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serious and unexpected adverse events may be experienced by participants in our clinical trials or by individuals using drugs similar to our product candidates;

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the population studied in the clinical trial may not be sufficiently broad or representative to assure safety in the full population for which we seek approval;

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such authorities may not accept clinical data from trials which are conducted at clinical facilities or in countries where the standard of care or patient characteristics are potentially different from that of the U.S.;

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we may be unable to demonstrate that a product candidate’s clinical and other benefits outweigh its safety risks or the safety data base may not be large enough;

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such authorities may not accept the submission of an NDA or other submission to obtain regulatory approval in the U.S. or elsewhere, and such authorities may impose requirements for additional preclinical studies or clinical trials;

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such authorities may disagree regarding the formulation, labeling and/or the specifications of our product candidates;

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approval may be granted only for indications that are significantly more limited than what we apply for and/or with other significant restrictions on distribution and use;

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such authorities may find deficiencies in the manufacturing processes or facilities of our third-party manufacturers with which we contract for clinical and, if approved, commercial supplies; or the approval policies;

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regulations of such authorities may significantly change in a manner rendering our or any of our potential future collaborators’ clinical data insufficient for approval; or

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such authorities may not accept a submission due to, among other reasons, the content or formatting of the submission.

We may conduct clinical development in the U.S., Canada, the EU, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and Asia Pacific regions and sell our products, if approved, in the U.S. and potentially in other major markets. To accomplish this objective, we must first obtain regulatory approvals and comply with regulatory requirements in each jurisdiction. While we would prefer to design a single, global clinical development program that could satisfy the regulators in all of our target markets, there can be no assurance that our efforts will be successful. If we are unable to reach agreement with the various regulatory authorities, we may not be able to pursue regulatory approval of our product candidates in all of our selected markets.

With respect to foreign markets, approval procedures vary among countries and, in addition to the foregoing risks, may involve additional product testing, administrative review periods and agreements with pricing authorities. In addition, events raising questions about the safety of certain marketed pharmaceuticals may result in increased cautiousness by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities in reviewing new drugs based on safety, efficacy or other regulatory considerations and may result in significant delays in obtaining regulatory approvals. Any delay in obtaining, or inability to obtain, applicable regulatory approvals would prevent us or any of our potential future collaborators from commercializing our product candidates.

Of the large number of drugs in development, only a small percentage successfully complete the FDA or foreign regulatory approval processes and are commercialized. The lengthy approval process as well as the unpredictability of future clinical trial results may result in our failing to obtain regulatory approval to market our product candidates, which would significantly harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we may focus on specific product candidates, indications and development programs at any time. As a result, we may forgo or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates that could have had greater commercial potential, especially if we do not secure the partnership that we are seeking. Our resource allocation decisions or failure to secure a partnership may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on current and future research and development programs and product candidates for specific indications may not yield any commercially viable products. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through future collaborations, license agreements and other similar arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to such product candidate.

Additionally, we may pursue additional in-licenses or acquisitions of development-stage assets or programs, which entails additional risk to us. For example, in connection with the Asset Purchase Agreement entered into on April 2, 2024, we acquired certain assets from Varian, which includes topical and oral formulations of our aPKCi inhibitor. Because we were not involved in the preclinical development of these drug candidates prior to such date, we have relied on Varian having conducted such research and development in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards, having accurately reported the results of all preclinical studies conducted prior to our agreement with Varian and having correctly collected and interpreted the data from these studies. To the extent any of these has not occurred, expected development time and costs may be increased which could adversely affect any future revenue from the assets acquired from Varian.

Identifying, selecting and acquiring promising product candidates requires substantial technical, financial and human resources expertise, especially without securing a partnership. Efforts to do so may not result in the actual acquisition or license of a particular product candidate, potentially resulting in a diversion of our management’s time and the expenditure of our resources with no resulting benefit. If we are unable to secure a partnership or identify programs that ultimately result in approved products, we may spend material amounts of our capital, management and other resources evaluating, acquiring and developing products that ultimately do not provide a return on our investment.

Even though some of our product candidates have Fast Track designation, the FDA may not approve them at all or any sooner than other product candidates that do not have Fast Track designation.

We have received Fast Track designation from the FDA for istaroxime for the treatment of AHF. Fast Track designation does not ensure that we will receive marketing approval or that approval will be granted within any particular timeframe. We may not experience a faster development, regulatory review or approval process with Fast Track designation compared to conventional FDA procedures. Additionally, the FDA may withdraw Fast Track designation, for reasons such as it comes to believe a drug candidate no longer adequately addresses an unmet medical need. Fast Track designation alone does not guarantee qualification for the FDA’s priority review procedures. If we seek Fast Track designation for other product candidates, we may not receive such a designation from the FDA.

Although we may pursue expedited regulatory programs for a product candidate or an indication, it may not qualify for expedited development or, if it does qualify for expedited development, it may not actually lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process.

Although we have received Fast Track designation for certain of our product candidates, we believe there may be an opportunity to expedite the development of other product candidates or indications through one or more of the FDA’s expedited programs, such as Fast Track, Breakthrough Therapy or priority review, we cannot be assured that any of our product candidates or indications will qualify for such programs.

For example, a product candidate may be eligible for designation as a Breakthrough Therapy if the drug is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs, to treat a serious or life-threatening condition and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the product candidate may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints. Although Breakthrough Therapy designation or access to any other expedited program may expedite the development or approval process, it does not change the standards for approval. If we apply for Breakthrough Therapy designation or any other expedited program for our product candidates, the FDA may determine that our proposed target indication or other aspects of our clinical development plans do not qualify for such expedited program. For example, we believe that istaroxime may fulfill an unmet medical need in early and more severe cardiogenic shock based on the profile observed in prior Phase 2 clinical studies in AHF and early cardiogenic shock, in which increases in SBP as well as improvements in cardiac function were observed suggesting that istaroxime could potentially contribute to the clinical improvement of select patients in cardiogenic shock due to heart failure. However, the FDA may not agree with our assessment, and we may not be able to obtain Breakthrough Therapy designation.

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Even if we are successful in obtaining a Breakthrough Therapy designation or access to any other expedited program, we may not experience faster development timelines or achieve faster review or approval compared to conventional FDA procedures. Access to an expedited program may also be withdrawn by the FDA if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program. Additionally, qualification for any expedited program does not ensure that we will ultimately obtain regulatory approval for such product candidate.

We may not be able to obtain or maintain Orphan Drug exclusivity for our product candidates.

Regulatory authorities in some jurisdictions, including the U.S. and Europe, may designate drugs for relatively small patient populations as Orphan Drugs. In the U.S., Orphan Drug designation entitles a party to financial incentives such as tax advantages and user-fee waivers. In addition, if a product candidate that has Orphan Drug designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to Orphan Drug exclusivity, which means that the FDA may not approve any other applications, including an NDA, to market the same drug for the same indication for seven years, except in limited circumstances, including if the FDA concludes that the later drug is clinically superior to the approved drug. A drug is clinically superior if it is safer, more effective, or makes a major contribution to patient care. The FDA has granted Orphan Drug designation for our (i) KL4 surfactant (lucinactant) for the treatment of RDS in premature infants, (ii) our KL4 surfactant for the prevention and treatment of BPD in premature infants, (iii) our KL4 surfactant for the treatment of ARDS in adults, and (iv) our KL4 surfactant for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.

If we obtain Orphan Drug exclusivity, we may lose such exclusivity if the FDA or the European Commission, or EC, determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if we are unable to assure sufficient quantity of the drug to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition. Moreover, Orphan Drug exclusivity may not effectively protect our product candidates from competition because different drugs can be approved for the same condition. Even after an Orphan Drug is approved, the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority can subsequently approve the same drug for the same condition if such regulatory authority concludes that the later drug is clinically superior if it is shown to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care. Orphan drug designation neither shortens the development time or regulatory review time of a product candidate nor gives the product candidate any advantage in the regulatory review or approval process.

Interim, topline and preliminary data from our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

From time to time, we may publicly disclose preliminary or topline or data from our clinical studies, which is based on a preliminary analysis of then-available data, and the results and related findings and conclusions are subject to change following a more comprehensive review of the data related to the particular study or trial. We also make assumptions, estimations, calculations and conclusions as part of our analyses of data, and we may not have received or had the opportunity to fully and carefully evaluate all data. As a result, the topline results that we report may differ from future results of the same studies, or different conclusions or considerations may qualify such results once additional data have been received and fully evaluated. Topline data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the preliminary data we previously published. As a result, topline data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. From time to time, we may also disclose interim data from our clinical studies. Interim data from clinical trials that we may complete are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available. Adverse differences between preliminary or interim data and final data could significantly harm our business prospects.

Even if we receive regulatory approval for any product candidates, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense. Additionally, our product candidates, if approved, could be subject to labeling and other restrictions on marketing or withdrawal from the market, and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we experience unanticipated problems with our product candidates, when and if any of them are approved.

Following potential approval of any our product candidates, the FDA may impose significant restrictions on a product’s indicated uses or other aspects of the directions for use or marketing or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly and time-consuming post-approval studies, post-market surveillance or clinical trials to monitor the safety and efficacy of the product. The FDA may also require a REMS as a condition of approval of our product candidates, which could include requirements for a medication guide, physician communication plans or additional elements to ensure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools. In addition, if the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority approves our product candidates, the manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion, import, export and recordkeeping for our products will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration, as well as continued compliance with cGMPs and GCP requirements for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with our products, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with our third-party manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in, among other things:

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restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of our products, withdrawal of the product from the market or voluntary or mandatory product recalls;

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restrictions on product distribution or use, or requirements to conduct post-marketing studies or clinical trials;

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fines, restitutions, disgorgement of profits or revenues, warning letters, untitled letters, Form 483s, or holds on clinical trials;

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refusal by the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications filed by us or suspension or revocation of approvals;

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product seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of our products; and

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injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may inhibit our ability to commercialize our product candidates, if approved, and generate revenue and could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negative publicity.

In addition, if any of our product candidates is approved, our product labeling, advertising and promotion will be subject to regulatory requirements and continuing regulatory review. The FDA strictly regulates the promotional claims that may be made about drug products. In particular, a product may not be promoted for uses that are not approved by the FDA as reflected in the product’s approved labeling. If we receive marketing approval for a product candidate, physicians may nevertheless prescribe it to their patients in a manner that is inconsistent with the approved label. If we are found to have promoted such off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability.

The FDA’s and other regulatory authorities’ policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

If we fail to obtain and maintain regulatory approval in foreign jurisdictions, our market opportunities will be limited.

In order to market our product candidates in the EU or other foreign jurisdictions, we must obtain and maintain separate regulatory approvals and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements. The approval procedure varies from country to country and can involve additional testing. The time required to obtain approval abroad may be longer than the time required to obtain FDA clearance or approval. Foreign regulatory approval processes include many of the risks associated with obtaining FDA clearance or approval and we may not obtain foreign regulatory approvals on a timely basis, if at all. FDA clearance or approval does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries, and approval by one foreign regulatory authority does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other foreign countries. However, the failure to obtain clearance or approval in one jurisdiction may have a negative impact on our ability to obtain clearance or approval elsewhere. If we do not obtain or maintain necessary approvals to commercialize our product candidates in markets outside the U.S., it would negatively affect our overall market penetration.

If the FDA or other applicable regulatory authorities approve generic products with claims that compete with our product candidates, it could reduce our sales of our product candidates if approved.

In the U.S., after an NDA is approved, the product covered thereby becomes a “listed drug” which can, in turn, be cited by potential competitors in support of approval of an abbreviated NDA, or ANDA. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or the FDC Act, FDA regulations and other applicable regulations and policies provide incentives to manufacturers to create modified, non-infringing versions of a drug to facilitate the approval of an ANDA or other application for generic substitutes. These manufacturers might only be required to conduct a relatively inexpensive study to show that their product has the same active ingredients, dosage form, strength, route of administration, and conditions of use, or product labeling, as our product candidates and that the generic product is absorbed in the body at the same rate and to the same extent as, or is bioequivalent to, our product candidates. These generic equivalents would be significantly less costly than ours to bring to market and companies that produce generic equivalents are generally able to offer their products at lower prices. Thus, after the introduction of a generic competitor, a significant percentage of the sales of any branded product are typically lost to the generic product. Accordingly, competition from generic equivalents to our product candidates would substantially limit our ability to generate revenues and therefore to obtain a return on the investments we have made in our product candidates.

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Even if we receive regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we may not be able to successfully commercialize the product and the revenue that we generate from its sales, if any, may be limited.

If approved for marketing, the commercial success of our product candidates will depend upon the acceptance of each product by the medical community, including physicians, patients and health care payors. The degree of market acceptance for any of our product candidates, if approved, will depend on a number of factors, including:

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demonstration of clinical safety and efficacy;

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efficacy of our product candidates compared to competing products;

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relative convenience, dosing burden and ease of administration;

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the prevalence and severity of any adverse effects;

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the willingness of physicians to prescribe our product candidates, if approved, and the target patient population to try new therapies;

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our ability to obtain and maintain sufficient third-party coverage or reimbursement from government health care programs, including Medicare and Medicaid, global government payors, private health insurers and other third-party payors or to receive the necessary pricing approvals from government bodies regulating the pricing and usage of therapeutics;

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the willingness of patients to pay out-of-pocket in the absence of third-party coverage or reimbursement or government pricing approvals;

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government health care payor imposed mandatory pricing discounting and reductions;

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delays in achieving hospital formulary acceptance or limitations of use that are more restrictive than the approved label;

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the introduction of any new products that may in the future become available targeting indications for which our product candidates may be approved;

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new procedures or therapies that may reduce the incidences of any of the indications in which our product candidates, if approved, may show utility;

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pricing and cost-effectiveness;

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the inclusion or omission of our product candidates, if approved, in applicable therapeutic guidelines;

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the effectiveness of our own or any future collaborators’ sales and marketing strategies; and

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limitations or warnings contained in approved labeling from regulatory authorities.

If any of our product candidates are approved, but do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, health care payors, and patients, we may not generate sufficient revenue and we may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability. Our efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors on the benefits of our product candidates may require significant resources and may never be successful.

In addition, even if we obtain regulatory approvals, the timing or scope of any approvals may prohibit or reduce our ability to commercialize our product candidates successfully. For example, if the approval process takes too long, we may miss market opportunities and give other companies the ability to develop competing products or establish market dominance. Any regulatory approval we ultimately obtain may be limited or subject to restrictions or post-approval commitments that render our product candidates not commercially viable. For example, regulatory authorities may approve any of our product candidates for fewer or more limited indications than we request, may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly post-marketing clinical trials, or may approve any of our product candidates with a label that does not include the labeling claims necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization for that indication. Further, the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may place conditions on approvals or require risk management plans or a REMS to assure the safe use of the drug. Any of these limitations on approval or marketing could restrict the commercial promotion, distribution, prescription or dispensing of our product candidates, if approved. Moreover, product approvals may be withdrawn for non-compliance with regulatory standards or if problems occur following the initial marketing of the product. Any of the foregoing scenarios could materially harm the commercial success of our product candidates, if approved.

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The FDA and other regulatory agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses. If we are found or alleged to have improperly promoted any of our products, if approved, for off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability.

The FDA and other regulatory agencies strictly regulate the promotional claims that may be made about prescription products, as our product candidates would be, if approved. In general, a product may not be promoted for uses that are not approved by the FDA or in ways that may not be consistent with the product’s approved labeling. If we are found to have promoted such off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability. The federal government has levied large civil and criminal fines against companies for alleged improper promotion and has enjoined several companies from engaging in off-label promotion. The FDA and other regulatory agencies have also requested that companies enter into consent decrees or permanent injunctions under which specified promotional conduct is changed or curtailed. If we cannot successfully manage the promotion of our product candidates, if approved, we could become subject to significant liability, which would materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.

We currently have no sales and marketing organization. If we are unable to establish satisfactory sales and marketing capabilities or secure a sales and marketing partner, we may not successfully commercialize any of our product candidates.

We may not be able to enter into collaboration agreements on terms acceptable to us or at all. In addition, even if we enter into such relationships, we may have limited or no control over the sales, marketing and distribution activities of these third parties. Our future revenues may depend heavily on the success of the efforts of these third parties. If we elect to establish a sales and marketing infrastructure, we may not realize a positive return on this investment. In addition, we will have to compete with established and well-funded pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to recruit, hire, train and retain sales and marketing personnel. Factors that may inhibit our efforts to commercialize our product candidates, if approved, without strategic partners or licensees include:

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the inability of sales personnel to obtain access to or educate and appropriately persuade adequate numbers of physicians to prescribe any of our product candidates, if approved;

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inability to obtain a competitive share of voice and frequency of meeting with physicians against multiple, larger competitors;

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unforeseen costs and expenses associated with creating an independent sales and marketing organization; and

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inability to control or influence partner sales and marketing personnel or their prioritization of promotion of our product candidates, if approved.

The successful commercialization of our product candidates, if approved, will depend in part on the extent to which hospitals and hospital systems, governmental authorities and health insurers establish coverage, adequate reimbursement levels and favorable pricing policies. Failure to obtain or maintain coverage and adequate reimbursement for our product candidates, if approved, could limit our ability to market those product candidates and decrease our ability to generate revenue.

The availability of coverage and the adequacy of reimbursement by governmental healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, private health insurers and other third-party payors are essential for most patients to be able to afford prescription medications such as our product candidates, if approved. Our ability to achieve coverage and acceptable levels of reimbursement for our product candidates by third-party payors will have an effect on our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates, if approved. Even if we obtain coverage for a given product candidate, if approved, by a third-party payor, the resulting reimbursement payment rates may not be adequate or may require co-payments that patients find unacceptably high. We cannot be sure that coverage and reimbursement in the U.S., the EU or elsewhere will be available for any product candidate that we may develop and for which we receive approval, and any reimbursement that may become available may be decreased or eliminated in the future. See “Business - Reimbursement.”

Third-party payors increasingly are challenging prices charged for pharmaceutical products and services, and many third-party payors may refuse to provide coverage and reimbursement for particular drugs when an equivalent generic drug or a less expensive therapy is available. It is possible that a third-party payor may consider our product candidates, if approved, as substitutable and only offer to reimburse patients for the less expensive product. Even if we are successful in demonstrating improved efficacy or improved convenience of administration with our product candidates, if approved, pricing of existing drugs may limit the amount we will be able to charge for our product candidates, if approved. These payors may deny or revoke the reimbursement status of a given product or establish prices for new or existing marketed products at levels that are too low to enable us to realize an appropriate return on our investment in product development. If reimbursement is not available or is available only at limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our product candidates, if approved and may not be able to obtain a satisfactory financial return on products that we may develop.

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Obtaining and maintaining reimbursement status is time consuming, costly and uncertain. The Medicare and Medicaid programs increasingly are used as models for how private payors and other governmental payors develop their coverage and reimbursement policies for drugs. However, no uniform policy for coverage and reimbursement for products exists among third-party payors in the U.S. Therefore, coverage and reimbursement for products can differ significantly from payor to payor. As a result, the coverage determination process is often a time consuming and costly process that will require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our product candidates, if approved, to each payor separately, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be applied consistently or obtained in the first instance. Furthermore, rules and regulations regarding reimbursement change frequently, in some cases at short notice, and we believe that changes in these rules and regulations are likely.

Outside the U.S., international operations are generally subject to extensive governmental price controls and other market regulations, and we believe the increasing emphasis on cost-containment initiatives in Europe and other countries has and will continue to put pressure on the pricing and usage of our product candidates, if approved. In many countries, the prices of medical products are subject to varying price control mechanisms as part of national health systems. Additional foreign price controls, discounts or other changes in pricing regulation could restrict the amount that we are able to charge for our product candidates, if approved. Accordingly, in markets outside the U.S., the reimbursement for product candidates for which we receive approval may be reduced and experience continual mandatory price reductions compared with the U.S. and may be insufficient to generate commercially reasonable revenue and profits.

Moreover, increasing efforts by governmental and third-party payors in the U.S. and abroad to cap or reduce healthcare costs may cause such organizations to limit both coverage and the level of reimbursement for newly approved products and, as a result, they may not cover or provide adequate payment for our product candidates, if approved. We expect to experience pricing pressures in connection with the sale of any of our product, candidates, if approved, due to the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations and additional legislative changes. The downward pressure on healthcare costs in general, particularly prescription drugs and surgical procedures and other treatments, has become very intense. As a result, increasingly high barriers are being erected to the entry of new products.

Disruptions at the FDA and other government agencies caused by funding shortages, staffing limitations or global health concerns could hinder their ability to hire and retain key leadership and other personnel, or otherwise prevent new products and services from being developed or commercialized in a timely manner, which could negatively impact our business.

The ability of the FDA and other government agencies to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, statutory, regulatory and policy changes, a government agency’s ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees, and other events that may otherwise affect the government agency’s ability to perform routine functions. Average review times at the FDA and other government agencies have fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of other government agencies that fund research and development activities is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable. Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may also slow the time necessary for new drugs and or modifications to approved drugs or to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. For example, over the last several years, the U.S. government has shut down several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA, have had to furlough critical FDA employees and stop critical activities. With the change in presidential administrations in 2025, there is substantial uncertainty as to how, if at all, the new administration will seek to modify or revise the requirements and policies of the FDA and other regulatory agencies with jurisdiction over our product candidates. The impending uncertainty could present new challenges or potential opportunities as we navigate the clinical development and approval process for our product candidates.

Changes in funding for the FDA, the SEC and other government agencies could hinder their ability to hire and retain key leadership and other personnel, prevent new products and services from being developed or commercialized in a timely manner or otherwise prevent those agencies from performing normal functions.

The ability of the FDA to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept payment of user fees, and statutory, regulatory, and policy changes. Average review times at the agency have fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of the SEC and other government agencies on which our operations may rely, including those that fund research and development activities is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable.

On January 20, 2025, President Trump signed an executive order creating an advisory commission, the “Department of Government Efficiency,” to reform federal government processes and reduce expenditures. Pressures on and uncertainty surrounding the U.S. federal government’s budget, and potential changes in budgetary priorities and spending levels, could adversely affect staffing levels and the funding for the FDA. Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies due to these policies may slow the time necessary for new drugs to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. For example, over the past decade, the U.S. government has shut down, at least partially, several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA and the SEC, have had to furlough critical FDA, SEC and other government employees and stop critical activities. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA to timely review and process our regulatory submissions which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Further, future government shutdowns could impact our ability to access the public markets and obtain necessary capital in order to properly capitalize and continue our operations.

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Risks Related to Our Reliance on Third Parties

We rely on third parties, primarily outside of the U.S., to conduct many of our preclinical studies and clinical trials. Any failure by a third party to conduct the clinical trials according to good clinical practices, or GCPs, and other requirements and in a timely and quality manner may delay or prevent our ability to seek or obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates.

We are dependent on third parties to conduct our clinical trials and preclinical studies for our development programs. Specifically, we have used and relied on, and intend to continue to use and rely on, medical institutions, clinical investigators, CROs and consultants to conduct our clinical trials in accordance with our clinical protocols and regulatory requirements. These CROs, investigators and other third parties play a significant role in the conduct and timing of these trials and subsequent collection and analysis of data. While we have agreements governing the activities of our third-party contractors, we have limited influence over their actual performance. Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol and legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on the CROs and other third parties does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We and any third-party that we rely upon are required to comply with GCP requirements, which are regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for all of our product candidates in clinical development. Regulatory authorities enforce these GCPs through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and trial sites. If we or any third-party that we rely on or trial sites fail to comply with applicable GCPs or to provide adequate data with respect to such trials, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable, and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with product produced under cGMP and/or Quality System Regulation requirements. Our failure or our vendors’ failure to comply with these regulations may require us to delay or to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process.

There is no guarantee that any such CROs, investigators or other third parties will devote adequate time and resources to such trials or perform as contractually required. If any of these third parties fail to meet expected deadlines, adhere to our clinical protocols or meet regulatory requirements, or otherwise performs in a substandard manner, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated. In addition, many of the third parties with whom we contract may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical trials or other drug development activities that could harm our competitive position. In addition, principal investigators for our clinical trials may serve as scientific advisors or consultants to us from time to time and may receive cash or equity compensation in connection with such services. If these relationships and any related compensation result in perceived or actual conflicts of interest, or the FDA concludes that the financial relationship may have affected the interpretation of the study, the integrity of the data generated at the applicable clinical trial site may be questioned and the utility of the clinical trial itself may be jeopardized, which could result in the delay or rejection by the FDA of any NDA we submit. Any such delay or rejection could prevent us from commercializing our product candidates, if approved.

If any of our relationships with these third parties terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative third parties or do so on commercially reasonable terms. Switching or adding additional CROs, investigators and other third parties involves additional costs and requires management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO commences work. As a result, delays occur, which can materially impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines. Though we carefully manage our relationships with our CROs, investigators and other third parties, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.

We currently do not have a back-up facility for our contract manufacturing organization, or CMO, for our drug product candidates, or our suppliers of API. If the parties we depend on for supplying our APIs and manufacturing our drug product candidates do not supply these products in a timely and quality manner, it may delay or impair our ability to execute our development plans for our current and potential pipeline products.

In most cases, we are dependent upon a single supplier to provide all of our requirements for each of our active pharmaceutical ingredients, or APIs. We rely on a single CMO, located in China, to manufacture each of our cardiovascular drug product candidates that meets appropriate content, quality and stability standards for use in preclinical programs and clinical trials. Legislative proposals are pending that, if enacted, could negatively impact U.S. funding for certain biotechnology providers having relationships with foreign adversaries or which pose a threat to national security. The potential downstream adverse impacts on entities having only commercial relationships with any impacted biotechnology providers is unknown but may include supply chain disruptions or delays. In most cases, we submit purchase orders to our CMO and API suppliers as needed and do not have contractual commitments to manufacture for us in the future. Additionally, we intend to rely on CMOs to produce topical or oral formulations of our aPKCi inhibitor. If we do not establish or maintain these manufacturing and service relationships that are important to us and are not able to identify replacement suppliers, vendors and laboratories, our ability to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates could be impaired or delayed and our costs could substantially increase.

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We may be unable to identify additional manufacturers with whom we might establish appropriate arrangements on acceptable terms, if at all, because the number of potential CMOs is limited. Even if we are able to find replacement manufacturers, suppliers, vendors and service providers when needed, we may not be able to enter into agreements with them on terms and conditions favorable to us or there could be a substantial delay before such manufacturer, vendor or supplier, or a related new facility is properly qualified and registered with the FDA or other foreign regulatory authorities. A new manufacturer currently not qualified with the FDA would have to be educated in, or develop substantially equivalent processes for, production of our approved products after receipt of FDA approval. To qualify and receive regulatory approval for a new manufacturer could take as long as two years. The process of changing a supplier could have an adverse impact on our current clinical development programs if supplies of drug substances or materials on hand are insufficient to satisfy demand. Such delays could have a material adverse effect on our development activities and our business.

Our product candidates are temperature sensitive and may have other attributes that lead to limited shelf life. These attributes may pose risks to supply, inventory and waste management and increased cost of goods.

Our product candidates may prove to have a stability profile that leads to a lower than desired shelf life. This poses risk in supply requirements, wasted stock, and higher cost of goods.

Our product candidates are temperature sensitive, and we may learn that any or all of our product candidates are less stable than desired. It is also possible that we may find that transportation conditions negatively impact product quality. This may require changes to the formulation or manufacturing process for one or more of our product candidates and result in delays or interruptions to clinical or commercial supply. In addition, the cost associated with such transportation services and the limited pool of vendors may also add additional risks of supply disruptions.

We have established a number of analytical testing strategies, and may have to establish several more, to assess the quality of our product candidates. We may identify gaps in our analyses that might prevent release of product or could require product withdrawal or recall. For example, new or existing impurities that have an impact on product safety, efficacy, or stability may be discovered. This may lead to an inability to release or use our product candidates until the manufacturing or testing process is rectified or specifications are changed. This could potentially result in delays to our key program.

We plan to rely on third parties, some of which are located outside the U.S., to manufacture our drug product candidates, which exposes us to risks that may affect our ability to maintain supplies of our clinical materials, and subject us to uncertainty associated with the international political climate, and could potentially delay or cease our research and development activities, as well as eventual regulatory approval and commercialization of our drug product candidates.

Our manufacturing strategy involves manufacturing our drug product candidates using a CMO. We do not own or operate manufacturing facilities and have no plans to build our own clinical or commercial scale manufacturing capabilities. We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the manufacture of our drug product candidates and related raw materials for clinical and preclinical development, as well as for commercial manufacture if any of our product candidates receive marketing approval. The facilities used by third-party manufacturers to manufacture our product candidates must be approved by the FDA pursuant to inspections that will be conducted after we submit an NDA to the FDA. We do not control the manufacturing process of, and are completely dependent on, third-party manufacturers for compliance with cGMP requirements for manufacture of drug products and other government regulations and corresponding international standards. If these third-party manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA or others, including requirements related to the manufacturing of high potency compounds, they will not be able to secure and/or maintain regulatory approval for their manufacturing facilities.

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Istaroxime and rostafuroxin are currently manufactured by an affiliate of Lee’s Pharmaceutical (HK) Ltd., or Lee’s (HK), in Hefei, China. We expect that Lee’s (HK) will manufacture KL4 surfactant drug product candidate at an affiliate of Lee’s (HK) in Hefei, China. The APIs for istaroxime and rostafuroxin are manufactured in China. If the FDA is unable to inspect the manufacturing site in China or if it is able to inspect the site but finds it deficient in any way, to secure marketing approval for our product candidates in the U.S., and potentially other markets, we may be required to designate a different manufacturer for each of our drug product candidates. A technology transfer of a manufacturing process from one CMO to another can be time consuming and expensive and there can be no assurance that such a transfer will be successful or that a new manufacturer will be able to manufacture our drug product candidates successfully. Moreover, a technology transfer from one country to another may be subject to changing international legal and regulatory requirements in a potential difficult political climate. In addition, we have limited control over the ability of third-party manufacturers to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel and the third-party manufacturers may fail to manufacture our product candidate according to our schedule or at all. If the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority does not approve these facilities for the manufacture of our product candidates or if it withdraws any such approval in the future, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market our product candidates, if approved. Our failure, or the failure of our third-party manufacturers, to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including clinical holds, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, seizures or recalls of product candidates or products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of our product candidates. In addition, any performance failure on the part of our existing or future manufacturers could delay clinical development or marketing approval, and any related remedial measures may be costly or time consuming to implement. We do not currently have arrangements in place for redundant supply or a second source for all required raw materials used in the manufacture of our product candidates. If our current third-party manufacturer cannot perform as agreed, we may be required to replace such manufacturers and we may be unable to replace them on a timely basis or at all.

A third party’s failure to execute on our manufacturing requirements, technology transfers of our manufacturing and our planned future reliance on CMOs exposes us, among other things, to the following risks:

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an inability to initiate or continue clinical trials of istaroxime or any future product candidates under development;

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subjecting third-party manufacturing facilities to additional inspections by regulatory authorities;

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we may implement a plan to execute a technology transfer of our manufacturing process to a CMO and, after investing significant time and resources, learn that the CMO we chose is unable to successfully complete the technology transfer and thereafter manufacture our product candidates in accordance with our plan;

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CMOs might be unable to manufacture our product candidates in the volume and to our specifications to meet our clinical and commercial needs, or we may have difficulty scheduling the production of drug product in a timely manner to meet our timing requirements;

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if we desire to make our drug product candidates available outside the U.S. for clinical or commercial purposes, our CMOs would become subject to, and may not be able to comply with, corresponding manufacturing and quality system regulations or standards of the various foreign regulators having jurisdiction over our activities abroad. Such failures (such as in-country quality testing) could result in not only a loss of approved supply to that country, but a total loss of a lot (or lots) of materials globally and could restrict our ability to execute our business strategies;

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we may have difficulty implementing changes or necessary modifications to our manufacturing processes that may be required by the FDA or foreign regulator or our CMO, if, for example, such changes would burden our CMO or otherwise disrupt operations, or our CMO could impose significant financial terms to implement any such change that could adversely affect our business. We may fail to adequately develop new manufacturing processes. Failure to achieve such required changes or modifications could delay or prevent our gaining regulatory approval for our product candidates or prevent us from continuing to market our approved products, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operations;

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we may fail to adequately scale manufacturing to achieve our objectives for cost of goods and profit margins;

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we may be subject to disputes arising with respect to the ownership of rights to any technology developed with third parties; and

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we may be subject to the misappropriation of our proprietary information, including our trade secrets and know-how.

Each of the foregoing risks and others could delay our development programs and, if approved, commercial manufacturing plans, limit our ability to maintain continuity of supply for our approved products, delay or impair the approval, if any, of our product candidates by the FDA, or result in higher costs or deprive us of potential product revenues.

In addition, our product candidates and any products that we may develop may compete with other product candidates and products for access to manufacturing facilities. There are a limited number of manufacturers that operate under cGMP regulations and that might be capable of manufacturing for us.

Our current and anticipated future dependence upon others for the manufacture of our product candidates or products, if approved, may adversely affect our future profit margin and our ability to commercialize any products that receive marketing approval on a timely and competitive basis.

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Our ability to manufacture our product candidates depends upon receiving adequate supplies and related services, which may be difficult or uneconomical to procure.

Supply chain or manufacturing interruptions could negatively impact our operations and financial performance. We do not have fully redundant systems and equipment to respond promptly in the event of a significant loss at a CMO’s manufacturing operations. Under certain conditions, we may be unable to produce our drug product candidates at the required volumes or to appropriate standards, if at all. The supply of any of our manufacturing materials may be interrupted because of supply shortages, poor vendor performance or other events outside our control, which may require us, among other things, to identify alternate vendors, which could involve a lengthy process, and result in increased expenses.

We are dependent on Lee’s (HK) and Zhaoke for the successful development and commercialization of our KL4 surfactant products. If Lee’s (HK) and Zhaoke do not devote sufficient resources to the development of those product candidates, are unsuccessful in their efforts, or chooses to terminate their agreement with us, the potential licensing revenue will not materialize.

On August 17, 2022, we entered into an Amended and Restated License, Development and Commercialization Agreement, or the A&R License Agreement, with Lee’s (HK) and Zhaoke effective as of August 9, 2022. The A&R License Agreement amends, restates and supersedes the Original License Agreement.

Under the A&R License Agreement, Lee’s is solely and exclusively responsible for all costs and activities related to the development, manufacturing, regulatory approval and commercialization of KL4 surfactant products, including SURFAXIN®, the lyophilized dosage form of SURFAXIN, and aerosolized KL4 surfactant. Lee’s (HK) and Zhaoke may determine however, that it is commercially reasonable to de-prioritize or discontinue the development of the KL4 surfactant products. These decisions may occur for many reasons, including internal business reasons, results from clinical trials or because of unfavorable regulatory feedback.

Further, on review of the safety and efficacy data, the FDA may impose requirements on the programs that render them commercially nonviable. In addition, under the A&R License Agreement, Lee’s (HK) and Zhaoke have certain decision-making rights in determining the development and commercialization plans and activities for the programs. We may disagree with Lee’s (HK) and Zhaoke about the development strategy they employ, but we will have limited rights to impose our development strategy on Lee’s (HK) and Zhaoke. Similarly, they may decide to seek marketing approval for, and limit commercialization of, the KL4 surfactant products to narrower indications than we would pursue. More broadly, if Lee’s (HK) and Zhaoke elect to discontinue the development of the KL4 surfactant products, we may be unable to advance the product candidate ourselves.

On January 12, 2024, we entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement with Lee’s (HK) effective as of January 7, 2024 under which we granted an exclusive license, with a right to sublicense, to develop, register, make, use, sell, offer for sale, import, distribute and otherwise commercialize products that incorporate istaroxime for intravenous administration, rostafuroxin for oral administration, and our proprietary dual-mechanism SERCA2a activators for intravenous or oral administration, in each case for the prevention, mitigation and/or treatment of any disease, disorder or condition in humans including acute decompensated heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and chronic use following discharge of an individual hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure in the Greater China region.

Risks Related to our Business and Operations

Our quarterly and annual operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes it difficult for us to predict our future operating results.

These fluctuations may occur due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including, but not limited to:

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the timing and cost of, and level of investment in, research, development, including manufacturing development regulatory approval and commercialization activities relating to our product candidates, which may change from period to period;

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the timing and success or failure of preclinical studies or clinical trials for our product candidates or competing product candidates, or any other change in the competitive landscape of our industry, including consolidation among our competitors or partners;

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the level of investment funding we are able to achieve and apply to our development operations;

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the cost of manufacturing our product candidates, which may vary depending on the quantity of production and the terms of our agreements with third-party manufacturers;

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the potential for our identifiable intangible assets to become impaired, and the timing of such impairments, if any;

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the timing and amount of the milestone or other payments we must make to the licensors and other third parties from whom we have in-licensed our acquired our product candidates;

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expenditures that we may incur to acquire, develop or commercialize additional product candidates and technologies;

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our allocation of resources and ability to raise additional capital;

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future changes in requirements to achieve regulatory approval;

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future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies;

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the capital markets stability and openness to investing;

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delays associated with COVID-19 or future pandemics which will impact the ability of our healthcare systems and trial sites to conduct trials to varied degrees and times;

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coverage and reimbursement policies with respect to our product candidates, if approved, and potential future drugs that compete with our products; and

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the level of demand for any approved products, which may vary significantly.

The cumulative effects of these factors could result in large fluctuations and unpredictability in our quarterly and annual operating results. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. Investors should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance.

This variability and unpredictability could also result in our failing to meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or investors for any period. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of analysts or investors or below any forecasts we may provide to the market, or if the forecasts we provide to the market are below the expectations of analysts or investors, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Such a stock price decline could occur even when we have met any previously publicly stated revenue or earnings guidance we may provide.

We seek partnership for our oncology Varian assets, if we do not secure partnership we risk diverting resources away from existing operations that could expose us to liabilities, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

On April 2, 2024, we entered into the Asset Purchase Agreement with Varian. Pursuant to the Asset Purchase Agreement, we purchased all of the assets of Varian’s business associated with a Licence Agreement, dated as of July 5, 2019, by and between Varian and Cancer Research Technology Limited, or the Licence Agreement, including the Licence Agreement, all rights in molecules and compounds subject to the Licence Agreement, know-how and inventory of drug substance, or the Transferred Assets. We also assumed all liabilities arising on or after April 2, 2024, relating to the research, development, manufacturing, registration, commercialization, use, handling, supply, storage, import, export or other disposition or exploitation of any and all products associated with the Transferred Assets.

We may invest a substantial amount of time, resources and efforts in connection with our acquisition of the Transferred Assets, especially if we do not secure the partnership that we are seeking. All of these actions divert resources away from our other initiatives and operations. These efforts may not result in product candidates, efficiencies or revenues for our company, which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition as a result.

Our new corporate strategy may not be successful.

In January 2025, we launched a new corporate strategy to become a revenue generating biotech company through acquisitions of small companies and their FDA-approved products while we continue to progress our cardiovascular and oncology development pipeline. We will seek to use equity to acquire such targets, which could result in dilution for existing stockholders. There can be no assurances that we will be able to complete suitable acquisitions for a variety of reasons, including the identification of, and competition for, acquisition candidates, the need for regulatory approvals, the inability of the parties to agree to the structure or purchase price of the transaction, and the inability to finance the transaction on commercially acceptable terms. If we are not able to identify suitable acquisition candidates or consummate potential acquisitions within a desired time frame or at acceptable terms, our new corporate strategy may be unsuccessful. Even if we are successful in acquiring businesses, the businesses we acquire may not be able to achieve the revenue, profitability, or growth that we anticipate, or we may experience challenges and risks in integrating these businesses into our existing business, including our governance and compliance framework. Our failure to address any of these risks could cause us to incur additional costs and fail to realize the anticipated benefits of our acquisitions and could adversely impact our results of operations and financial position.

We also consider diversifying our investments through acquisitions of companies or assets in growing industries. We may not be successful in these new ventures.

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We also consider diversifying our investments through acquisitions of companies or assets in growing industries. We may not be successful in these new ventures.

We are continually evaluating our business strategy and may modify this strategy to respond to developments in our business and other factors, and any such modification, if not successful, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We plan to continually evaluate our business strategy and will modify our plans as necessary to achieve our objectives. As part of our shift in priorities, we entered into a global licensing agreement in 2022 to support the development of our KL4 surfactant platform and were able to eliminate the remaining costs associated with the KL4 surfactant platform. If for any reason, our licensee does not proceed with development of the KL4 surfactant platform, such action could have a material adverse effect on our potential to realize licensing revenue. In addition, in January 2025, we launched a new corporate strategy to become a revenue generating biotech company through acquisitions of small companies and their FDA-approved products. See the risk factor above captioned “Our new corporate strategy may not be successful.”

Similarly, our strategy currently contemplates that we will seek to out-license rostafuroxin and invest the proceeds in our other core programs. If we are not successful in our efforts, we may be forced to accept a significant write down of our rostafuroxin asset on our balance sheet and reassess our strategy. This action also could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The execution of a clinical program is complex and involves the cooperation of many individuals and entities, including third parties that we may not be able to control, and require the coordination of a number of components, any one of which could experience delays or unforeseen events or circumstances that may require the development of alternative strategies. If we encounter such events or circumstances, if we believe that certain changes would be in our best interest, we will consider adjusting our strategy and planning. If we conclude that an alternative approach may improve our ability to achieve our objectives, we will consider adopting such other approach. Similarly, if a third party were to share observations or make recommendations concerning the focus, sequence or approach of any or all of our research and development programs, we may consider taking such recommendations into account in our planning process and future activities.

There can be no assurance, whether or not we alter our strategy or plans, that we will be successful, or that we will secure regulatory approval for our product candidates and execute any product launches effectively and on time, if at all, in all markets that we may identify. Our ability to discover and/or develop new product candidates depends in part on our internal research capabilities and whether we have the resources required to conduct a development program or to acquire new product candidates. Our limited resources may not be sufficient to discover and develop or to acquire new product candidates. To support our efforts to develop our product candidates and, if approved, commercialize our products in the world markets, including the U.S., we continue to evaluate potential licensing transactions, collaboration arrangements and other strategic transactions. However, there can be no assurance that our efforts will be successful or that, even if we identify and enter into any strategic transactions, that such transactions will be successfully implemented, if at all, within our expected time frames.

We plan to continue evaluating our business strategy and may modify our strategy again in the future. To respond to changing circumstances, we may expand or alter our research and development activities from time to time and allocate resources to work on development of different product candidates or may pace, delay or halt the development of potential product development programs. As a result of changes in our strategy, we may also change or refocus our existing drug development and manufacturing activities or our plans for commercialization of our product candidates, if approved. These decisions could require changes in our facilities and personnel and restructuring various financial arrangements. There can be no assurances that any product development or other changes that we implement will be successful or that, after implementation of any such changes, that we will not refocus our efforts on new or different objectives.

Our industry is highly competitive, and we have less capital and resources than many of our competitors, which may give them an advantage in developing and marketing products similar to ours or make our product candidates obsolete.

Our industry is highly competitive and subject to rapid technological innovation and evolving industry standards. We compete with numerous existing companies in many ways. We need to successfully introduce new products to achieve our strategic business objectives. If we cannot successfully introduce new products, adapt to changing technologies or anticipate changes in our current and potential customers’ requirements, our product candidates may become obsolete, and our business could suffer.

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Many of our competitors’ companies have substantially greater research and development, manufacturing, marketing, financial, and technology personnel and managerial resources than we have. In addition, many of these competitors, either alone or with their collaborative partners, have significantly greater experience than we do in developing products, preclinical testing and human clinical trials management, obtaining FDA approval and other regulatory approvals, and manufacturing and marketing products. Accordingly, our competitors may succeed in receiving FDA or foreign regulatory approval or commercializing products and obtaining patent protection before us. Our competitors may successfully secure regulatory exclusivities in various markets, which could have the effect of barring us or limiting our ability to market our product candidates, if approved, in such markets. In addition, developments by our competitors may render our drug product candidates obsolete or noncompetitive.

We also face, and will continue to face, competition from colleges, universities, governmental agencies and other public and private research organizations. These competitive forces frequently and aggressively seek patent protection and licensing arrangements to collect royalties for technologies that they develop. Some of these technologies may compete directly with the technologies that we are developing. These institutions will also compete with us in recruiting highly qualified scientific personnel.

The political and healthcare policy and reimbursement environment is becoming more challenging for pharmaceutical companies and manufacturers and may adversely affect our business.

Political, economic and regulatory influences globally are subjecting the healthcare industry to potential fundamental challenges that could substantially affect our business and results of operations. Government and private sector initiatives to limit the growth of healthcare costs, including price regulation, competitive pricing, coverage and payment policies, comparative effectiveness of therapies, technology assessments and managed-care arrangements, are continuing to arise in many countries where we potentially may seek to do business, including the U.S. There is increasing pressure on pricing, reimbursement and demands for value-based data to gain access to patients and healthcare funds globally. This may increase the costs of development, risks of commercialization and overall value of the opportunity. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 contains substantial drug pricing reforms, including the establishment of a drug price negotiation program within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that would require manufacturers to charge a negotiated “maximum fair price” for certain selected drugs or pay an excise tax for noncompliance, the establishment of rebate payment requirements on manufacturers of certain drugs payable under Medicare Parts B and D to penalize price increases that outpace inflation, and requires manufacturers to provide discounts on Part D drugs. Substantial penalties can be assessed for noncompliance with the drug pricing provisions in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 could have the effect of reducing the prices we can charge and reimbursement we receive for our product candidates, if approved, thereby reducing our profitability, and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. The effect of Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 on our business and the pharmaceutical industry in general is not yet known. We also cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of additional government regulation that may arise from future legislation, administrative, judicial, or executive action, either in the U.S. or abroad. In addition, we rely on our CMO located in China to manufacture drug product and APIs for us, such that the supply lines for our drug product, and APIs may be affected by trade and political considerations.

Given the increasing uncertainty in the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries as well as increased regulatory scrutiny on foreign investment, capital investment in our industry and our ability to attract capital investment is becoming more challenging. This trend, if continued, may restrict or impair our ability to gain necessary funding for continued development and, if approved, commercialization of our product candidates.

We depend upon key employees and consultants in a competitive market for skilled personnel. If we or our strategic partners or collaborators are unable to attract and retain key personnel, it could adversely affect our ability to develop and market our product candidates.

We have assembled a team of qualified personnel to diversify our business and seek partnerships to advance the development programs for our product candidates. We have competed and will continue to compete for qualified individuals with numerous biopharmaceutical companies, universities and other research institutions. Competition for such individuals is significant and attracting and retaining qualified personnel will be critical to our success, and any failure to do so successfully may have a material adverse effect on us.

We are highly dependent upon the members of our executive management team and certain employees and consultants who are subject matter experts. Many of these individuals have been involved with us for many years, have played integral roles in our progress and we believe that they continue to provide value to us. We have over the last few years lost long-term members of our executive team and certain professional, scientific and management personnel, due to retirement, shifts in our focus and other causes. The loss of such personnel potentially exposes us to a lack of ready recall and knowledge of past corporate events, risks previously identified and related learnings. As such, loss of any of our remaining key personnel may further increase the associated risk and may have a material adverse effect on aspects of our business and clinical development and regulatory programs. The loss of services from any of our executives could significantly adversely affect our ability to develop and market our product candidates and obtain necessary regulatory approvals. Further, we do not maintain key man life insurance.

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Our future success also will depend on the continued service of our key professional, scientific and management personnel and our ability to recruit and retain additional personnel. While we attempt to provide competitive compensation packages to attract and retain key personnel at all levels in our organization, many of our competitors have greater resources and more experience than we do, making it difficult for us to compete successfully for key personnel. We may experience intense competition for qualified personnel and the existence of non-competition agreements between prospective employees and their former employers may prevent us from hiring those individuals or subject us to lawsuits brought by their former employers.

If our business development activities are unsuccessful, our business could suffer, and our financial performance could be adversely affected.

As part of our long-term growth strategy, we engage in business development activities intended to identify strategic opportunities, including potential partnerships, strategic alliances, joint development opportunities, acquisitions, technology licensing arrangements and other similar opportunities. Such opportunities may result in substantial investments in our business. Our success in developing product candidates or expanding into new markets from such activities will depend on a number of factors, including our ability to find suitable opportunities for investment, alliance or acquisition; whether we are able to complete an investment, alliance or acquisition on terms that are satisfactory to us; the strength of our underlying technology, product candidates and our ability to execute our business strategies; any intellectual property and litigation related to these product candidates or technology; and our ability to successfully integrate the investment, alliance or acquisition into our existing operations, including to fund our share of any IPR&D projects. If we are unsuccessful in our business development activities, we may be unable to secure needed capital and expertise to support our development programs and our financial condition could be adversely affected.

We may seek to enter into partnerships, licensing transactions, collaboration arrangements, and other similar transactions and strategic opportunities for the development or commercialization of our product candidates, or to secure the capital required to develop or commercialize a product candidate or address manufacturing constraints. We may not be successful in our efforts to establish such collaborations for our product candidates because our research and development pipeline may be insufficient, our product candidates may be deemed to be at too early of a stage of development for collaborative effort or third parties may not view our product candidates as having the requisite potential to demonstrate safety and efficacy or significant commercial opportunity. In addition, we face significant competition in seeking appropriate strategic partners, and the negotiation process can be time consuming and complex. Further, any future collaboration agreements may restrict us from entering into additional agreements with potential collaborators. We cannot be certain that, following a strategic transaction or licensing agreement, we will achieve an economic benefit that justifies such transaction.

Even if we are successful in our efforts to establish such collaborations, the terms that we agree upon may not be favorable to us, and we may not be able to maintain such collaborations if, for example, development or approval of a product candidate is delayed, the safety of a product candidate is questioned or sales of an approved product candidate are unsatisfactory.

In addition, any potential future collaborations may be terminable by our strategic partners, and we may not be able to adequately protect our rights under these agreements. Furthermore, strategic partners may negotiate for certain rights to control decisions regarding the development and commercialization of our product candidates, if approved, and may not conduct those activities in the same manner as we do. Any termination of collaborations we enter into in the future, or any delay in entering into collaborations related to our product candidates, could delay the development and commercialization of our product candidates and reduce their competitiveness if they reach the market, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We could be adversely affected by any interruption, including from breaches in cybersecurity, in our ability to conduct business at our current location.

We are increasingly dependent on sophisticated information technology for our infrastructure. Our information systems require an ongoing commitment of significant resources to maintain, protect and enhance existing systems. Despite our implementation of security measures, our information systems, like those of other companies, are vulnerable to damages from computer viruses, natural disasters, unauthorized access, cyber-attack, including ransomware, and other similar disruptions. Any system failure, accident or security breach could result in disruptions to our operations. For example, third parties may attempt to hack into systems and may obtain our proprietary information or other sensitive information, which could cause significant damage to our reputation, lead to claims against us and ultimately harm our business.

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We do not have redundant facilities. We perform substantially all of our research and development and back office activity in a small number of locations, including our headquarters in Warrington, Pennsylvania, and a research laboratory at Chang Gung University in Taiwan under a separate collaboration agreement. We also depend upon third-party manufacturers and laboratories to manufacture our drug product candidates, APIs and perform important API and drug product release testing and stability work.

Our facilities, equipment and inventory would be costly to replace and could require substantial lead time to repair or replace. Our facilities and those of our third-party manufacturers and laboratories may be harmed or rendered inoperable by natural or man-made disasters, including, but not limited to, tornadoes, flooding, fire and power outages, which may render it difficult or impossible for us to perform our research, development and commercialization activities for some period of time. The inability to perform those activities, combined with the time it may take to rebuild our inventory of finished product, may result in the loss of customers or harm to our reputation. Although we have insurance for damage to our property and the disruption of our business, this insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our potential losses and this insurance may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all.

The failure to prevail in litigation or the costs of litigation, including securities class actions, product liability claims and patent infringement claims, could harm our financial performance and business operations.

We are potentially susceptible to litigation. For example, as a public company, we may be subject to claims asserting violations of securities laws. Even if such actions are found to be without merit, the potential impact of such actions, which generally seek unquantifiable damages and attorneys’ fees and expenses, is uncertain. There can be no assurance that an adverse result in any future proceeding would not have a potentially material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our business activities, including development, manufacture and, if our product candidates are approved, marketing of our drug products also exposes us to liability risks. Using our drug product candidates, including in clinical trials, may expose us to product liability claims. Even if approved, our products may be subject to claims resulting from unintended effects that result in injury or death. Product liability claims alleging inadequate disclosure and warnings in our package inserts also may arise.

We presently carry comprehensive general liability, property damage, product liability, workers’ compensation, health benefits and other insurance coverage in amounts that we believe to be adequate for the protection of our assets and operations and customary for companies in our industry of comparable size and level of activity. However, our insurance policies contain various deductibles, limitations and exclusions from coverage, and in any event might not fully cover any potential claims. There can be no assurance that the insurance coverage we maintain is sufficient or will be available in adequate amounts or at a reasonable cost. A successful claim brought against us in excess of available insurance or not covered by indemnification agreements, or any claim that results in significant adverse publicity against us, could have an adverse effect on our business and our reputation.

Product liability claims may be brought by individuals or by groups seeking to represent a class. The outcome of litigation, particularly class action lawsuits, is difficult to assess or quantify. Plaintiffs in these types of lawsuits often seek recovery of very large or indeterminate amounts, and the magnitude of the potential loss relating to such lawsuits may remain unknown for substantial periods of time.

We face a potential risk of product liability as a result of the clinical testing of our product candidates and will face an even greater risk if we commercialize any of our product candidates, if approved, or any other future product. For example, we may be sued if any product we develop, including any of our product candidates, or any materials that we use in our product candidates allegedly causes injury or is found to be otherwise unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability and a breach of warranties. In the U.S., claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization of our product candidates, if approved. Even successful defense would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

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decreased demand for any of our product candidates, if approved, or any future products that we may develop;

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injury to our reputation;

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withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

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costs to defend the related litigation;

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a diversion of management’s time, attention and our resources;

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substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients;

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product recalls, withdrawals or labeling, marketing or promotional restrictions;

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the inability to commercialize some or all of our product candidates, if approved; and

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a decline in the value of our stock.

There can be no assurance that the insurance coverage we maintain is sufficient or will be available in adequate amounts or at a reasonable cost. A successful claim brought against us in excess of available insurance or not covered by indemnification agreements, or any claim that results in significant adverse publicity against us, could have an adverse effect on our business and our reputation.

We may be required to obtain additional product liability insurance coverage. However, such insurance is expensive and may not be available when we need it. In the future, we may not be able to obtain adequate insurance, with acceptable limits and retentions, at an acceptable cost. Any product, general liability or product liability claim, even if such claim is within the limits of our insurance coverage or meritless and/or unsuccessful, could adversely affect the availability or cost of insurance generally and our cash available for other purposes, such as research and development. In addition, such claims could result in:

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uninsured expenses related to defense or payment of substantial monetary awards to claimants;

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a decrease in demand for our drug product candidates, if approved;

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damage to our reputation; and

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an inability to complete clinical trial programs or to commercialize our drug product candidates, if approved.

Risks Related to Government Regulation

Our product candidates and our operations are regulated by numerous government agencies, both inside and outside the U.S. Our drug product candidates must undergo lengthy and rigorous testing and other extensive, costly and time-consuming procedures mandated by the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities. Our facilities and those of our third-party providers must pass inspection and/or be approved or licensed prior to production and remain subject to inspection at any time thereafter. Failure to comply with the requirements of the FDA or other regulatory authorities could result in warning or untitled letters, Form 483s, product recalls or seizures, monetary sanctions, injunctions to halt the manufacture and distribution of our product candidates, if approved, civil or criminal sanctions, refusal of a government to grant approvals or licenses, restrictions on operations or withdrawal of existing approvals and licenses. Any of these actions could damage our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our sales.

If our product candidates are approved for commercial sale, we will be required to comply with not only the requirements of applicable regulators, but also will become subject to various laws regulating the sales, marketing, and distribution of healthcare-related products. The sales and marketing of products and relationships that pharmaceutical companies have with healthcare providers are under increasing scrutiny by federal, state and foreign government agencies. The FDA and other federal regulators have increased their enforcement activities with respect to the Anti-Kickback Statute, False Claims Act, off-label promotion of products, and other healthcare related laws, antitrust and other competition laws. Foreign governments have also increased their scrutiny of pharmaceutical companies’ sales and marketing activities and relationships with healthcare providers.

Of particular importance, federal and state anti-kickback laws make it illegal for a prescription drug manufacturer to solicit, offer, receive, or pay any remuneration in exchange for, or to induce, the referral of business, including the purchase or prescription of a particular drug. These laws can be complicated, are subject to frequent change and may be violated unknowingly. In addition, a number of states require that companies implement compliance programs or comply with industry ethics codes, adopt spending limits, and report to state governments any gifts, compensation, and other remuneration provided to physicians. Sanctions under these laws may include civil monetary penalties, exclusion of a manufacturer’s products from reimbursement under government programs (including Medicare and Medicaid), criminal fines, and imprisonment. Companies that have chosen to settle these alleged violations have typically paid multi-million-dollar fines to the government and agreed to abide by corporate integrity agreements, which often include significant and costly burdens.

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There has been a recent trend of increased federal and state regulation of payments and transfers of value provided to healthcare professionals and entities. For example, the Physician Payment Sunshine Act imposes annual reporting requirements on certain manufacturers of drugs, biologics and medical supplies with respect to payments and other transfers of value provided by them, directly or indirectly, to physicians and teaching hospitals, as well as with respect to certain ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their family members. A manufacturer’s failure to submit timely, accurately and completely the required information regarding all payments, transfers of value or ownership or investment interests may result in civil monetary penalties. Certain states also mandate implementation of commercial compliance programs, impose restrictions on manufacturers’ marketing practices, and require the tracking and reporting of gifts, compensation and other remuneration to healthcare professionals and entities under certain circumstances.

We are continually evaluating our compliance programs, including policies, training and various forms of monitoring, designed to address the requirements outlined above. However, no compliance program can mitigate risk in its entirety. Violations or allegations of violations of these laws may result in large civil and criminal penalties, debarment from participating in government programs, diversion of management time, attention and resources and may otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Failure in our information technology systems could disrupt our operations and cause the loss of confidential information and business opportunities.

In the ordinary course of our business, we and our third-party contractors maintain sensitive data on our and their respective networks, including our intellectual property and proprietary or confidential business information relating to our business and that of our clinical trial participants and business partners and electronically stored work product, including clinical data, analyses, research, communications and other materials necessary to gain regulatory approval of our product candidates. The secure maintenance of this sensitive information is critical to our business and reputation. Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our third-party contractors are vulnerable to damage from cyber-attacks, computer viruses, unauthorized access, unintended loss, human error, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. For information stored with our third-party contractors, we rely upon, and the integrity and confidentiality of such information is dependent upon, the risk mitigation and data preservation efforts such third-party contractors have in place. Our and our third-party contractors’ respective network and storage applications and policies may not be sufficient to protect our sensitive business information and may be subject to loss, unauthorized access by hackers or breached due to operator error, malfeasance or other system disruptions. It is often difficult to anticipate or immediately detect such incidents and the damage caused by such incidents. Such incidents could compromise our intellectual property, expose sensitive business information, result in loss of data necessary to secure regulatory approval of our product candidates, cause interruptions in our operations, result in a material disruption of our operations, or require substantial expenditures of resources to remedy.

Our business processes personal data, including some data related to health. When conducting clinical trials, we face risks associated with collecting trial participants’ data, especially health data, in a manner consistent with applicable laws and regulations. We also face risks inherent in handling large volumes of data and in protecting the security of such data. We could be subject to attacks on our systems by outside parties or fraudulent or inappropriate behavior by our service providers or employees. Third parties may also gain access to users’ accounts using stolen or inferred credentials, computer malware, viruses, spamming, phishing attacks or other means, and may use such access to obtain users’ personal data or prevent use of their accounts. Data breaches could subject us to individual or consumer class action litigation and governmental investigations and proceedings by federal, state and local regulatory entities in the U.S. and by international regulatory entities, resulting in exposure to material civil and/or criminal liability. Further, our general liability insurance and corporate risk program may not cover all potential claims to which we are exposed and may not be adequate to indemnify us for all liability that may be imposed.

Our business requires that we and our third-party service providers collect and store sensitive data, including legally protected health information, personally identifiable information about patients, credit card information, and our proprietary business and financial information. As a covered entity, we must comply with the HIPAA privacy and security regulations, which may increase our operational costs. Furthermore, the privacy and security regulations provide for significant fines and other penalties for wrongful use or disclosure of protected health information, or PHI, including potential civil and criminal fines and penalties. We face a number of risks relative to our protection of, and our service providers’ protection of, this critical information, including loss of access, fraudulent modifications, inappropriate disclosure and inappropriate access, as well as risks associated with our ability to identify and audit such events. The secure processing, storage, maintenance and transmission of this critical information is vital to our operations and business strategy, and we devote significant resources to protecting such information. Although we take measures to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access or disclosure, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or viruses or otherwise breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other activities. If such event would occur and cause interruptions in our operations, our networks would be compromised and the information we store on those networks could be accessed by unauthorized parties, publicly disclosed, modified without our knowledge, lost or stolen.

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Additionally, we share PHI with third-party contractors who are contractually obligated to safeguard and maintain the confidentiality of PHI. Unauthorized persons may be able to gain access to PHI stored in such third-party contractors’ computer networks. Any wrongful use or disclosure of PHI by us or our third-party contractors, including disclosure due to data theft or unauthorized access to our or our third-party contractors’ computer networks, could subject us to fines or penalties that could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Although the HIPAA statute and regulations do not expressly provide for a private right of damages, we also could incur damages under state laws to private parties for the wrongful use or disclosure of confidential health information or other private personal information by us or our third-party contractors. Unauthorized access, loss, modification or dissemination could disrupt our operations, including our ability to process tests, provide test results, bill payers or patients, process claims, provide customer assistance services, conduct research and development activities, collect, process and prepare company financial information, provide information about our solution and other patient and physician education and outreach efforts through our website, manage the administrative aspects of our business and damage our reputation, any of which could adversely affect our business. In addition, the interpretation and application of consumer, health-related and data protection laws in the U.S. are often uncertain, contradictory and in flux. It is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our practices. Complying with these various laws could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices, systems and compliance procedures in a manner adverse to our business.

As our operations and business grow, we may become subject to or affected by new or additional data protection laws and regulations and face increased scrutiny or attention from regulatory authorities, including various domestic and international privacy and security regulations. The legislative and regulatory landscape for privacy and data protection continues to evolve. In the U.S., certain states may adopt privacy and security laws and regulations that may be more stringent than applicable federal law.

A number of U.S. states have proposed new privacy laws. Such proposed legislation, if enacted, may add additional complexity, variation in requirements, restrictions and potential legal risk, require additional investment of resources in compliance programs, impact strategies and the availability of previously useful data and could result in increased compliance costs and/or changes in business practices and policies. The existence of comprehensive privacy laws in different states in the country would make our compliance obligations more complex and costly and may increase the likelihood that we may be subject to enforcement actions or otherwise incur liability for noncompliance.

Our international operations are subject to international laws and regulations, regulatory guidance, and industry standards relating to data protection, privacy, and information security. This includes the EU General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, as well as other national data protection legislation in force in relevant EU member states (including the GDPR in such form as incorporated into the law of England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland by virtue of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 and any regulations thereunder and the UK Data Protection Act 2018, or UK GDPR.

The GDPR and UK GDPR are wide-ranging in scope and impose numerous additional requirements on companies that process personal data, including imposing special requirements in respect of the processing of health and other sensitive data, requiring that consent of individuals to whom the personal data relates is obtained in certain circumstances, requiring additional disclosures to individuals regarding data processing activities, requiring that safeguards are implemented to protect the security and confidentiality of personal data, creating mandatory data breach notification requirements in certain circumstances, requiring data protection impact assessments for high risk processing and requiring that certain measures (including contractual requirements) are put in place when engaging third-party processors. The GDPR and the UK GDPR also provide individuals with various rights in respect of their personal data, including rights of access, erasure, portability, rectification, restriction and objection.

The GDPR and UK GDPR impose strict rules on the transfer of personal data to countries outside the European Economic Area, including the U.S. The UK and Switzerland have adopted similar restrictions. Although the UK is regarded as a third country under the EU’s GDPR, the EC has now issued a decision recognizing the UK as providing adequate protection under the EU’s GDPR and, therefore, transfers of personal data originating in the EU to the UK remain unrestricted. Like the EU’s GDPR, the UK’s GDPR restricts personal data transfers outside the UK to countries not regarded by the UK as providing adequate protection. The UK government has confirmed that personal data transfers from the UK to the EEA remain free flowing.

To enable the transfer of personal data outside of the EEA or the UK, adequate safeguards must be implemented in compliance with European and UK data protection laws. On June 4, 2021, the EC issued new forms of standard contractual clauses for data transfers from controllers or processors in the EU/EEA (or otherwise subject to the GDPR) to controllers or processors established outside the EU/EEA (and not subject to the GDPR). The new standard contractual clauses replace the standard contractual clauses that were adopted previously under the EU Data Protection Directive. The UK is not subject to the EC’s new standard contractual clauses but has published a draft version of a UK-specific transfer mechanism, which, once finalized, will enable transfers from the UK. We will be required to implement these new safeguards when conducting restricted data transfers under the EU and UK GDPR and doing so will require significant effort and cost.

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The GDPR and UK GDPR may increase our responsibility and liability in relation to personal data that we process where such processing is subject to the GDPR and UK GDPR. Implementing legislation in applicable EU member states and the UK, including by seeking to establish appropriate lawful bases for the various processing activities we carry out as a controller or joint controller, reviewing security procedures and those of our vendors and collaborators, and entering into data processing agreements with relevant vendors and collaborators, we cannot be certain that our efforts to achieve and remain in compliance have been, and/or will continue to be, fully successful. Given the breadth and depth of changes in data protection obligations, preparing for and complying with the GDPR and UK GDPR and similar laws’ requirements are rigorous and time intensive and require significant resources and a review of our technologies, systems and practices, as well as those of any third-party collaborators, service providers, contractors or consultants that process or transfer personal data.

Other countries around the world in which we conduct business have also enacted strict privacy and data protection laws. Further, in addition to general privacy and data protection requirements, many jurisdictions around the world have adopted legislation that regulates how businesses operate online and enforces information security, including measures relating to privacy, data security and data breaches. Many of these laws require businesses to notify data breaches to the regulators and/or to data subjects. These laws are not consistent, and compliance in the event of a widespread data breach is costly and burdensome.

In many jurisdictions, enforcement actions and consequences for non-compliance with protection, privacy and information security laws and regulations are rising. In the EU and the UK, data protection authorities may impose large penalties for violations of the data protection laws, including potential fines of up to €20 million (£17.5 million in the UK) or 4% of annual global revenue, whichever is greater. The authorities have shown a willingness to impose significant fines and issue orders preventing the processing of personal data on non-compliant businesses. Data subjects also have a private right of action, as do consumer associations, to lodge complaints with supervisory authorities, seek judicial remedies, and obtain compensation for damages resulting from violations of applicable data protection laws.

The risk of our being found in violation of these laws is increased by the fact that the in interpretation and enforcement of them is not entirely clear. Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. The shifting compliance environment and the need to build and maintain robust and expandable systems to comply with multiple jurisdictions with different compliance and/or reporting requirements increases the possibility that a healthcare company may run afoul of one or more of the requirements.

Compliance with data protection laws and regulations could require us to take on more onerous obligations in our contracts, restrict our ability to collect, use and disclose data, or in some cases, impact our ability to operate in certain jurisdictions. It could also require us to change our business practices and put in place additional compliance mechanisms, may interrupt or delay our development, regulatory and commercialization activities and increase our cost of doing business. Failure by us or our collaborators and third-party providers to comply with data protection laws and regulations could result in government enforcement actions (which could include civil or criminal penalties and orders preventing us from processing personal data), private litigation and result in significant fines and penalties against us. Claims that we have violated individuals’ privacy rights, failed to comply with data protection laws or breached our contractual obligations, even if we are not found liable, could be expensive and time-consuming to defend, could result in adverse publicity and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The U.S. and many foreign jurisdictions have enacted or proposed legislative and regulatory changes affecting the healthcare system that may affect our ability to profitably sell our product candidates, if approved. The U.S. government, state legislatures and foreign governments also have shown significant interest in implementing cost-containment programs to limit the growth of government-paid healthcare costs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products for branded prescription drugs.

The Affordable Care Act was intended to broaden access to health insurance, reduce or constrain the growth of healthcare spending, enhance remedies against fraud and abuse, add transparency requirements for the healthcare and health insurance industries, impose new taxes and fees on the health industry and impose additional health policy reforms. See “Business - Healthcare Reform.”

Further changes to and under the Affordable Care Act remain possible. It is unknown what form any such changes or any law proposed to replace the Affordable Care Act would take, and how or whether it may affect our business in the future. We expect that changes to the Affordable Care Act, the Medicare and Medicaid programs, changes allowing the federal government to directly negotiate drug prices and changes stemming from other healthcare reform measures, especially with regard to healthcare access, financing or other legislation in individual states, could have a material adverse effect on the healthcare industry.

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Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare, Medicaid, or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payers. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain and maintain profitability of our product and product candidates, if approved. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 contains substantial drug pricing reforms, including the establishment of a drug price negotiation program within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that would require manufacturers to charge a negotiated “maximum fair price” for certain selected drugs or pay an excise tax for noncompliance, the establishment of rebate payment requirements on manufacturers of certain drugs payable under Medicare Parts B and D to penalize price increases that outpace inflation, and requires manufacturers to provide discounts on Part D drugs. Substantial penalties can be assessed for noncompliance with the drug pricing provisions in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 could have the effect of reducing the prices we can charge and reimbursement we receive for our product candidates, if approved, thereby reducing our profitability, and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. The effect of Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 on our business and the pharmaceutical industry in general is not yet known.

We are subject to certain risks associated with having assets, both physical and intangible, and operations located in Taiwan. Our activity in Taiwan is subject to regulatory agencies, such as the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration. Our operations in foreign jurisdictions are conducted by our subsidiary, CVie Therapeutics, Taiwan, which also owns a substantial portion of our intellectual property. Our international operations may be adversely affected by general economic conditions and economic and fiscal policy, including changes in exchange rates and controls, interest rates and taxation policies, and increased government regulation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, and operating results. In addition, the impacts of political unrest, including as a result geopolitical tension, such as a deterioration in the relationship between the U.S. and China, including any potential resulting sanctions, export controls, or other restrictive actions that may be imposed by the U.S. and/or other countries against governmental or other entities in, for example, China or Taiwan, also could have an adverse impact on our international operations.

If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of our product candidates, if approved.

We face an inherent risk of product liability as a result of the clinical trials of our product candidates and will face an even greater risk if we commercialize our product candidates if we receive approval. For example, we may be sued if our product candidates allegedly cause injury or are found to be otherwise unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product candidate, negligence, strict liability and a breach of warranties. Claims may be brought against us by clinical trial participants, patients or others using, administering or selling products that may be approved in the future. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts.

If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit or cease the commercialization of our product candidates, if approved. Even a successful defense would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

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decreased demand for our product candidates, if approved;

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injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention;

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withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

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costs to defend the related litigation;

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a diversion of management’s time, attention and our resources;

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substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients;

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product recalls, withdrawals or labeling, marketing or promotional restrictions;

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significant negative financial impact;

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the inability to commercialize our product candidates, if approved; and

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a decline in our stock price.

We currently hold product liability insurance coverage at a level we believe to be consistent with our activities. We may need to increase our insurance coverage as we expand our clinical trials or if we commence commercialization of our product candidates, if approved. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive.

Our inability to obtain and retain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of our product candidates, if approved. Although we maintain such insurance, any claim that may be brought against us could result in a court judgment or settlement in an amount that is not covered, in whole or in part, by our insurance or that is in excess of the limits of our insurance coverage. Our insurance policies will also have various exclusions, and we may be subject to a product liability claim for which we have no coverage. We may have to pay any amounts awarded by a court or negotiated in a settlement that exceed our coverage limitations or that are not covered by our insurance, and we may not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient capital to pay such amounts.

Our employees and independent contractors, including principal investigators, CROs, consultants and vendors, may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements.

We are exposed to the risk that our employees and independent contractors, including principal investigators, CROs, consultants and vendors may engage in misconduct or other illegal activity. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or disclosure of unauthorized activities to us that violate: (i) the laws and regulations of the FDA and other similar regulatory requirements, including those laws that require the reporting of true, complete and accurate information to such authorities, (ii) manufacturing standards, including cGMP requirements, (iii) federal and state data privacy, security, fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations in the U.S. and abroad or (iv) laws that require the true, complete and accurate reporting of financial information or data. Activities subject to these laws also involve the improper use or misrepresentation of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, the creation of fraudulent data in our preclinical studies or clinical trials, or illegal misappropriation of drug product, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by employees and other third parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. In addition, we are subject to the risk that a person or government could allege such fraud or other misconduct, even if none occurred. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business and financial results, including, without limitation, the imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, disgorgements, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, individual imprisonment, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, additional reporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, and curtailment of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations.

We are subject to anti-bribery, anti-corruption, and anti-money laundering laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, in which violations of these laws could result in substantial penalties and prosecution.

We are exposed to trade and economic sanctions and other restrictions imposed by the U.S. and other governments and organizations. The U.S. Departments of Justice, Commerce, State and Treasury and other federal agencies and authorities have a broad range of civil and criminal penalties they may seek to impose against corporations and individuals for violations of economic sanctions laws, export control laws, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the FCPA, and other federal statutes and regulations, including those established by the Office of Foreign Assets Control. The Department of Justice, or DOJ, also in the past has increased its focus on the enforcement of the FCPA, particularly as it relates to the conduct of pharmaceutical companies.

In addition, the U.K. Bribery Act of 2010, or the Bribery Act, prohibits both domestic and international bribery, as well as bribery across both private and public sectors. An organization that “fails to prevent bribery” by anyone associated with the organization can be charged under the Bribery Act unless the organization can establish the defense of having implemented “adequate procedures” to prevent bribery. Under these laws and regulations, as well as other anti-corruption laws, anti-money laundering laws, export control laws, customs laws, sanctions laws and other laws governing our operations, various government agencies may require export licenses, may seek to impose modifications to business practices, including cessation of business activities in sanctioned countries or with sanctioned persons or entities and modifications to compliance programs, which may increase compliance costs, and may subject us to fines, penalties and other sanctions. A violation of these laws or regulations would negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We and any of our third-party manufacturers or suppliers may use potent chemical agents and hazardous materials, and any claims relating to improper handling, storage or disposal of these materials could be time consuming or costly.

We and any of our third-party manufacturers or suppliers will use biological materials, potent chemical agents and may use hazardous materials, including chemicals and biological agents and compounds that could be dangerous to human health and safety of the environment. Our operations and the operations of our third-party manufacturers and suppliers also produce hazardous waste products. Federal, state and local laws and regulations govern the use, generation, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and wastes. Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations may be expensive, and current or future environmental laws and regulations may impair our product development efforts. In addition, we cannot eliminate the risk of accidental injury or contamination from these materials or wastes. We carry a limited amount of specific biological or hazardous waste insurance coverage, and our property, casualty and general liability insurance policies offer limited coverage for damages and fines arising from biological or hazardous waste exposure or contamination. In the event of contamination or injury, we could be held liable for damages or be penalized with fines in an amount exceeding our resources, and our clinical trials or regulatory approvals could be suspended.

Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance for certain costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials or other work-related injuries, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities.

We maintain a limited amount of insurance for toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us in connection with our storage or disposal of biologic, hazardous or radioactive materials.

In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, which have tended to become more stringent over time. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions or liabilities, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may change or diversify the nature of our business from biotechnology to include a sector that may provide revenue opportunities in the near future, which could expose us to new risks and uncertainties.

We are currently focused on advancing early and late-stage innovative therapies for critical conditions and diseases. However, we may decide to change or diversify the nature of our business and pursue sectors that may provide revenue opportunities in the near future, either in addition to or instead of our existing biotechnology business. The potential change or expansion of our business is a result of various factors, such as changes in market conditions, customer demand, regulatory environment, competitive landscape, availability of financing and strategic alternatives, as well opportunities management and the board of directors believe are available to, and in the best interest of, the Company.

If we change or diversify the nature of our business to seek revenue opportunities, we will face significant challenges and risks, including, but not limited to:

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the need to recruit, retain and train qualified personnel with expertise and experience in a new industry, as well as to establish and maintain effective internal controls, systems, policies and procedures for operations in a new industry;

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the potential dilution of our existing shareholders or the incurrence of additional indebtedness if we issue equity or debt securities or incur other obligations to finance our new business; and

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the potential loss of, some or all of our existing biotechnology, suppliers, partners, employees, intellectual property, contracts, licenses, permits and other assets and resources that are essential to our biotechnology business, as well as the potential impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets associated with our biotechnology business.

Accordingly, a change or expansion in the nature of our business, though potentially beneficial, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, and could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully enter, compete or operate in the new industry, or that we will be able to realize any of the potential benefits of such a change in our business.

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Risks Related to Intellectual Property Matters

The patent position of biotechnology companies is highly uncertain and involves complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principles are unresolved. To date, the USPTO has not adopted a consistent policy regarding the breadth of claims that is accorded in biotechnology patents or the degree of protection that these types of patents afford. As a result, there are risks that we may not secure proprietary rights to products or processes that appear to be patentable.

The parties who licensed technologies to us and we have filed various U.S. and foreign patent applications with respect to the products and technologies under our development, and the USPTO and foreign patent offices have issued patents with respect to our products and technologies. These patent applications include international applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty. Our pending patent applications, as well as those we may file in the future or those we may license from third parties, may not result in the USPTO or foreign patent office issuing patents. In addition, if patent rights covering our products are not sufficiently broad, they may not provide us with sufficient proprietary protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar products and technologies. For example, the core composition of matter patents covering istaroxime have expired. As such, istaroxime relies on data and market exclusivity, as well as method-of-use patents, which may offer a lesser scope of protection than the original core patents. Furthermore, even if the USPTO or foreign patent offices were to issue patents to us or our licensors, others may challenge the patents or circumvent the patents, or the patent office or the courts may invalidate the patents. Thus, any patents we own or license from third parties may not provide us any protection against competitors.

The patents that we own or in-license have a limited life. Patents related to our cardiovascular drug products issued in the U.S., Europe and elsewhere have expired or will expire on various dates between 2028 and 2039. Further, we cannot guarantee that all patent applications related to our cardiovascular drug products that are still pending in U.S., Europe and elsewhere will be granted as patents.

Intellectual property rights of third parties could limit our ability to develop and market our product candidates.

Our success also depends upon our ability to operate our business without infringing the patents or violating the proprietary rights of others. Patent applications in most jurisdictions are not published until 18 months after filing. In certain cases, the USPTO keeps U.S. patent applications confidential for the entire time the applications are pending. As a result, we cannot determine in advance what inventions third parties may claim in their pending patent applications. We may need to defend or enforce our patent and license rights or to determine the scope and validity of the proprietary rights of others through legal proceedings, which would be costly, unpredictable and time consuming. Even in proceedings where the outcome is favorable to us, they would likely divert substantial resources, including management time, from our other activities. Moreover, any adverse determination could subject us to significant liability or require us to seek licenses that third parties might not grant to us or might only grant at rates that diminish or deplete the profitability of our products. An adverse determination could also require us to alter our products or processes or cease altogether any product sales or related research and development activities.

We may need to license intellectual property from third parties, and such licenses may not be available or may not be available on commercially reasonable terms.

We may need to obtain licenses from third parties to advance our research or allow commercialization of our product candidates, and we cannot provide any assurances that third-party patents do not exist which might be enforced against our product candidates in the absence of such a license. The licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive practice and companies that may be more established, or have greater resources than we do, may also be pursuing strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider necessary or attractive in order to commercialize our product candidates. We may fail to obtain any of these licenses on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Even if we are able to obtain a license, it may be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us. In that event, we may be required to expend significant time and resources to develop or license replacement technology. If we are unable to do so, we may be unable to develop or commercialize the affected product candidates, which could materially harm our business and the third parties owning such intellectual property rights could seek either an injunction prohibiting our sales, or, with respect to our sales, an obligation on our part to pay royalties and/or other forms of compensation. Licensing of intellectual property is of critical importance to our business and involves complex legal, business and scientific issues. If disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements on acceptable terms, we may not be able to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

We rely on agreements containing obligations regarding intellectual property, confidentiality and noncompetition provisions that could be breached and may be difficult to enforce.

Although we take what we believe to be reasonable steps to protect our intellectual property, including the use of agreements relating to the non-disclosure of our confidential and proprietary information and trade secrets to third parties, as well as agreements that provide for disclosure and assignment to us of all rights to the ideas, developments, improvements, discoveries and inventions of our employees, consultants, advisors and research collaborators while we employ them, such agreements can be difficult and costly to enforce. We generally seek to enter into these types of agreements with consultants, advisors and research collaborators; however, to the extent that such parties apply or independently develop intellectual property in connection with any of our projects, disputes may arise concerning allocation of the related proprietary rights. Such disputes often involve significant expense and yield unpredictable results.

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Moreover, although all employees enter into agreements with us that include non-compete covenants, and our senior executive officers have agreements that include broader non-competition covenants and provide for severance payments that are contingent upon the applicable employee’s refraining from competition with us, such non-compete provisions can be difficult and costly to monitor and enforce, such that, if any should resign, we may not be successful in enforcing our noncompetition agreements with them.

Despite the protective measures we employ, we still face the risk that:

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agreements may be breached;

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agreements may not provide adequate remedies for the applicable type of breach;

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our trade secrets or proprietary know-how may otherwise become known;

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our competitors may independently develop similar technology; or

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our competitors may independently discover our proprietary information and trade secrets.

Patents covering our product candidates could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in court or before administrative bodies in the U.S. or abroad.

Although an issued patent is presumed valid and enforceable, its issuance is not conclusive as to its validity or its enforceability and it may not provide us with adequate proprietary protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar product candidates. Competitors could attempt to replicate the competitive advantages we derive from our development efforts, willfully infringe our intellectual property rights, design around the relevant patents, or develop and obtain patent protection for more effective technologies, designs or methods. We may be unable to prevent the unauthorized disclosure or use of our technical knowledge or trade secrets by consultants, suppliers, vendors, former employees and current employees. The laws of some non-U.S. countries do not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the U.S., and we may encounter significant problems in protecting our proprietary rights in these countries.

In addition, proceedings to enforce or defend our patents, or patents to which we have ownership rights through licensing agreements, could put those patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable or interpreted narrowly. Such proceedings could also provoke third parties to assert claims against us, including that some or all of the claims in one or more of those patents are invalid or otherwise unenforceable. If any of the patents covering our product candidates are invalidated or found unenforceable, or if a court found that valid, enforceable patents held by third parties covered one or more of our product candidates, our competitive position could be harmed or we could be required to incur significant expenses to enforce or defend our rights.

Third parties may assert ownership or commercial rights to inventions we develop.

Third parties may in the future make claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our intellectual property. In addition, we may face claims by third parties that our agreements with employees, contractors or consultants obligating them to assign intellectual property to us are ineffective or in conflict with prior or competing contractual obligations of assignment, which could result in ownership disputes regarding intellectual property we have developed or will develop and interfere with our ability to capture the commercial value of such intellectual property. Litigation may be necessary to resolve an ownership dispute, and if we are not successful, we may be precluded from using certain intellectual property or may lose our exclusive rights in such intellectual property. Either outcome could harm our business and competitive position.

Our commercial success will depend in part on not infringing the patents or violating other proprietary rights of others. Significant litigation regarding patent rights occurs in our industry. Our competitors may have applied for or obtained, or may in the future apply for and obtain, patents that will prevent, limit or otherwise interfere with our ability to make, use and sell our product candidates. We do not always conduct independent reviews of patents issued to third parties. In addition, patent applications in the U.S. and elsewhere can be pending for many years before issuance, or unintentionally abandoned patents or applications can be revived, so there may be applications of others now pending or recently revived patents of which we are unaware. Patent applications in the U.S., the EU and elsewhere are published approximately 18 months after the earliest filing for which priority is claimed, with such earliest filing date being commonly referred to as the priority date. These applications may later result in issued patents, or the revival of previously abandoned patents, that will prevent, limit or otherwise interfere with our ability to develop and market our product candidates. Third parties may assert claims that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization, including claims from competitors or from nonpracticing entities that have no relevant product revenue and against whom our own patent portfolio may have no deterrent effect.

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As we attempt to commercialize our product candidates in their current or updated forms, launch new product candidates and enter new markets, we expect competitors may claim that one or more of our product candidates infringe their intellectual property rights as a strategy to impede our commercialization and entry into new markets. The large number of patents, the rapid rate of new patent applications and issuances, the complexities of the technologies involved, and the uncertainty of litigation may increase the risk of business resources and management’s attention being diverted to patent litigation. We may in the future receive, letters or other threats or claims from third parties inviting us to take licenses under, or alleging that we infringe, their patents.

Moreover, we may become party to adversarial proceedings regarding our or third-party patent portfolios. Such proceedings could include supplemental examination or contested post-grant proceedings such as review, reexamination, inter parties review, interference or derivation proceedings before the USPTO and challenges in U.S. District Courts. Patents may be subjected to opposition, post-grant review or comparable proceedings lodged in various foreign, both national and regional, patent offices. The legal threshold for initiating litigation or contested proceedings may be low, so that even lawsuits or proceedings with a low probability of success might be initiated. Litigation and contested proceedings can also be expensive and time-consuming, and our adversaries in these proceedings may have the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to prosecuting these legal actions than we can. We may also occasionally use these proceedings to challenge the patent rights of others. We cannot be certain that any particular challenge will be successful in limiting or eliminating the challenged patent rights of the third party.

Any lawsuits resulting from such allegations could subject us to significant liability for damages and/ or invalidate our proprietary rights. Any potential intellectual property litigation also could force us to do one or more of the following:

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stop making, selling or using product candidates or technologies that allegedly infringe the asserted intellectual property;

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lose the opportunity to license our technology to others or to collect royalty payments;

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incur significant legal expenses, including, in some cases, the attorney’s fees and costs of litigation to the party whose intellectual property rights we may be found to be infringing;

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pay substantial damages (possibly treble damages) or royalties to the party whose intellectual property rights on which we may be found to be infringing;

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redesign product candidates that contain the allegedly infringing intellectual property; and

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attempt to obtain a license to the relevant intellectual property from third parties, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all.

Any litigation or claim against us, even those without merit, may cause us to incur substantial costs, and could place a significant strain on our financial resources, divert the attention of management from our business and harm our reputation. If we are found to infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties, we could be required to pay substantial damages (which may be increased up to three times of awarded damages) and/or substantial royalties and could be prevented from selling our product candidates unless we obtain a license or are able to redesign our product candidates to avoid infringement. Any such license may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all, and there can be no assurance that we would be able to redesign our product candidates in a technically feasible way that would not infringe the intellectual property rights of others. We could encounter delays while we attempt to develop alternative methods or product candidates. If we fail to obtain any required licenses or make any necessary changes to our product candidates or technologies, we may be unable to commercialize one or more of our product candidates.

Even if we were ultimately to prevail, any of these events could require us to divert substantial financial and management resources that we would otherwise be able to devote to our business. Intellectual property litigation, regardless of its outcome, may cause negative publicity, or prohibit us from manufacturing, importing, marketing or otherwise commercializing our product candidates, services and technology. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by the patents and patent applications we own or in-license is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future product candidates. In addition, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments, and if securities analysts or investors view these announcements in a negative light, the price of our common stock could be adversely affected.

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If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position could be harmed.

We also rely upon copyright and trade secret protection, as well as non-disclosure agreements and invention assignment agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties, to protect our confidential and proprietary information.

In addition to contractual measures, we try to protect the confidential nature of our proprietary information using commonly accepted physical and technological security measures. Such measures may not provide adequate protection for our proprietary information. Our security measures may not prevent an employee or consultant from misappropriating our trade secrets and providing them to a competitor, and recourse we take against such misconduct may not provide an adequate remedy to protect our interests fully. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to copy or reverse engineer certain aspects of our product candidates that we consider proprietary. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret can be difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome of any such claim is unpredictable. Trade secret violations are often a matter of state law, and the criteria for protection of trade secrets can vary among different jurisdictions. In addition, trade secrets may be independently developed or reverse engineered by others in a manner that could prevent legal recourse by us. If any of our confidential or proprietary information, such as our trade secrets, were to be disclosed or misappropriated, or if any such information were independently developed by a competitor, our business and competitive position could be harmed.

We may be unable to enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents covering our product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the U.S. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in certain foreign jurisdictions. This could make it difficult for us to stop infringement of our foreign patents, if obtained, or the misappropriation of our other intellectual property rights. For example, some foreign countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner must grant licenses to third parties. In addition, some countries limit the enforceability of patents against third parties, including government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, patents may provide limited or no benefit. Patent protection must ultimately be sought on a country-by-country basis, which is an expensive and time-consuming process with uncertain outcomes. Accordingly, we may choose not to seek patent protection in certain countries, and we will not have the benefit of patent protection in such countries. Additionally, in the event that our trademarks are successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our product candidates, which could result in loss of brand recognition and could require us to devote resources to advertising and marketing new brands. Our competitors may infringe our trademarks, and we may not have adequate resources to enforce our trademarks.

Proceedings to enforce our patent or trademark rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business. Accordingly, our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights in such countries may be inadequate.

Third parties may assert that our employees or consultants have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information or misappropriated trade secrets.

In the future, we may employ individuals who previously worked with other companies, including our competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees and consultants do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property or personal data, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of a former employer or other third party. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims or settling those claims, in addition to paying monetary damages or a settlement payment, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

Changes in U.S. patent laws may limit our ability to obtain, defend and/or enforce our patents.

In 2011, the U.S. enacted and later implemented wide ranging patent reform legislation. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases since that time, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on actions by the U.S. Congress, the U.S. federal courts, and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that could weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce patents that we have licensed or that we might obtain in the future. Similarly, changes in patent law and regulations in other countries or jurisdictions, changes in the governmental bodies that enforce them or changes in how the relevant governmental authority enforces patent laws or regulations may weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce patents that we have licensed or that we may obtain in the future.

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Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

The USPTO and other patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. In addition, periodic maintenance and annuity fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the USPTO and other patent agencies over the lifetime of the patent. While an inadvertent failure to make payment of such fees or to comply with such provisions can in many cases be cured by additional payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which non-compliance with such provisions will result in the abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, and the partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Non-compliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents within prescribed time limits. If we or our licensors fail to maintain the patents and patent applications covering our product or if we or our licensors otherwise allow our patents or patent applications to be abandoned or lapse, it can create opportunities for competitors to enter the market, which would hurt our competitive position and could impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates.

We may be unable to obtain a patent term extension in the U.S. under the Hatch-Waxman Act and in foreign countries under similar legislation.

In the U.S., a patent that covers a drug product approved by the FDA may be eligible for a term extension designed to restore the period of the patent term that is lost during the premarket regulatory review process conducted by the FDA. Depending upon the timing, duration and conditions of FDA marketing approval of our product candidates, it is possible, though unlikely, that one or more of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, or the Hatch-Waxman Act, which permits a patent term extension of up to five years for a patent covering an approved product as compensation for effective patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process. A patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval, and only claims covering such approved drug product, a method for using it or a method for manufacturing it may be extended, and only one patent may be extended. In the EU, it is possible, though unlikely, that our product candidates may be eligible for term extensions based on similar legislation. However, in either jurisdiction, if we were eligible to apply for patent term extension, we may not receive an extension if we fail to apply within applicable deadlines, fail to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise fail to satisfy applicable requirements. Even if we are granted such extension, the duration of such extension may be less than our request. If we are unable to obtain a patent term extension, or if the term of any such extension is less than our request, the period during which we can enforce our patent rights for that product will be in effect shortened and our competitors may obtain approval to market competing products sooner. The resulting reduction of years of revenue from applicable product candidates could be substantial.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations and may not adequately protect our business or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. For example:

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others may be able to make products that are similar to our product candidates or utilize similar technology but that are not covered by the claims of our patents or that incorporate certain technology in our product candidates that is in the public domain;

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we, or our future licensors or collaborators, might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by the applicable issued patent or pending patent application that we own now or may own or license in the future;

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we, or our future licensors or collaborators, might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of our or their inventions;

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we may not be able to successfully commercialize our product candidates before our relevant patents we may have, or to which we have ownership rights through licensing agreements, expire;

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others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our intellectual property rights;

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it is possible that our current or future pending patent applications will not lead to issued patents;

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issued patents that we hold rights to may be held invalid or unenforceable, including as a result of legal challenges by our competitors or other third parties;

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our competitors or other third parties might conduct research and development activities in countries where we do not have patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets;

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we may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable;

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the patents of others may harm our business; and

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we may choose not to file a patent in order to maintain certain trade secrets or know-how, and a third party may subsequently file a patent covering such intellectual property.

Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to the Ownership of our Securities

Our common stock has been delisted from Nasdaq, which could cause significant adverse consequences to our stockholders.

On August 19, 2025, we were notified by Nasdaq that as a result of our noncompliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), Nasdaq has determined to delist our common stock from the Nasdaq Capital Market and, accordingly, suspended trading in our common stock effective at the open of trading on August 21, 2025. As a result, our common stock currently trades on The OTCID Basic Market under the symbol “WINT.” Due to the delisting of our common stock from Nasdaq, we and our stockholders could face significant material adverse consequences including:

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a limited availability of market quotations for our shares;

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reduced liquidity for our shares;

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a determination that our common stock is a “penny stock” which will require brokers trading in our common stock to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our shares;

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a limited amount of news and analyst coverage;

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a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future, including due to our inability to use a Form S-3 for a shelf financing;

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a loss of interest from institutional investors, which may further decrease liquidity and market visibility; and

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a loss of confidence among customers, vendors, suppliers, and employees, which could negatively impact our business operations and future prospects

Trading on The OTCID Basic Market is often thin, volatile, and sporadic, leading to wide fluctuations in trading prices that may not reflect our actual operating performance. These factors can also impair our ability to raise additional capital through public or private sales of equity securities, as well as limit our ability to use our securities as consideration for acquisitions or investments.

The Series C Certificate of Designation and certain warrants issued in July 2024, or the July 2024 Warrants, each contain anti-dilution provisions that may result in the reduction of the conversion price of the Series C Preferred Stock and exercise price of the July 2024 Warrants. These features may increase the number of shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of the Series C Preferred Stock and the exercise of the July 2024 Warrants.

The Series C Certificate of Designation authorizes a total of 18,820 shares of Series C Preferred Stock with an initial conversion price of $187.00, which is subject to adjustment as provided in the Series C Certificate of Designations. As of April 15, 2025, the conversion price of the Series C Preferred Stock and the July 2024 Warrants is $1.10. Both the conversion price of the Series C Preferred Stock and the exercise price of the July 2024 Warrants are subject to any stock split, stock dividend, stock combination, recapitalization or other similar transaction involving our common stock at a price below the then-applicable conversion price or exercise price, as applicable, each as described in further detail in the Series C Certificate of Designation or the July 2024 Warrants, respectively. The Series C Preferred Stock and the July 2024 Warrants also provide for adjustment to the conversion price and exercise price, respectively, to an amount equal to the quotient determined by dividing (x) the sum of the volume weighted average price, or the VWAP, of our common stock for each of the 5 trading days with the lowest VWAP of our common stock during the 15 consecutive trading day period ending and including the trading day immediately preceding the 16^th trading day after any stock split, stock dividend, stock combination recapitalization or other similar transaction involving our common stock.

In addition, in January 2025, we contacted all holders of the Series C Preferred Stock and notified them that the Company decided to offer to reduce the Conversion Price as defined in the Series C Certificate of Designation of each share of Series C Preferred Stock to $8.04 pursuant to the Series C Certificate of Designation. As a result, approximately 1,895 shares of Series C Preferred Stock were converted into approximately 0.2 million shares of common stock at a reduced Conversion Price, and the exercise price of the July 2024 Warrants was also reduced to $8.04. We may in the future enter into similar transactions that would result in a reduction to the conversion price of the Series C Preferred Stock or the exercise price of the July 2024 Warrants.

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If in the future, while any of our Series C Preferred Stock or July 2024 Warrants are outstanding, we grant, issue or sell any shares of our common stock for a consideration per share of our common stock (the “New Issuance Price”), less than a price equal to the conversion price of the Series C Preferred Stock or the exercise price of the July 2024 Warrants, respectively, as then in effect immediately prior to such granting, issuance or sale, we will be required, subject to certain limitations and adjustments (as provided in the Series C Certificate of Designation or the July 2024 Warrants) to reduce the conversion price of the Series C Preferred Stock or the exercise price of the July 2024 Warrants, as applicable, to be equal to the New Issuance Price, which will result in a greater number of shares of our common stock being issuable upon conversion, which in turn will increase the dilutive effect of such conversion on existing holders of our common stock. It is possible that we will not have a sufficient number of shares available to satisfy the conversion of the Series C Preferred Stock and/or the July 2024 Warrants if we enter into a future transaction that reduces the applicable conversion price of the Series C Preferred Stock or the exercise price of the July 2024 Warrants. If we do not have a sufficient number of available shares for the conversion of any Series C Preferred Stock or exercise of any July 2024 Warrants, we may need to seek stockholder approval to increase the number of authorized shares of our common stock, which may not be possible and will be time consuming and expensive. The potential for such additional issuances may depress the price of our common stock regardless of our business performance and may make it difficult for us to raise additional equity capital while any of our Series C Preferred Stock or July 2024 Warrants are outstanding.

The Series C Preferred Stock have a liquidation preference senior to our common stock.

Subject to certain exceptions, in accordance with the Series C Certificate of Designation, shares of our capital stock are junior in rank to the Series C Preferred Stock with respect to the preferences as to dividends, distributions and payments upon our liquidation, dissolution and winding up. The payment of the liquidation preferences could result in common stockholders and warrant holders not receiving any consideration if we were to liquidate, dissolve or wind up, either voluntarily or involuntarily. This liquidation preference may increase over time based on the payment of dividends. If we issue any additional preferred stock in the future, it may also have similar liquidation preferences.

The existence of the liquidation preferences may reduce the value of our common stock, make it harder for us to sell shares of common stock in offerings in the future, or prevent or delay a change of control.

Under the terms of the PIPE Purchase Agreements, we are subject to certain restrictive covenants that may make it difficult to procure additional financing.

In July 2024, we entered into the PIPE Purchase Agreements. The PIPE Purchase Agreements, pursuant to which we issued the July 2024 Warrants, contain restrictive covenants, subject to certain exceptions. For example, without the consent of the holders holding at least a majority of the certain registrable securities for the period commencing on July 18, 2024 and July 26, 2024, respectively, and ending on the date immediately following the 90th trading day after the Applicable Date (as defined in the PIPE Purchase Agreements), neither we nor any of our subsidiaries will directly or indirectly issue, offer, sell, grant any option or right to purchase, or otherwise dispose of (or announce any issuance, offer, sale, grant of any option or right to purchase or other disposition of) any equity security or any equity-linked or related security, including, without limitation, any “equity security” (as that term is defined under Rule 405 promulgated under the Securities Act), any Convertible Securities (as defined in the PIPE Purchase Agreements), any debt, any preferred stock or any purchase rights (other than pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement entered into with the purchaser in June 2024, or the ELOC Purchase Agreement), or a Subsequent Placement (as defined in the PIPE Purchase Agreements).

Subject to the limitations described in the PIPE Purchase Agreements, for so long as shares of Series C Preferred Stock are outstanding, we are prohibited from effecting or entering into an agreement to effect any Subsequent Placement involving a Variable Rate Transaction (as defined in the PIPE Purchase Agreements).

Additionally, the PIPE Purchase Agreements contain a participation right, which provides that, subject to certain exceptions, at any time on or prior to the fourth anniversary of the respective closing dates, neither we nor our subsidiaries shall, directly or indirectly, effect any Subsequent Placement unless we comply with certain notice procedures as outlined in the applicable Purchase Agreement with respect to each investor, providing the opportunity for such investor to participate in such Subsequent Placement on a pro rata basis as described in the PIPE Purchase Agreement.

Any of these restrictions on our ability to operate our business in our discretion could adversely affect our business by, among other things, limiting our ability to adapt to changing economic, financial, or industry conditions and to take advantage of corporate opportunities, including opportunities to obtain debt financing, repurchase stock, refinance or pay principal on our outstanding debt, or complete acquisitions for cash or debt.

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If we require additional funding while these restrictive covenants remain in effect, we may be unable to effect a financing transaction while remaining in compliance with the terms of the applicable Purchase Agreement, or we may be forced to seek a waiver from the investors party to the applicable Purchase Agreement.

The effective increase in the number of shares of our common stock available for issuance as a result of our reverse stock split could result in further dilution to our existing stockholders and have antitakeover implications.

The reverse stock split that we effected in February 2025 alone had no effect on our authorized capital stock, and the total number of authorized shares remains the same as before the reverse stock split. The reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding shares increased the number of shares of our common stock (or securities convertible or exchangeable for our common stock) available for issuance by decreasing the number of shares of our common stock issued and outstanding. The additional available shares are available for issuance from time to time at the discretion of our Board of Directors when opportunities arise, without further stockholder action or the related delays and expenses, except as may be required for a particular transaction by law, the rules of any exchange on which our securities may then be listed, or other agreements or restrictions. Any issuance of additional shares of our common stock would increase the number of outstanding shares of our common stock and (unless such issuance was pro-rata among existing stockholders) the percentage ownership of existing stockholders would be diluted accordingly. In addition, any such issuance of additional shares of our common stock could have the effect of diluting the earnings per share and book value per share of outstanding shares of our common stock.

Additionally, the effective increase in the number of shares available for issuance could, under certain circumstances, have anti-takeover implications. For example, the additional shares of common stock that have become available for issuance could be used by us to oppose a hostile takeover attempt or to delay or prevent changes in control or our management. Although our reverse stock split is prompted by other considerations and not by the threat of any hostile takeover attempt, stockholders should be aware that our reverse stock split could facilitate future efforts by us to deter or prevent changes in control, including transactions in which our stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares over then-current market prices.

The market price of our common stock may be highly volatile, and investors may not be able to resell their shares at or above the price at which they purchase them.

The market price of our common stock, like that of many other development stage pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies, has been and is likely to be volatile. In addition to general economic, political and market conditions, the price and trading volume of our stock could fluctuate widely in response to many factors, including:

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our ability to execute our planned clinical trials on a timely basis consistent with timelines established;

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results of our clinical trials and preclinical studies, and the results of trials of our competitors or those of other companies in our market sector;

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regulatory approval of our product candidates, or limitations to specific label indications or patient populations for its use, or changes or delays in the regulatory review process;

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regulatory developments in the U.S. and foreign countries;

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changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems, especially in light of current reforms to the U.S. healthcare system;

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the scope of protection we are able to establish and maintain for intellectual property rights covering our product candidates, along with any product modifications and improvements;

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the success or failure of our efforts to acquire, license or develop additional product candidates;

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innovations or new products developed by us or our competitors;

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announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;

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manufacturing, supply or distribution delays or shortages;

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any changes to our relationship with any manufacturers, suppliers, licensors, future collaborators or other strategic partners;

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our expectations regarding the potential market size and the size of the patient populations for our product candidates;

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the implementation of our business model and strategic plans for our business and technology;

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achievement of expected product sales and profitability;

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variations in our financial results or those of companies that are perceived to be similar to us;

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market conditions in the biopharmaceutical sector and issuance of securities analysts’ reports or recommendations;

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trading volume of our common stock;

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an inability to obtain additional funding;

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sales of our stock by insiders and stockholders;

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general economic, industry and market conditions other events or factors, including as a result of inflation, liquidity constraints or banking stability, many of which are beyond our control;

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our commercialization, marketing and manufacturing prospects and capabilities;

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additions or departures of key personnel; and

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intellectual property, product liability or other litigation against us.

In addition, the stock markets in general, and the markets for biopharmaceutical and biotechnology stocks in particular, have experienced extreme volatility that may have been unrelated to the operating performance of the issuer. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the market price or liquidity of our common stock. In the past, when the market price of a stock has been volatile, holders of that stock have sometimes instituted securities class action litigation against the issuer. If any of our stockholders were to bring such a lawsuit against us, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit and the attention of our management would be diverted from the operation of our business.

The sale and issuance of our common stock or rights to purchase our common stock, stock incentive plans and upon the exercise of outstanding securities exercisable for shares of our common stock, could result in substantial additional dilution of our stockholders, cause our stock price to fall and adversely affect our ability to raise capital.

We will require additional capital to continue to execute our business plan and advance our research and development efforts. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the issuance of additional equity securities and through the exercise of outstanding warrants, our stockholders may experience substantial dilution. We may sell shares of preferred stock or common stock in one or more transactions at prices that may be at a discount to the then-current market value of our common stock and on such other terms and conditions as we may determine from time to time. Any such transaction could result in substantial dilution of our existing stockholders. If we sell shares of our common stock in more than one transaction, stockholders who purchase our common stock may be materially diluted by subsequent sales. Such sales could also cause a drop in the market price of our common stock. The issuance of shares of our common stock in connection with a public or private financing, in connection with our compensation programs, and upon exercise of outstanding warrants will have a dilutive impact on our other stockholders and the issuance, or even potential issuance, of such shares could have a negative effect on the market price of our common stock.

The exercise of stock options and other securities could also cause our stockholders to experience substantial dilution. Moreover, holders of our stock options and warrants are likely to exercise them, if ever, at a time when we otherwise could obtain a price for the sale of our securities that is higher than the exercise price per security of the options or warrants. Such exercises, or the possibility of such exercises, may impede our efforts to obtain additional financing through the sale of additional securities or make such financing more costly. It may also reduce the price of our common stock.

Provisions of our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation as amended, or the Certificate of Incorporation, our Amended and Restated By-Laws (as amended, the “By-Laws”), and Delaware law could deter a change of our management and thereby discourage or delay offers to acquire us.

Provisions of our Certificate of Incorporation, our By-Laws and Delaware law may make it more difficult for someone to acquire control of us or for our stockholders to remove existing management and might discourage a third party from offering to acquire us, even if a change of control or in management would be beneficial to our stockholders. Such provisions may make it costlier for a potential acquirer to engage in a business combination transaction with us. Provisions that have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change of control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.

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Our Certificate of Incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to file in a different judicial forum to resolve disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our Certificate of Incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty, any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law, our Certificate of Incorporation or our By-Laws, or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine; provided, that, this provision would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act. These choice of forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock so any returns will be limited to the value of our stock.

We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any return to stockholders will therefore be limited to the appreciation of their stock.

We are a “smaller reporting company,” and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are a “smaller reporting company” as defined in the Exchange Act and have elected to take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosures available to smaller reporting companies, which include, among other things, audited financial statements and Management Discussion and Analysis for two years instead of three years, an update of the general development of the business for such period that is material to an understanding of the company, simplified executive compensation disclosures, and exemption from the provisions of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requiring that an independent registered accounting firm provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. We cannot predict whether investors will find our common stock less attractive because of our reliance on any of these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Exchange. These forward-looking statements provide our current expectations or forecasts of future events and financial performance and may be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including such terms as “anticipates,” “believes,” “contemplates,” “continues” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “potential” “predicts,” “projects,” “should,” “targets,” or “will” or, in each case, their negative, or other variations or comparable terminology, though the absence of these words does not necessarily mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

We intend that all forward-looking statements be subject to the safe-harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are subject to many risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from any future results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. We caution you therefore against relying on any of these forward-looking statements. They are neither statements of historical fact nor guarantees or assurances of future performance. Examples of such risks and uncertainties, which potentially could have a material adverse effect on our development programs, business and/or operations, include, but are not limited to the following:

● our estimates regarding future results of operations, financial position, research and development costs, capital requirements, and our needs for additional financing; ● how long we can continue to fund our operations with our existing cash and cash equivalents; ● changes in market conditions, general economic conditions, and the banking sector, and potential constraints in accessing capital or credit if and when needed with favorable terms, if at all; ● the potential impairment of our intangible assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheet, which could lead to material impairment charges in the future; ● our ability to repay indebtedness; ● potential delays and uncertainties in our anticipated timelines and milestones and additional costs associated with the impact of the evolving events in the Israel-Gaza region, the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and trade and political tensions between the United States, or the U.S., and the People’s Republic of China on our clinical trial operations; ● the costs, timing, and results, of our preclinical studies and clinical trials, as well as the number of required trials for regulatory approval and the criteria for success in such trials; ● legal and regulatory developments in the U.S. and foreign countries, including any actions or advice that may affect the design, initiation, timing, continuation, progress or outcome of clinical trials or result in the need for additional clinical trials; ● the difficulties and expenses associated with obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval of our product candidates, and the indication and labeling under any such approval; ● risks related to manufacturing active pharmaceutical ingredients, drug product, and other materials we need; ● delays, interruptions or failures in the manufacture and supply of our product candidates; ● the plans of our licensee, Lee’s Pharmaceutical (HK) Ltd., and its affiliate, Zhaoke Pharmaceutical (Hefei) Co. Ltd., and their ability to successfully source materials, execute necessary clinical and regulatory activities in a timely manner, if at all, to support development and commercialization of the licensed product candidates;

9● how long we can continue to fund our operations with our existing cash and cash equivalents;

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changes in market conditions, general economic conditions, and the banking sector, and potential constraints in accessing capital or credit if and when needed with favorable terms, if at all;

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the potential impairment of our intangible assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheet, which could lead to material impairment charges in the future;

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our ability to repay indebtedness;

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potential delays and uncertainties in our anticipated timelines and milestones and additional costs associated with the impact of the evolving events in the Israel-Gaza region, the ongoing military conflict between Russian and Ukraine, and trade and political tensions between the U.S. and the People’s Republic of China on our clinical trial operations;

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the costs, timing, and results, of our preclinical studies and clinical trials, as well as the number of required trials for regulatory approval and the criteria for success in such trials;

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legal and regulatory developments in the U.S. and foreign countries, including any actions or advice that may affect the design, initiation, timing, continuation, progress or outcome of clinical trials or result in the need for additional clinical trials;

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the difficulties and expenses associated with obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval of our product candidates, and the indication and labeling under any such approval;

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risks related to manufacturing active pharmaceutical ingredients, drug product, and other materials we need;

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delays, interruptions or failures in the manufacture and supply of our product candidates;

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the plans of our licensee, Lee’s Pharmaceutical (HK) Ltd., and its affiliate, Zhaoke Pharmaceutical (Hefei) Co. Ltd., and their ability to successfully source materials, execute necessary clinical and regulatory activities in a timely manner, if at all, to support development and commercialization of the licensed product candidates;

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the performance of third parties, both foreign and domestic, upon which we depend, including contract research organizations, contract manufacturing organizations, contract laboratories, and independent contractors;

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the size and growth of the potential markets for our product candidates, the regulatory requirements in such markets, the rate and degree of market acceptance of our product candidates, and our ability to serve those markets;

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the success of competing therapies and products that are or may become available;

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our ability to limit our exposure under product liability lawsuits;

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● the performance of third parties, both foreign and domestic, upon which we depend, including contract research organizations, contract manufacturing organizations, contract laboratories, and independent contractors; ● the size and growth of the potential markets for our ~~product candidates, the regulatory requirements in such markets, the rate and degree of market acceptance of our product candidates, and our~~ ability to ~~serve those markets; ● the success of competing therapies and products that are or may become available; ● our ability to limit our exposure under product liability lawsuits; ● our ability to~~ obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our product candidates; ● recently enacted and future legislation, including but not limited to, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, regarding the healthcare system in the U.S. or the healthcare systems in foreign jurisdictions; ● our ability to recruit or retain key scientific, commercial or management personnel or to retain our executive officers; ● our ability to secure electronically stored work product, including clinical data, analyses, research, communications, and other materials necessary to gain regulatory approval of our product candidates, including those acquired from third parties, and assure the integrity, proper functionality, and security of our internal computer and information systems and prevent or avoid cyber-attacks, malicious intrusion, breakdown, destruction, security incidents, data privacy violations, or other significant disruption; ● economic uncertainty resulting from inflation and interest rate fluctuations, including concerns involving liquidity, defaults or other non-performance by financial institutions; ● our expectations regarding the use of proceeds from sales under our equity line of credit, if any; ● economic uncertainty resulting from geopolitical instability, including the ongoing conflicts between Russia and Ukraine, the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of China (Taiwan), and the Middle East, including any escalation or expansion; ● our ability to successfully implement our new business strategy to generate revenue through acquisitions of small companies and their FDA-approved products; and ● other risks and uncertainties, including those described under the caption “Risk Factors” in this prospectus and under similar headings in the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus.

●

recently enacted and future legislation, including but not limited to, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, regarding the healthcare system in the U.S. or the healthcare systems in foreign jurisdictions;

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our ability to recruit or retain key scientific, commercial or management personnel or to retain our executive officers;

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our ability to secure electronically stored work product, including clinical data, analyses, research, communications, and other materials necessary to gain regulatory approval of our product candidates, including those acquired from third parties, and assure the integrity, proper functionality, and security of our internal computer and information systems and prevent or avoid cyber-attacks, malicious intrusion, breakdown, destruction, security incidents, data privacy violations, or other significant disruption;

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economic uncertainty resulting from inflation and interest rate fluctuations, including concerns involving liquidity, defaults or other non-performance by financial institutions;

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our expectations regarding the use of proceeds from sales under our equity line of credit, if any;

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economic uncertainty resulting from geopolitical instability, including the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of China (Taiwan), and the Middle East, including any escalation or expansion;

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our ability to successfully implement our new business strategy to generate revenue through acquisitions of small companies and their FDA-approved products;

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other risks and uncertainties, including those described under the caption “Risk Factors” in this prospectus and under similar headings in the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus.

Pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical technology companies have suffered significant setbacks conducting clinical trials, even after obtaining promising earlier preclinical and clinical data. In addition, data obtained from clinical trials are susceptible to varying interpretations, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. After gaining approval of a drug product, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies face considerable challenges in marketing and distributing their products and may never become profitable.

We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations, estimates, forecasts, and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, and financial needs. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement contained in this prospectus, we cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance, or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur at all. You should refer to the section entitled “Risk Factors” in this prospectus and the risk factors set forth in the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus for a discussion of important factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

You should read this prospectus, the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus, any free writing prospectus, and the exhibits included in the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part completely and with the understanding that our actual future results, performance, or achievements may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of the forward-looking statements in this prospectus by these cautionary statements.

Trademark Notice

AEROSURF®, AFECTAIR®, SURFAXIN®, SURFAXIN LS™, WINDTREE THERAPEUTICS® (logo), WINDTREE THERAPEUTICS™, and WINDTREE™ are registered and common law trademarks of Windtree Therapeutics, Inc. (Warrington, PA).

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THE COMMITTED EQUITY FINANCING

Overview

In July 2025, we entered into the ELOC Purchase Agreement with Seven Knots. Sales of our common stock to Seven Knots under the ELOC Purchase Agreement, and the timing of any sales, will be determined by us from time to time in our sole discretion and will depend on a variety of factors, including, among other things, market conditions, the trading price of our common stock and determinations by us regarding the use of proceeds from any sale of such common stock. The net proceeds from any future sales under the ELOC Purchase Agreement will depend on the frequency with, and prices at, which the common stock are sold to Seven Knots. To the extent we sell shares under the ELOC Purchase Agreement, we currently plan to use the net proceeds for working capital and other general corporate purposes. We cannot predict whether the net proceeds invested will yield a favorable return.

In accordance with our obligations under the ELOC Purchase Agreement and the ELOC Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of July 23, 2025, between us and Seven Knots (the “Registration Rights Agreement”), pursuant to which we agreed to provide Seven Knots with customary registration rights related to the shares issued under the ELOC Purchase Agreement, we have filed a registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part in order to register the resale of up to: 555,555,556 Purchase Shares that we may elect, in our sole discretion, to issue and sell to Seven Knots, from time to time from and after the Commencement Date upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations of the ELOC Purchase Agreement; and (ii) 166,687,215 Note Shares are issuable upon the conversion of the outstanding unpaid principal balance, together with all accrued and unpaid interest, if any, of the Commitment Note issued to Seven Knots as consideration for its execution and delivery of the Purchase Agreement.

Seven Knots is not obligated to buy any common stock under the ELOC Purchase Agreement if such shares, when aggregated with all other common stock then beneficially owned by Seven Knots and its respective affiliates (as calculated pursuant to Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and Rule 13d-3 promulgated thereunder), would result in Seven Knots beneficially owning common stock in excess of 4.99% of the then-outstanding shares of common stock (the “Beneficial Ownership Limitation”).

The ELOC Purchase Agreement and ELOC Registration Rights Agreement contain customary registration rights, representations, warranties, conditions and indemnification obligations by each party. The representations, warranties and covenants contained in such agreements were made only for purposes of such agreements and as of specific dates, were solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreements and are subject to certain important limitations.

ELOC Purchase Agreement

Pursuant to the ELOC Purchase Agreement, Seven Knots shall purchase from us up to $500 million of shares of our common stock, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth in the Purchase Agreement (the “Commitment Amount”). Under this prospectus, we are registering up 722,242,771 ELOC Shares, which include up to (i) 555,555,556 Purchase Shares, representing up to $50 million of shares of our common stock under the ELOC Purchase Agreement, that we may elect, in our sole discretion, to issue and sell to Seven Knots, from time to time from and after the Commencement Date under the ELOC Purchase Agreement and (ii) up to 166,687,215 Note Shares issuable upon the conversion of the outstanding unpaid principal balance of $10 million, together with all accrued and unpaid interest, if any, of the Commitment Note, issued to Seven Knots as consideration for it entering into the ELOC Purchase Agreement.

The Purchase Shares that may be issued under the ELOC Purchase Agreement may be sold by us to Seven Knots at our discretion from time to time from the Commencement Date until the earliest to occur of (i) the first day of the month following the 24-month anniversary of the Commencement Date, (ii) the date on which Seven Knots shall have purchased the Commitment Amount, (iii) the thirtieth trading day following the date on which, pursuant to or within the meaning of any bankruptcy law, we commence a voluntary case or any person commences a proceeding against us, in each case that is not discharged or dismissed prior to such thirtieth trading day, and (v) the date on which, pursuant to or within the meaning of any bankruptcy law, a custodian is appointed for us or for all or substantially all of our property, or we make a general assignment for the benefit of our creditors.

Purchases of Shares of our Common Stock Under the ELOC Purchase Agreement

At any time from and after the Commencement Date, on any business day on which the closing sale price of the common stock is equal to or greater than $0.50, we may direct Seven Knots, by delivery of an irrevocable written notice, or a VWAP Purchase Notice, to purchase, on the immediately following business day, or the VWAP Purchase Date, a number of shares of common stock in an amount equal to 30% of the trading volume in our common stock on Nasdaq or any Eligible Market (as defined in the ELOC Purchase Agreement, as amended) during the applicable VWAP Purchase Period (as defined in the ELOC Purchase Agreement) on the applicable VWAP Purchase Date, or the VWAP Purchase, at a purchase price equal to the lesser of 90% of (i) the closing sale price of the common stock on the applicable VWAP Purchase Date and (ii) the VWAP during the applicable VWAP Purchase Period, or the VWAP Purchase Price.

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For purposes of the ELOC Purchase Agreement, “VWAP” is, for the common stock for a specified period, the dollar volume-weighted average price for the common stock on Nasdaq or any Eligible Market, for such period, as reported by Bloomberg through its “AQR” function. All such determinations shall be appropriately adjusted for any sales of shares of common stock through block transactions, any reorganization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split, stock combination, recapitalization or other similar transaction during such period.

Note Shares and Fees

As consideration for its irrevocable commitment to purchase our common stock under the ELOC Purchase Agreement, 166,687,215 shares of common stock are issuable upon the conversion of the outstanding unpaid principal balance, together with all accrued and unpaid interest, if any, of the Commitment Note issued to Seven Knots as consideration for its execution and delivery of the Purchase Agreement. We have registered the resale of 166,687,215 Note Shares hereunder.

We previously paid to Seven Knots $25,000 in cash as reimbursement for the reasonable, out-of-pocket expenses incurred by Seven Knots, including the legal fees and disbursements of Seven Knots’ legal counsel, in connection with its due diligence investigation of our company and in connection with the preparation, negotiation and execution of the ELOC Purchase Agreement.

Conditions Precedent to Commencement

Our right to commence delivering Purchase Notices under the ELOC Purchase Agreement and Seven Knots’ obligation to accept such Purchase Notices, are subject to the initial satisfaction, at the Commencement Date, of the conditions precedent thereto set forth in the ELOC Purchase Agreement, which conditions include, among others, the following:

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the accuracy in all material respects of our representations and warranties included in the Purchase Agreement;

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us having performed, satisfied and complied in all material respects with all covenants, agreements and conditions required by the ELOC Purchase Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement to be performed, satisfied or complied with by us;

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the absence of any material misstatement or omission in the registration statement that includes this prospectus;

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this prospectus, in final form, and all reports, schedules, registrations, forms, statements, information and other documents required to have been filed by us with the SEC pursuant to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act having been so filed;

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the common stock not having been suspended by the SEC, Nasdaq or the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) and there not having been imposed any suspension of, or restriction on, accepting additional deposits of common stock by The Depository Trust Company;

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no condition, occurrence, state of facts or event constituting a Material Adverse Effect (as defined in the ELOC Purchase Agreement) shall have occurred and be continuing;

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customary compliance with laws and bankruptcy-related conditions; and

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the receipt by Seven Knots of customary legal opinions, as required under the ELOC Purchase Agreement.

Termination of the ELOC Purchase Agreement

Unless earlier terminated as provided in the ELOC Purchase Agreement, the ELOC Purchase Agreement will terminate automatically on the earliest to occur of:

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the first day of the month following the 24-month anniversary of the Commencement Date;

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the date on which Seven Knots shall have purchased the Commitment Amount;

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the date on which our common stock fails to be listed or quoted on Nasdaq or any Eligible Market (as defined in the ELOC Purchase Agreement);

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the thirtieth trading day following the date on which, pursuant to or within the meaning of any bankruptcy law, we commence a voluntary case or any person commences a proceeding against us, in each case that is not discharged or dismissed prior to such thirtieth trading day; and

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the date on which, pursuant to or within the meaning of any bankruptcy law, a custodian is appointed for us or for all or substantially all of our property, or we make a general assignment for the benefit of our creditors.

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We generally have the right to terminate the ELOC Purchase Agreement at any time after Commencement Date, at no cost or penalty, upon one trading days’ prior written notice to Seven Knots, provided that we shall have issued all Note Shares to Seven Knots prior to such termination. We and Seven Knots may also terminate the ELOC Purchase Agreement at any time by mutual written consent. Seven Knots also has the right to terminate the ELOC Purchase Agreement upon 10 trading days’ prior written notice to us, but only upon the occurrence of certain customary events as listed in the ELOC Purchase Agreement. No termination of the ELOC Purchase Agreement by us or by Seven Knots will become effective prior to the first trading day immediately following the date on which any pending Purchase has been fully settled in accordance with the terms and conditions of the ELOC Purchase Agreement, and will not affect any of our respective rights and obligations under the ELOC Purchase Agreement with respect to any pending Purchase, and both we and Seven Knots have agreed to complete our respective obligations with respect to any such pending Purchase under the ELOC Purchase Agreement.

Prohibition of “Dilutive Issuances” During Pending Purchases

Subject to certain exceptions, during any Reference Period (as defined in the ELOC Purchase Agreement) with respect to a Purchase, we are limited in our ability to issue any common stock, or any securities convertible into common stock, at an effective price per share of common stock less than the applicable Purchase Price to be sold to Seven Knots in the applicable Purchase to which such Reference Period relates.

No Short-Selling or Hedging

Seven Knots has agreed that neither it nor any entity managed or controlled by it, will engage in, directly or indirectly, any (i) “short sale” (as such term is defined in Rule 200 of Regulation SHO of the Exchange Act) of the common stock or (ii) hedging transaction, which, with respect to items (i) and (ii), establishes a net short position with respect to the common stock, during the term of the applicable ELOC Purchase Agreement.

Effect of Sales of our Common Stock under the ELOC Purchase Agreement on our Stockholders

The common stock issuable under the ELOC Purchase Agreement that is being registered for resale in this offering may be issued and sold by us to the Seven Knots from time to time at our discretion, during the terms described above. The resale by Seven Knots of a significant quantity of shares registered for resale in this offering at any given time, or the perception that these sales may occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline and to be highly volatile. Additional sales of our common stock, if any, to Seven Knots under the ELOC Purchase Agreement will be determined by us in our sole discretion, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions in the ELOC Purchase Agreement, and will depend upon market conditions and other factors. We may ultimately decide to sell to Seven Knots all, some or none of the common stock that may be available for us to sell to Seven Knots pursuant to the ELOC Purchase Agreement. If we elect to sell common stock to Seven Knots pursuant to the ELOC Purchase Agreement, after Seven Knots has acquired such shares, Seven Knots may resell all, some or none of such common stock at any time or from time to time in its discretion and at different prices. As a result, investors who purchase common stock from Seven Knots in this offering at different times will likely pay different prices for those shares of common stock, and so may experience different levels of dilution and in some cases substantial dilution and different outcomes in their investment results. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to the ELOC—Investors who buy shares of common stock from Seven Knots at different times will likely pay different prices.”

Investors may experience a decline in the value of the common stock they purchase from Seven Knots in this offering as a result of future sales made by us to Seven Knots at prices lower than the prices such investors paid for their shares in this offering. In addition, if we sell a substantial number of shares of common stock to Seven Knots under the ELOC Purchase Agreement, or if investors expect that we will do so, the actual sales of common stock or the mere existence of our arrangement with Seven Knots may make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect such sales.

Because the purchase price per share to be paid by Seven Knots for the common stock that we may elect to sell to Seven Knots under the ELOC Purchase Agreement, if any, will fluctuate based on the market prices of our common stock at the time we make such election, as of the date of this prospectus, it is not possible for us to predict the number of shares of common stock that we will sell to Seven Knots under the ELOC Purchase Agreement, the actual purchase price per share to be paid by Seven Knots for those shares of common stock, or the actual gross proceeds to be raised by us from those sales, if any.

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We may elect, at our sole discretion, to sell from time to time up to $50 million of Purchase Shares to Seven Knots pursuant to the ELOC Purchase Agreement, which may result in the issuance of up to 555,555,556 Purchase Shares. As of October 17, 2025, there were 33,634,220 shares of common stock outstanding. If all of the 722,242,771 ELOC Shares being registered under this prospectus were issued and outstanding as of October 17, 2025, such shares would represent approximately 96% of total number of shares of our common stock outstanding. The actual number of shares of our common stock issuable will vary depending on the then current market price of shares of our common stock sold to Seven Knots in this offering.

The number of shares of common stock ultimately offered for sale by Seven Knots for resale under this prospectus is dependent upon the number of shares of common stock, if any, we ultimately sell to Seven Knots under the ELOC Purchase Agreement. Further, if and when we elect to sell shares of common stock to Seven Knots pursuant to the ELOC Purchase Agreement, after Seven Knots has acquired such shares, Seven Knots may resell all, some or none of such shares of common stock at any time or from time to time in its discretion and at different prices.

The issuance of our shares of common stock to Seven Knots pursuant to the ELOC Purchase Agreement will not affect the rights or privileges of our existing stockholders, except that the economic and voting interests of each of our existing stockholders will be diluted. Although the number of shares of common stock that our existing stockholders own will not decrease, the shares of common stock owned by our existing stockholders will represent a smaller percentage of our total outstanding shares of common stock after any such issuance.

The following table sets forth the number of Purchase Shares that we may issue from time to time to Seven Knots under the ELOC Purchase Agreement registered hereunder at varying purchase prices:

Assumed Purchase Price Per Share(1)	Total Number of Seven Knots Purchase Shares to be Issued	Percentage of Outstanding Common Stock After Giving Effect to the Issuance of Seven Knots Purchase Shares to Seven Knots (2)	Proceeds from the Sale of Seven Knots Purchase Shares to Seven Knots (3)
$0.09	555,555,556	94%	$50,000,000
$0.12	427,350,427	93%	$50,000,000
$0.14	370,370,370	92%	$50,000,000
$0.18	277,777,778	89%	$50,000,000
$0.23	222,222,222	87%	$50,000,000
$0.32	158,730,159	83%	$50,000,000

(1)

The purchase prices assume a 10% discount to the market price of our shares, in accordance with the terms of the ELOC Purchase Agreement.

(2)

The denominator is based on 33,634,220 shares of our common stock outstanding on a fully diluted basis as of October 17, 2025, adjusted to include the issuance of the number of Purchase Shares set forth in the adjacent column which we would have issued to Seven Knots based on the applicable assumed purchase price per share.

(3)

The Company will not receive any proceeds from the issuance of the Note Shares or the Subject Note Shares. As noted above, the exact number of Note Shares to be issued cannot yet be determined. The proceeds reflected in this column would be reduced by an amount equal to the product of the final Note Shares multiplied by the assumed purchase price per share of common stock.

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USE OF PROCEEDS

~~The~~We ~~selling stockholders~~ will not receive ~~all~~any of the proceeds from ~~any~~the ~~sales~~sale of ~~the~~ shares of our common stock offered ~~hereby~~by Seven Knots. WeIn addition, we will not receive any proceeds from the issuance or sale of the Note Shares or the Subject Note Shares. We may receive up to $50 million in aggregate gross proceeds from Seven Knots under the ~~sale~~ELOC byPurchase Agreement in connection with sales of our shares of our common stock to Seven Knots pursuant to the ~~selling~~ELOC ~~stockholders~~Purchase Agreement after the date of this prospectus. However, the actual proceeds may be less than this amount depending on the number of shares of our common stock sold and the price at which the shares of our common stock are sold. We intend to use any net proceeds that we receive under the ELOC Purchase Agreement for working capital and other general corporate purposes.

The selling stockholders ~~may~~will ~~sell~~pay ~~the~~any ~~shares~~underwriting ofdiscounts ~~common~~and ~~stock~~commissions ~~directly~~and orexpenses toincurred orby ~~through~~the ~~underwriters,~~selling ~~broker-dealers~~stockholders orfor ~~agents~~brokerage, ~~who~~accounting, ~~may~~tax ~~receive~~or ~~compensation~~legal inservices ~~the~~or ~~form~~any ofother ~~discounts,~~expenses ~~concessions~~incurred orby ~~commissions from~~ the selling stockholders, ~~the~~in ~~purchasers~~disposing of the shares, orof ~~both~~common stock being registered hereby.

We are paying the cost of registering the shares of common stock covered by this prospectus as well as various related expenses., ~~The~~including, ~~selling~~without ~~stockholders~~limitation, ~~are~~all ~~responsible~~registration ~~for~~and ~~all~~filing ~~selling commissions~~fees, ~~transfer~~The ~~taxes~~OTCID ~~and~~Basic ~~other~~Market ~~costs~~listing ~~related~~fees toand ~~the~~fees ~~offer~~ and ~~sale~~expenses of ~~their~~our ~~shares~~counsel ofand ~~common~~our ~~stock~~accountants.

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DIVIDEND POLICY

We have not paid any ~~cash~~ dividends on our common stock and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Weand we intend to retain all of our earnings, if any, to finance our growth and operations and to fund the expansion of our business. ~~However,~~Payment ~~the~~of ~~Series~~any Cdividends ~~Convertible~~on ~~Preferred~~our ~~Stock,~~common orstock ~~the~~will ~~Series~~be Cmade ~~Preferred~~at ~~Stock, and Series D Preferred Stock accrue a 10.0% per annum rate of return on~~ the ~~stated~~discretion ~~value~~ of ~~$1,000~~our ~~per~~board ~~share, payable quarterly in arrears in the form~~ of ~~common~~directors ~~stock.~~after ~~Dividends~~our ~~are~~taking ~~also~~into ~~payable~~account ~~upon~~various ~~any redemption~~factors, orincluding ~~upon~~our ~~the~~financial ~~occurrence~~condition, ofoperating ~~any~~results, ~~Bankruptcy~~current ~~Triggering~~and ~~Event~~anticipated ~~(as~~cash ~~defined~~needs inand ~~the~~plans ~~respective certificates of designation) as set forth in the respective certificates of designation~~ for ~~the foregoing preferred stock~~ expansion.

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~~SELLING~~MANAGEMENT’S ~~STOCKHOLDERS~~DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

~~The~~You ~~shares~~should ofread ~~common~~the ~~stock~~following ~~being~~discussion ~~offered~~and byanalysis ~~the~~of ~~selling~~our ~~stockholders~~financial ~~are~~condition ~~those~~and ~~issuable~~results toof ~~the~~operations ~~selling~~together ~~stockholders~~with ~~upon~~the ~~conversion~~consolidated offinancial statements and the ~~Preferred~~related ~~Shares~~notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. ~~For~~In ~~additional~~addition ~~information~~to ~~regarding~~historical financial information, the ~~issuance~~following ofdiscussion ~~the~~contains ~~Preferred~~forward-looking ~~Shares~~statements based upon our current plans, ~~see~~expectations ~~“Prospectus~~and ~~Summary⸺Private~~beliefs ~~Placement~~that ofinvolve ~~Preferred~~risks, ~~Shares”~~uncertainties ~~above~~and assumptions. WeOur ~~are~~actual ~~registering~~results ~~the~~may ~~shares~~differ ofmaterially ~~common~~from ~~stock~~those described in ~~order~~or toimplied ~~permit~~by ~~the~~these ~~selling~~forward-looking ~~stockholders~~statements toas ~~offer~~a result of many factors, including those set forth under the ~~shares~~section ~~for~~titled ~~resale~~"Risk ~~from~~Factors" ~~time~~and toin ~~time~~other parts of this prospectus.

~~The~~Management’s ~~term~~discussion ~~“selling~~and ~~stockholders”~~analysis ~~includes~~of ~~the~~financial ~~stockholders~~condition ~~listed below~~ and ~~their~~results ~~transferees,~~of ~~pledges,~~operations ~~donees~~(“MD&A”) oris ~~other~~provided ~~successors-in-interest~~as ~~who~~a ~~may~~supplement ~~acquire~~to ~~shares~~the ~~from~~accompanying aconsolidated ~~selling~~financial ~~stockholder~~statements asand afootnotes ~~gift,~~to ~~pledge,~~help ~~partnership~~provide ~~distribution~~an orunderstanding ~~other~~of ~~non-sale~~our ~~related~~financial ~~transfer~~condition, ~~after~~ the ~~date~~changes ofin ~~this~~our ~~prospectus.~~financial ~~Information~~condition ~~concerning~~and ~~the~~our ~~selling~~results ~~stockholders~~of ~~may~~operations. ~~change~~This ~~after~~item ~~the~~should ~~date~~be ofread ~~this~~in ~~prospectus~~connection ~~and~~with ~~changed~~our ~~information~~Consolidated ~~will~~Financial beStatements ~~presented~~and innotes athereto ~~supplement~~(“Notes”) toincluded in this prospectus ~~if and when required~~.

~~Critical Information Concerning the Selling Stockholders~~ OVERVIEW

~~The~~We ~~following~~are ~~table~~a ~~sets~~diversified ~~forth,~~company ~~based~~with onseveral ~~information~~divisions ~~provided~~and tofocused ~~us by or~~ on ~~behalf~~seeking ofpartnerships ~~the selling stockholders or known to us, the name of the selling stockholders~~ and ~~the~~becoming ~~number~~a ofrevenue-generating ~~shares~~company ofthrough ~~our~~various ~~common stock beneficially owned by the selling stockholders before and after this offering~~initiatives. ~~Unless~~Our ~~otherwise~~operations ~~described~~include inpharmaceutical ~~the~~manufacturing ~~“Material~~as ~~Relationship~~a ~~Between~~sourcing ~~Certain~~agent ~~Selling~~for ~~Stockholders~~Evofem and Windtree” below, except for the ownership of the Preferred Shares issued pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement, the selling stockholders have not had any material relationship with us within the past three yearsbiotechnology.

~~The~~We ~~table~~became ~~below lists~~ the ~~selling~~manufacturing ~~stockholders~~sourcing ~~and~~agent ~~other~~for ~~information~~Evofem’s ~~regarding~~FDA-approved ~~the~~product ~~beneficial~~Phexxi® ~~ownership~~in ~~(as~~March ~~determined~~2025 ~~under~~and ~~Section~~signed ~~13(d) of~~ the ~~Exchange~~manufacturing ~~Act,~~deal ~~and~~with ~~the~~Zhoake ~~rules~~(Hong ~~and regulations thereunder~~Kong) ofOphthalmology ~~the~~Limited ~~shares~~in ofJune ~~common~~2025 ~~stock~~to ~~held~~produce bythe ~~each~~approved ofproduct ~~the~~at ~~selling~~lower ~~stockholders~~cost.

In ~~accordance~~addition, ~~with~~in ~~the~~January ~~terms~~2025, ofwe launched a ~~registration~~new ~~rights~~corporate ~~agreement~~strategy ~~with~~to ~~the~~become ~~holders~~a ofrevenue ~~the~~generating ~~Preferred~~biotech ~~Shares,~~company ~~this~~through ~~prospectus~~acquisitions ~~generally covers the resale~~ of ~~300%~~small ofcompanies ~~the~~and ~~sum~~their ofFDA-approved ~~the~~products. ~~maximum~~We ~~number~~will ofseek ~~shares~~acquisition oftargets ~~common~~to ~~stock~~achieve ~~issued~~our ornew ~~issuable~~corporate ~~pursuant~~strategy. toWe ~~the~~believe ~~Series~~there Cis ~~Certificate~~an ofopportunity ~~Designations,~~in ~~including~~the ~~payment~~market: ~~of dividends on~~ the ~~Preferred~~acquisition ~~Shares~~of ~~through~~small ~~October~~companies ~~29,~~with ~~2026,~~FDA-approved ~~determined~~products asfrom if the ~~outstanding~~many ~~Preferred~~small ~~Shares~~biotech ~~(including~~companies ~~payment~~that ofstruggle ~~10%~~to ~~dividends~~maximize ontheir ~~the~~commercialization ~~Preferred~~potential. ~~Shares~~To ~~through~~capitalize ~~October~~on 29this opportunity, ~~2026)~~we ~~were~~plan ~~converted in full (without regard~~ to ~~any~~become ~~limitations~~a onparent ~~conversion~~company ~~contained~~acquiring ~~therein~~strategic ~~solely~~subsidiaries ~~for~~with ~~the~~FDA-approved ~~purpose~~products. ofOur ~~such~~management ~~calculation)~~team athas ~~the~~commercialization ~~initial~~expertise ~~floor~~in ~~price~~both oflarge ~~the~~pharmaceutical ~~Series~~and Dsmall ~~Preferred~~biotech ~~Stock~~companies ofacross ~~$0.274.~~multiple ~~Because~~therapeutic ~~the~~areas, ~~conversion~~potentially ~~price~~enabling ofthem ~~the~~to ~~Preferred~~leverage ~~Shares~~synergies ~~may~~and beoptimize ~~adjusted,~~commercial ~~the~~performance ~~number~~across offuture ~~shares~~subsidiaries. ~~that~~We will ~~actually~~seek beto ~~issued~~use ~~may~~equity beto ~~more~~acquire orsubsidiaries. ~~less~~The ~~than the~~ number of ~~shares~~deals, ~~being~~if ~~offered~~any, byover ~~this~~time ~~prospectus.~~will ~~The~~depend ~~fourth~~upon ~~column assumes~~ the ~~sale~~valuation ofand ~~all~~growth potential of the ~~shares~~subsidiary ~~offered by the selling stockholders pursuant to this prospectus~~companies.

~~Under~~Our lead product candidate, istaroxime, is a first-in-class, dual-mechanism agent being developed to increase blood pressure and improve cardiac function in patients with cardiogenic shock and to improve cardiac function in patients with acute heart failure, or AHF, and reverse the ~~terms~~hypotension and hypoperfusion associated with heart failure that deteriorates to cardiogenic shock. Istaroxime demonstrated significant improvement in both systolic and diastolic aspects of cardiac function and was generally well tolerated in four Phase 2 clinical trials. Istaroxime has been granted Fast Track designation for the ~~Preferred~~treatment ~~Shares~~of AHF by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA. Based on the profile observed in our Phase 2 clinical studies in AHF, where istaroxime significantly improved cardiac function and systolic blood pressure, or SBP, in acute decompensated heart failure patients and had a ~~selling~~favorable ~~stockholder~~renal ~~may~~profile, ~~not~~we ~~convert~~initiated a Phase 2 global clinical study, or the ~~Preferred~~SEISMiC ~~Shares~~Study, to evaluate istaroxime for the ~~extent~~treatment ~~(but~~of ~~only~~early tocardiogenic ~~the~~shock ~~extent)~~(Society ~~such~~for ~~selling~~Cardiovascular ~~stockholder~~Angiography and Interventions, or ~~any~~SCAI, Stage B shock), a severe form of ~~its~~AHF ~~affiliates~~characterized ~~would~~by ~~beneficially~~very ~~own~~low ablood ~~number~~pressure ofand ~~shares~~risk offor hypoperfusion to critical organs and mortality. In April 2022, we announced our ~~common~~observations ~~stock~~in ~~which~~the ~~would~~SEISMiC ~~exceed~~Study 4that istaroxime rapidly and significantly increased SBP while also improving cardiac function and preserving renal function.~~99%~~ ofWe ~~our~~believe ~~outstanding~~that ~~shares,~~istaroxime orhas the ~~Maximum~~potential ~~Percentage.~~to ~~The~~fulfill ~~number~~an ofunmet ~~shares~~need in early and potentially more severe cardiogenic shock. We further believe that the ~~second~~data ~~column~~from ~~reflects~~the ~~these~~SEISMiC ~~limitations~~Study supports continued development in both cardiogenic shock and AHF. ~~The~~In ~~selling~~September ~~stockholders~~2024, ~~may~~we ~~sell~~announced ~~all~~positive topline results from our Phase 2b SEISMiC Extension Study, ~~some~~or the SEISMiC Extension, which demonstrated that istaroxime infused intravenously significantly improves cardiac function and blood pressure without increasing heart rate or ~~none~~clinically significant cardiac rhythm disturbances. Additionally, on August 5, 2025, we announced the interim analysis of ~~their~~the ~~shares~~Phase 2 study in ~~this~~more ~~offering.~~severe ~~See~~SCAI Stage C cardiogenic shock (the “~~Plan~~SEISMiC ofC ~~Distribution.~~Study”). Istaroxime was added to currently available inotropes and vasopressors in the study - no new safety signals were identified and physiological improvements were consistent with istaroxime responses in previous trials.

~~The~~Our ~~common~~heart ~~stock~~failure ~~held~~cardiovascular byportfolio also includes other SERCA2a activators. One family of compounds has the ~~selling~~dual ~~stockholders~~mechanism ~~represent~~of aaction ~~substantial~~that ~~number~~includes inhibition of ~~our~~the ~~outstanding~~sodium-potassium ~~common~~ATPase ~~stock~~as well as activation of SERCA2a. The ~~sale~~other family of ~~such~~compounds ~~common~~are ~~stock,~~considered orselective SERCA2a activators and are devoid of activity against the ~~perception~~sodium-potassium ~~that~~ATPase. ~~such~~This ~~sales~~research ~~might~~program ~~occur~~is ~~could~~evaluating ~~significantly~~these ~~impact~~preclinical ~~the~~product ~~price~~candidates, ofincluding ~~our~~oral ~~common~~and ~~stock~~intravenous SERCA2a activator heart failure compounds. ~~See~~These ~~“Risk~~candidates ~~Factors⸺~~would Apotentially ~~sale~~be ofdeveloped for both acute decompensated and chronic out-patient heart failure. In addition, our cardiovascular drug product candidates include rostafuroxin, a ~~substantial~~novel ~~number~~product ofcandidate ~~shares~~for the treatment of ~~common~~hypertension ~~stock~~in bypatients ~~the~~with ~~selling~~a ~~stockholders~~specific ~~could~~genetic ~~cause~~profile. We are pursuing potential licensing arrangements and/or other strategic partnerships and do not intend to advance the ~~price~~development of ~~our~~rostafuroxin ~~common~~without ~~stock~~securing tosuch ~~decline”~~an ~~for~~arrangement ~~more~~or ~~information~~partnership.

13 64

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~~The~~Our ~~information~~cardiovascular ~~set~~assets ~~forth~~and ~~below~~programs isare ~~based~~associated ~~upon~~with ~~information~~a ~~obtained~~regional ~~from~~licensed ~~the~~partnership ~~selling~~with ~~stockholders.~~Lee’s ToPharmaceutical ~~our~~(HK) ~~knowledge~~Ltd., ~~unless~~or ~~otherwise~~Lee’s ~~indicated~~(HK), ~~all~~for ~~persons~~the ~~named~~development and commercialization of our product candidate, istaroxime, in Greater China. In addition to istaroxime, the ~~table~~agreement ~~below~~also ~~have~~licenses ~~sole~~our ~~voting~~preclinical next-generation dual mechanism SERCA2a activators, and ~~investment~~rostafuroxin. ~~power~~In ~~with~~addition, ~~respect~~we toare ~~their~~supporting ~~shares~~the efforts of ~~common~~Lee’s ~~stock~~(HK) in starting a Phase 3 trial in AHF with istaroxime.

						Maximum
						Number of
	Shares of Common Stock					Shares of		Shares of Common Stock of
Name of Selling Stockholder	Owned Prior to Offering					Common Stock		Owned After Offering(16)
	Number(13)		Percent(14)			to be Sold(15)		Number		Percent(14)
Sabby Volatility Warrant Master Fund, Ltd. (1)		192,294		4.99	%		15,910,065		22,188		*	%
First Fire Global Opportunity Fund, LLC (2)		192,294		4.99	%		3,983,881		31,888		*	%
Jim Fallon (3)		192,294		4.99	%		3,983,881		145,590		*	%
Pinz Capital Special Opportunities Fund, LP (4)		192,294		4.99	%		3,983,881		-		—	%
Keystone Capital Partners, LLC (5)		192,294		4.99	%		2,392,874		992,646		2.12	%
Seven Knots, LLC (6)		192,294		4.99	%		2,367,418		136,265		*	%
C/M Capital Master Fund, LP (7)		192,294		4.99	%		1,985,577		-		—	%
WVP Emerging Manager Onshore Fund, LLC - C/M Capital Series (8)		192,294		4.99	%		1,985,577		-		—	%
Paul Mann (9)		192,294		4.99	%		1,591,007	1,172,111			2.49	%
Robert Welner (10)		192,294		4.99	%		1,591,007		17,854		*	%
Boothbay Absolute Return Strategies, LP (11)		192,294		4.99	%		1,272,806		247		*	%
Kingsbrook Opportunities Master Fund LP (12)		192,294		4.99	%		1,120,069		384		*	%

On April 2, 2024, we entered into the Asset Purchase Agreement with Varian. Pursuant to the Asset Purchase Agreement, we purchased all of the assets of Varian’s business associated with the Licence Agreement, which includes the Licence Agreement, all rights in molecules and compounds subject to the Licence Agreement, know-how and inventory of drug substance, or the Transferred Assets. The Transferred Assets include a novel, potential high-potency, specific, aPKCi inhibitor with possible broad use in oncology as well as certain rare malignant diseases. The asset platform includes two formulations (topical and oral) of an aPKCi inhibitor. We plan to seek partnership for the oncology program alleviating any cash burn on development.

*	Less than 1%
(1)	Column four of this table consists of 15,910,065 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Preferred Shares. The selling stockholder also holds (i) 21,809 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Series C Preferred Stock and (ii) 379 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the warrants exercisable April 24, 2023, or the April 2023 Warrants. The securities are directly held by Sabby Volatility Warrant Master Fund, Ltd., a Cayman Islands exempted company. Sabby Management, LLC serves as the investment manager of Sabby Volatility Warrant Master Fund, Ltd. and shares voting and investment power with respect to securities held by Sabby Volatility Warrant Master Fund, Ltd. in such capacity. Hal Mintz is the manager of Sabby Management, LLC and also shares voting and investment power with respect to the securities held by Sabby Volatility Warrant Master Fund, Ltd. Each of Sabby Management, LLC and Mr. Mintz disclaims beneficial ownership over the securities beneficially owned by Sabby Volatility Warrant Master Fund, Ltd., except to the extent of their respective pecuniary interest therein. The address of this selling stockholder is c/o Captiva (Cayman) Ltd, Governors Square, Bldg 4, 2nd Floor, 23 Lime Tree Bay Avenue, P.O. Box 32315, Grand Cayman KY1-1209, Cayman Islands.
(2)	Column four of this table consists of 3,983,881 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Preferred Shares. The selling stockholder also holds (i) 19,613 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Series C Preferred Stock, and (ii) 12,275 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the warrants exercisable January 23, 2025, or the July 2024 Warrants. Eli Fireman, the Managing Member of this selling stockholder, may be deemed to have investment discretion and voting power over the shares of common stock held by this selling stockholder. Mr. Fireman disclaims any beneficial ownership of these shares, except to the extent of his pecuniary interest therein. The address of this selling stockholder is 1040 1st Ave, Suite 190, New York, NY 10022.
(3)	Column four of this table consists of 3,983,881 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Preferred Shares. The selling stockholder also holds (i) 142,502 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Series C Preferred Stock, and (ii) 3,088 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of July 2024 Warrants. The address for this selling stockholder is 137 West 83rd St, Apt 5W, New York, NY 10024.
(4)	Column four of this table consists of 3,983,881 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Preferred Shares. Matthew L. Pinz has sole voting and dispositive power over the shares held by Pinz Capital Special Opportunities Fund, LP. The address for this selling stockholder is 150 E 52nd Street, 29th FL, New York, NY 10022.
(5)	Column four of this table consists of 2,392,874 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Preferred Shares. The selling stockholder also holds 992,646 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Series C Preferred Stock. Keystone Capital Partners, LLC is managed by RANZ Group LLC. Fredric Zaino, the Managing Member of RANZ Group LLC, may be deemed to have investment discretion and voting power over the shares held by Keystone Capital Partners, LLC. RANZ Group LLC and Mr. Zaino each disclaim any beneficial ownership of these shares. The address of this selling stockholder is 139 Fulton Street, Suite 412, New York, NY 10038.
(6)	Column four of this table consists of 2,367,418 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Preferred Shares. The selling stockholder also holds 136,265 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Series C Preferred Stock. Marissa Welner, the Manager of Seven Knots, LLC, holds voting and dispositive power over the shares of common stock held by this selling stockholder. Ms. Welner disclaims any beneficial ownership of these shares. The business address of Seven Knots, LLC is 415 N Benton Avenue, Helena, MT 59601.

We have incurred operating losses since our incorporation on November 6, 1992. Our net loss was $10.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, our net loss was $12.0 million. As of June 30, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $861.3 million. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had operating losses of $26.1 million and $20.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $846.6 million. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through private placements and public offerings of our common and preferred stock and borrowings from investors and financial institutions. As of June 30, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $301 thousand and current liabilities of $15.7 million. To date, we have financed operations primarily through private placements and public offerings of common and preferred stock, warrants to purchase common stock, and borrowings from investors and financial institutions.

14We expect to continue to incur significant research and clinical development, regulatory, and other expenses as we (i) continue to develop our product candidates; (ii) seek regulatory clearances or approvals for our product candidates; (iii) conduct clinical trials on our product candidates; and (iv) manufacture, market, and sell any product candidates for which we may obtain regulatory approval.

Our ability to advance our corporate strategy is dependent upon our ability to secure additional capital in both the near and long-term, through public or private securities offerings; convertible debt financings; and/or potential strategic opportunities, including licensing agreements, drug product development, marketing collaboration arrangements, pharmaceutical research cooperation arrangements, and/or other similar transactions in geographic markets, including the U.S., and/or through potential grants and other funding commitments from U.S. government agencies, in each case, if available. We have engaged with potential counterparties in various markets and will continue to pursue non-dilutive sources of capital as well as potential private and public securities offerings. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be able to identify and enter into public or private securities offerings on acceptable terms and in amounts sufficient to meet our needs or qualify for non-dilutive funding opportunities under any grant programs sponsored by U.S. government agencies, private foundations, and/or leading academic institutions, or identify and enter into any strategic transactions that will provide the additional capital that we will require. If none of these alternatives is available, or if available and we are unable to raise sufficient capital through such transactions, we potentially could be forced to limit or cease our development activities, as well as modify or cease our operations, either of which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Business and Program Updates

A key element of our business strategy is to seek and establish strategic collaborations, licensing arrangements, and other partnerships that can support the advancement and commercialization of our product candidates. We expect partnerships to be an important focus for the Company as such relationships have the potential to provide resources for development that may in turn lower or potentially eliminate costs. We continue to evaluate and pursue potential partnerships with biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, investors and other strategic partners to access complementary expertise, technologies, funding, and commercialization capabilities. While we are actively engaged in discussions with potential partners, there can be no assurance that any such collaborations will be successfully completed or that they will yield the anticipated benefits.

Istaroxime (Cardiogenic Shock)

In September 2020, we initiated a Phase 2 clinical study of istaroxime for the acute treatment of cardiogenic shock in more severe heart failure patients than previously studied to evaluate the potential to improve blood pressure (primary measure) and cardiac function (secondary measure). The study also evaluated the safety and side effect profile of istaroxime in this patient population. In April 2022, we announced positive topline results with istaroxime in rapidly and significantly raising SBP. In May 2022, we presented data from our positive Phase 2 study of istaroxime in early cardiogenic shock in a late-breaker presentation at the European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Meeting in Madrid, Spain and, in September 2022, the results were published in the European Journal of Heart Failure. There is a significant unmet medical need in the area of early cardiogenic shock and severe heart failure. Istaroxime demonstrated a meaningful increase in blood pressure while simultaneously increasing cardiac output and preserving renal function in clinical trials of this condition.

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(7)	Column four of this table consists of 1,985,577 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Preferred Shares. C/M Capital Partners, LP manages the investments of C/M Capital Master Fund, LP and has discretionary authority to vote and dispose of the shares held by C/M Capital Master Fund, LP, and may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of these shares. Thomas Walsh and Jonathan Juchno in their capacity as partners of C/M Capital Partners LP, may also be deemed to have investment discretion and voting power over the shares held by C/M Capital Master Fund LP. C/M Capital Partners LP, Mr. Walsh and Mr. Juchno each disclaim any beneficial ownership of the common shares being offered under the prospectus filed with the SEC in connection with the transactions contemplated under the ELOC Purchase Agreement. The business address of this selling stockholder is 1111 Brickell Avenue, Suite 2920, Miami, FL 33131.
(8)	Column four of this table consists of 1,985,577 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Preferred Shares. WVP Management, LLC, the Managing Member of WVP Emerging Manager Onshore Fund LLC - Structured Small Cap Lending Series, has discretionary authority to vote and dispose of the shares held by this Selling Stockholder and may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of these shares. C/M Capital Partners, LP and Worth Venture Partners, LLC, in their capacity as advisors to this Selling Stockholder, may also be deemed to have investment discretion and voting power of the shares held by this Selling Stockholder. Thomas Walsh and Jonathan Juchno in their capacity as partners of C/M Capital Partners, LP, may also be deemed to have investment discretion and voting power over the shares held by this Selling Stockholder. Abby Flamholz, in her capacity as Managing Member of WVP Management, LLC and in her capacity as Managing Member of Worth Venture Partners, LLC, may also be deemed to have investment discretion and voting power of the shares held by this Selling Stockholder. WVP Management, LLC, C/M Capital Partners, LP, Worth Venture Partners, LLC, Mr. Walsh, Mr. Juchno and Ms. Flamholz each disclaim any beneficial ownership of these shares. The business address of WVP Emerging Manager Onshore Fund, LLC - Structured Small Cap Lending Series is 1111 Brickell Avenue, Suite 2920, Miami, FL 33131.
(9)	Column four of this table consists of 1,591,007 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Preferred Shares. The selling stockholder also holds (i) 1,147,260 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Series C Preferred Stock, and (ii) 24,851 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of July 2024 Warrants. The address of this selling stockholder is 153 Strada Cervaro, Port Saint Lucie, Florida 34952.
(10)	Column four of this table consists of 1,591,007 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Preferred Shares. The selling stockholder also holds (i) 5,331 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Series C Preferred Stock, and (ii) 12,523 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of July 2024 Warrants. The address of this selling stockholder is 7 Rose Avenue, Great Neck, NY 11021.
(11)	Column four of this table consists of 1,272,806 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Preferred Shares. The selling stockholder also holds (i) 170 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Series C Preferred Stock, (ii) 2 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the January 2023 Warrants, and (iii) 75 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the April 2023 Warrants. Boothbay Absolute Return Strategies, LP, a Delaware limited partnership, or BBARS, is managed by Boothbay Fund Management, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, or Boothbay. Boothbay, in its capacity as the investment manager of BBARS. Ari Glass is the Managing Member of Boothbay. Each of BBARS, Boothbay and Mr. Glass disclaim beneficial ownership of the securities, except to the extent of any pecuniary interest therein. The address of this selling stockholder is 689 Fifth Avenue, 12th Floor, New York, NY, 10022.
(12)	Column four of this table consists of 1,120,069 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Preferred Shares. The selling stockholder also holds (i) 364 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Series C Preferred Stock, and (ii) 20 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the April 2023 Warrants. Kingsbrook Partners LP, or Kingsbrook Partners, is the investment manager of Kingsbrook Opportunities Master Fund LP, or Kingsbrook Opportunities, and consequently has voting control and investment discretion over securities held by Kingsbrook Opportunities. Kingsbrook Opportunities GP LLC, or Opportunities GP, is the general partner of Kingsbrook Opportunities and may be considered the beneficial owner of any securities deemed to be beneficially owned by Kingsbrook Opportunities. KB GP LLC, or GP LLC, is the general partner of Kingsbrook Partners and may be considered the beneficial owner of any securities deemed to be beneficially owned by Kingsbrook Partners. Ari J. Storch, Adam J. Chill and Scott M. Wallace are the sole managing members of Opportunities GP and GP LLC and as a result may be considered beneficial owners of any securities deemed beneficially owned by Opportunities GP and GP LLC. Each of Kingsbrook Partners, Opportunities GP, GP LLC and Messrs. Storch, Chill and Wallace disclaim beneficial ownership of these securities. The address of this selling stockholder is 689 Fifth Avenue, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10022.
(13)	Lists the number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by the selling stockholders, based on their respective ownership of Preferred Shares, as of May 15, 2025, assuming conversion of the Preferred Shares held by each such selling stockholder on that date but taking account of any limitations on conversion and exercise set forth therein.
(14)	Applicable percentage ownership is based on 3,661,289 shares of our common stock outstanding as of May 15, 2025, and based on 45,829,324 shares of our common stock outstanding after the offering.
(15)	For the purposes of the calculations of our common stock to be sold pursuant to the prospectus we are assuming the issuance of 300% of the shares of our common stock underlying the Preferred Shares, including payment of 10% dividends on the Preferred Shares through the applicable Maturity Date, converted in full at the initial Floor Conversion Price of $0.274 per share without regard to any limitations set forth therein.
(16)	Represents the amount of shares that will be held by the applicable selling stockholder after completion of this offering based on the assumptions that (a) all common stock underlying the Preferred Shares registered for sale by the registration statement of which this prospectus is part of will be sold, and (b) no other shares of common stock are acquired or sold by such selling stockholder prior to completion of this offering. However, such selling shareholder is not obligated to sell all or any portion of the shares of our common stock offered pursuant to this prospectus.

In September 2024, we announced positive topline results from our SEISMiC Extension study which enrolled 30 patients with SCAI Stage B cardiogenic shock and demonstrated significant improvement in systolic blood pressure and cardiac function as well as improving pulmonary congestion and renal function. This study evaluated lower doses and longer duration of dosing than in previous studies. These data were presented at the Heart Failure Society of America meeting in September 2024. This study contributed to optimizing the istaroxime dosing regimen and extended the favorable safety and tolerability profile for the istaroxime program. Multiple secondary endpoints supported the positive outcome on the primary endpoint of systolic blood pressure AUC over the first 6 hours of study drug infusion. These included assessments from invasive hemodynamics (from a pulmonary artery catheter), echocardiography and Holter monitoring. The most commonly reported adverse events were gastrointestinal (nausea and vomiting) and infusion site discomfort, both known to occur with istaroxime administration from previous clinical trials. Additionally, we initiated a study in more severe SCAI Stage C cardiogenic shock, or the SEISMiC C Study, to evaluate the safety and efficacy of istaroxime in cardiogenic shock patients who are also receiving standard of care rescue therapy for shock. The SEISMiC C Study was planned to enroll up to 100 subjects with SCAI Stage C cardiogenic shock. A planned unblinded review of the data from the first 20 subjects occurred in July 2025. The review of the preliminary interim data suggests that the responses to istaroxime in SCAI Stage C patients, many of whom were also treated with currently available inotropes and vasopressors, is similar to that seen in our previous clinical trials. Because our ability to complete this study with its intended sample size is dependent upon our ability to secure adequate resourcing for the program through financing efforts or business development activities we have decided to terminate the SEISMiC C clinical trial and pursue further development with istaroxime in the much larger market of less severe patients with acute decompensated heart failure with our licensing partner, Lee’s Pharmaceutical (HK) Ltd., who is planning a global phase 3 study in that indication. We believe that the SEISMiC Extension and SEISMiC C studies have contributed to dose selection and to the characterization of the effects associated with SERCA2a activation and will support our clinical and regulatory strategy for istaroxime.

15Istaroxime (AHF)

There is substantial potential synergy between our clinical trial program in early cardiogenic shock and our development program in acute decompensated heart failure. Both programs are focused on treating heart failure patients with acute congestion and low blood pressure requiring hospitalization. We believe that this category of heart failure patients (whether they are in shock or not) could particularly benefit from the unique profile and potential ability of istaroxime to improve cardiac function and increase blood pressure while maintaining or improving renal function. Our strategy has been to advance istaroxime in cardiogenic shock as the lead indication and utilize this data and experience, along with the positive Phase 2a and 2b AHF studies, already completed, to potentially enter Phase 3 for acute decompensated heart failure in the normal to low SBP population. Our licensing partner, Lee’s (HK) is preparing to initiate a phase 3 study in less severe patients with acute decompensated heart failure in China. We believe we can join that study and create a global phase 3 program in this population that may or may not include patients with cardiogenic shock. We currently do not have sufficient capital to execute our clinical trial in AHF and are seeking partnership opportunities to advance our portion of the program.

SERCA2a Activators - Preclinical Oral, Chronic, and Acute Heart Failure Product Candidates

We are pursuing several early exploratory research programs to assess potential product candidates, including oral and intravenous dual mechanism or selective SERCA2a activator heart failure compounds, and believe that we can add value to our cardiovascular portfolio by advancing these SERCA2a activator candidates through preclinical studies. In April 2023, we announced that the European Patent Office has granted Patent No. 3599243, providing patent coverage for the dual mechanism SERCA2a Activator class of drug candidates. This patent provides protection until July 2038 for the family of compounds with a dual mechanism of action. To further advance these product candidates, we are actively exploring potential licensing transactions, research partnership arrangements, or other strategic opportunities. Additionally, the United States Patent and Trademark Office has issued U.S. Patent No. 11,730,746 covering our dual mechanism SERCA2a activators. The new composition of matter patent provides patent protection through late 2039. Further, the European Patent Office has granted Patent No. 3805243, providing composition of matter patent coverage for the pure SERCA2a Activator class of drug candidates. The pure SERCA2a Activators are one of two families of preclinical drug candidates that act on SERCA2a in the Company’s pipeline. The pure SERCA2a Activators are devoid of action on the Na+/K+ pump while activating SERCA2a. The new European patent provides patent protection until October 9, 2039 for the family of compounds with the pure SERCA2a mechanism of action.

Rostafuroxin

Rostafuroxin has demonstrated efficacy in Caucasian patients in treatment naïve hypertension in a Phase 2b trial. During the second quarter of 2021, we concluded an initial process to test the industry’s interest in investing in our product candidate. We currently have not been able to secure a licensing transaction or other strategic opportunity. Based on feedback received from potential licensing partners, we have determined that there is a need for an additional Phase 2 clinical trial to demonstrate efficacy in African American patients in treatment resistant hypertension. We are continuing to pursue licensing arrangements and/or other strategic partnerships for rostafuroxin. We do not intend to conduct the additional Phase 2 clinical trial without securing such an arrangement or partnership.

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aPKCi inhibitor (topical formulation previously designated as VAR-101)

The topical (cutaneous) formulation is a small molecule that may have potential for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma, or BCC. The active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, in aPKCi inhibitor (topical) has demonstrated dose dependent anti-tumor activity in murine and human BCC cell lines, in studies performed at Cancer Research UK, or CRUK, a charity registered in England and Scotland, and based in London, United Kingdom. CRUK collaborators, including Stanford University under a sponsored research agreement with CRUK, completed the preclinical tumor cell line data and the BCC cell line data that formed the basis for additional “method of use” patents that are included in the License Agreement. These types of in vitro studies in tumor cell lines are typical early-stage models of activity or efficacy when testing a new chemical compound, the data from which is used in regulatory filings for first-in-man clinical trials. These mouse models of BCC and lung cancer were performed by CRUK and their collaborators.

aPKCi inhibitor (oral formulation previously designated as VAR-102)

The oral formulation is a small molecule that may have potential for the treatment of solid tumors. The API in the aPKCi inhibitor (oral) is the same as the API in aPKCi inhibitor (topical). In the scientific literature, the presence and activation of aPKCi has been implicated in the growth of multiple human cancers including non-small cell lung cancer, or NSCLC, pancreatic, and ovarian cancer. The API in aPKCi inhibitor (oral) has demonstrated dose dependent anti-tumor activity in a mouse model of NSCLC (squamous cell lung carcinoma), in studies performed at CRUK and with its collaborators. Preclinical experiments of the API in aPKCi inhibitor (oral), appears to show dose dependent anti-tumor activity in a xenograft NSCLC model.]²

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Intangible Assets

We record acquired intangible assets and goodwill based on estimated fair value. The identifiable intangible assets resulting from the CVie Therapeutics acquisition in December 2018 relate to in-process research and development, or IPR&D, of istaroxime and rostafuroxin. The IPR&D assets are considered indefinite-lived intangible assets until completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts. IPR&D is not amortized but reviewed for impairment at least annually, or when events or changes in the business environment indicate the carrying value may be impaired. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, no events or changes in circumstances occurred indicating that our IPR&D intangible assets were more likely than not impaired.

The following table represents identifiable intangible assets as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

	June 30,		December 31,
(in thousands)	2025		2024

Istaroxime drug candidate	$	22,340	$	22,340
Rostafuroxin drug candidate		1,790		1,790
Intangible assets	$	24,130	$	24,130

Convertible Debt and Equity Instruments

We review the terms of convertible debt and equity instruments to determine whether there are conversion features or embedded derivative instruments including embedded conversion options that are required to be bifurcated and accounted for separately as derivative financial instruments under ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging.

In circumstances where the convertible instrument contains more than one embedded derivative instrument, including conversion options that are required to be bifurcated, the bifurcated derivative instruments are accounted for as a single compound instrument. Also, in connection with the sale of convertible debt and equity instruments, we may issue free standing warrants that may, depending on their terms, be accounted for as derivative instrument liabilities, rather than as equity. When convertible debt or equity instruments contain embedded derivative instruments that are to be bifurcated and accounted for separately, the total proceeds allocated to the convertible host instruments are first allocated to the fair value of the bifurcated derivative instrument. The remaining proceeds, if any, are then allocated to the convertible instruments themselves, usually resulting in those instruments being recorded at a discount from their face amount. When we issue debt securities, which bear interest at rates that are lower than market rates, we recognize a discount, which is offset against the carrying value of the debt. Such discount from the face value of the debt, together with the stated interest on the instrument, is amortized over the life of the instrument through periodic charges to income.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

As we continue to explore commercial opportunities, and plan to work with business partners, in both U.S. and international markets, we remain attentive to evolving global economic conditions, including uncertainties related to international trade policies, tariffs, and supply chain dynamics. Although these factors have not had a material impact on our operations to date, future changes in trade regulations, tariff structures, or logistical constraints could include the cost, availability, or timing of materials, services and other components associated with the development of our tablet vaccines and manufacturing capabilities. We continue to monitor these developments closely to maintain operational efficiency and help mitigate potential future impacts.

Comparison of the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

	Three Months Ended									Six Months Ended
	June 30,									June 30,
(in thousands)	2025			2024			Change			2025			2024			Change

Expenses:
Research and development	$	2,182		$	9,863		$	(7,681	)	$	4,452		$	12,116		$	(7,664	)
General and administrative		1,802			1,589			213			3,622			3,741			(119	)
Total operating expenses		3,984			11,452			(7,468	)		8,074			15,857			(7,783	)
Operating loss		(3,984	)		(11,452	)		7,468			(8,074	)		(15,857	)		7,783

Other income (expense):
Loss on debt issuance		(7,313	)		-			(7,313	)		(7,437	)		-			(7,437	)
Gain on debt extinguishment		74			-			74			52			14,520			(14,468	)
Change in fair value of convertible notes payable		785			-			785			785			-			785
Change in fair value of common stock warrant liability		108			-			108			242			-			242
Interest income		198			20			178			205			50			155
Interest expense		(79	)		(110	)		31			(99	)		(123	)		24
Other expense, net		(420	)		(285	)		(135	)		(538	)		(84	)		(454	)
Total other (expense) income, net		(6,647	)		(375	)		(6,272	)		(6,790	)		14,363			(21,153	)

Loss before income taxes		(10,631	)		(11,827	)		1,196			(14,864	)		(1,494	)		(13,370	)
Income tax expense		-			(197	)		197			-			(311	)		311
Net loss	$	(10,631	)	$	(12,024	)	$	1,393		$	(14,864	)	$	(1,805	)	$	(13,059	)

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Research and Development Expenses

Our research and development expenses are charged to operations as incurred and we incur both direct and indirect expenses for each of our programs. We track direct research and development expenses by preclinical and clinical programs, which include third-party costs such as contract research organization, contract manufacturing organizations, contract laboratories, consulting, and clinical trial costs. We do not allocate indirect research and development expenses, which include product development and manufacturing expenses and clinical, medical, and regulatory operations expenses, to specific programs. We also account for research and development and report annually by major expense category as follows: (i) contracted services; (ii) salaries and benefits; (iii) rents and utilities; (iv) stock-based compensation; (v) depreciation; and (vi) other. We expect that our research and development expenses related to the istaroxime - cardiogenic shock program will continue to increase to the extent that we continue the SEISMiC C study in patients with more severe SCAI Stage C cardiogenic shock. We currently do not have sufficient capital to fully complete this clinical trial. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing, and estimated costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the development of our product candidates. We are also unable to predict when, if ever, material net cash inflows will commence from sales of our product candidates.

Research and development expenses are as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,					Increase			Six Months Ended June 30,				Increase
(in thousands)	2025			2024		(Decrease)			2025		2024		(Decrease)

Acquired IPR&D from Varian asset purchase	$	-		$	7,495	$	(7,495	)	$	-	$	7,495	$	(7,495	)

Istaroxime - cardiogenic shock program		1,551			1,684	$	(133	)		2,959		3,159		(200	)
Istaroxime - AHF		(4	)		-		(4	)		-		-		-
Total direct clinical and preclinical programs		1,547			1,684		(137	)		2,959		3,159		(200	)

Product development and manufacturing		201			215		(14	)		517		439		78
Clinical, medical, and regulatory operations		434			469		(35	)		976		1,023		(47	)
Total research and development expenses	$	2,182		$	9,863	$	(7,681	)	$	4,452	$	12,116	$	(7,664	)

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, research and development expenses include non-cash charges of $7.5 million associated with the acquired IPR&D related to the Asset Purchase Agreement with Varian Biopharmaceuticals in the second quarter of 2024.

Direct Clinical and Preclinical Programs

Direct clinical and preclinical programs include: (i) activities associated with conducting clinical trials, including contract research organization costs, patient enrollment costs, clinical site costs, clinical drug supply, and related external costs, such as consultant fees and expenses; and (ii) development activities, toxicology studies, and other preclinical studies.

Total direct clinical and preclinical programs expenses were comparable for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 primarily due to ongoing costs related to the istaroxime - cardiogenic shock program as described below.

Istaroxime - cardiogenic shock program costs were comparable for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 due to the ongoing trial execution costs for the istaroxime - cardiogenic shock program, which included clinical trial costs for the SEISMiC C study in patients with more sever SCAI Stage C cardiogenic shock in 2025 and clinical trial costs for the SEISMiC Extension study in 2024.

Istaroxime - AHF costs have been limited as we focus our resources on the execution of the istaroxime - cardiogenic shock program.

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Product Development and Manufacturing

Product development and manufacturing includes (i) manufacturing operations with our contract manufacturing organization, validation activities, quality assurance; and (ii) pharmaceutical and manufacturing development activities of our drug product candidates, including development of istaroxime. These costs include employee expenses, facility-related costs, depreciation, costs of drug substances (including raw materials), supplies, quality assurance activities, and expert consultants and outside services to support pharmaceutical development activities.

Product development and manufacturing expenses increased $0.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 due to an increase in quality assurance costs related to a GMP server validation during the first quarter of 2025.

Clinical, Medical, and Regulatory Operations

Clinical, medical, and regulatory operations include medical, scientific, preclinical and clinical, regulatory, data management, and biostatistics activities in support of our research and development programs. These costs include personnel, expert consultants, outside services to support regulatory and data management, symposiums at key medical meetings, facilities-related costs, and other costs for the management of clinical trials.

Clinical, medical, and regulatory operations expenses are comparable for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 and primarily relate to personnel and consulting expenses during both periods.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist of costs for executive management, business development, intellectual property, finance and accounting, legal, insurance, human resources, information technology, facilities, and other administrative costs.

General and administrative expenses increased $0.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 due to a $0.2 million increase in professional fees and insurance costs related to WINT Real Estate, LLC, and decreased $0.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the same periods in 2024 due to a decrease of $0.2 million in professional fees, primarily related to reduced legal fees; and a decrease of $0.1 million in non-cash stock-based compensation expense, partially offset by the $0.2 million increase in in professional fees and insurance costs related to WINT Real Estate, LLC.

Other (Expense) Income, Net

In June 2025, we entered into certain Note Purchase Agreements for which we elected to apply the fair value option for all of the June 2025 Notes and June 2025 Warrants as of their issuance date. The fair value of the June 2025 Notes on the dates of issuance was $8.6 million and the fair value as of June 30, 2025 was $7.8 million. Accordingly, a change in fair value adjustment of $0.8 million is reflected in other income (expense) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. The fair value of the June 2025 Warrants on the dates of issuance was $2.9 million. The June 2025 Warrants are considered permanent equity and do not need to be remeasured. Given the fair value at issuance of the June 2025 Notes and June 2025 Warrants were in excess of the cash proceeds received, we incurred a loss on debt issuance of $7.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025. The loss on debt issuance of $7.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 includes an additional $0.1 million loss related to the issuance of the March 2025 Notes.

On January 24, 2024, we and affiliates of Deerfield Management Company L.P., or Deerfield, entered into an Exchange and Termination Agreement, or the Exchange and Termination Agreement, wherein Deerfield agreed to terminate its rights to receive certain milestone payments in exchange for (i) cash in the aggregate amount of $0.2 million and (ii) an aggregate of 676 shares of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share (See the section titled, “Note 14 - Restructured Debt Liability”). This transaction was accounted for as an extinguishment of debt in accordance with ASC 470, Debt-Modifications and Extinguishments, and as a result, we recognized a $14.5 million non-cash gain on debt extinguishment.

Change in fair value of common stock warrant liability relates to the change in fair value of the July 2024 Warrants, which are classified as a liability on our condensed consolidated balance sheet and are recorded at fair value at the end of each period. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the change in the estimated fair value of the July 2024 warrants was $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively. For further details, refer to “Note 11 - Common Stock Warrant Liability.”

For the six months ended June 30, 2025, change in fair value of derivative liabilities is related to the final remeasurement of the fair value of the derivative liability associated with our ELOC commitment note.

Interest income relates primarily to interest related to the accretion of the debt discount for our note receivable with Standard Waste for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, interest expense consists primarily of interest expense associated with our ELOC commitment note and the interest accruing related to PMUSA and PMPSA. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, interest expense consists primarily of interest expense associated with the amortization of the issuance costs and the debt discount related to our senior convertible notes payable.

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For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, other (expense) income, net primarily consists of $0.4 million and $0.5 million, respectively, in net loss on foreign currency translation. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, other (expense) income, net primarily consists of initial recognition and remeasurement changes in the fair value of derivative liabilities associated with our senior convertible notes payable and our ELOC commitment note, partially offset by net gains on foreign currency translation. Foreign currency gains and losses are primarily due to changes in the New Taiwan dollar exchange rate related to activities of our wholly-owned subsidiary, CVie Therapeutics Limited, in Taiwan.

Income Tax Expense

For the three months and six months ended June 30, 2025, there was no income tax expense due to losses incurred and forecasted for 2025 as well as a full valuation allowance against deferred tax assets. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, we recorded an income tax provision of $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively, related to the tax on our estimated taxable income for the year, primarily due to the gain on debt extinguishment (See the section titled, “Note 14 - Restructured Debt Liability”).

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2024			2023			Change

Expenses:
Research and development	$	16,276		$	8,341		$	7,935
General and administrative		8,743			9,198			(455	)
Impairment of goodwill		-			3,058			(3,058	)
Impairment of intangible assets		1,120			-			1,120
Total operating expenses		26,139			20,597			5,542
Operating loss		(26,139	)		(20,597	)		(5,542	)

Other income (expense):
Gain on debt extinguishment, net		14,437			-			14,437
Change in fair value of common stock warrant liability		10,482			-			10,482
Interest income		70			325			(255	)
Interest expense		(235	)		(50	)		(185	)
Other (expense) income, net		(408	)		31			(439	)
Total other income, net		24,346			306			24,040

Loss before income taxes		(1,793	)		(20,291	)		18,498
Deferred income tax benefit		6			-			6
Net loss	$	(1,787	)	$	(20,291	)	$	18,504

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Net Loss

Our net loss was $1.8 million and $20.3 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Included in our net loss for the year ended December 31, 2024 is a $14.4 million non-cash gain on debt extinguishment, $10.5 million related to the change in fair value of our common stock warrant liability, $7.5 million of R&D expense related to the Varian asset acquisition, and a loss on impairment of intangible assets of $1.1 million. Included in our net loss for the year ended December 31, 2023 is a loss on impairment of goodwill of $3.1 million.

Research and Development Expenses

Our research and development expenses are charged to operations as incurred and we incur both direct and indirect expenses for each of our programs. We track direct research and development expenses by preclinical and clinical programs, which include third-party costs such as CROs, CMOs, contract laboratories, consulting, and clinical trial costs. We do not allocate indirect research and development expenses, which include product development and manufacturing expenses and clinical, medical, and regulatory operations expenses, to specific programs. We also account for research and development and report annually by major expense category as follows: (i) contracted services; (ii) salaries and benefits; (iii) rents and utilities; (iv) stock-based compensation; (v) depreciation; and (vi) other. We expect that our research and development expenses related to the istaroxime - cardiogenic shock program will continue to increase to the extent that we continue the SEISMiC C study in subjects with more severe SCAI Stage C cardiogenic shock. We currently do not have sufficient capital to fully complete these clinical trials. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing, and estimated costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the development of our product candidates. We are also unable to predict when, if ever, material net cash inflows will commence from sales of our product candidates.

Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023			Increase (Decrease)

Acquired IPR&D from Varian asset purchase	$	7,495	$	-		$	7,495

Istaroxime - cardiogenic shock program		5,887		3,731			2,156
Istaroxime - AHF		82		71			11
KL4 surfactant		-		(61	)		61
Total direct clinical and preclinical programs		5,969		3,741			2,228

Product development and manufacturing		867		960			(93	)
Clinical, medical, and regulatory operations		1,945		3,640			(1,695	)
Total research and development expenses	$	16,276	$	8,341		$	7,935

Acquired IPR&D from Varian Asset Purchase

For 2024, research and development expenses include a charge of $7.5 million associated with the acquired IPR&D related to the Asset Purchase Agreement with Varian (See, “Note 15 - Mezzanine Equity and Stockholders' Equity - Asset Purchase Agreement with Varian Biopharmaceuticals”).

Direct Clinical and Preclinical Programs

Direct clinical and preclinical programs include: (i) activities associated with conducting clinical trials, including patient enrollment costs, clinical site costs, clinical drug supply, and related external costs, such as consultant fees and expenses; and (ii) development activities, toxicology studies, and other preclinical studies.

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Total direct clinical and preclinical programs expenses increased $2.2 million from 2023 to 2024 primarily due to costs related to the istaroxime - cardiogenic shock program costs as described below.

Istaroxime - cardiogenic shock program costs increased $2.2 million from 2023 to 2024 due to (i) the timing of the trial execution costs for the SEISMiC Extension study, which began enrollment in the fourth quarter of 2023 and completed enrollment in the third quarter of 2024; and (ii) the start-up procedures for the SEISMiC C study in patients with more severe SCAI Stage C cardiogenic shock.

Istaroxime - AHF costs have been limited as we focus our resources on the execution of the istaroxime - cardiogenic shock program.

Costs related to the KL4 surfactant platform are expected to be minimal as prior KL4 surfactant platform clinical trials have now been closed out.

Product Development and Manufacturing

Product development and manufacturing expenses for 2024 are comparable to 2023.

Clinical, Medical, and Regulatory Operations

Clinical, medical, and regulatory operations expenses decreased $1.7 million from 2023 to 2024 due to (i) a decrease of $0.6 million in personnel costs; and (ii) a decrease of $0.2 million in non-cash stock-based compensation expense due to the timing of the stock-based compensation grants that were granted in the third quarter of 2023 with no grants made in 2024; and (iii) a $0.9 million decrease in royalty expense relating to accrued payments to Philip Morris USA Inc., or PMUSA, and Philip Morris Products S.A., or PMPSA, in 2023 related to amendments to our license agreements (See the section titled, “Note 13 - Other Current Liabilities”).

Research and Development Expense by Major Expense Category

We also account for our research and development expense by major expense category as shown in the following table:

	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023		Increase (Decrease)

Acquired IPR&D from Varian asset purchase	$	7,495	$	-	$	7,495
Contracted services		6,212		3,904		2,308
Salaries and benefits		1,733		2,450		(717	)
Royalties		-		900		(900	)
Rents and utilities		457		445		12
Stock-based compensation		143		383		(240	)
Depreciation		12		30		(18	)
Other		224		229		(5	)
Total research and development expenses	$	16,276	$	8,341	$	7,935

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For 2024, research and development expenses include $7.5 million associated with the acquired IPR&D related to the Asset Purchase Agreement with Varian (See the section titled, “Note 15 - Mezzanine Equity and Stockholders' Equity - Asset Purchase Agreement with Varian Biopharmaceuticals”).

Contracted services include third-party costs of preclinical studies, clinical trial activities, quality control and analytical stability and release testing of our drug products, and consulting services. The increase of $2.3 million from 2023 to 2024 is primarily due to costs with our CRO related to the SEISMiC Extension study and the SEISMiC C study.

The $0.7 million decrease in salaries and benefits expense from 2023 to 2024 is primarily due to reductions in headcount.

Historically, royalties represented minimum royalties in connection with licensing agreements with PMUSA and PMPSA. In 2023, we accrued payments of $0.9 million to PMUSA and PMPSA related to amendments to our license agreements (See the section titled, “Note 13 - Other Current Liabilities”).

The $0.2 million decrease in stock-based compensation expense from 2023 to 2024 is due to the timing of the stock-based compensation grants that were granted in the third quarter of 2023 with no grants made in 2024.

Other consists primarily of ongoing research and development costs such as insurance, taxes, education and training, and software licenses.

Research and Development Projects

A substantial portion of our cumulative losses to date relate to investments in our research and development projects, for which we incurred $24.6 million in expenses during the two-year period ended December 31, 2024. Due to the significant risks and uncertainties inherent in the clinical development and regulatory approval processes, the nature, timing and costs of the efforts necessary to complete individual projects in development are not reasonably estimable. With every phase of a development project, there are unknowns that may significantly affect cost projections and timelines. In view of the number and nature of these factors, many of which are outside our control, the success, timing of completion and ultimate cost of development of any of our product candidates are highly uncertain and cannot be estimated with any degree of certainty. In addition to the risks and uncertainties affecting our research and development projects discussed in this MD&A (See “Risk Factors”), other risks could arise that we may not foresee that could affect our ability to estimate projections and timelines.

Ultimately, if we do not successfully develop and gain marketing approval for our drug product candidates, in the U.S. or elsewhere, we will not be able to commercialize, or generate any revenues from the sale of our products and the value of our company and our financial condition and results of operations will be substantially harmed.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses decreased $0.5 million from 2023 to 2024 due to (i) a decrease of $0.6 million in non-cash stock-based compensation expense due to the timing of the stock-based compensation grants that were granted in the third quarter of 2023 with no grants made in 2024; (ii) a decrease of $0.4 million in personnel costs due to headcount reductions; (iii) a decrease of $0.3 million in severance expense related to a former executive; and (iv) a decrease of $0.4 million in insurance costs; partially offset by (v) an increase of $1.2 million in professional fees, primarily related to increased legal fees and costs associated with the First and Second PIPEs that were allocated to the July 2024 Warrants and expensed immediately.

Other Income (Expense), Net

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Change in fair value of common stock warrant liability relates to the change in fair value of the July 2024 Warrants, which are classified as a liability on our consolidated balance sheet and are recorded at fair value at the end of each period. The July 2024 warrants had an initial fair value of $10.8 million upon issuance. For 2024, the change in the estimated fair value of the July 2024 warrants was $10.5 million (See the section titled, “Note 10 - Common Stock Warrant Liability”).

Interest income relates to interest earned on our money market account.

For 2024, interest expense consists primarily of interest expense associated with the amortization of the issuance costs and the debt discount related to our senior convertible notes payable. For 2023, interest expense consists of interest expense associated with our loans payable.

For 2024, other income (expense), net primarily consists of the initial recognition and remeasurement of changes in the fair value of derivative liabilities associated with our senior convertible notes payable and our ELOC commitment note, partially offset by net gains on foreign currency translation. For 2023, other income (expense), net primarily consists of net gains on foreign currency translation. Foreign currency gains and losses are primarily due to changes in the New Taiwan dollar exchange rate related to activities of our wholly-owned subsidiary, CVie Therapeutics Limited, in Taiwan.

Deferred Income Tax Benefit (Expense)

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded a deferred income tax benefit of $0.2 million that relates solely to the reduction of the deferred tax liabilities as a result of the loss on impairment of intangible assets related to rostafuroxin for the year ended December 31, 2024. This deferred income tax benefit is offset by a $0.2 million state income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 related to tax on our estimated taxable income for the year, primarily due to the gain on debt extinguishment (See the section titled, “Note 14 - Restructured Debt Liability”).

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

We are subject to risks common to companies in the biotechnology industry, including but not limited to the need for additional capital, risks of failure of preclinical and clinical studies, the need to obtain marketing approval and reimbursement for any drug product candidate that we may identify and develop, the need to successfully commercialize and gain market acceptance of our product candidates, dependence on key personnel, protection of proprietary technology, compliance with government regulations, development of technological innovations by competitors, and risks associated with our international operations in Taiwan and activities abroad, including but not limited to having foreign suppliers, manufacturers, and clinical sites in support of our development activities.

With the exception of certain non-recurring items such as gain on debt extinguishment, we have incurred net losses since inception. Our net loss was $10.6 million and $14.7 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. Our net loss was $12.0 million and $1.8 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. We expect to continue to incur operating losses for at least the next several years. As of June 30, 2025 , we had an accumulated deficit of $861.3 million. Our future success is dependent on our ability to fund and develop our product candidates, and ultimately upon our ability to attain profitable operations. We have devoted substantially all of our financial resources and efforts to research and development expense and general and administrative expense to support such research and development. Net losses and negative cash flows have had, and will continue to have, an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and working capital, and accordingly, our ability to execute our future operating plans.

In June 2024, we entered into a Common Stock Purchase Agreement, or the ELOC Purchase Agreement, establishing an equity line of credit with the purchaser, or the Purchaser, whereby we have the right, but not the obligation, to sell to the Purchaser, and the Purchaser is obligated to purchase, up to $50 million of newly issued shares of our common stock. The Purchaser is also a holder of the Company's Series C Preferred Stock and Series D Preferred Stock as well as a holder of certain of our convertible notes payable. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, we sold 0.7 million shares of Common Stock under the ELOC Purchase Agreement for net proceeds of $0.4 million.

As of June 30, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $0.3 million and current liabilities of $15.7 million. During July 2025, we sold 16.8 million shares of common stock for net proceeds of $10.1 million following mandatory redemption payments on our preferred stock (See the section titled, “Note 15 - Mezzanine Equity and Stockholders' Equity - Common Stock Purchase Agreement” for further details). We believe that we have sufficient resources available to fund our business operations through December 2025. We do not have sufficient cash and cash equivalents as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to support our operations for at least the 12 months following the date that the financial statements are issued. These conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

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Cash Flows

Cash flows for six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for each of the periods presented:

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
(in thousands)	2025			2024
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	(5,064	)	$	(5,273	)
Investing activities		(5,183	)		(12	)
Financing activities		8,770			2,628
Change in cash and cash equivalents	$	(1,477	)	$	(2,657	)

Operating Activities

Cash used in operating activities resulted primarily from our net loss adjusted for non-cash charges and changes in components of working capital. Net cash used in operating activities was $5.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $5.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in cash used in operating activities of $0.2 million was primarily attributable to a change in operating assets and liabilities of $0.2 million and a $12.9 million increase in our net loss, partially offset by a $14.5 million change in gain on debt extinguishment.

Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities resulted from $3.7 million in senior note receivable issuance and $1.4 million in a deposit on the Aubrey property.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $8.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025. Cash provided by financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was attributable to net proceeds from the issuance of private placement notes and Series D Preferred stock of $7.0 million, ELOC Purchase agreement of $2.4 million, proceeds from senior secured notes of $0.5 million, proceeds from warrant exercises of $0.3 million, partially offset by redemption and cash dividend payments on our Series C Preferred Stock of $0.6 million and $0.9 million in principal payments for senior secured notes payable and loans payable.

Net cash provided by financing activities of $2.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was attributable to net proceeds of $1.4 million related to our 2023 ATM Program and $0.3 million in proceeds from the issuance of senior secured notes, and $1.3 million in proceeds from the issuance of senior convertible notes payable, partially offset by $0.2 million in principal payments for loans payable, $0.1 million paid for Series B preferred stock issuance costs, and $0.1 million in payments on debt extinguishment.

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The following sections provide a more detailed discussion of our available financing facilities.

Cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Net cash outflows for 2024 consist of $15.7 million of net cash used in operating activities and $12.7 million of net cash provided by financing activities. Net cash outflows for 2023 consist of $13.4 million of net cash used in operating activities, and $11.6 million of net cash provided by financing activities.

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $15.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and consisted primarily of (i) a net loss of $1.8 million; (ii) a $14.4 million non-cash gain on debt extinguishment; (iii) an unrealized gain on foreign exchange rate changes of $0.3 million; (iv) $10.3 million of non-cash net gains related to changes in fair value; partially offset by (v) a $7.4 million in non-cash IPR&D expense in connection with the Asset Purchase Agreement with Varian; (vi) changes in operating assets and liabilities of $1.1 million; (vii) $1.1 million related to a non-cash loss on impairment of intangible assets; (viii) $0.6 million non-cash expense related to the fair value of the ELOC commitment note and the related derivative liability; (ix) non-cash stock-based compensation of $0.5 million; (x) non-cash expense of $0.2 million related to equity consideration for services; and (xi) depreciation and non-cash amortization of right-of-use assets, debt discounts, and debt amortization of $0.6 million. Changes in prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and operating lease liabilities result from timing differences between the receipt and payment of cash and when the transactions are recognized in our results of operations.

Net cash used in operating activities was $13.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and consisted primarily of (i) a net loss of $20.3 million; partially offset by (ii) a non-cash loss on impairment of goodwill of $3.1 million; (iii) a non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $1.3 million; (iv) changes in operating assets and liabilities of $2.0 million; (v) a non-cash lease expense of $0.4 million; and (vi) depreciation and amortization of $0.1 million. Changes in prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and operating lease liabilities result from timing differences between the receipt and payment of cash and when the transactions are recognized in our results of operations.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was de minimis for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $12.7 million and $11.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, summarized as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2024			2023

Proceeds from ELOC Purchase Agreement, net of issuance costs	$	8,791		$	-
Proceeds from private placements, net of issuance costs		4,120			-
Redemptions of Series C Preferred Stock		(1,876	)		-
Cash dividends on Series C Preferred Stock		(657	)		-
Proceeds from issuance of common stock and warrants, net of issuance costs		-			10,794
Proceeds from ATM Program, net of issuance costs		1,366			755
Payments on debt extinguishment		(200	)		-
Proceeds from convertible notes, net		1,312			-
Principal payments on convertible notes		(150	)		-
Proceeds from June 2024 senior secured notes		350			-
Proceeds from July 2024 senior secured and unsecured notes		200			-
Issuance costs related to Series B Preferred Stock		(68	)		-
Proceeds from exercise of common stock warrants, net of expenses		-			843
Principal payments on loans payable		(455	)		(797	)
Net cash provided by financing activities	$	12,733		$	11,595

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The following sections provide a more detailed discussion of our available financing facilities.

Common Stock Purchase Agreement

In June 2024, we entered into the ELOC Purchase Agreement establishing an equity line of credit with the Purchaser, whereby we have the right, but not the obligation, to sell to the Purchaser, and the Purchaser is obligated to purchase, up to $35 million of newly issued shares of our common stock. The Purchaser is also a holder of the Company's Series C Preferred Stock and Series D Preferred Stock as well as a holder of certain of our convertible notes payable.

Over the 36-month period from and after the Commencement Date, we will control the timing and amount of any sales of common stock to the Purchaser. Actual sales of shares of our common stock to the Purchaser under the ELOC Purchase Agreement will depend on a variety of factors to be determined by us from time to time, including, among others, market conditions, the trading price of our common stock and determinations by us as to the appropriate sources of funding and our operations. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, we sold 0.8 million shares of common stock under the ELOC Purchase Agreement for gross proceeds of $2.4 million. Pursuant to the Company’s Certificate of Designations of Rights and Preferences of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, we are required to use 30% of the proceeds from sales pursuant to the ELOC Purchase Agreement to pay outstanding Series C Preferred Stock dividends and to redeem Series C Preferred Stock at a 20% premium to the $1,000 stated price per share. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, we paid an aggregate redemption price of $0.6 million with $0.1 million applied to accrued and unpaid dividends and $0.5 million to redeem 402 Series C Preferred Shares.

Subsequent to quarter end and through August 19, 2025, we sold 16.8 million shares of our common stock under the ELOC Purchase Agreement for net proceeds of $10.1 million following mandatory redemption payments on our preferred stock.

Loans Payable

In August 2024, we entered into an insurance premium financing and security agreement with IPFS Corporation. Under the agreement, we financed $0.5 million of certain premiums at a 7.94% fixed annual interest rate. Payments of approximately $56,000 are due monthly from August 2024 through May 2025. As of June 30, 2025, there was no amount outstanding under the loan.

Supplementary Disclosure of Non-Cash Activity

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, 10,781 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock and $105,000 of accrued and unpaid dividends were converted into 8,054,644 shares of common stock. Upon conversion, the excess of the stated value of $1,000 per share over the current the carrying value of the shares of the Series C Preferred Stock converted was reclassified to common stock $0.001 par value and additional paid-in capital in the aggregate amount of $3.3 million. There was no gain or loss recognized on the transaction as the shares were converted in accordance with the original terms of the Certificate of Designation of Series C Preferred Stock. In addition, related to the January 2025 Inducement and the May 2025 Inducement, an additional $3.4 million of aggregate value was attributed to the conversions of Series C Preferred Stock related to the inducements.

The Company accretes to Series C Preferred Stock against additional paid-in capital as a deemed dividend for the difference between the initial net carrying value and the full redemption price of $1,000 per share. The Company uses the effective interest method to calculate the accretion amount for each period. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, we recognized $4.9 million in deemed dividends on Series C preferred stock, inclusive of $3.4 million related to the January 2025 Inducement and the May 2025 Inducement.

The Company accretes to Series D Preferred Stock against additional paid-in capital as a deemed dividend for the difference between the initial net carrying value and the full redemption price of $1,000 per share. The Company uses the effective interest method to calculate the accretion amount for each period. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, we recognized $0.1 million in deemed dividends on Series D preferred stock.

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During the six months ended June 30, 2025, we recognized a fair value upon issuance of the June 2025 Notes of $8.6 million and a fair value upon issuance of the June 2025 Warrants of $2.9 million. The June 2025 Notes will be remeasured at each balance sheet date. The June 2025 Warrants are considered permanent equity and do not need to be remeasured.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Purchaser converted the ELOC Commitment Note and its related accrued interest into 56,769 shares of our common stock with a fair value of $0.5 million.

During the first quarter of 2025, we issued the March 2025 Notes for aggregate gross proceeds of $0.25 million. The March 2025 Notes include a 20% original issue discount and bear interest at 10% per annum with such interest compounded each calendar month. Certain conversion and redemption features of the March 2025 Notes would typically be considered derivatives that would require bifurcation. In lieu of bifurcating various features in the agreement, we elected the fair value option for the March 2025 Notes and recognized a fair value upon issuance of $0.4 million.

During the six months ended, we recorded a $20,000 reduction to our common stock warrant liability related to exercises of July 2024 Warrants during the period.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have any material off-balance sheet arrangements as of June 30, 2025 or 2024 or during the periods then ended.

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BUSINESS

Overview

We are a diversified company with several divisions and focused on seeking partnerships and becoming a revenue-generating company through various initiatives. Our operations include pharmaceutical manufacturing as a sourcing agent for Evofem Biosciences, Inc. (“Evofem”), and biotechnology.

We became the manufacturing sourcing agent for Evofem’s FDA-approved product Phexxi® in March 2025 and signed the manufacturing deal with Zhaoke (Hong Kong) Ophthalmology Pharmaceutical Limited in June 2025 to produce the approved product at lower cost.

In addition, in January 2025, we launched a new corporate strategy to become a revenue generating biotech company through acquisitions of small companies and their FDA-approved products. We will seek acquisition targets to achieve our new corporate strategy. We believe there is an opportunity in the market: the acquisition of small companies with FDA-approved products from the many small biotech companies that struggle to maximize their commercialization potential. To capitalize on this opportunity, we plan to become a parent company acquiring strategic subsidiaries with FDA-approved products. Our management team has commercialization expertise in both large pharmaceutical and small biotech companies across multiple therapeutic areas, potentially enabling them to leverage synergies and optimize commercial performance across future subsidiaries. We will seek to use equity to acquire subsidiaries. The number of deals, if any, over time will depend upon the valuation and growth potential of the subsidiary companies.

Our lead product candidate, istaroxime, is a first-in-class, dual-mechanism agent being developed to increase blood pressure and improve cardiac function in patients with cardiogenic shock and to improve cardiac function in patients with acute heart failure, or AHF, and reverse the hypotension and hypoperfusion associated with heart failure that deteriorates to cardiogenic shock. Istaroxime demonstrated significant improvement in both systolic and diastolic aspects of cardiac function and was generally well tolerated in four Phase 2 clinical trials. Istaroxime has been granted Fast Track designation for the treatment of AHF by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA. Based on the profile observed in our Phase 2 clinical studies in AHF, where istaroxime significantly improved cardiac function and systolic blood pressure, or SBP, in acute decompensated heart failure patients and had a favorable renal profile, we initiated a Phase 2 global clinical study, or the SEISMiC Study, to evaluate istaroxime for the treatment of early cardiogenic shock (Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, or SCAI, Stage B shock), a severe form of AHF characterized by very low blood pressure and risk for hypoperfusion to critical organs and mortality. In April 2022, we announced our observations in the SEISMiC Study that istaroxime rapidly and significantly increased SBP while also improving cardiac function and preserving renal function. We believe that istaroxime has the potential to fulfill an unmet need in early and potentially more severe cardiogenic shock. We further believe that the data from the SEISMiC Study supports continued development in both cardiogenic shock and AHF. In September 2024, we announced positive topline results from our Phase 2b SEISMiC Extension Study, or the SEISMiC Extension, which demonstrated that istaroxime infused intravenously significantly improves cardiac function and blood pressure without increasing heart rate or clinically significant cardiac rhythm disturbances. Additionally, on August 5, 2025, we announced the interim analysis of the Phase 2 study in more severe SCAI Stage C cardiogenic shock (the “SEISMiC C Study”). Istaroxime was added to currently available inotropes and vasopressors in the study - no new safety signals were identified and physiological improvements were consistent with istaroxime responses in previous trials.

Our heart failure cardiovascular portfolio also includes other SERCA2a activators. One family of compounds has the dual mechanism of action that includes inhibition of the sodium-potassium ATPase as well as activation of SERCA2a. The other family of compounds are considered selective SERCA2a activators and are devoid of activity against the sodium-potassium ATPase. This research program is evaluating these preclinical product candidates, including oral and intravenous SERCA2a activator heart failure compounds. These candidates would potentially be developed for both acute decompensated and chronic out-patient heart failure. In addition, our cardiovascular drug product candidates include rostafuroxin, a novel product candidate for the treatment of hypertension in patients with a specific genetic profile. We are pursuing potential licensing arrangements and/or other strategic partnerships and do not intend to advance the development of rostafuroxin without securing such an arrangement or partnership.

Our cardiovascular assets and programs are associated with a regional licensed partnership with Lee’s Pharmaceutical (HK) Ltd., or Lee’s (HK), for the development and commercialization of our product candidate, istaroxime, in Greater China. In addition to istaroxime, the agreement also licenses our preclinical next-generation dual mechanism SERCA2a activators, and rostafuroxin. In addition, we are supporting the efforts of Lee’s (HK) in starting a Phase 3 trial in AHF with istaroxime.

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On April 2, 2024, we entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement, or the Asset Purchase Agreement, with Varian Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., or Varian. Pursuant to the Asset Purchase Agreement, we purchased all of the assets of Varian’s business associated with a Licence Agreement, dated as of July 5, 2019, by and between Varian and Cancer Research Technology Limited, or the Licence Agreement, which includes the Licence Agreement, all rights in molecules and compounds subject to the Licence Agreement, know-how and inventory of drug substance, or the Transferred Assets. The Transferred Assets include a novel, potential high-potency, specific, aPKCi inhibitor with possible broad use in oncology as well as certain rare malignant diseases. The asset platform includes two formulations (topical and oral) of an aPKCi inhibitor. We plan to seek partnership for the oncology program alleviating any cash burn on development.

Our ability to advance our corporate strategy is dependent upon our ability to secure additional capital in both the near and long-term, through public or private securities offerings; convertible debt financings; and/or potential strategic opportunities, including licensing agreements, drug product development, marketing collaboration arrangements, pharmaceutical research cooperation arrangements, and/or other similar transactions in geographic markets, including the U.S., and/or through potential grants and other funding commitments from U.S. government agencies, in each case, if available. We have engaged with potential counterparties in various markets and will continue to pursue non-dilutive sources of capital as well as potential private and public securities offerings. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be able to identify and enter into public or private securities offerings on acceptable terms and in amounts sufficient to meet our needs or qualify for non-dilutive funding opportunities under any grant programs sponsored by U.S. government agencies, private foundations, and/or leading academic institutions, or identify and enter into any strategic transactions that will provide the additional capital that we will require. If none of these alternatives is available, or if available and we are unable to raise sufficient capital through such transactions, we potentially could be forced to limit or cease our development activities, as well as modify or cease our operations, either of which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our Development Programs

The table below summarizes the current status and anticipated milestones for our principal product development programs. However, due to the disruptive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, in the U.S. and globally, and its effect on hospital resources, focus, availability of services, and professional staff, our clinical trials and the next expected milestones of our product candidates have previously been impacted, and it is possible that we may experience additional delays in anticipated timelines and milestones. These timelines are dependent on our ability to secure sufficient capital to continue development without interruption.

Product Candidate	Indication	Status	Next Expected Milestone
*Cardiovascular Programs*	Cardiogenic Shock	Phase 2	Completed the planned interim analysis of the study. Istaroxim was added to currently available inotropes and vasopressors in the study - no new safety signals were identified and physiological improvements were consistent with istaroxime responses in previous trials
Istaroxime	Cardiogenic Shock	Phase 2	Completed clinical study in 60 patients; announced positive topline data results in April 2022. Completed the SEISMiC Extension study during the third quarter of 2024, which enrolled 30 subjects with SCAI Stage B cardiogenic shock.
Istaroxime	AHF	Phase 2	Plan to utilize cardiogenic shock Phase 2 data and experience, along with the positive Phase 2a and 2b AHF studies, to potentially proceed toward Phase 3 for acute decompensated heart failure in the normal to low SBP population.
Oral SERCA2a Activators	Chronic and AHF	Preclinical	Ongoing preclinical studies; pursuing potential licensing transactions, research partnership arrangements, or other strategic opportunities.
Rostafuroxin	Genetically Associated Treatment Resistant Hypertension	Phase 2	Pursuing licensing arrangements, other strategic partnerships, and/or grant funding.
*Oncology Programs*
aPKCi Inhibitor (topical and oral)	Cutaneous Malignancies and Solid Tumors	Preclinical	IND-enabling preclinical studies to support the development options under evaluation.

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Cardiovascular Programs

Heart failure is a chronic, progressive condition in which patients often experience episodic periods of increased symptoms known as AHF, where the heart fails to adequately pump, resulting in worsening symptoms, including pulmonary and peripheral edema and other severe complications. In the U.S., approximately 6 million people (nearly 2% of the adult population) have heart failure and approximately half of these patients are expected to die within five years of diagnosis; and in the combined U.S., EU and Japan markets, there are more than 18 million patients suffering from heart failure. Heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalization in patients age 65 years and older. AHF can be precipitated by many factors and puts patients at increased risk for morbidity, hospital readmission and mortality. There are more than 1.3 million hospital admissions for heart failure in the U.S. each year and over 2.5 million hospital estimated admissions for AHF in the combined U.S., the European Union, or EU, and Japan markets. We estimate that AHF may represent a potential combined annual addressable market (U.S., EU and Japan) of approximately two million patients with multi-billion-dollar annual market value.

Our lead product candidate in heart failure is istaroxime, a first-in-class, dual action investigational drug that we are developing to treat cardiogenic shock and AHF with a potentially differentiated safety profile from current therapies.

Istaroxime (Early Cardiogenic Shock)

We are evaluating istaroxime for the treatment of early cardiogenic shock, a severe presentation of heart failure characterized by very low blood pressure and risk for hypoperfusion to critical organs which is associated with high mortality and morbidity and is not well treated with current therapies.

In September 2024, we announced positive topline results from our SEISMiC Extension study which enrolled 30 patients with SCAI Stage B cardiogenic shock and demonstrated significant improvement in systolic blood pressure and cardiac function as well as improving pulmonary congestion and renal function. This study evaluated lower doses and longer duration of dosing than in previous studies. These data were presented at the Heart Failure Society of America meeting in September 2024. This study contributed to optimizing the istaroxime dosing regimen and extended the favorable safety and tolerability profile for the istaroxime program. Multiple secondary endpoints supported the positive outcome on the primary endpoint of systolic blood pressure AUC over the first six hours of study drug infusion. These included assessments from invasive hemodynamics (from a pulmonary artery catheter), echocardiography and Holter monitoring. The most commonly reported adverse events were gastrointestinal (nausea and vomiting) and infusion site discomfort, both known to occur with istaroxime administration from previous clinical trials. Additionally, we have initiated enrollment for the SEISMiC C study, which is expected to enroll up to 100 subjects with SCAI Stage C cardiogenic shock with enrollment anticipated to be completed in Q1 2026. An unblinded review of data from the first 20 subjects is planned to take place in Q3 2025. We believe that the SEISMiC Extension and SEISMiC C studies will further characterize the effects associated with SERCA2a activation and will support our clinical and regulatory strategy for istaroxime. We currently do not have sufficient capital to fully complete the SEISMiC C clinical trial and will need to secure adequate resourcing for the study through financing efforts or business development activities.

Using cardiogenic shock patient U.S. hospital claims and worldwide prevalence data, we estimate the worldwide total market value of cardiogenic shock to be $1.25 billion. This estimate is calculated by multiplying the patient numbers from the largest markets, by the assumed various regional prices of drug treatment in the acute care market. The addressable market for istaroxime will be a subset of the total market value of $1.25 billion.

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Istaroxime (AHF)

In 2019, we announced topline results of a successful Phase 2b clinical trial of istaroxime in AHF in which the primary endpoint of cardiac function, E/e’ ratio (echocardiographic assessment reflecting changes in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, or PCWP, or left ventricular filing pressure) as well as other important parameters were significantly improved. Istaroxime has been granted Fast Track designation by the FDA for the treatment of AHF. In April 2020, at the American College of Cardiology 2020 meeting, a new subset analysis from a Phase 2b study of istaroxime in patients hospitalized with AHF was presented. This post-hoc analysis characterized the responses to istaroxime between Caucasian and Asian patients. The analysis demonstrated that the dose of 0.5 µg/kg/min produced a similar response on E/e’ and stroke volume index in the two regions studied.

Istaroxime represents a novel approach to the treatment of AHF. It has a dual mechanism of action to improve cardiovascular physiology. Current therapy for heart failure in the hospital typically includes intravenous diuretics and, if the blood pressure is low, supportive therapy with inotropes and/or vasopressers. Inotropes and vasopressers are often associated with adverse effects such as hypotension, arrhythmias and, in some cases, increased mortality. These drugs are used only if needed to support blood pressure and cardiac function. We believe that istaroxime, if approved, may have the potential to address unmet medical needs of these patients by improving cardiac function and management of fluid accumulation that contributes to heart failure symptoms with a potentially differentiated safety profile from current AHF therapies, including a potential reduction in complications and improvement of other clinical outcomes.

There is substantial potential synergy between our clinical trial program in early cardiogenic shock and our development program in acute decompensated heart failure. Both programs are focused on treating heart failure patients with acute congestion and low blood pressure requiring hospitalization. We believe that this category of heart failure patients (whether they are in shock or not) could particularly benefit from the unique profile and potential ability of istaroxime to improve cardiac function and increase blood pressure while maintaining or improving renal function. Our strategy is to advance istaroxime in cardiogenic shock as the lead indication and utilize this data and experience, along with the positive Phase 2a and 2b AHF studies, already completed, to potentially enter Phase 3 for acute decompensated heart failure in the normal to low SBP population. We currently do not have sufficient capital to execute our clinical trial in AHF and are seeking partnership opportunities to advance the program. We believe the Phase 3 AHF program being planned by our licensing partner in China may provide supportive data for potential AHF programs initiated in the future.

Rostafuroxin

Rostafuroxin is a novel investigational drug product candidate being developed for the treatment of hypertension in patients with a specific genetic profile, which is found in approximately 20% to 25% of the adult hypertensive population. Rostafuroxin has been studied in three Phase 2 clinical trials assessing reduction in blood pressure in a hypertensive population selected in accordance with the specified genetic profile. After positive Phase 2a results, a Phase 2b study was initiated. In this most recent Phase 2b clinical trial, rostafuroxin demonstrated efficacy in Caucasian patients in treatment naïve hypertension. As part of our annual quantitative impairment assessment of indefinite-lived in-process research and development, or IPR&D, intangible assets as of December 1, 2022, we reassessed certain assumptions related to our rostafuroxin drug candidate due to the continued difficulties in current macroeconomic conditions which have continued to make it more challenging to secure the funding needed to conduct the additional Phase 2 clinical trial and have therefore further delayed our intended development of rostafuroxin. As a result, we recorded an impairment of the related intangible asset during the year ended December 31, 2022. We are continuing to pursue licensing arrangements and/or other strategic partnerships for rostafuroxin. We do not intend to conduct the additional Phase 2 clinical trial without securing such an arrangement or partnership.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the CDC, patients with high blood pressure have a greater risk for heart disease and stroke, which are leading causes of death in the U.S. Nearly half of adults in the U.S. (116 million, or 47%) have hypertension defined as a SBP ≥ 130 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure ≥ 80 mm Hg or are taking medication for hypertension. In 2020, more than half a million deaths in the U.S. included hypertension as a primary or contributing cause. Only about 1 in 4 adults (24%) with hypertension have their condition under control. Patients often have persistent hypertension despite being on multiple therapies. Ethnicity and genetic makeup are known to impact the response to anti-hypertensive treatments, and uncontrolled hypertension has been associated with certain genetic makeups. Given the size of the market and the prevalence of unmet medical needs, major pharmaceutical companies have maintained hypertension as a key area of focus and continue to seek new drugs to compete in markets they have established with previous anti-hypertensive therapies.

SERCA2a Activators - Preclinical Oral, Chronic and AHF Product Candidates

We are pursuing several early exploratory research programs to assess potential product candidates, including oral and intravenous dual mechanism or selective SERCA2a activator heart failure compounds, and believe that we can add value to our cardiovascular portfolio by advancing these SERCA2a activator candidates through preclinical studies. In April 2023, we announced that the European Patent Office has granted Patent No. 3599243, providing patent coverage for the dual mechanism SERCA2a Activator class of drug candidates. This patent provides protection until July 2038 for the family of compounds with a dual mechanism of action. To further advance these product candidates, we are actively exploring potential licensing transactions, research partnership arrangements, or other strategic opportunities. Additionally, the USPTO has issued U.S. Patent No. 11,730,746 covering our dual mechanism SERCA2a activators. The new composition of matter patent provides patent protection through late 2039. Further, the European Patent Office has granted Patent No. 3805243, providing composition of matter patent coverage for the pure SERCA2a Activator class of drug candidates. The pure SERCA2a Activators are one of two families of preclinical drug candidates that act on SERCA2a in the Company’s pipeline. The pure SERCA2a Activators are devoid of action on the Na+/K+ pump while activating SERCA2a. The new European patent provides patent protection until October 9, 2039 for the family of compounds with the pure SERCA2a mechanism of action.

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Istaroxime is the first example of a dual acting agent with SERCA2a activation. We also have two families of follow-on compounds in early development. The first are those endowed with the same dual-mechanism of action as istaroxime, which may include potential oral bioavailability for chronic use, and the second family are those with only SERCA2a stimulatory activity. We believe that these programs represent a heart failure platform that has already provided new, novel intellectual property and additional potential opportunities that may extend into the out-patient, chronic heart failure market.

To further advance these product candidates, we are actively exploring potential licensing transactions, research partnership arrangements, or other strategic opportunities.

Oncology Programs

Protein kinase inhibitors are a class of anti-cancer therapeutics that has made a significant impact on the treatment of cancers. Among the kinase targets for further development are the Protein Kinase C, or PKC, family, which are key components of many signaling pathways that drive the formation of cancer. Recently, numerous publications in the scientific literature have identified one member of the PKC family, aPKCi, as important in a number of oncogenic signaling pathways. Numerous scientific publications have identified aPKCi as an oncogene, whose presence and activation has been implicated in the development and growth of multiple forms of human cancer including basal cell carcinoma, or BCC, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, pancreatic, non-small cell lung cancer, or NSCLC, acute myeloid leukemia, and several others. We are planning to advance aPKCi inhibitory compounds that, based on the literature and preclinical studies to date, we believe may be able to target important signaling pathways that are validated in scientific literature, including the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway, the RAS-RAF-MEK pathway, the TGFbeta pathway and the P13K-AKT-mTOR pathway. These signaling pathways are essential to the formation and growth of many tumor types, including BCC, lung, pancreatic, ovarian and colorectal cancers. GLI1 is a transcription factor at the terminal end of the Hh signaling pathway. In certain cancers, activation of GLI1 has been linked to the promotion of cancer properties such as proliferation, metastasis, chemotherapeutic resistance and others, and there has been observed correlation between GLI1 expression and disease severity. Preclinical data showed dose dependent modulation of BCC cell viability and GLI-1 pathway modulation (downstream from systemic pathway smoothened inhibitors) in vitro, as well as dose dependent anti-tumor activity in xenograft mouse models of non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic ductal carcinoma.

Given the early stage of these product candidates, however, there can be no assurances that we will be able to address this need and we are unable to ascertain with any certainty whether the required preclinical testing can be completed, or completed in a timely fashion, nor whether the preclinical data generated will be sufficient to get regulatory approval or allowance to initiate a human clinical trial.

aPKCi inhibitor (topical formulation previously designated as VAR-101)

The topical (cutaneous) formulation is a small molecule that may have potential for the treatment of BCC. The API in aPKCi inhibitor (topical) has demonstrated dose dependent anti-tumor activity in murine and human BCC cell lines, in studies performed at Cancer Research UK, or CRUK, a charity registered in England and Scotland, and based in London, United Kingdom. CRUK collaborators, including Stanford University under a sponsored research agreement with CRUK, completed the preclinical tumor cell line data and the BCC cell line data that formed the basis for additional “method of use” patents that are included in the License Agreement. These types of in vitro studies in tumor cell lines are typical early-stage models of activity or efficacy when testing a new chemical compound, the data from which is used in regulatory filings for first-in-man clinical trials. These mouse models of BCC and lung cancer were performed by CRUK and their collaborators.

aPKCi inhibitor (oral formulation previously designated as VAR-102)

The oral formulation is a small molecule that may have potential for the treatment of solid tumors. The API in the aPKCi inhibitor (oral)is the same as the API in aPKCi inhibitor (topical). In the scientific literature, the presence and activation of aPKCi has been implicated in the growth of multiple human cancers including NSCLC, pancreatic, and ovarian cancer. The API in aPKCi inhibitor (oral) has demonstrated dose dependent anti-tumor activity in a mouse model of NSCLC (squamous cell lung carcinoma), in studies performed at CRUK and with its collaborators. Preclinical experiments of the API in aPKCi inhibitor (oral), appears to show dose dependent anti-tumor activity in a xenograft NSCLC model.

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Our Strategy

We intend to generate revenue through the acquisitions of small companies and their FDA-approved products while also maximizing the value of our product candidates and proprietary technologies. Our strategy to achieve this goal includes plans to:

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Generate revenue through the acquisitions of small companies and their FDA-approved products. In January 2025, we announced the launch of a new corporate strategy to become a revenue generating biotech company through acquisitions of small companies and their FDA-approved products while we continue to progress our cardiovascular and oncology development pipeline. We intend to seek acquisition targets to achieve this corporate strategy. We believe there is an opportunity in the market to acquire small companies with FDA-approved products from the many small biotech companies that struggle to maximize their commercialization potential. Our management team has commercialization expertise in both large pharmaceutical and small biotech companies across multiple therapeutic areas, potentially enabling them to leverage synergies and optimize commercial performance across future subsidiaries. We will seek to use equity to acquire subsidiaries;

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Seek partnership to advance istaroxime for the treatment of AHF via our licensed partner regionally and potential future partnerships globally. We plan to utilize cardiogenic shock Phase 2 data and experience, along with the positive Phase 2a and 2b AHF studies, to potentially proceed toward Phase 3 for acute decompensated heart failure in the normal to low SBP population subject to obtaining adequate funding;

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Seek partnership to support the continued study istaroxime for cardiogenic shock and, if the drug demonstrates adequate potential to raise blood pressure and improve cardiac function with an acceptable safety profile, obtain further partnerships to support the late-stage development of an indication in cardiogenic shock. In March 2022, we completed a 60-patient Phase 2 clinical trial in early cardiogenic shock. In April 2022, we announced positive topline results with istaroxime in raising SBP. In September 2024, we announced positive topline results from our SEISMiC Extension study which enrolled 30 patients with SCAI Stage B cardiogenic shock and demonstrated significant improvement in systolic blood pressure and cardiac function as well as improving pulmonary congestion and renal function. This study evaluated lower doses and longer duration of dosing than in previous studies. Additionally, on August 5, 2025 we announced the interim analysis of the Phase 2 study in more severe SCAI Stage C cardiogenic shock, or the SEISMiC C Study. Istaroxime was added to currently available inotropes and vasopressors in the study - no new safety signals were identified and physiological improvements were consistent with istaroxime responses in previous trials.

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Seek partnership to advance development of chronic and acute preclinical heart failure programs. In an effort to create added value for our cardiovascular portfolio, we plan to advance oral (chronic) and intravenous (acute) SERCA2a activator product candidates through selected preclinical studies to progress toward submission of an investigational new drug application, or IND, subject to the receipt of adequate resourcing through potential licensing transactions, research partnership arrangements, or other strategic opportunities;

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Seek partnership to advance development of our aPKCi platform through IND-enablement and into human testing. Our initial focus is on the topical formulation being developed for cutaneous malignancies. We intend to further refine the full development strategy and plan in 2025 by matching preclinical data, key product candidate attributes, scientific rationale and market opportunities to help determine what we would believe to be the optimal development path and tumor type program focus; and

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Enhance our product portfolio and leverage our depth of experience in clinical development and commercialization, we plan to pursue a focused business development agenda directed towards enhancing our current offerings and identifying additional product candidates that enhance our portfolio and provide more opportunity to grow value and diversify risk. The strategic focus is on areas that fit our market focus (specialty critical, acute care and/or orphan designation), fit our scale for development and cost structure and leverage our therapeutic area and other competencies such as clinical-stage development.

In addition, our board and management are considering changing or diversifying the nature of our business and pursuing other sectors that are more likely to produce revenue generating opportunities in the near future than our current business, either in addition to or instead of our existing biotechnology business. The reason for the board and management’s consideration of a change in business is a result of various factors, such as changes in market conditions, customer demand, regulatory environment, competitive landscape, availability of financing and strategic alternatives. We have not made any decisions relating to a change or expansion in the nature of our business, as well opportunities management and the board of directors believe are available to, and in the best interest of, the Company.

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Our Product Candidates

Istaroxime

Our lead cardiovascular product candidate is istaroxime, a novel, first-in-class, dual action investigational drug that we are developing to treat early cardiogenic shock and AHF. Istaroxime has been evaluated in a Phase 2 clinical study for the acute treatment of cardiogenic shock in more severe heart failure patients than previously studied in the Phase 2 AHF program. This study demonstrated the potential of istaroxime to improve blood pressure (primary measure) and cardiac function (secondary measure) while simultaneously increasing cardiac output and preserving renal function. Istaroxime has also been evaluated in two Phase 2 clinical trials in AHF. The results of these studies indicate that istaroxime may improve cardiovascular physiological function as assessed by cardiac output/stroke volume, heart rate, blood pressure and renal function (as measured by glomerular filtration rate) without adverse events such as increased incidence of arrhythmias or cardiac damage (as indicated by elevated troponin values). In August 2019, the FDA granted us Fast Track designation for istaroxime for the treatment of AHF.

AHF and Early Cardiogenic Shock Overview

Early cardiogenic shock is a severe presentation of heart failure characterized by very low blood pressure and risk for hypoperfusion to critical organs. It is associated with high mortality and morbidity and is not well treated with current therapies.

Heart failure can result from structural or functional cardiac abnormalities. Heart failure is a chronic, progressive disease that commonly but episodically worsens to a point of critical decompensation, where cardiac output fails to meet the body’s metabolic needs. The disease is characterized by inadequate pumping function of the heart that results in fluid accumulation manifesting as pulmonary congestion, peripheral edema and congestion in other parts of the body. Insufficient cardiac output can result in inadequate peripheral perfusion that increases the risk of other organ dysfunction such as renal failure. Chronic heart failure is commonly treated with multiple medications including diuretics, inhibitors of neurohumoral imbalances (angiotensin, renin, aldosterone, naturetic peptides) and beta blockers. Effective treatments for AHF in a hospital setting are lacking.

Clinical objectives for AHF patient management include: (i) relieve pulmonary congestion and general edema with intravenous diuretics, (ii) improve cardiac function and peripheral / organ perfusion, (iii) achieve a stable, fully compensated clinical state, and (iv) transition to oral, outpatient medicines (for chronic management of their heart failure).

Current approaches to acutely improve cardiac function are associated with unwanted effects including heart rhythm disturbances, increased heart rate and myocardial oxygen demand, decreased blood pressure, potential damage to the heart muscle, worsening renal function, and even increases in mortality have been observed. In particular, patients with low SBP and peripheral hypoperfusion are high risk, challenging patients and are also generally resistant to diuretic therapy and often discharged in a sub-optimal state.

Method of Action

Istaroxime represents a novel approach to the treatment of AHF. It has a dual mechanism of action to improve cardiovascular physiology. First, it inhibits the sodium-potassium ATPase activity leading to improved myocardial contractility. Second, it activates the SERCA2a calcium pump on the sarcoplasmic reticulum, or SR, leading to enhanced SR calcium uptake and a reduction in cytoplasmic calcium that is thought to improve myocardial relaxation and provide for increased calcium release for the subsequent contraction.

We believe that these mechanisms of action may result in improvement in cardiac function and perfusion to reduce congestion and edema and preserve other organ function while avoiding the side effects associated with other classes of heart failure therapies. Data from preclinical, Phase 2a and Phase 2b clinical studies performed to date suggest that istaroxime may improve cardiovascular physiology without an increase in adverse events such as arrhythmias, cardiac damage (as indicated by elevated troponin values) or adverse impact on kidney function. We believe that these features of istaroxime, if approved, could potentially result in clinical improvement of patients' heart failure symptoms, reduce complications, and improve other clinical outcomes when compared to current therapeutic regimens for AHF.

Clinical Development

Early Cardiogenic Shock

After assessing the regulatory landscape and data from the istaroxime Phase 2 clinical program in AHF and discussions with our scientific advisors, we added to our istaroxime development program a study in early cardiogenic shock due to heart failure. We believe that istaroxime may fulfill an unmet medical need in early cardiogenic shock based on the profile observed in prior Phase 2 clinical studies in AHF, in which istaroxime improved cardiac stroke volume and increased SBP, suggesting that istaroxime could potentially contribute to the clinical improvement of select patients in cardiogenic shock due to heart failure.

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In the second half of 2020, we initiated a study of istaroxime for the acute treatment of early cardiogenic shock in patients with more severe cases of heart failure, to evaluate the potential to improve blood pressure. This study was a Phase 2 international randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study to assess the effect of istaroxime in patients with early cardiogenic shock due to heart failure. This study included 60 patients (29 assigned to istaroxime and 31 assigned to placebo) receiving study drug infusion over 24 hours. Two istaroxime target doses were utilized in the treatment arm, with approximately half of the patients receiving 1.5 µg/kg/min and approximately half of the patients receiving 1.0 µg/kg/min. The primary endpoint was the change in SBP over six hours after initiating the infusion. Secondary endpoints included characterization of blood pressure changes over 24 hours, the number of patients requiring rescue therapy (vasopressors, inotropes, or mechanical devices), assessment of renal function and measures associated with safety and tolerability. The study also evaluated the safety and side effect profile of istaroxime in this patient population. In March 2022, we completed enrollment. In April 2022, we announced positive topline results with istaroxime in raising SBP. In May 2022, we presented the study results at the European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Meeting in Madrid, Spain.

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The study met its primary endpoint in SBP profile over six hours, with the istaroxime treated group performing significantly better compared to the control group (p =0.017). The improvement persisted through the 24-hour SBP profile measurement, which was also statistically significant (p=0.025).

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SBP increases were rapid within the first hour and sustained throughout the 96-hour post-infusion measure.

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Istaroxime treatment demonstrated improvement in cardiac index compared to the control (p = 0.016). Patients treated with istaroxime also experienced a substantial increase in stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped from the heart with each contraction).

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Several other secondary cardiac assessments were significantly improved including left atrial area and left ventricular end systolic volume. Left ventricular end diastolic volume was also decreased with treatment.

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Renal function (GFR) was maintained.

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Istaroxime was generally well tolerated with the 1.0 µg/kg/min dose group performing numerically better on efficacy and safety than the 1.5 µg/kg/min dose group. There were more reports of nausea, vomiting and infusion site pain in the istaroxime treated patients. There were no differences in arrhythmias through the 48 hour after study drug administration as determined by Holter monitoring. All-cause mortality was greatest in the 1.5 µg/kg/min istaroxime dose group (3) while the endpoint of all-cause mortality or heart failure readmission through 30 days favored the istaroxime 1.0 µg/kg/min dose group.

In September 2024, we reported the results of the SEISMiC Extension study in a population of SCAI Stage B cardiogenic shock very similar to that studied in SEISMiC. This study was a Phase 2 international randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study to assess the effect of istaroxime in patients with early cardiogenic shock due to heart failure. This study included 30 patients (2:1 randomization istaroxime to placebo). Study drug was infused for up to 60 hours. Two istaroxime target doses were utilized in the active treatment arm, with approximately half of the patients receiving 1.0 µg/kg/min for six hours followed by 0.5 µg/kg/min for 42 hours followed by 0.25 µg/kg/min for 12 hours and approximately half of the patients receiving 0.5 µg/kg/min for 48 hours. The primary endpoint was the change in SBP over six hours after initiating the infusion. Secondary endpoints included invasive hemodynamic measures from a pulmonary artery catheter, assessment of renal function and measures associated with safety and tolerability. In September 2024, we announced positive topline results with istaroxime in raising SBP. The data was presented at the Heart Failure Society of America Scientific Meeting in September 2024 and at the 3CT meeting in December 2024.

The results of these studies in early cardiogenic shock due to heart failure confirmed and extended the profile of istaroxime in decompensated heart failure and provided valuable information to advance the program in shock and AHF.

AHF

Istaroxime has been evaluated in six clinical trials assessing various doses in more than 300 subjects, including two AHF Phase 2 clinical trials. In a Phase 2a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation clinical trial, three doses of istaroxime were evaluated in a study of 120 hospitalized patients (approximately 30 patients per cohort) with AHF and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. The three doses of istaroxime were administered intravenously over six hours. In this clinical trial, the primary endpoint of lowering of PCWP was significantly improved in all three doses relative to placebo, and certain secondary hemodynamic endpoints (increased SBP and decreased heart rate) also improved. The main side effects were vomiting (7.9%) and pain at the infusion site (5.6%); one severe adverse event of ventricular tachycardia was observed. The favorable effects on PCWP, blood pressure and heart rate provided the basis for moving the program forward into a Phase clinical 2b trial and for selecting the doses to study.

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The primary endpoint of the istaroxime Phase 2b clinical trial for AHF was a change from baseline to 24 hours after start of infusion (Day 1) in E/e’ with istaroxime 0.5 or 1.0 µg/kg/min compared to placebo. The E/e’ ratio is a marker of the function of the left ventricle, or LV, of the heart and was measured using doppler echocardiography read by a central laboratory. Secondary endpoints included change in other parameters of cardiac function, such as diastolic function, or E/A, stroke volume, or SVI, left ventricle ejection fraction, or LVEF, LV volumes, left atrial, or LA, area, interior vena cava, or IVC, diameter. A 24-hour infusion of istaroxime was associated with significant improvements in cardiac function, in both dosing groups, with a mean E/e' of -4.55 for the 0.5 µg/kg/min group and -3.16 for the 1.0 µg/kg/min group, compared with mean placebo E/e’ ratios of -1.55 and -1.08, respectively. Twenty-four-hour infusions of istaroxime were also associated with substantial increases in stroke volume in both dosing groups, with a mean SVI value of 5.33 ml/beat/m2 for the 0.5 µg/kg/min group and 5.49 ml/beat/m2 for the 1.0 µg/kg/min group, compared with the mean placebo SVI of 1.65 ml/beat/m2 and 3.18 ml/beat/m2, respectively. Importantly, subjects also maintained or increased SBP, with a mean change in SBP of 2.82 mmHg for the 0.5 µg/kg/min group and 6.1 mmHg for the 1.0 µg/kg/min group, compared with the mean placebo SBP values of -2.47 mmHg and 2.7 mmHg, respectively. There were no signs of increased risk for arrhythmias or increased troponin levels (a marker of heart muscle damage) during or after istaroxime infusion. Additionally, blood pressure tended to increase, and heart rate decreased, during the infusion with istaroxime. The findings were consistent with the physiologic improvements seen in the Phase 2a study of istaroxime in AHF.

Istaroxime was generally well tolerated. Istaroxime did not appear to be associated with an increased risk for arrhythmias or increases in cardiac troponin T. The rate of cardiovascular-related adverse events was 23% for placebo, 10% for istaroxime low dose, and 18% for istaroxime high dose, with cardiac failure occurring in 3%, 5% and 8% of placebo, low dose and high dose patients, respectively. The cases of cardiac failure were reported by the investigator as “worsening of heart failure” symptoms that occurred approximately 10-14 days after study drug administration and were not considered to be drug related. The most common adverse drug reactions reported included pain at infusion site, generally associated with use of short catheters, and dose-related gastrointestinal adverse events in 5%, 10% and 38% of placebo, low dose and high dose patients, respectively. Serious adverse events included one cardiac death and one case of cardiogenic shock (in the same patient who died) in the istaroxime 1.0 µg/kg/min group, two cases of cardiac failure in the 0.5 µg/kg/min group, three cases of cardiac failure in the 1.0 µg/kg/min group, and one case of renal embolism in the 1.0 µg/kg/min group.

Manufacturing

Istaroxime is manufactured for us by an affiliate of Lee’s (HK).

The active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, used in production of the drug product candidate is manufactured by ScinoPharm Taiwan, Ltd.

We contracted with Clinigen for the receipt, labeling, packaging and distribution of drug and materials to support the istaroxime Phase 2 clinical trial in early cardiogenic shock.

Rostafuroxin

Hypertension Overview

According to the CDC, patients with high blood pressure have a greater risk for heart disease and stroke, which are leading causes of death in the U.S. Nearly half of adults in the U.S. (116 million, or 47%) have hypertension defined as a SBP ≥ 130 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure ≥ 80 mm Hg or are taking medication for hypertension. In 2020, more than half a million deaths in the U.S. included hypertension as a primary or contributing cause. Only about 1 in 4 adults (24%) with hypertension have their condition under control. Patients often have persistent hypertension despite being on multiple therapies. Ethnicity and genetic makeup are known to impact the response to anti-hypertensive treatments, and uncontrolled hypertension has been associated with certain genetic makeups. Given the size of the market and the prevalence of unmet medical needs, major pharmaceutical companies have maintained hypertension as a key area of focus and continue to seek new drugs to compete in markets they have established with previous anti-hypertensive therapies. We are currently engaged in a process to test the industry’s interest in investing in new drugs in this market, and plan to pursue potential licensing transactions and/or other strategic opportunities with a company that has interest in and/or operates in the anti-hypertension market.

Method of Action

Rostafuroxin is designed to be a selective antagonist of adducin polymorphisms and endogenous ouabain, both known triggers of hypertension, and creates functional effects by enhancing renal tubular sodium reabsorption and targeting vascular alterations associated with this type of hypertension.

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Clinical Development

Rostafuroxin has been studied in three Phase 2 clinical trials assessing reduction in blood pressure in a hypertensive population selected in accordance with a specified genetic profile. A Phase 2b clinical trial was conducted as a two-part study with the first part conducted in Italy with Caucasian patients and the second part conducted in Taiwan with ethnic Chinese patients. The efficacy results in Italy were positive in both this trial and in an earlier Phase 2a clinical trial; however, the blood pressure response in Chinese patients in the second part of the Phase 2b study was minimal.

Rostafuroxin has demonstrated efficacy in Caucasian patients in treatment naïve hypertension in a Phase 2b trial. As part of our annual quantitative impairment assessment of indefinite-lived in-process research and development, or IPR&D, intangible assets as of December 1, 2022, we reassessed certain assumptions related to our rostafuroxin drug candidate due to the continued difficulties in current macroeconomic conditions which have continued to make it more challenging to secure the funding needed to conduct the additional Phase 2 clinical trial and have therefore further delayed our intended development of rostafuroxin. As a result, we recorded an impairment of the related intangible asset during the year ended December 31, 2022 (See the section titled, “Note 4 - Accounting Policies - Intangible Assets and Goodwill”). We are continuing to pursue licensing arrangements and/or other strategic partnerships for rostafuroxin. We do not intend to conduct the additional Phase 2 clinical trial without securing such an arrangement or partnership.

Manufacturing

The drug product candidate for rostafuroxin is manufactured by an affiliate of Lee’s (HK).

The active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, used in the production of the drug product candidate is manufactured by SciAnda (Changshu) Pharmaceutical, Ltd.

Preclinical Heart Failure Product Candidates

We are pursuing early exploratory research to assess our preclinical follow-on oral and intravenous SERCA2a activator heart failure compounds. To advance these product candidates, we are actively exploring potential licensing transactions, research partnership arrangements, or other strategic opportunities.

Preclinical Heart Failure Product Candidates

Preclinical Oncology Product Candidates

Our lead oncology product candidate is an aPKCi inhibitor with potential topical and oral formulations.

Method of Action

Preclinical Development

Our initial focus is on the topical formulation being developed for cutaneous malignancies. Because of the signaling pathways mentioned previously, basal cell skin cancer is an example of the type of cutaneous malignancy where an aPKCi inhibitor could potentially be efficacious. BCC originates in the basal part of the epidermis in sun-exposed skin surfaces. BCC is the most common form cancer in humans, and the most common form of skin cancer, estimated to occur in more than 3 million Americans annually. While rarely fatal, multiple BCCs (synchronous and metachronous) can occur in a single individual and can be destructive and disfiguring, especially when treatment is inadequate or delayed. BCC occurs on the head and neck (including face) in the majority of cases.

We intend to further refine the full development strategy and in 2025, we intend to analyze our optimal development path and tumor type program focus by assessing preclinical data, key product candidate attributes, scientific rationale and market opportunities.

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Manufacturing

We do not own or operate manufacturing facilities for the production of topical or oral formulations of our aPKCi inhibitor or the APIs. We plan to rely upon third-party contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, to produce these product candidates. We believe that any materials required for the manufacture of these drug candidates could be obtained from more than one source.

Material Licenses and Collaborations

License, Development and Commercialization Agreement with Lee’s Pharmaceutical (HK) Ltd.

On January 12, 2024, we entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement with Lee’s (HK) effective as of January 7, 2024, or the Lee’s (HK) License Agreement. Under the Lee’s (HK) License Agreement, we granted an exclusive license, with a right to sublicense, to develop, register, make, use, sell, offer for sale, import, distribute and otherwise commercialize products that incorporate istaroxime for intravenous administration, rostafuroxin for oral administration, and our proprietary dual-mechanism SERCA2a activators for intravenous or oral administration, in each case for the prevention, mitigation and/or treatment of any disease, disorder or condition in humans including acute decompensated heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and chronic use following discharge of an individual hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure in the Greater China region (See the section titled, “Note 18 - Related Party Transactions”).

Amended and Restated License, Development and Commercialization Agreement with Lee’s Pharmaceutical (HK) Ltd. and Zhaoke Pharmaceutical (Hefei) Co. Ltd.

On August 17, 2022, we entered into an Amended and Restated License, Development and Commercialization Agreement, or the A&R License Agreement, with Lee’s (HK) and Zhaoke Pharmaceutical (Hefei) Co. Ltd., or Zhaoke, a company organized under the laws of the People’s Republic of China, effective as of August 9, 2022. We refer to Zhaoke and Lee’s (HK) together as the “Licensee” and each of which is an affiliate of Lee’s Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, or Lee’s Holdings. The A&R License Agreement amends, restates and supersedes the License, Development and Commercialization Agreement between us and Lee’s (HK) dated as of June 12, 2017, as amended, or the Original License Agreement. The Original License Agreement previously granted Lee’s (HK) an exclusive license to develop, market and sell non-aerosolized KL4 surfactant for the treatment of human diseases and aerosolized KL4 surfactant (including AEROSURF, our investigative combination drug/device product) for the treatment of human respiratory diseases, in each case in Greater China, Japan, South Korea and certain other Southeast Asia countries. Under the A&R License Agreement, we granted to Licensee an exclusive license, with a right to sublicense, to develop, register, make, use, sell, offer for sale, import, distribute, and otherwise commercialize our KL4 surfactant products, including SURFAXIN®, the lyophilized dosage form of SURFAXIN, and aerosolized KL4 surfactant, in each case for the prevention, mitigation, and/or treatment of any respiratory disease, disorder, or condition in humans worldwide, except for Andorra, Greece, and Italy (including the Republic of San Marino and Vatican City), Portugal, and Spain, or the Licensed Territory, which countries are currently exclusively licensed to Laboratorios Del Dr. Esteve, S.A., or Esteve . If and when the exclusive license granted to Esteve terminates as to any country, such country automatically becomes part of the Licensed Territory of Licensee.

Under the Original License Agreement, Lee’s (HK) previously made an upfront payment to us of $1.0 million. Pursuant to the terms of the A&R License Agreement, we may also receive up to $78.9 million in potential clinical, regulatory and commercial milestone payments. We are also entitled to receive a low double-digit percentage of Licensee’s non-royalty sublicense income. We are also eligible to receive tiered royalties based on a percentage of Net Sales (as defined in the A&R License Agreement) that ranges from low single digit to low teen percentages, depending on the product. Royalties are payable on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis until the latest of (i) the expiration of the last valid patent claim covering the product in the country of sale, (ii) the expiration or revocation of any applicable regulatory exclusivity in the country of sale, and (iii) ten years after the first commercial sale of the product in the country of sale. Thereafter, in consideration of licensed rights other than patent rights, royalties shall continue for the commercial life of each product but at substantially reduced rates. In addition, the royalty rates are subject to reduction by as much as 50% in a given country based on generic competition in such country.

Under the A&R License Agreement, Licensee is solely and exclusively responsible for all costs and activities related to the development, manufacturing, regulatory approval and commercialization of licensed products in the Licensed Territory including all royalties payable in respect of third-party intellectual property rights sublicensed by us to Licensee and all intellectual property prosecution, maintenance and defense activities and costs. Licensee may sublicense certain activities under the A&R License Agreement to an affiliate of Licensee but may not grant sublicenses to unaffiliated third parties without our prior consent and, if the proposed sublicense will cover the U.S., without first complying with rights of first offer and rights to match granted to us under the A&R License Agreement. A sublicensee and a subcontractor may not be a competitor identified by us. Sublicenses under the A&R License Agreement do not include the right to further sublicense.

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The term of the A&R License Agreement will continue on a country-by-country basis for the commercial life of the products. Either party may terminate the A&R License Agreement in the event of bankruptcy or a material breach of the A&R License Agreement by the other party that remains uncured for a period of 60 days (or within 30 days after delivery of a Default Notice (as defined in the A&R License Agreement) if such material breach is solely based on the breaching party’s failure to pay amount due under the A&R License Agreement). At any time after the second anniversary of the A&R License Agreement, Licensee may terminate the A&R License Agreement in its entirety or on a product-by-product basis. In addition, either party may terminate the A&R License Agreement with respect to any individual product in a country if a regulatory authority in such country terminates, suspends or discontinues development of such product and such termination, suspension or discontinuance persists for a period in excess of 18 months. Upon termination of the A&R License Agreement in its entirety or with respect to a particular product or country, generally all related rights and licenses granted to Licensee will terminate, all rights under our technology will revert to us, and Licensee will cease all use of our technology, in each case in relation to the terminated product(s) and country(ies), as applicable.

Philip Morris License Agreements

In 2008, we entered into an Amended and Restated License Agreement with Philip Morris USA, Inc., or PMUSA, with respect to the U.S., or the U.S. License Agreement, and, as PMUSA had assigned its ex-U.S. rights to Philip Morris Products S.A., or PMPSA, effective on the same date and on substantially the same terms and conditions, we entered into a license agreement with PMPSA with respect to rights outside of the U.S., which we refer to, together with the U.S. License Agreement, as the PM License Agreements. Under the PM License Agreements, we have worldwide exclusive rights to the PMUSA and PMPSA proprietary capillary aerosol technology, which is a key component of our ADS, for use in a drug/device combination product with pulmonary surfactants (alone or in combination with other pharmaceutical compounds) for all respiratory diseases and conditions. In addition, under the U.S. License Agreement, our license to use the capillary aerosol technology includes certain non-surfactant drugs to treat certain designated pediatric and adult respiratory indications in hospitals and other health care institutions. See the section titled, “- Patents and Proprietary Rights - Aerosol Delivery System (ADS) Patent Rights.”

The PM License Agreements provide for the payment of royalties at a rate equal to a low single-digit percentage of sales of products sold in the Exclusive Field (as defined in the PM License Agreements) in the territories. In connection with exclusive undertakings of PMUSA and PMPSA not to exploit the aerosol technology for all licensed uses, royalties on all product sales, including sales of certain aerosol devices that are not based on the licensed aerosol technology are contemplated; provided, however, that no royalties are payable to the extent that we exercise our right to terminate the license with respect to a specific indication. While there is no legal obligation under the PM License Agreements to make minimum royalty payments, in the event we do not make quarterly minimum royalty payments, PMUSA and PMPSA can terminate the PM License Agreements. In making such payments, we are entitled to reduce future quarterly royalties above the quarterly minimums in the amount of the true-up payments we make to satisfy minimum royalties for prior quarters. Our license rights extend to innovations to the aerosol technology that are made under the PM License Agreements.

In addition to customary termination provisions for breach of the agreements, we may terminate the PM License Agreements, in whole or in part, upon advance written notice to the licensor. In addition, either party to each PM License Agreement may terminate upon a material breach by the other party (subject to a specified cure period). PMUSA and PMPSA may also terminate the PM License Agreements in the event that we fail to make certain minimum royalty payments. Our license under each PM License Agreement, unless terminated earlier, will expire as to each licensed product, on a country-by-country basis, upon the latest to occur of: the date on which the sale of such licensed product ceases to be covered by a valid patent claim in such country; the date a generic form of the product is introduced in such country; or the tenth anniversary of the first commercial sale of such licensed product.

Pursuant to the A&R License Agreement described above, Licensee has agreed to assume certain of our obligations under the PM License Agreements.

On January 16, 2024, we entered into Amendment No. 1 to the U.S. License Agreement with PMUSA and also entered into Amendment No. 1 to the License Agreement with PMPSA in which the parties extinguished and released their respective rights, obligations and claims in respect of quarterly payments in effect immediately prior to January 17, 2024 (See the section titled, “Note 13 - Other Current Liabilities”).

Battelle Collaboration Agreement

In October 2014, we entered into a Collaboration Agreement with Battelle, or, as amended, the Battelle Collaboration Agreement, for the development of our new ADS for use in our Phase 3 program. We had previously worked with Battelle, which has expertise in developing and integrating aerosol devices using innovative and advanced technologies, in connection with development of our Phase 2 ADS used in the AEROSURF Phase 2b clinical trial. Under the Battelle Collaboration Agreement, we and Battelle shared the costs of development for a three-stage development plan that included planning, executing the project plan and testing and completing verification and documentation of a new Phase 3 ADS, putting us in a position to manufacture a new Phase 3 ADS for use in the remaining AEROSURF development activities, including a potential Phase 3 clinical program, and, if approved, initial commercial activities. We retained final decision-making authority over all matters related to the design, registration, manufacture, packaging, marketing, distribution and sale of the Phase 3 ADS. We and Battelle shared the costs of the project plan equally. Battelle agreed to bear the cost of any cost overruns associated with the project plan and we agreed to bear the cost of any increase in cost resulting from changes in the scope of the product requirements. We also agreed that, if Battelle successfully completed the project plan in a timely manner, we would pay Battelle royalties equal to a low single-digit percentage of the worldwide net sales and license royalties on sales of AEROSURF for the treatment of RDS in premature infants, up to an initial aggregate limit of $25.0 million, which under a payment restructuring agreement (discussed below), was increased to $35.0 million. The Battelle Collaboration Agreement will end at the time we fulfill our payment obligations to Battelle, unless sooner terminated by a party as provided therein.

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Pursuant to the A&R License Agreement described above, Licensee has agreed to assume certain of our obligations under the Battelle Collaboration Agreement.

Laboratorios del Dr. Esteve, S.A. Strategic Alliance

We have a strategic alliance with Esteve for the development, marketing and sales of a broad portfolio of potential KL4 surfactant products in Andorra, Greece, and Italy (including the Republic of San Marino and Vatican City), Portugal, and Spain, or, collectively, the Territory. Under the alliance, Esteve will pay us a transfer price on sales of our KL4 surfactant products. We are responsible for the manufacture and supply of all of the covered products and Esteve will be responsible for all sales and marketing in the Territory. Esteve is obligated to make stipulated cash payments to us upon our achievement of certain milestones, primarily upon receipt of marketing regulatory approvals for the covered products. In addition, Esteve has agreed to contribute to Phase 3 clinical trials for the covered products by conducting and funding development performed in the Territory. As part of a 2004 restructuring, Esteve returned certain rights to us in certain territories, or the Former Esteve Territories, and we agreed to pay Esteve 10% of any cash up front and milestone fees (up to a maximum aggregate of $20.0 million) that we receive in connection with any strategic collaborations for the development and/or commercialization of certain of our KL4 surfactant products in the Former Esteve Territories. In addition, with respect to our aerosolized KL4 surfactant, Esteve will pay us $0.5 million upon the initial filing for regulatory approval with the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, and $0.5 million upon receipt of regulatory approval. Esteve will also contribute up to $3 million to support a Phase 3 clinical trial in the Territory. The alliance will terminate as to each covered product, on a country-by-country basis, upon the latest to occur of: the expiration of the last patent claim related to a covered product in such country; the first commercial sale in such country of the first-to-appear generic formulation of the covered product, and the tenth anniversary of the first sale of the covered product in such country. In addition to customary termination provisions for breach of the agreement by a party, the alliance agreement may be terminated by Esteve on 60 days’ prior written notice, up to the date of receipt of the first marketing regulatory approval, or, on up to six months’ written notice, if the first marketing regulatory approval has issued. We may terminate the alliance agreement in the event that Esteve acquires a competitive product (as defined in the agreement).

Johnson & Johnson License Agreement

Our precision-engineered KL4 surfactant technology was invented at The Scripps Research Institute, or Scripps, and was exclusively licensed to and further developed by Johnson & Johnson, or J&J. Pursuant to a license agreement, dated October 28, 1996, with J&J and its wholly owned subsidiary, Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation, or the J&J license, we obtained an exclusive, worldwide license and sublicense to a series of over 30 patents and patent filings (worldwide), or the J&J Patents. All J&J Patents have expired. Under the license agreement, we are obligated to pay the licensors fees of up to $3.0 million in the aggregate upon our achievement of certain milestones, primarily upon receipt of marketing regulatory approvals for certain designated products. We have made milestone payments totaling $1.0 million to date. In addition, the agreement provides that we are required to pay royalties at different rates based on the type of revenue and country, in amounts in the range of a high single-digit percent of net sales (as defined in the license agreement) of licensed products sold by us or sublicensees, or, if greater, a percentage of royalty income from sublicensees in the low double digits. The license agreement provides that the license will expire, on a country-by-country basis, upon the payment of royalties for all licensed products for ten years beginning on the date of the first commercial sale of the first licensed product in such country. Thereafter, the license agreement provides that royalties shall be paid in respect of a licensed product until the expiration of the last licensed patent containing a valid claim covering the licensed product in such country. For countries in the EU in which royalties are paid only by virtue of licensed know-how, royalties shall be payable commencing from the date of first commercial sale of the first licensed product in such country and ending on the earlier of (i) the date on which the licensed know-how becomes public or (ii) the tenth anniversary of the first commercial sale of the first licensed product in any country of the EU. In addition to customary termination provisions for breach of the agreement by a party, we may terminate the agreement, as to countries other than the U.S. and Western Europe territories (as defined in the agreement), on a country-by-country basis, on six months’ prior written notice; and as to the entire agreement, on 60 days’ prior written notice.

Pursuant to the A&R License Agreement described above, Licensee has agreed to assume certain of our obligations under the J&J license agreement.

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Intellectual Property

We continue to invest in maintaining and enforcing our potential competitive position through a number of means: (i) by protecting our exclusive rights in our cardiovascular agents including istaroxime, rostafuroxin and SERCA2a activators, (ii) by protecting our exclusive rights in our lyophilized KL4 surfactant, ADS and aerosol-conducting airway connector technologies through patents that we own or exclusively license, (iii) by protecting our exclusive rights in our early-stage oncology platform through patents that we exclusively license, (iv) by seeking regulatory exclusivities, including potential Orphan Drug and new drug product exclusivities, and (v) through protecting our trade secrets and proprietary methodologies that support our manufacturing and analytical processes.

Patents and Proprietary Rights

In addition to the inventions covered by the patents and patent applications described in this prospectus, we have been active in identifying and seeking to identify new inventions eligible for patent protection. We have filed and plan to file patent and provisional patent applications to protect our innovations relating to our current and potential future product candidates, including for composition of matter, new dosage forms, formulations, methods of manufacture, methods of use and related processes. We intend to file for patent protection for select inventions, in such markets that we deem material to our patent strategy, as well as for other new inventions that we may identify.

Our Patents and Patent Applications Related to Istaroxime and SERCA2a Activators

We hold a patent portfolio of three patent families that include patents and patent applications directed to compounds, pharmaceutical formulations, methods of manufacturing, methods of delivery, and/or treatment methods using istaroxime and its metabolites and/or derivatives, as well as SERCA2a activators, for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and related conditions. We plan to continue these patent activities and focus on new follow-on compounds, dosage forms, formulations, and treatment methods related to AHF and persistent hypertension. To benefit from potential non-patent exclusivity within the U.S., we believe that we may qualify istaroxime as a new chemical entity entitled to market exclusivity for a period of years. See the section titled “- Government Regulation - Drug Products - The Hatch-Waxman Act - Market Exclusivity.”

Istaroxime-Related Patents and Patent Applications

In December 2024, we announced that the Company filed PCT application No. PCT/US2024/058923 entitled “Istaroxime derivatives thereof for preventing or reducing the risk of acute myocardial arrhythmia.”

In October 2024, we announced that the Company completed istaroxime cardiogenic shock national phase filings of patent applications around the world, including in the U.S., Germany, France, Italy, Japan and China. These filings claimed priority to PCT/US2023/018998 entitled, “Istaroxime-Containing Intravenous Formulation for the Treatment of Pre-Cardiogenic Shock and Cardiogenic Shock”. This application is currently pending before the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), Application no. 18/858,086.

In November 2024 we announced the issuance of “Istaroxime containing intravenous formulation for the treatment of heart failure (AHF)” patent for Hong Kong. The patent for mainland China was granted earlier in the year (patent number ZL201980003356.1).

In October 2024, we announced the issuance of “Istaroxime containing intravenous formulation for the treatment of heart failure (AHF)” patent in Japan having Patent No. 7560134. This patent will remain in force until 2039.

Two U.S. patents based on PCT/US2019/060961 have issued. On February 21, 2023, the USPTO, issued U.S. Patent No. 11,583,540, providing expanded patent coverage for istaroxime administration. The new U.S. patent, titled: “Istaroxime-Containing Intravenous Formulation for the Treatment of Acute Heart Failure (AHF),” issued from a continuing patent application following the expedited U.S. Track One filing by us, which resulted in U.S. Patent No. 11,197,869, issued December 14, 2021. The claims of the newly issued patent cover longer durations of istaroxime infusion for improved outcomes in treatment of acute heart failure. In particular, the claims are directed to an improvement in diastolic heart function following administration of istaroxime by intravenous infusion for six hours or more, which we attribute to the SERCA2a mechanism of action of istaroxime and its metabolites.

In November 2019, we filed an international patent application PCT/US2019/060961, directed to methods of treating AHF through an extended istaroxime dosing regimen, as well as to metabolites of istaroxime having SERCA2a stimulating activity. The international application entered the national phase in China on December 31, 2019 (Application No. 201980003356.1), and in the following PCT contracting states/regions in September and October of 2021: Australia, Brazil, Canada, European Patent Office, Israel, Hong Kong (extended from China), Hong Kong (extended from the European Patent Office), Japan, Mexico, Republic of Korea, Singapore, and the U.S. This patent family will expire on or about November 12, 2039.

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SERCA2A Activators-Related Patents

In November 2023, we announced the European Patent Office has granted Patent No. 3805243, providing composition of matter patent coverage for the pure SERCA2a Activator class of drug candidates. The pure SERCA2a Activators are one of two families of preclinical drug candidates that act on SERCA2a in the Company’s pipeline. The pure SERCA2a Activators are devoid of action on the Na+/K+ pump while activating SERCA2a. The new European patent provides patent protection until October 9, 2039 for the family of compounds with the pure SERCA2a mechanism of action. In October 2019, the parties to the 2019 Agreement filed European Application No. 19202257.2, directed to androstane derivatives with activity as pure or predominantly pure stimulators of SERCA2a for the treatment of heart failure and related conditions. International application PCT/EP2020/078253 and Taiwan Application No. 109134997, both based on the European application, were filed in October 2020. National stage applications based on PCT/EP/2020/078253 were filed in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Hong Kong (extended from the European Patent Office), Israel, Japan, Mexico, Republic of Korea, Singapore, and the U.S. Patents granted on this family of applications will expire on or about October 8, 2040.

In April 2023, we announced that the European Patent Office has granted Patent No. 3599243, providing patent coverage for the dual mechanism SERCA2a Activator class of drug candidates. This patent provides protection until July 2038 for the family of compounds with a dual mechanism of action. In August 2023, we announced that the USPTO issued U.S. Patent No. 11,730,746 providing patent coverage for the dual mechanism SERCA2a Activators. The new composition of matter patent, titled: “17BETA-HETEROCYCLYL-DIGITALIS LIKE COMPOUNDS FOR THE TREATMENT OF HEART FAILURE,” provides patent protection through late 2039. Since then, patents have issued in China, Hong Kong, and Japan.

Our KL4 -Related Patents and Patent Rights

We have been active in seeking patent protection for our innovations relating to new dosage forms, formulations and methods of manufacturing and delivering synthetic peptide containing pulmonary surfactants. Our patent activities have focused particularly on improved dosage forms and delivery of aerosolized pulmonary surfactant.

In January 2006, we filed U.S. and international patent applications (U.S. 11/326,885 which is now U.S. Patent No. 7,541,331 issued on June 2, 2009 and PCT/US06/000308), directed to a surfactant treatment regimen for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, or BPD. U.S. Patent No. 7,541,331 will expire on or about January 6, 2026.

In September 2007, we filed U.S. and international patent applications (U.S. 11/901,866 which is now U.S. Patent No. 8,221,772 and PCT US/2007/020260), directed to surfactant compositions and methods of promoting mucus clearance and treating pulmonary disorders such as cystic fibrosis. U.S. Patent No. 8,221,772 will expire on or about September 19, 2027.

In March 2013, we filed international patent applications (PCT/US13/34364 and PCT/US13/34464, which entered national phase and commenced expedited examination in the U.S. and EPO) directed to lyophilized pulmonary surfactant and methods of manufacture. In this patent family, two U.S. Patents Nos. 8,748,396 and 8,748,397, were issued on June 10, 2014, European patent 2723323B1 granted on September 23, 2015, U.S. Patent No. 9,554,999, issued on January 31, 2017 and multiple foreign counterparts are granted. U.S. Patents Nos. 8,748,396; 8,748,397 and 9,554,999 and European Patent No. 2723323B1 will expire on or about March 28, 2033.

Aerosol Delivery System (ADS) Patent Rights

Pursuant to the PM Licenses Agreements, we have worldwide exclusive rights to the proprietary capillary aerosol technology incorporated into the ADS for use in a drug/device combination product. The ADS is the medical device component of our AEROSURF product candidate. We completed design verification of the new ADS for use in the remaining AEROSURF development activities, including a Phase 2b bridging study to be conducted in China, potentially a Phase 3 clinical program and, if approved, initial commercial activities.

Our ADS technology and our new ADS are protected by a portfolio of issued patents and pending patent applications covering various components of the system. While certain of the earlier patents on the technology have expired, there remain 90 in-force patents worldwide that protect, among other things, core elements of the ADS technology and the new ADS. These patents and applications will expire on dates ranging from the third quarter of 2023 to 2039. As an illustrative example, important components of our new ADS technology are covered by a patent family represented by U.S. Patent No. 9,713,687, expiring on or about February 10, 2035, and European Patent No. 2887984B1, expiring on or about August 21, 2033. In addition, several key components of our new ADS are covered by recently issued U.S. Patent No. 10,874,818, which expires on or about January 22, 2039.

Aerosol-Conducting Airway Connector Technology Patents and Patent Rights

In March 2009, we filed an international patent application (PCT US/2009/037409) directed to aerosol-conducting airway connectors and improvements of an ADS using AFECTAIR®. The claims of this application are directed to a novel ventilation circuit adaptor (an aerosol-conducting airway connector) and related aerosol circuitry that are intended to (i) increase the efficiency of aerosol delivery to the patient by allowing more efficient delivery of aerosols to the patient and (ii) reduce drug compound dilution and wastage and result in more precise aerosol dosing. This patent family will expire on or about March 17, 2029. Representative examples of patents in this family include U.S. Patent Nos. 8,701,658, 9,352,114 and 9,592,361, as well as European Patent No. 2265309 and counterparts in several other countries.

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Our Early-Stage Oncology Platform-Related Patents

Pursuant to the Varian asset purchase, which included an exclusive license from CRT, we have worldwide exclusive rights to a class of PKC inhibitors that have been shown to play a key role in signaling pathways involved in cancer development. The asset platform includes two formulations (topical and oral), which are covered by two patent families directed to azaquinazoline inhibitors of aPKC. There are 43 granted patents, based on international patent applications PCT/US2013/062085 and PCT/US2015/022368, included in these patent families worldwide, expiring on or about September 27, 2033 and March 25, 2035, respectively. Representative examples include U.S. Patent Nos. 9,896,446, 9,914,730, and 10,414,763, as well as European Patent Nos. 2900666 and 3129372.

In addition, methods of using these azaquinazoline inhibitors to treat Hedgehog signaling pathway-related cancers are covered by another patent family represented by international patent application PCT/US2020/025437, which is now in the national phase in the U.S., the European Patent Office, and several other nations.

Another patent family in the early-stage oncology platform is directed to thieonpyrimidine inhibitors of aPKC. There are 23 granted patents, based on international patent application PCT/US2012/065831, included in this patent family worldwide, expiring on or about November 19, 2032. Representatives of this patent family include U.S. Patent Nos. 9,604,994,10, 183,950, and 10,954,251, as well as European Patent Nos. 2782917 and 3048106.

Trademarks

AEROSURF®, AFECTAIR®, SURFAXIN®, SURFAXIN LS™, WINDTREE THERAPEUTICS® (logo), WINDTREE™ and WINDTREE THERAPEUTICS™ are our material registered and common law trademarks.

Trade Secrets

In addition to our patent exclusivities, we rely on trade secrets to protect and maintain our competitive position. We take measures to protect and maintain our trade secrets and know-how licensed to us or developed by us by entering in confidentiality agreements with third parties. Our trade secrets and know-how include information related to manufacturing processes for our drug product candidates and devices, analytical methods and procedures, research and development activities, provisional patent applications, as well as certain information provided to the FDA that was not made public which relates to our regulatory activities and clinical trials.

Other Regulatory Designations

Orphan Drug and Orphan Medicinal Product Designations

The FDA has granted Orphan Drug designation for (i) our KL4 surfactant (lucinactant) for the treatment of RDS in premature infants, (ii) our KL4 surfactant for the prevention and treatment of BPD in premature infants, (iii) our KL4 surfactant for the treatment of ARDS in adults, and (iv) our KL4 surfactant for the treatment of CF. See the section titled “- Government Regulation - Drug Products - Orphan Drugs.”

The European Commission, or EC, grants orphan medicinal product designation for medicinal products which are intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life-threatening or chronically debilitating condition and either (i) such condition affects no more than 5 in 10,000 people in EU, or (ii) it is unlikely that the marketing of the medicine would generate sufficient returns to justify the necessary investment in its development. In each case, there must also be no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or treatment of the condition concerned authorized in the EU, or, if such a method exists, the medicine must be of significant benefit to those affected by the condition. In the EU, orphan medicinal product designation provides for exclusive marketing rights for the orphan indication in the EU for 10 years (which may be reduced to six years if, at the end of the fifth year, it is established that the orphan designation criteria are no longer met) following marketing approval by the EMA. In addition, the designation would enable us to receive regulatory assistance in the further development process, and to access reduced regulatory fees throughout its marketing life. The EC has granted orphan medicinal product designation for (i) our KL4 surfactant for the prevention of RDS in premature neonates of less than 32 weeks gestational age, (ii) our KL4 surfactant for the treatment of RDS in premature neonates of less than 37 weeks gestational age, (iii) our KL4 surfactant for the treatment of ALI (which in this circumstance encompasses ARDS), and (iv) our KL4 surfactant for the treatment of CF. In submitting the requests to the EMA for orphan medicinal product designations, instead of listing the drug product under the USAN name (lucinactant) as we have in the U.S., we were required to submit our requests under the names of the four APIs in our KL4 surfactant (lucinactant) as follows: sinapultide (KL4), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, palmitoyl-oleoyl phosphatidylglycerol and palmitic acid.

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Fast Track Designations

The FDA has granted Fast Track designation for (i) istaroxime for the treatment of AHF, (ii) AEROSURF for the treatment of RDS in premature neonates, and (iii) SURFAXIN® for the prevention and treatment of BPD in premature neonates and the treatment of ARDS in adults. We believe that other of our product candidates may qualify for Fast Track or Breakthrough Therapy designation or other expedited programs. These designations and programs are intended to facilitate and expedite development and review of a New Drug Application, or NDA, to address unmet medical needs in the treatment of serious or life-threatening conditions. See the section titled “- Government Regulation - Drug Products - Fast Track Designation.”

Competition

The biotechnology industry is a highly competitive industry. As we work to gain marketing authorization for our product candidates, in some therapeutic areas, competition from numerous existing pharmaceutical companies and other companies entering our fields is expected to be intense and expected to increase. In fact, our future competitors are competing with us currently to secure access to development resources, including clinical sites and their patients to advance development programs. We expect that those companies that are successful at being the first to introduce new products and technologies to the market may gain significant advantages over their competitors in the establishment of a customer base and track record for the performance of their products and technologies. Moreover, there are also existing therapies that may compete with the products we are developing. Therefore, as a development stage biotechnology company, our competitors are comprised of other biotechnology firms and pharmaceutical companies that have existing products or are developing products for our primary markets -- respiratory and cardiovascular indications.

Government Regulation

In the U.S., drug products, medical devices, and drug/medical device combination products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or the FDC Act, and other federal and state statutes and regulations, govern, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, storage, recordkeeping, approval, clearance, labeling, promotion, advertising and marketing, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, sampling, and import and export of drug products, medical devices, and drug/medical device combination products. Failure to comply with applicable U.S. requirements may subject a company to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as FDA refusal to approve or clear pending new submissions to market drugs or devices, warning or untitled letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, civil penalties, and criminal prosecution. Drug products, medical devices, and drug/medical device combination products must receive all relevant regulatory approvals or clearances before they may be marketed in the U.S. Drug products, medical devices, and drug/medical device combination products are subject to extensive regulation, including premarket review and marketing authorization, by similar agencies in other countries.

Drug Products

Pharmaceutical product development for a new product or certain changes to an approved product in the U.S. typically involves preclinical laboratory and animal tests, the submission to the FDA of an IND application, which must be accepted before clinical testing may commence, and adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to establish the safety and effectiveness of the drug for each indication for which FDA approval is sought. Satisfaction of FDA pre-market approval requirements typically takes many years and the actual time required may vary substantially based upon the type, complexity, and novelty of the product or disease.

Preclinical tests include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry, formulation, and toxicity, as well as animal trials to assess the characteristics and potential safety and efficacy of the product. The conduct of the preclinical tests must comply with federal regulations and requirements, including good laboratory practices. The results of preclinical testing are submitted to the FDA as part of an IND along with other information, including information about product chemistry, manufacturing and controls, and a proposed clinical trial protocol. Long-term preclinical tests, such as animal tests of reproductive toxicity and carcinogenicity, may continue after the IND is submitted.

The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA, within the 30-day period, raises safety concerns or questions about the proposed clinical trial. In such a case, the IND may be placed on clinical hold and the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns or questions before the clinical trial can begin. The FDA may also impose clinical holds on a product candidate at any time before or during clinical trials due to safety concerns, non-compliance, or other issues affecting the integrity of the trial. Submission of an IND therefore may or may not result in FDA authorization to begin a clinical trial and, once begun, issues may arise that could cause the trial to be suspended or terminated.

Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational product to volunteers or patients under the supervision of a qualified investigator. Clinical trials must be conducted: (i) in compliance with federal regulations; (ii) in compliance with good clinical practices, or GCPs, an international standard meant to protect the rights and health of patients and to define the roles of clinical trial sponsors, administrators, and monitors; as well as (iii) under protocols detailing the objectives of the trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety, and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. Each protocol involving testing on U.S. patients and subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND.

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The FDA may order the temporary, or permanent, discontinuation of a clinical trial at any time, or impose other sanctions, if it believes that the clinical trial either is not being conducted in accordance with the FDA requirements or presents an unacceptable risk to the clinical trial patients. The study protocol and informed consent information for patients in clinical trials must also be submitted to an institutional review board, or IRB, for approval. An IRB may also require the clinical trial at the site to be halted, either temporarily or permanently, for failure to comply with the IRB’s requirements, or may impose other conditions.

Clinical trials to support NDAs for marketing approval are typically conducted in three sequential phases, but the phases may overlap. In Phase 1, the initial introduction of the drug into human subjects or patients, the drug is tested to assess metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological actions, side effects associated with increasing doses, and, if possible, early evidence on effectiveness. Phase 2 usually involves trials in a limited patient population to determine the effectiveness of the drug for a particular indication, dosage tolerance, and optimum dosage, and to identify common adverse effects and safety risks. If a compound demonstrates evidence of effectiveness and an acceptable safety profile in Phase 2 evaluations, Phase 3 trials are undertaken to obtain the additional information about clinical efficacy and safety in a larger number of patients, typically at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites, to permit the FDA to evaluate the overall benefit- risk relationship of the drug and to provide adequate information for the labeling of the drug. In most cases the FDA requires two adequate and well-controlled Phase 3 clinical trials to demonstrate the efficacy of the drug. A single Phase 3 trial with other confirmatory evidence may be sufficient in rare instances where the study is a large multicenter trial demonstrating internal consistency and a statistically very persuasive finding of a clinically meaningful effect on mortality, irreversible morbidity or prevention of a disease with a potentially serious outcome and confirmation of the result in a second trial would be practically or ethically impossible. Data from clinical trials conducted outside the U.S. may be accepted by the FDA subject to certain conditions. For example, the clinical trial must be conducted in accordance with GCPs and the FDA must be able to validate the data from the clinical trial through an onsite inspection if it deems such inspection necessary. Where data from foreign clinical trials are intended to serve as the sole basis for marketing approval in the U.S., the FDA will not approve the application on the basis of foreign data alone unless those data are considered applicable to the U.S. patient population and U.S. medical practice, the clinical trials were performed by clinical investigators of recognized competence, and the data is considered valid without the need for an onsite inspection by the FDA or, if the FDA considers such an inspection to be necessary, the FDA is able to validate the data through an onsite inspection or other appropriate means.

The manufacturer of an investigational drug in a Phase 2 or 3 clinical trial for a serious or life-threatening disease is required to make available, such as by posting on its website, its policy on evaluating and responding to requests for expanded access to such investigational drug.

After completion of the required clinical testing, an NDA is prepared and submitted to the FDA. The FDA approval of the NDA is required before marketing of the product may begin in the U.S. The NDA must include the results of all preclinical, clinical, and other testing and a compilation of data relating to the product’s pharmacology, chemistry, manufacture, and controls. The cost of preparing and submitting an NDA is substantial. The submission of most NDAs is additionally subject to a substantial application user fee, currently $4,310,002 for fiscal year 2025, and the applicant under an approved new drug application is also subject to an annual program fee, currently $403,889 per product for fiscal year 2025. These fees are typically increased annually.

The FDA has 60 days from its receipt of an NDA to determine whether the application will be filed based on the agency’s threshold determination that it is sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. If the NDA submission is filed, the FDA reviews the NDA to determine, among other things, whether the proposed product is safe and effective for its intended use. The FDA has agreed to certain performance goals in the review of NDAs. Most such applications for standard review drug products are reviewed within ten to twelve months; most applications for priority review drugs are reviewed in six to eight months. Priority review can be applied to drugs that the FDA determines offer major advances in treatment or provide a treatment where no adequate therapy exists. The review process for both standard and priority review may be extended by the FDA for three additional months to consider certain late-submitted information, or information intended to clarify information already provided in the submission.

The FDA may also refer applications for novel drug products, or drug products that present difficult questions of safety or efficacy, to an advisory committee - typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts - for review, evaluation, and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an advisory committee, but it generally follows such recommendations. Before approving an NDA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCPs. Additionally, the FDA will inspect the facility or the facilities at which the drug is manufactured. The FDA will not approve the product unless compliance with current good manufacturing practices, or cGMPs, is satisfactory and the NDA contains data that provide substantial evidence that the drug is safe and effective in the indication studied.

After the FDA evaluates the NDA and the manufacturing facilities, it issues either an approval letter or a complete response letter. A complete response letter generally outlines the deficiencies in the submission and may require substantial additional testing, or information, in order for the FDA to reconsider the application. If, or when, those deficiencies have been addressed to the FDA’s satisfaction in a resubmission of the NDA, the FDA will issue an approval letter. The FDA has committed to reviewing such resubmissions in two or six months depending on the type of information included.

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An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications. As a condition of NDA approval, the FDA may require a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, to help ensure that the benefits of the drug outweigh the potential risks. REMS can include medication guides, communication plans for healthcare professionals, and elements to assure safe use, or ETASU. ETASU can include, but are not limited to, special training or certification for prescribing or dispensing, dispensing only under certain circumstances, special monitoring, and the use of patient registries. The requirement for a REMS can materially affect the potential market and profitability of the drug. Moreover, product approval may require substantial post-approval testing and surveillance to monitor the drug’s safety or efficacy. Once granted, product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory standards is not maintained or problems are identified following initial marketing.

Changes to some of the conditions established in an approved application, including changes in indications, labeling, or manufacturing processes or facilities, require submission and the FDA approval of a new NDA or NDA supplement before the change can be implemented. An NDA supplement for a new indication typically requires clinical data similar to that in the original application, and the FDA uses the same procedures and actions in reviewing NDA supplements as it does in reviewing NDAs.

Companion Diagnostics

Companion diagnostics are subject to regulation by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities as medical devices and require separate marketing authorization prior to their commercialization. To date, the FDA has required premarket approval for nearly all companion diagnostics for cancer therapies. In January 2024, the FDA announced its intention to initiate the reclassification process for most in vitro diagnostics, including companion diagnostics. Further, FDA indicated that in addition to the reclassification process, FDA will continue taking a risk-based approach in the initial classification of individual in vitro diagnostics to determine whether a new test may be classified into class II through the de novo classification process. In so doing, FDA indicated that it may regulate most future companion diagnostics as class II devices.

Orphan Drugs

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant Orphan Drug designation to drugs intended to treat a rare disease or condition - generally a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the U.S., or 200,000 or more individuals in the U.S. and for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making the product available in the U.S. for this type of disease or condition will be recovered from sales of the product. Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting an NDA. After the FDA grants Orphan Drug designation, the generic identity of the drug and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process. The first NDA applicant to receive FDA approval for a particular active moiety to treat a particular disease with FDA Orphan Drug designation is entitled to a seven- year exclusive marketing period in the U.S. for that product, for that indication. During the seven-year exclusivity period, the FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug for the same disease, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with Orphan Drug exclusivity by means of greater effectiveness, greater safety, or providing a major contribution to patient care. Orphan drug exclusivity does not prevent the FDA from approving a different drug for the same disease or condition, or the same drug for a different disease or condition. Among the other benefits of Orphan Drug designation are tax credits for certain research and a waiver of the NDA application user fee.

Fast Track Designation

The FDA is required to facilitate the development, and expedite the review, of drugs that are intended for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening disease and which demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the condition. Under the Fast Track program, the sponsor of a new drug candidate may request that the FDA designate the drug candidate for a specific indication as a Fast Track drug concurrent with, or after, the filing of the IND for the drug candidate. The FDA must determine if the drug candidate qualifies for Fast Track designation within 60 days of receipt of the sponsor’s request.

Under the Fast Track program, sponsors have the opportunity to engage in more frequent interactions with the FDA. In addition, the FDA may initiate review of sections of a Fast Track drug’s NDA before the application is complete. This rolling review is available if the applicant provides, and the FDA approves, a schedule for the submission of the remaining information and the applicant pays applicable user fees. However, the FDA’s time period goal for reviewing an application does not begin until the last section of the NDA is submitted. Additionally, the Fast Track designation may be withdrawn by the FDA if the FDA believes that the designation is no longer supported by data emerging in the clinical trial process.

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Breakthrough Therapy Designation

FDA is also required to expedite the development and review of the application for approval of drugs that are intended to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition where preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints. Under the Breakthrough Therapy program, the sponsor of a new drug candidate may request that FDA designate the drug candidate for a specific indication as a Breakthrough Therapy concurrent with, or after, the filing of the IND for the drug candidate. FDA must determine if the drug candidate qualifies for Breakthrough Therapy designation within 60 days of receipt of the sponsor’s request.

The Hatch-Waxman Act

Orange Book Listing

In seeking approval for a drug through an NDA, applicants are required to list with the FDA each patent with claims covering the applicant’s product or method of using the product. Upon approval of a drug, each of the patents listed in the application for the drug is then published in the FDA’s Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, commonly known as the Orange Book. Drugs listed in the Orange Book can, in turn, be cited by potential generic competitors in support of approval of an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA. An ANDA provides for marketing of a drug product that has the same active ingredients in the same strengths and dosage form as the listed drug and has been shown to be bioequivalent to the listed drug. Other than the requirement for bioequivalence testing, ANDA applicants are not required to conduct, or submit results of, preclinical or clinical tests to prove the safety or effectiveness of their drug product. Drugs approved in this way are commonly referred to as generic equivalents to the listed drug, and can often be substituted by pharmacists under prescriptions written for the original listed drug.

The ANDA applicant is required to certify to the FDA concerning any patents listed for the approved product in the FDA’s Orange Book. Specifically, the applicant must certify that: (i) the required patent information has not been filed; (ii) the listed patent has expired; (iii) the listed patent has not expired, but will expire on a particular date and approval is sought after patent expiration; or (iv) the listed patent is invalid or will not be infringed by the new product. The ANDA applicant may also elect to submit a Section VIII statement certifying that its proposed ANDA labeling does not contain (or carves out) any language regarding the patented method-of-use rather than certify to a listed method-of-use patent. If the applicant does not challenge the listed patents, the ANDA application will not be approved until all the listed patents claiming the referenced product have expired.

A certification that the new product will not infringe the already approved product’s listed patents, or that such patents are invalid, is called a Paragraph IV certification. If the ANDA applicant has provided a Paragraph IV certification to the FDA, the applicant must also send notice of the Paragraph IV certification to the NDA and patent holders once the ANDA has been received by the FDA. The NDA and patent holders may then initiate a patent infringement lawsuit in response to the notice of the Paragraph IV certification. The filing of a patent infringement lawsuit within 45 days of the receipt of a Paragraph IV certification automatically prevents the FDA from approving the ANDA until the earlier of 30 months, expiration of the patent, settlement of the lawsuit, or a decision in the infringement case that is favorable to the ANDA applicant.

An applicant submitting an NDA under Section 505(b)(2) of the FDC Act, which permits the filing of an NDA where at least some of the information required for approval comes from studies not conducted by, or for, the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference, is required to certify to the FDA regarding any patents listed in the Orange Book for the approved product it references to the same extent that an ANDA applicant would.

Market Exclusivity

Market exclusivity provisions under the FDC Act also can delay the submission or the approval of certain applications. The FDC Act provides a five-year period of non-patent exclusivity within the U.S. to the first applicant to gain approval of an NDA for a new chemical entity, or NCE. A drug is entitled to NCE exclusivity if it contains a drug substance no active moiety of which has been previously approved by the FDA. During the exclusivity period, the FDA may not receive for review an ANDA or file a 505(b)(2) NDA submitted by another company for another version of such drug where the applicant does not own or have a legal right of reference to all the data required for approval. However, an application may be submitted after four years if it contains a Paragraph IV certification. The FDC Act also provides three years of market exclusivity for an NDA, 505(b)(2) NDA or supplement to an existing NDA if new clinical investigations, other than bioavailability studies, that were conducted or sponsored by the applicant are deemed by the FDA to be essential to the approval of the application, for example, for new indications, dosages or strengths of an existing drug. This three-year exclusivity covers only the conditions for use associated with the new clinical investigations and does not prohibit the FDA from approving ANDAs for drugs for the original conditions of use, such as the originally approved indication. Five-year and three-year exclusivity will not delay the submission or approval of a full NDA; however, an applicant submitting a full NDA would be required to conduct or obtain a right of reference to all the non-clinical studies and adequate and well- controlled clinical trials necessary to demonstrate safety and effectiveness.

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Patent Term Extension

After NDA approval, the owner of a relevant drug patent may apply for up to five years of patent term extension. Only one patent may be extended for each regulatory review period, which is composed of two parts: a testing phase, and an approval phase. The allowable patent term extension is calculated as half of the drug’s testing phase - the time between the day the IND becomes effective and NDA submission - and all of the review phase - the time between NDA submission and approval - up to a maximum of five years. The time can be shortened if the FDA determines that the applicant did not pursue approval with due diligence. The total remaining patent term after the extension may not exceed 14 years.

For patents that might expire during the application phase, the patent owner may request an interim patent extension. An interim patent term extension increases the patent term by one year and may be renewed up to four times. For each interim patent term extension granted, the post-approval patent term extension is reduced by one year. The director of the USPTO must determine that approval of the drug covered by the patent for which a patent extension is being sought is likely. Interim patent term extensions are not available for a drug for which an NDA has not been submitted.

Post-Approval Requirements

Once an NDA is approved, a product will be subject to certain post-approval requirements. For instance, the FDA closely regulates the post-approval marketing and promotion of drugs, including standards and regulations for direct-to- consumer advertising, off-label promotion, industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities and promotional activities involving the internet. Drugs may be marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling.

Adverse event reporting and submission of periodic reports is required following FDA approval of an NDA. The FDA also may require post-marketing testing, known as Phase 4 testing, a REMS program, and surveillance to monitor the effects of an approved product, or the FDA may place conditions on an approval that could restrict the distribution or use of the product. In addition, quality-control, drug manufacture, packaging, and labeling procedures must continue to conform to cGMPs, after approval. Drug manufacturers and certain of their subcontractors are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies. Registration with the FDA subjects entities to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA, during which the agency inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMPs. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money, and effort in the areas of production and quality-control to maintain compliance with cGMPs and other regulatory requirements. Regulatory authorities may withdraw product approvals or request product recalls if a company fails to comply with regulatory standards, if it encounters problems following initial marketing, or if previously unrecognized problems are subsequently discovered. In addition, prescription drug manufacturers in the U.S. must comply with applicable provisions of the Drug Supply Chain Security Act and provide and receive product tracing information, maintain appropriate licenses, ensure they only work with other properly licensed entities, and have procedures in place to identify and properly handle suspect and illegitimate products.

Pediatric Information

Under the Pediatric Research Equity Act, or PREA, NDAs or supplements to NDAs must contain data to assess the safety and effectiveness of the drug for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the drug is safe and effective. The FDC Act requires that a sponsor who is planning to submit a marketing application for a product that includes a new active ingredient, new indication, new dosage form, new dosing regimen or new route of administration submit an initial Pediatric Study Plan, or PSP, within 60 days of an end-of-Phase 2 meeting or as may be agreed between the sponsor and FDA. The FDA and the sponsor must reach agreement on the PSP. The FDA may grant full or partial waivers, or deferrals, for submission of data. Unless otherwise required by regulation, PREA does not apply to any drug for an indication for which orphan designation has been granted.

The Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act, or BPCA, provides NDA holders a six-month extension of any exclusivity-patent or non-patent-for a drug if certain conditions are met. Conditions for exclusivity include the FDA’s determination that information relating to the use of a new drug in the pediatric population may produce health benefits in that population, the FDA making a written request for pediatric studies, and the applicant agreeing to perform, performing, and reporting on, the requested studies within the statutory timeframe. Applications under the BPCA are treated as priority applications, with all of the benefits that designation confers.

Disclosure of Clinical Trial Information

Sponsors of clinical trials of FDA-regulated products are required to register and disclose certain clinical trial information. Information related to the product, patient population, phase of investigation, trial sites and investigators, and other aspects of the clinical trial is then made public as part of the registration. Sponsors are also obligated to discuss the results of their clinical trials after completion. Disclosure of the results of these trials can be delayed in certain circumstances for up to two years after the date of completion of the trial. Competitors may use this publicly available information to gain knowledge regarding the progress of development programs.

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Medical Device Products

A medical device is an instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, in vitro reagent, or other similar or related article, including any component part, or accessory which is: (i) recognized in the official National Formulary, or the U.S. Pharmacopoeia, or any supplement to them; (ii) intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, in man or other animals; or (iii) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals, and which does not achieve any of its primary intended purposes through chemical action within or on the body of man or other animals and which is not dependent upon being metabolized for the achievement of any of its primary intended purposes.

The FDC Act classifies medical devices into one of three categories based on the risks associated with the device and the level of control necessary to provide reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness. Class I devices are deemed to be low risk and are subject to the fewest regulatory controls. Class III devices are generally the highest risk devices and are subject to the highest level of regulatory control to provide reasonable assurance of the device’s safety and effectiveness. Class III devices must typically be approved by the FDA before they are marketed.

Generally, establishments that manufacture and/or distribute devices, including manufacturers, contract manufacturers, sterilizers, repackagers and relabelers, specification developers, reprocessors of single-use devices, remanufacturers, initial importers, manufacturers of accessories and components sold directly to the end user, and U.S. manufacturers of export-only devices, are required to register their establishments with the FDA and provide the FDA a list of the devices that they handle at their facilities.

Pre-market Authorization and Notification

While most Class I and some Class II devices can be marketed without prior FDA authorization, most medical devices can be legally sold within the U.S. only if the FDA has: (i) approved a premarket approval application, or PMA, prior to marketing, generally applicable to Class III devices; or (ii) cleared the device in response to a premarket notification, or 510(k) submission, generally applicable to Class I and II devices. Some devices that have been classified as Class III are regulated pursuant to the 510(k) requirements because the FDA has not yet called for PMAs for these devices. Other less common regulatory pathways to market for certain devices include the de novo classification process, the humanitarian device exception, or a product development protocol.

The 510(k) Clearance Process

Under the 510(k) process, the manufacturer must submit to the FDA a premarket notification, demonstrating that the device is “substantially equivalent,” as defined in the statute, to a legally marketed predicate device.

A predicate device is a legally marketed device that is not subject to premarket approval, i.e., a device that was legally marketed prior to May 28, 1976, often referred to as a preamendments device, and for which a PMA is not required, a device that has been reclassified from Class III to Class II or I, or a device that was previously found substantially equivalent through the 510(k) process. To be “substantially equivalent,” the proposed device must have the same intended use as the predicate device, and either have the same technological characteristics as the predicate device or have different technological characteristics and not raise different questions of safety or effectiveness than the predicate device. Clinical data is sometimes required to support substantial equivalence.

After a 510(k) premarket notification is submitted, the FDA determines whether to accept it for substantive review. If it lacks necessary information for substantive review, the FDA will refuse to accept the 510(k) notification. If it is accepted for filing, the FDA begins a substantive review. By statute, the FDA has a performance goal to complete its review of 95% of 510(k) submissions within 90 days of receipt. As a practical matter, clearance often takes longer, because the FDA can request additional date and information, which pauses the review clock for up to 180 days, and clearance is never assured. Although many 510(k) premarket notifications are cleared without clinical data, the FDA may require further information, including clinical data, to make a determination regarding substantial equivalence. If the FDA agrees that the device is substantially equivalent, it will grant clearance to commercially market the device.

If the FDA determines that the device is not “substantially equivalent” to a predicate device, or if the device is automatically classified into Class III, the device sponsor must then fulfill the much more rigorous premarketing requirements of the PMA approval process, or seek reclassification of the device through the de novo process. A manufacturer can also submit a petition for direct de novo review if the manufacturer is unable to identify an appropriate predicate device and the new device or new use of the device presents a moderate or low risk.

After a device receives 510(k) clearance, any modification that could significantly affect its safety or effectiveness, or that would constitute a new or major change in its intended use, will require a new 510(k) clearance or, depending on the modification, could require a PMA application or de novo classification. The FDA requires each manufacturer to determine whether the proposed change requires submission of a 510(k) or a PMA in the first instance, but the FDA can review any such decision and disagree with a manufacturer’s determination. Many minor modifications are accomplished by a letter-to-file in which the manufacturer documents the change in an internal letter-to-file. The letter-to-file is in lieu of submitting a new 510(k) to obtain clearance for such change. The FDA can always review these letters to file in an inspection. If the FDA disagrees with a manufacturer’s determination regarding whether a new premarket submission is required for the modification of an existing device, the FDA can require the manufacturer to cease marketing and/or recall the modified device until 510(k) clearance or approval of a PMA application is obtained. In addition, in these circumstances, the FDA can impose significant regulatory fines or penalties for failure to submit the requisite PMA application(s).

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The PMA Approval Process

Following receipt of a PMA application, the FDA conducts an administrative review to determine whether the application is sufficiently complete to permit a substantive review. If it is not, the agency will refuse to file the PMA. If it is, the FDA will accept the application for filing and begin the review. The FDA, by statute and by regulation, has a performance goal to review 90% of PMA applications within 180 days, if advisory committee input is not required, and within 320 days, if advisory committee input is required, although the review of an application more often occurs over a significantly longer period of time. During this review period, the FDA may request additional information or clarification of information already provided, and the FDA may issue a major deficiency letter to the applicant, requesting the applicant’s response to deficiencies communicated by the FDA. The FDA considers a PMA or PMA supplement to have been voluntarily withdrawn if an applicant fails to respond to an FDA request for information (i.e., major deficiency letter) within a total of 360 days. Before approving or denying a PMA, an FDA advisory committee may review the PMA at a public meeting and provide the FDA with the committee’s recommendation on whether the FDA should approve the submission, approve it with specific conditions, or not approve it. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions.

Prior to approval of a PMA, the FDA may conduct inspections of the clinical trial data and clinical trial sites, as well as inspections of the manufacturing facility and processes. Overall, the FDA review of a PMA application generally takes between one and three years, but may take significantly longer. The FDA can delay, limit or deny approval of a PMA application for many reasons, including:

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the device may not be shown safe or effective to the FDA’s satisfaction;

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the data from preclinical studies and/or clinical trials may be found unreliable or insufficient to support approval;

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the manufacturing process or facilities may not meet applicable requirements; and

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changes in FDA approval policies or adoption of new regulations may require additional data.

If the FDA evaluation of a PMA is favorable, the FDA will issue either an approval letter, or an approvable letter, the latter of which usually contains a number of conditions that must be met in order to secure final approval of the PMA. When and if those conditions have been fulfilled to the satisfaction of the FDA, the agency will issue a PMA approval letter authorizing commercial marketing of the device, subject to the conditions of approval and the limitations established in the approval letter. If the FDA’s evaluation of a PMA application or manufacturing facilities is not favorable, the FDA will deny approval of the PMA or issue a not approvable letter. The FDA also may determine that additional tests or clinical trials are necessary, in which case the PMA approval may be delayed for several months or years while the trials are conducted and data is submitted in an amendment to the PMA, or the PMA is withdrawn and resubmitted when the data are available. The PMA process can be expensive, uncertain and lengthy and a number of devices for which the FDA approval has been sought by other companies have never been approved by the FDA for marketing.

New PMA applications or PMA supplements are required for modification to the manufacturing process, equipment or facility, quality control procedures, sterilization, packaging, expiration date, labeling, device specifications, ingredients, materials or design of a device that has been approved through the PMA process. PMA supplements often require submission of the same type of information as an initial PMA application, except that the supplement is limited to information needed to support any changes from the device covered by the approved PMA application and may or may not require as extensive technical or clinical data or the convening of an advisory panel, depending on the nature of the proposed change. In approving a PMA application, as a condition of approval, the FDA may also require some form of post-approval study or post-market surveillance, whereby the applicant conducts a follow-up study or follows certain patient groups for a number of years and makes periodic reports to the FDA on the clinical status of those patients when necessary to protect the public health or to provide additional or longer term safety and effectiveness data for the device. The FDA may also require post-market surveillance for certain devices cleared under a 510(k) notification, such as implants or life-supporting or life- sustaining devices used outside a device user facility. The FDA may also approve a PMA application with other post-approval conditions intended to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the device, such as, among other things, restrictions on labeling, promotion, sale, distribution and use.

Exempt Devices

If a manufacturer’s device falls into a generic category of Class I or Class II devices that the FDA has exempted by regulation, a premarket notification is not required before marketing the device in the U.S. Manufacturers of such devices are required to register their establishments and list the proprietary device name and the generic category or classification regulation into which the device fits. Some 510(k)-exempt devices are also exempt from Quality System Regulation requirements.

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Post-market Requirements

After a device is placed on the market, numerous regulatory requirements apply. These include: Quality System Regulation, labeling regulations, the FDA’s general prohibition against promoting products for unapproved or off-label uses, the Medical Device Reporting regulation (which requires that manufacturers report to the FDA if their device may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or malfunctioned in a way that would likely cause or contribute to a death or serious injury if it were to recur), and the Reports of Corrections and Removals regulation (which requires manufacturers to report recalls and field actions to the FDA if initiated to reduce a risk to health posed by the device or to remedy a violation of the FDC Act).

The FDA enforces these requirements by inspection and market surveillance. If the FDA finds a violation, it can institute a wide variety of enforcement actions, ranging from a public warning letter to more severe sanctions such as: fines, injunctions, and civil penalties; recall or seizure of products; operating restrictions, partial suspension or total shutdown of production; refusing requests for 510(k) clearance or PMA approval of new products; withdrawing 510(k) clearance or PMA approvals already granted; and criminal prosecution.

Combination Products

A combination product is a product comprised of (i) two or more regulated components, i.e., drug/medical device, biologic/medical device, drug/biologic, or drug/medical device/biologic, that are physically, chemically, or otherwise combined or mixed and produced as a single entity; (ii) two or more separate products packaged together in a single package or as a unit and comprised of drug and device products, device and biological products, or biological and drug products; (iii) a drug, device, or biological product packaged separately that according to its investigational plan or proposed labeling is intended for use only with an approved individually specified drug, device, or biological product where both are required to achieve the intended use, indication, or effect and where, upon approval of the proposed product, the labeling of the approved product would need to be changed, i.e., to reflect a change in intended use, dosage form, strength, route of administration, or significant change in dose; or (iv) any investigational drug, device, or biological product packaged separately that according to its proposed labeling is for use only with another individually specified investigational drug, device, or biological product where both are required to achieve the intended use, indication, or effect.

The FDA is divided into various branches, or Centers, by product type. Different Centers typically review drug, biologic, or device applications. In order to review an application for a combination product, the FDA must decide which Center should be responsible for the review. FDA regulations require that the FDA determine the combination product’s primary mode of action, or PMOA, which is the single mode of a combination product that provides the most important therapeutic action of the combination product. The Center that regulates that portion of the product that generates the PMOA becomes the lead evaluator. If there are two independent modes of action, neither of which is subordinate to the other, the FDA makes a determination as to which Center to assign the product based on consistency with other combination products raising similar types of safety and effectiveness questions or to the Center with the most expertise in evaluating the most significant safety and effectiveness questions raised by the combination product. When evaluating an application, a lead Center may consult other Centers but still retain complete reviewing authority, or it may collaborate with another Center, by which the Center assigns review of a specific section of the application to another Center, delegating its review authority for that section. Typically, the FDA requires a single marketing application submitted to the Center selected to be the lead evaluator, although the agency has the discretion to require separate applications to more than one Center. One reason to submit multiple evaluations is if the applicant wishes to receive some benefit that accrues only from approval under a particular type of application, like new drug product exclusivity. If multiple applications are submitted, each may be evaluated by a different lead Center.

Regulation Outside the U.S.

In addition to regulations in the U.S., we are subject to a variety of regulations in other jurisdictions governing clinical studies, commercial sales, and distribution of our products. Most countries outside the U.S. require that clinical trial applications be submitted to and approved by the local regulatory authority for each clinical study. In addition, whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain approvals by the comparable regulatory authorities of countries outside the U.S. before we can commence clinical studies or marketing of the product in those countries. The approval process varies from country to country, and the time may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval.

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Similar to the U.S., the various phases of preclinical and clinical research in the EU are subject to significant regulatory controls. In April 2014, the EU adopted the new Clinical Trials Regulation (EU) No 536/2014, which replaced the Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC on January 31, 2022. The new Regulation is directly applicable in all Member States (and so does not require national implementing legislation in each Member State) and aims at simplifying and streamlining the approval of clinical studies in the EU. The main characteristics of the new Regulation include: a streamlined application procedure via a single-entry point through the Clinical Trials Information System, or CTIS; a single set of documents to be prepared and submitted for the application as well as simplified reporting procedures for clinical trial sponsors; and a harmonized procedure for the assessment of applications for clinical trials, which is divided in two parts (Part I contains scientific and medicinal product documentation and Part II contains the national and patient-level documentation). Part I is assessed by a coordinated review by the competent authorities of all EU Member States in which an application for authorization of a clinical trial has been submitted (Member States concerned) of a draft report prepared by a reference Member State. Part II is assessed separately by each Member State concerned. Strict deadlines have also been established for the assessment of clinical trial applications.

To obtain regulatory approval of an orphan product in the EU, we are mandated to submit a marketing authorization application, or MAA, under the centralized procedure. The centralized procedure allows applicants to obtain a marketing authorization that is valid throughout the EU and the additional Member States of the European Economic Area (Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway), or EEA. It is compulsory for medicinal products manufactured using biotechnological processes, orphan medicinal products, advanced-therapy medicinal products (gene therapy, somatic cell therapy or tissue-engineered medicines) and for human products containing a new active substance indicated for the treatment of HIV/AIDS, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, auto-immune and other immune dysfunctions and viral diseases. The centralized procedure is optional for any other products containing new active substances not authorized in the EEA or for products which constitute a significant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovation or for which an EEA-wide authorization is in the interests of public health. When a company wishes to place on the market a medicinal product that is eligible for the centralized procedure, it sends an application directly to the EMA, to be assessed by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, or CHMP. The procedure results in an EC decision, which is valid and enables products to be marketed throughout the EEA.

In the centralized procedure, full copies of the MAA are sent to a rapporteur and a co-rapporteur designated by the competent EMA scientific committee. They coordinate the EMA’s assessment of the medicinal product and prepare draft reports. Once the draft reports are prepared (other experts might be called upon for this purpose), they are sent to the CHMP, whose comments or objections are communicated to the applicant. The rapporteur is therefore the privileged interlocutor of the applicant and continues to play this role, even after the MAA has been granted. The rapporteur and co-rapporteur then assess the applicant’s replies, submit them for discussion to the CHMP and, taking into account the conclusions of this debate, prepare a final assessment report. Once the evaluation is completed, the CHMP gives a favorable or unfavorable opinion as to whether to grant the authorization. When the opinion is favorable, it shall include the draft summary of products characteristics, or SmPC, the package leaflet and the texts proposed for the various packaging materials. The maximum timeframe for the evaluation of an MAA by the EMA is 210 days, excluding clock stops, when additional written or oral information is to be provided by the applicant in response to questions asked by the CHMP. Clock stops may extend the timeframe of evaluation of an MAA considerably beyond 210 days. Where the CHMP gives a positive opinion, the EMA provides the opinion together with supporting documentation to the European Commission, who make the final decision to grant a marketing authorization, which is issued within 67 days of receipt of the EMA’s recommendation. Accelerated assessment might be granted by the CHMP in exceptional cases, when a medicinal product is expected to be of a major public health interest, particularly from the point of view of therapeutic innovation. The timeframe for the evaluation of an MAA under the accelerated assessment procedure is of 150 days, excluding stop-clocks, but it is possible that the CHMP may revert to the standard time limit for the centralized procedure if it determines that the application is no longer appropriate to conduct an accelerated assessment.

For products not within the mandatory scope of the centralized procedure, other procedures are available for the grant of a marketing authorization in multiple EU Member States. The decentralized procedure provides for approval by one or more other, or concerned, Member States of an assessment of an application performed by one Member State, known as the reference Member State. Under this procedure, an applicant submits an application, or dossier, and related materials including a draft SmPC, and draft labeling and package leaflet, to the reference Member State and concerned Member States. The reference Member State prepares a draft assessment and drafts of the related materials within 120 days after receipt of a valid application. Within 90 days of receiving the reference Member State’s assessment report, each concerned Member State must decide whether to approve the assessment report and related materials. If a Member State cannot approve the assessment report and related materials on the grounds of potential serious risk to the public health, the disputed points may eventually be referred to the EC, whose decision is binding on all Member States. Where a product has already been authorized for marketing in a Member State of the EU, this national authorization can be recognized in other Member States through the mutual recognition procedure.

Applications from persons or companies seeking “orphan medicinal product designation” for products they intend to develop for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of life-threatening or chronically debilitating conditions that affect no more than 5 in 10,000 persons in the EU are reviewed by the EMA’s Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products, or COMP. In addition, orphan designation can be granted in the EU if the product is intended for a life threatening, seriously debilitating, or serious and chronic condition and where, without incentives, it is unlikely that sales of the product in the EU would be sufficient to justify the necessary investment in developing the drug. Orphan designation is only available if there is no other satisfactory method approved in the EU of diagnosing, preventing, or treating the condition, or if such a method exists, the proposed orphan product will be of significant benefit to patients affected by the applicable condition. Orphan designation provides opportunities for fee reductions, protocol assistance and access to the centralized procedure for marketing approval. In addition, if a product which has an orphan designation in the EU subsequently receives EMA marketing approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to market exclusivity, which means the EMA and the competent authorities of the EU Member States may not approve any other application to market a “similar medicinal product” to the authorized orphan product for the same indication for a period of 10 years. A “similar medicinal product” is defined as a medicinal product containing a similar active substance or substances as contained in an authorized orphan medicinal product, and which is intended for the same therapeutic indication. The exclusivity period may be reduced to six years if, at the end of the fifth year, it is established that the designation criteria are no longer met, including where it is shown that the product is sufficiently profitable not to justify maintenance of market exclusivity. During the period of market exclusivity, a marketing authorization may only be granted to a “similar medicinal product” for the same therapeutic indication if: (i) a second applicant can establish that its product, although similar to the authorized product, is safer, more effective or otherwise clinically superior; (ii) the marketing authorization holder for the authorized product consents to a second orphan medicinal product application; or (iii) the marketing authorization holder for the authorized product cannot supply enough orphan medicinal product.

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A pediatric investigation plan, or PIP, is a development plan aimed at ensuring that the necessary data are obtained to support the authorization of a medicine for children, through studies in children. All applications for marketing authorization for new medicines have to include the results of studies as described in an agreed PIP, unless the medicine is exempt because of a deferral or waiver. This requirement also applies when a marketing-authorization holder wants to add a new indication, pharmaceutical form, or route of administration for a medicine that is already authorized and covered by intellectual property rights. The EMA’s pediatric committee, or PDCO, can grant a deferral of the obligation to implement some or all of the measures of the PIP until there are sufficient data to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of the product in adults, in which case the pediatric clinical trials must be completed at a later date. Further, the obligation to provide pediatric clinical trial data can be waived by the PDCO when this data is not needed or appropriate because the product is likely to be ineffective or unsafe in children, the disease or condition for which the product is intended occurs only in adult populations, or when the product does not represent a significant therapeutic benefit over existing treatments for pediatric patients. Several rewards and incentives for the development of pediatric medicines for children are available in the EU. Medicines authorized across the EU with the results of studies from a PIP included in the product information are eligible for an extension of their supplementary protection certificate by six months. This is the case even when the studies’ results are negative. For orphan medicines, the incentive is an additional two years of market exclusivity. Scientific advice and protocol assistance at the EMA are free of charge for questions relating to the development of pediatric medicines. Medicines developed specifically for children that are already authorized but are not protected by a patent or supplementary protection certificate are eligible for a pediatric-use marketing authorization, or PUMA. If a PUMA is granted, the product will benefit from 10 years of market protection as an incentive.

In the EU, medical devices were previously regulated under Directive 93/42/EEC, also known as the Medical Device Directive, or MDD, and the implementing legislation in each Member State of the EU. On May 26, 2021, EU Regulation 2017/745, also known as the Medical Devices Regulation, or MDR, became fully applicable and repealed and replaced the MDD. The changes which are brought in by the MDR were prompted by divergent interpretations of the MDD and to address issues concerning product quality and performance. The MDR is intended to establish a uniform, transparent, predictable and sustainable regulatory framework across the EU for medical devices, and it:

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strengthens the rules on placing devices on the market and reinforces surveillance once they are available;

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establishes explicit provisions on manufacturers’ responsibilities for the follow-up of the quality, performance, and safety of devices placed on the market;

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improves the traceability of medical devices throughout the supply chain to the end-user or patient through a unique identification number;

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sets up a central database (Eudamed) to provide patients, healthcare professionals, and the public with comprehensive information on products available in the EU; and

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strengthens rules for the assessment of certain high-risk devices, such as implants, which may have to undergo an additional check by experts before they are placed on the market.

Under the MDR, the system of regulating medical devices operates by way of a certification for each medical device, which confirms that the device meets the relevant general safety and performance requirements laid down in Annex I of the MDR. Each certificated device is marked with a Conformitè Europëenne mark, or CE mark, which shows that the device has a Certificat de Conformité, also referred to as a certificate of conformity. The means for achieving the requirements for a CE mark varies according to the nature of the device. Devices are classified in accordance with their perceived risks, similarly to the U.S. system. The class of a product determines the requirements to be fulfilled in accordance with the MDR before a CE mark can be placed on a product. The procedure by which a device is assess to confirm if it complies with the general safety and performance requirements is known as a conformity assessment. Conformity assessment procedures require an assessment of available clinical evidence, literature data for the product and post-market experience in respect of similar products already marketed. Specifically, a manufacturer must demonstrate that the device achieves its intended performance during normal conditions of use, that the known and foreseeable risks, and any adverse events, are minimized and acceptable when weighed against the benefits of its intended performance, and that any claims made about the performance and safety of the device are supported by suitable evidence. Except for low-risk medical devices (Class I non-sterile, non-measuring devices), where the manufacturer can self-certify compliance with the MDR based on a self-assessment of the conformity of its products with the general safety and performance requirements of the MDR, a conformity assessment procedure requires the intervention of an independent organization accredited by a Member State of the EEA to conduct conformity assessments, known as a notified body. If satisfied that the relevant product conforms to the relevant general safety and performance requirements, the notified body issues a certificate of conformity, which the manufacturer uses as a basis for its own declaration of conformity. The manufacturer may then apply the CE mark to the device, which allows the device to be placed on the market throughout the EEA.

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Under transitional provisions provided in the MDR, medical devices that had valid certificates of conformity issued under the MDD prior to May 26, 2021 may, provided certain obligations under the MDR are respected, continue to be placed on the EEA market for the remaining validity of the certificate, and until May 27, 2024 at the latest. After the expiry of any applicable transitional period, only devices that have been CE marked on the basis of the MDR may be placed on the market in the EEA. However, in response to concerns raised about notified body capacity and the ability for devices to be re-certified within such time period, the European Commission has adopted a proposal to extend the transition period by some years, depending on the risk class of the device. Such proposal is currently being considered for adoption by the European Parliament and Council.

Post-Brexit, the MDR does not apply in the United Kingdom, or UK, (except for Northern Ireland, which under the Northern Ireland Protocol is bound by certain EU laws). The medical device legislative framework in the UK is set out in the Medical Devices Regulations 2002. These regulations are based on the previous medical device directives of the EU, but have been amended so that they function properly now that the UK is no longer part of the EU. The Medical Devices Regulations 2002 have introduced several changes including (but not limited to) replacing the CE mark with a UK Conformity Assessed marking, requiring manufacturers outside of the UK to appoint a UK Responsible Person if they place devices on the market in the UK and more wide-ranging device registration requirements. Manufactures can continue placing CE marked medical devices on the Great Britain market for the time being, however from July 2024, transitional arrangements will apply for CE marked medical devices placed on the Great Britain market. These transitional arrangements have not yet been brought into force through the UK medical devices regulations, but the UK Government intends to introduce legislation by Spring 2023 that will bring these into force.

International Approvals

Drug products, medical devices, and drug/medical device combination products are subject to extensive regulation, including premarket review and marketing authorization, by similar agencies in other countries. Regulatory requirements and approval processes are similar in approach to that of the U.S. but are not harmonized. International regulators are independent and not bound by the findings of the FDA and there is a risk that foreign regulators will not accept clinical trial design/results or may require additional data or other information not requested by the FDA. In addition, international regulators may require different manufacturing practices than the FDA’s cGMPs.

Reimbursement

In the U.S. and markets in other countries, patients generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the costs associated with their treatment. Adequate coverage and reimbursement from governmental healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and commercial payors is critical to new product acceptance. Our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations. Even if coverage is provided, the approved reimbursement amount may not be high enough to allow us to establish or maintain pricing sufficient to realize a sufficient return on our investment. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels.

Potential sales of any of our product candidates, if approved, will depend, at least in part, on the extent to which such products will be covered by third-party payors, such as government health care programs, commercial insurance and managed healthcare organizations. In the U.S., no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for drug or biological products exists. Accordingly, decisions regarding the extent of coverage and amount of reimbursement to be provided for any of our products will be made on a payor-by-payor basis. The process for determining whether a third-party payor will provide coverage for a product may be separate from the process for setting the price or reimbursement rate that the payor will pay for the product once coverage is approved. Third-party payors are increasingly limiting coverage and/or reducing reimbursements for medical products and services. A third-party payor’s decision to provide coverage for a drug product does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Further, one payor’s determination to provide coverage for a drug product does not assure that other payors will also provide coverage for the drug product. In addition, the U.S. government, state legislatures and foreign governments have continued implementing cost-containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products. Adoption of price controls and cost-containment measures, and adoption of more restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures, could further limit our future revenues and results of operations. Decreases in third-party reimbursement or a decision by a third-party payor to not cover a product candidate, if approved, or any future approved products could reduce physician usage of our products, and have a material adverse effect on our sales, results of operations and financial condition.

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In the U.S., the Medicare Part D program provides a voluntary outpatient drug benefit to Medicare beneficiaries for certain products. We do not know whether our product candidates, if approved, will be eligible for coverage under Medicare Part D, but individual Medicare Part D plans offer coverage subject to various factors such as those described above. Furthermore, private payors often follow Medicare coverage policies and payment limitations in setting their own coverage policies.

Anti-Kickback, False Claims Laws and Other Regulations

In addition to the FDA restrictions on marketing of pharmaceutical products, medical devices, and combination products, several other types of state and federal laws have been applied to restrict certain marketing practices in the medical product industry in recent years. These laws include federal and state anti-kickback statutes, false claims statutes, and other statutes pertaining to health care fraud and abuse. The federal healthcare program anti-kickback statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration to induce, or in return for, purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for the purchase, lease or order of any healthcare item or service reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid, or other federally financed healthcare programs. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or PPACA, amended the intent element of the federal statute so that a person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on the one hand and prescribers, purchasers, and formulary managers on the other. Violations of the anti-kickback statute are punishable by imprisonment, criminal fines, civil monetary penalties, and exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs. Although there are a number of statutory exemptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities from prosecution or other regulatory sanctions, the exemptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that involve remuneration intended to induce prescribing, purchases, or recommendations may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exemption or safe harbor.

Federal false claims laws prohibit any person from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim for payment to the federal government, or knowingly making, or causing to be made, a false statement to have a false claim paid. This includes claims made to programs where the federal government reimburses, such as Medicaid, as well as programs where the federal government is a direct purchaser, such as when it purchases off the Federal Supply Schedule. Recently, several pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have been prosecuted under these laws for allegedly inflating drug prices they report to pricing services, which in turn were used by the government to set Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement rates, and for allegedly providing free product to customers with the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product. In addition, certain marketing practices, including off-label promotion, may also violate false claims laws. Additionally, PPACA amended the healthcare program anti-kickback statute such that a violation can serve as a basis for liability under the federal false claims law. The majority of states also have statutes or regulations similar to the federal anti-kickback law and false claims laws, which apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor.

The U.S. federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, created additional federal criminal statutes that prohibit among other actions, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payors or making any false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services. HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, or HITECH, and their implementing regulations, impose obligations on certain types of individuals and entities regarding the electronic exchange of information in common healthcare transactions, as well as standards relating to the privacy and security of individually identifiable health information.

Other federal statutes pertaining to healthcare fraud and abuse include the civil monetary penalties statute, which prohibits the offer or payment of remuneration to a Medicaid or Medicare beneficiary that the offeror/payor knows or should know is likely to influence the beneficiary to order a receive a reimbursable item or service from a particular supplier, and the healthcare fraud statute, which prohibits knowingly and willfully executing or attempting to execute a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or obtain by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises any money or property owned by or under the control of any healthcare benefit program in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items, or services.

Additionally, to the extent that our product is sold in a foreign country, we may be subject to similar foreign laws.

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Privacy and Security laws

HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, and their respective implementing regulations, impose privacy, security transmission and breach reporting obligations with respect to individually identifiable health information, including protected health information, or PHI, upon entities subject to the law, such as health plans, healthcare clearinghouses and certain healthcare providers, and their respective business associates that perform services on their behalf that involve individually identifiable health information, including PHI. HIPAA imposes criminal liability and amends provisions on the reporting, investigation, enforcement, and penalizing of civil liability for, among other things, knowingly and recklessly executing a scheme or artifice to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private payors, as well as knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing, or covering up a material fact by any trick, scheme, or device or making any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items, or services. A violation of this statute is a felony and may result in fines, imprisonment, or exclusion from government-sponsored programs. Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of this statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. In addition, state attorney generals have authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce the HIPAA laws and seek attorneys’ fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions. Although we are not directly subject to HIPAA, other than potentially with respect to providing certain employee benefits, we could be subject to criminal penalties if we knowingly obtain or disclose individually identifiable health information maintained by a HIPAA covered entity in a manner that is not authorized or permitted by HIPAA.

Many states have laws that protect the privacy and security of personal information, including health or other categories of sensitive personal information.

Federal and state laws that govern the privacy and security of health information or personally identifiable information in certain circumstances, including state health information privacy and data breach notification laws which govern the collection, use, disclosure, and protection of health-related and other personal information, many of which differ from each other in significant ways, may require us to undertake compliance efforts that could be costly and time consuming or subject us to liability for a failure to comply.

Other Federal and State Regulatory Requirements

Manufacturers of prescription drugs are required to collect and report information on certain payments or transfers of value to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors), certain other licensed health care practitioners (i.e., physician assistants, nurse practitioners or clinical nurse specialists, certified registered nurse anesthetists, and certified nurse-midwives), and teaching hospitals, as well as any investment interests held by the physicians and their immediate family members. The reports must be submitted on an annual basis and the reported data are posted in searchable form on a public website on an annual basis. Failure to submit required information may result in civil monetary penalties.

In addition, several states now require prescription drug companies to report certain expenses relating to the marketing and promotion of drug products and to report gifts and payments to individual healthcare practitioners in these states. Other states prohibit various marketing-related activities, such as the provision of certain kinds of gifts or meals. Still other states require the posting of information relating to clinical studies and their outcomes. Some states require the reporting of certain pricing information, including information pertaining to and justifying price increases, or prohibit prescription drug price gouging. In addition, states such as California, Connecticut, Nevada, Massachusetts, and Vermont require pharmaceutical companies to implement compliance programs and/or marketing codes. Additional jurisdictions, such as the City of Chicago and the District of Columbia, require pharmaceutical sales representatives to be licensed and meet continuing education requirements. Several additional states are considering similar proposals. Compliance with these laws is difficult and time-consuming, and companies that do not comply with these state laws face civil penalties.

Healthcare Reform

The U.S. and many foreign jurisdictions have enacted or proposed legislative and regulatory changes affecting the healthcare system. The U.S. government, state legislatures and foreign governments also have shown significant interest in implementing cost-containment programs to limit the growth of government-paid healthcare costs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products for branded prescription drugs. Payors, whether domestic or foreign, or governmental or private, are developing increasingly sophisticated methods of controlling healthcare costs and those methods are not always specifically adapted for new technologies such as gene therapy and therapies addressing rare diseases such as those we are developing. In both the U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the health care system that could impact our ability to sell our products profitably. In particular, in 2010, the PPACA was enacted, which, among other things, subjected biologic products to potential competition by lower-cost biosimilars; addressed a new methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for drugs that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected; increased the minimum Medicaid rebates owed by most manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program; extended the Medicaid Drug Rebate program to utilization of prescriptions of individuals enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations; subjected manufacturers to new annual fees and taxes for certain branded prescription drugs; created a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 70% point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D; and provided incentives to programs that increase the federal government’s comparative effectiveness research.

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In recent years, Congress has considered reductions in Medicare reimbursement levels for drugs. CMS, the agency that administers the Medicare and Medicaid programs, also has authority to revise reimbursement rates and to implement coverage restrictions for some drugs. Cost reduction initiatives and changes in coverage implemented through legislation or regulation could decrease utilization of and reimbursement for any approved products. While Medicare regulations apply only to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payers often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement rates. Therefore, any reduction in reimbursement that results from federal legislation or regulation may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payers.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act, or collectively the Affordable Care Act, substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers, and significantly impacts the pharmaceutical industry. The Affordable Care Act is intended to broaden access to health insurance, reduce or constrain the growth of healthcare spending, enhance remedies against healthcare fraud and abuse, add new transparency requirements for healthcare and health insurance industries, impose new taxes and fees on pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers, and impose additional health policy reforms. Among other things, the Affordable Care Act expanded manufacturers' rebate liability under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program by increasing the minimum Medicaid rebate for both branded and generic drugs, expanded the 340B program, and revised the definition of AMP, which could increase the amount of Medicaid drug rebates manufacturers are required to pay to states. The legislation also extended Medicaid drug rebates, previously due only on fee-for-service Medicaid utilization, to include the utilization of Medicaid managed care organizations as well and created an alternative rebate formula for certain new formulations of certain existing products that is intended to increase the amount of rebates due on those drugs. On February 1, 2016, CMS issued final regulations to implement the changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate program under the Affordable Care Act. These regulations became effective on April 1, 2016. Since that time, there have been significant ongoing efforts to modify or eliminate the Affordable Care Act.

Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since passage of the Affordable Care Act. The Budget Control Act of 2011 and subsequent legislation, among other things, created measures for spending reductions by Congress that include aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to healthcare providers of up to 2.0% per fiscal year, which remain in effect until 2031 unless additional Congressional action is taken. Due to the Statutory Pay-As-You-Go Act of 2010, estimated budget deficit increases resulting from the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, and subsequent legislation, Medicare payments to providers will be further reduced starting in 2025 absent further legislation. Further, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, among other things, reduced Medicare payments to several types of providers, including hospitals, imaging centers and cancer treatment centers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years.

The Affordable Care Act has been subject to challenges in the courts. On December 14, 2018, a Texas U.S. District Court Judge ruled that the Affordable Care Act is unconstitutional in its entirety because the “individual mandate” was repealed by Congress. On December 18, 2019, the Fifth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals held that the individual mandate is unconstitutional and remanded the case to the Texas District Court to reconsider its earlier invalidation of the entire Affordable Care Act. An appeal was taken to the U.S. Supreme Court which heard oral arguments in the case on November 10, 2020. On June 17, 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that the plaintiffs lacked standing to challenge the law as they had not alleged personal injury traceable to the allegedly unlawful conduct. As a result, the Supreme Court did not rule on the constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act or any of its provisions.

The Affordable Care Act requires pharmaceutical manufacturers of branded prescription drugs to pay a branded prescription drug fee to the federal government. Each individual pharmaceutical manufacturer pays a prorated share of the branded prescription drug fee, based on the dollar value of its branded prescription drug sales to certain federal programs identified in the law. Furthermore, the law requires manufacturers to provide a 50% discount off the negotiated price of prescriptions filled by beneficiaries in the Medicare Part D coverage gap, referred to as the “donut hole.” The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, among other things, amended the Affordable Care Act, effective January 1, 2019, to close the coverage gap in most Medicare drug plans by increasing from 50% to 70% the point-of-sale discount that is owed by pharmaceutical manufacturers who participate in Medicare Part D.

Payment methodologies may be subject to changes in healthcare legislation and regulatory initiatives as well. For example, CMS may develop new payment and delivery models, such as bundled payment models. Recently, there has been heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their marketed products. Such scrutiny has resulted in several recent U.S. Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, reduce the cost of drugs under Medicare, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for pharmaceutical products.

Further changes to and under the Affordable Care Act remain possible, but it is unknown what form any such changes or any law proposed to replace or revise the Affordable Care Act would take, and how or whether it may affect our business in the future.

At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

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We expect that additional federal, state and foreign healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, which could result in limited coverage and reimbursement and reduced demand for our products, once approved, or additional pricing pressures.

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, prohibits U.S. businesses and their representatives from offering to pay, paying, promising to pay or authorizing the payment of money or anything of value to a foreign official in order to influence any act or decision of the foreign official in his or her official capacity or to secure any other improper advantage in order to obtain or retain business. The FCPA also obligates companies whose securities are listed in the U.S. to comply with accounting provisions requiring us to maintain books and records, which in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the corporation, including international subsidiaries, if any, and to devise and maintain a system of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurances regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements. Our industry is heavily regulated and therefore involves significant interaction with public officials, including officials of non-U.S. governments. Additionally, in many other countries, the health care providers who prescribe pharmaceuticals are employed by their government, and the purchasers of pharmaceuticals are government entities; therefore, our dealings with these prescribers and purchasers are subject to regulation under the FCPA. Recently, the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, and Department of Justice have increased their FCPA enforcement activities with respect to pharmaceutical companies. Violations could result in fines, criminal sanctions against us, our officers, or our employees, the closing down of our facilities, requirements to obtain export licenses, cessation of business activities in sanctioned countries, implementation of compliance programs, and prohibitions on the conduct of our business. Recent enacted legislation has expanded the SEC’s power to seek disgorgement in all FCPA cases filed in federal court and extended the statute of limitations in SEC enforcement actions in intent-based claims such as those under the FCPA from five years to ten years.

International Laws

In Europe, and throughout the world, other countries have enacted anti-bribery laws and/or regulations similar to the FCPA. Violations of any of these antibribery laws, or allegations of such violations, could have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and reputation. There are also international privacy laws that impose restrictions on the access, use, including the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation, and disclosure of health information. All of these laws may impact our business. Our failure to comply with these privacy laws or significant changes in the laws restricting our ability to obtain required patient information could significantly impact our business and our future business plans.

Employees and Human Capital Resources

As of October 17, 2025, we had 11 full-time employees, 7 of whom are based in the U.S. Our employees are skilled in drug development, including clinical trial design, clinical operations in support of our clinical trials and related activities, corporate administration, finance and business development. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by collective bargaining agreements, and we believe our relationship with our employees is good. We also work with independent professional advisors and consultants to support our program development activities, particularly in the areas of drug product development, regulatory, compliance, and international clinical operations.

We believe our human capital resources are fundamental to our success; as such, our corporate objectives include recruiting, retaining, incentivizing and integrating existing and new employees, advisors and consultants for the common purpose of increasing stockholder value and promoting the success of our company. Our compensation and equity incentive programs are designed to attract, retain and reward personnel through cash-based compensation and granting of stock-based awards intended to motivate such individuals to perform to the best of their abilities and advance our corporate objectives. We endeavor to provide competitive benefits that will reward and retain our employees. Our compensation program includes competitive salary and annual bonus programs, comprehensive healthcare benefits for employees and dependent family members, paid time off, paid holidays, family medical leave and flexible work schedules. We sponsor a 401(k) plan and automatically enroll all employees when eligible and generally provide a discretionary matching corporate contribution.

Properties

We maintain our principal executive offices at 2600 Kelly Road, Suite 100, Warrington, Pennsylvania 18976-3622. Our premises include corporate administration, research and drug development, clinical operations, regulatory affairs, and quality.

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We also maintain a location in Taipei, Taiwan consisting of approximately 1,317 square feet of office space, where we oversee certain manufacturing development and preclinical activities occurring at a university in Taiwan related to our cardiovascular drug product candidates. We believe our current facilities are adequate for our needs in 2025.

Legal Proceedings

We are not aware of any pending legal actions that would, if determined adversely to us, have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

We may be subject to other legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. We cannot predict the results of any such disputes, and despite the potential outcomes, the existence thereof may have an adverse material impact on us due to diversion of management time and attention as well as the financial costs related to resolving such disputes.

Available Information

We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy or stockholder information statements and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, certain and other information that we may file electronically with the SEC (http://www.sec.gov). We maintain our corporate website at http://www.windtreetx.com. Our website and the information contained therein or connected thereto are not incorporated into this prospectus.

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MANAGEMENT

The following table sets forth information regarding our executive officers and directors, including their ages as of October 17, 2025:

NAME	AGE	POSITION(S)
Executive Officers

Jed Latkin	50	President Global, Chief Executive Officer, and Director
Eric Curtis	57	President North America, Chief Operating Officer and Corporate Secretary

Non-Employee Directors

Mark Strobeck, Ph.D.	54	Chairman of the Board of Directors
Saundra Pelletier	55	Director
Andrew Kucharchuk	44	Director

Information about our Executive Officers

Jed Latkin. Mr. Latkin was appointed to serve as our President Global and Chief Executive Officer on December 1, 2024, and has served as a member of our board of directors (the “Board”) since August 2024. Mr. Latkin has served as the Chief Operating Officer and Head of Finance of ProPhase Labs, Inc., or ProPhase, a biotech, genomics and diagnostics company, since January 2023. In his capacity as Chief Operating Officer, Mr. Latkin also serves as ProPhase’s principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. Previously, Mr. Latkin served as a Turnaround Specialist at Nagel Avenue Capital, LLC, or Nagel Avenue Capital, an investment firm, from November 2021 to January 2023, where he provided contracted services for numerous companies and asset management firms and was responsible for a large diversified portfolio of asset-based investments in varying industries, including product manufacturing, agriculture, energy, and healthcare. In connection with this role at Nagel Avenue Capital, he served as Chief Executive Officer of End of Life Petroleum Holdings, LLC and Black Elk Energy, LLC, Chief Financial Officer of Viper Powersports, Inc. and West Ventures, LLC, and Portfolio Manager of Precious Capital, LLC. Mr. Latkin served as a director and Chief Executive Officer of Navidea Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., or Navidea, a biopharmaceutical company, from October 2018 until October 2021, Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Navidea from May 2017 to October 2018 and Interim Chief Operating Officer of Navidea from April 2016 to April 2017. Mr. Latkin has more than twenty eight years of experience in the financial industry supporting many investments in major markets, including biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. Mr. Latkin previously served on the Board of Directors for Navidea from October 2018 until October 2021, CORAR from October 2018 until October 2021, Viper Powersports, Inc. from 2012 to 2013, and the Renewable Fuels Association and Buffalo Lake Advanced Biofuels. Mr. Latkin worked for over ten years in Investment Banking at Citigroup, Morgan Stanley, and Fleet Boston Robertson Stephens. He also spent five years as a Co-Portfolio Manager for ING Investment Management. Mr. Latkin earned a B.A. in Political Science and History from Rutgers University and a M.B.A. in Finance from Columbia Business School.

Eric Curtis. Mr. Curtis has served as our President North America, Chief Operating Officer, or COO, and Corporate Secretary since January 2025. Prior to that he served as Windtree’s Senior Vice President and COO since March 2020. Prior to joining us, he served as Chief Executive Officer and President of Centurion BioPharma, a biopharmaceutical research and development focused company and a private subsidiary of CytRx Corporation, from June 2018 to November 2019. Mr. Curtis was primarily responsible for the company’s corporate strategy, pipeline development plan and business development. Prior to that role, he was President and Chief Operating Officer of CytRx Corporation, a biopharmaceutical company focused in oncology, from February 2018 to March 2020. Mr. Curtis’ responsibilities included corporate strategy, pipeline development and investor relations. Before that, Mr. Curtis was principal of Curtis Biopharm Consulting where he led his consulting business to work with the chief executive officers of several biopharmaceutical companies on refining their company’s strategic product development, commercialization effectiveness and focusing resources from 2016 to February 2018. Before that, Mr. Curtis served as President, U.S. Commercial of Aegerion Pharmaceuticals, a biopharmaceutical company from 2014 to 2016. He led the commercial organization for U.S., represented commercial for global business development and was the lead of commercial for investor relations strategy and execution. Mr. Curtis earned his MBA from Pennsylvania State University, and his B.S. in Business and Psychology from the University of Pittsburgh.

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Non-Employee Directors

Mark Strobeck, Ph.D. Dr. Strobeck has served as a member of our Board since June 2023 and as Chairman of the Board since January 2025. He served as Lead Independent Director from August 2024 to December 2024. Dr. Strobeck has served as the President and Chief Executive Officer, and as a member of the board of directors, of Rockwell Medical, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, since July 2022. Dr. Strobeck served as Managing Director of Aquilo Partners, LP, a life sciences investment bank, from May 2021 to June 2022. He previously served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Assertio Holdings, Inc., a pharmaceutical company, from May 2020 to December 2020. Prior to that, Dr. Strobeck was Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Zyla Life Sciences, a pharmaceutical company, from September 2015 through its merger with Assertio Holdings, Inc. in May 2020, and previously served as Zyla’s Chief Business Officer from January 2014 to September 2015. Before his employment at Zyla, he served as Zyla’s advisor from June 2012 to December 2013. From January 2012 to December 2013, he served as President and Chief Executive Officer and as a director of Corridor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a pharmaceuticals company, which was acquired by AstraZeneca plc in 2014. From December 2010 to October 2011, Dr. Strobeck served as Chief Business Officer of Topaz Pharmaceuticals Inc., a specialty pharmaceutical company acquired by Sanofi Pasteur in 2011. From June 2010 to November 2010 and October 2011 to January 2012, Dr. Strobeck worked as a consultant. From January 2008 to May 2010, Dr. Strobeck served as Chief Business Officer of Trevena, Inc., a pharmaceutical company. Prior to joining Trevena, Dr. Strobeck held management roles at GlaxoSmithKline plc, a pharmaceuticals company, and venture capital firms SR One Limited and EuclidSR Partners, L.P. Dr. Strobeck currently serves on the board of directors of Horse Power For Life, a nonprofit organization dedicated to improving the quality of life for individuals diagnosed with cancer, a position he has held since 2012. Dr. Strobeck received his B.S. in Biology from St. Lawrence University in 1993 and his Ph.D. in Pharmacology and Biophysics from the University of Cincinnati in 1999 and completed his post-doctoral fellowship in Cardiovascular Gene Regulation at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 2001. Dr. Strobeck ’ s experience within the biopharmaceutical industry and his public company experience provide him with the qualifications and skills to serve on our Board.

Saundra Pelletier. Ms. Pelletier has served as a member of our Board since August 2024. Ms. Pelletier has served as Chief Executive Officer of Evofem Biosciences, Inc., a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company, since February 2015 and currently serves as interim chair of its board of directors since November 2021. From 2009 to 2016, Ms. Pelletier was the founding Chief Executive Officer of WomanCare Global, an international non-profit organization focused on empowering, educating and enabling women and girls to make informed choices about their health and creating sustainable supply chains that delivered products to women in more than 100 developing countries. Earlier in her career, Ms. Pelletier served as Corporate Vice President and Global Franchise Leader for G.D. Searle, where she managed a business unit focused on women’s healthcare, and Vice President of Pharmaceuticals for Women First Healthcare. Among her many honors, Ms. Pelletier was named a “New Champion for Reproductive Health” by the United Nations Foundation, awarded the Athena San Diego Pinnacle Award for Life Sciences, and named San Diego Business Journal’s 2019 Businesswoman of the Year. She has served as a member of the board of directors of TRACON Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a publicly traded biopharmaceutical company, since March 2020. Ms. Pelletier received her B.S. in Business Administration and her Honorary Doctor of Business Administration from Husson University.

Ms. Pelletier’s experience on the boards of public life science companies and leadership as a chief executive officer provide her with the qualifications and skills to serve on our Board.

Andrew Kucharchuk. Mr. Kucharchuk has served as a member of our Board since August 2025. Mr. Kucharchuk has served as Chief Financial Officer of Cero Therapeutics Holdings, Inc since October 2024 and Chief Financial Officer of Chain Bridge I, Inc. since April 2024. Previously, he has served as Chief Financial Officer of Theralink Technologies, Inc. (“Theralink”) from May 2023 until June 2024 and as Acting Chief Financial Officer of Theralink from June 2020 to December 2021. He has served on the Board of Directors of Theralink since June 2020. Mr. Kucharchuk also served as Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of OncBioMune, Inc. (“OBMP”) prior to Theralink’s acquisition of OBMP from November 2019 to June 2020 and November 2006 to October 2019, respectively. Mr. Kucharchuk served as the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Adhera Therapeutics, Inc. from July 2020 until September 2022 and its Chief Operating Officer from October 2022 to October 2023. Mr. Kucharchuk is a graduate of Louisiana State University and Tulane University’s Freeman School of Business, where he earned an MBA.

Family Relationships

There are no family relationships among our directors and executive officers.

Board Leadership Structure

Our Board is currently composed of four members. In accordance with our By-Laws, each director is elected at our Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Each director holds office until our next Annual Meeting of Stockholders and until his or her successors have been duly elected and qualified, or until such director’s death, or until such director shall have resigned, or have been removed.

We believe that our Board should remain free to configure the leadership of our Board and us in a way that best serves our interests and the interest of our stockholders at the time and, accordingly, has no fixed policy with respect to combining or separating the offices of the Chairman of the Board and the CEO. Effective in January 2025, Dr. Strobeck was appointed to serve as Chairman of our Board. Accordingly, we currently have separate individuals serving in the roles of Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer in recognition of the differences between the two roles. The Board believes that the decision as to whether the positions of Chairman and Chief Executive Officer should be combined or separated, and whether an executive or an independent director should serve as Chairman if the roles are split, should be based upon the particular circumstances facing the Company. The Board believes that it is important to retain the flexibility to allocate the responsibilities of the offices of Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer in any manner that it determines to be in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders. Our Chief Executive Officer is responsible for setting the strategic direction for the Company and the day-to-day leadership of the Company, while the Chairman of the Board provides guidance to the Chief Executive Officer, prepares the agendas for board meetings, determines materials to be distributed to the Board, and presides over the meetings of the Board. We believe this balance of shared leadership between the two positions is appropriate and is a strength for the Company. Our Board will continue to evaluate its leadership structure in light of changing circumstances and will make changes at such times as it deems appropriate.

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Role of Board in Risk Oversight

One of the key functions of our Board is to oversee our risk management process. Our Board does not have a standing risk management committee, but rather administers this oversight function directly through our Board as a whole, as well as through various standing committees of our Board that address the risks inherent in their respective areas of oversight. In particular, our Board is responsible for monitoring and assessing strategic risk exposure and our Audit Committee has the responsibility to consider and discuss our major financial risk exposures and the steps our management has taken to monitor and control these exposures, including guidelines and policies to govern the process by which risk assessment and management is undertaken. While our Board maintains the ultimate oversight responsibility for the risk management process, its committees oversee risk in certain specified areas. For example:

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Our Audit Committee oversees management of financial reporting, compliance and litigation risks, including risks related to our insurance, information technology, human resources and regulatory matters, as well as the steps management has taken to monitor and control such exposures.

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Our Compensation Committee is responsible for overseeing the management of risks relating to our executive compensation policies, plans and arrangements and the extent to which those policies or practices increase or decrease risks for our company.

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Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee manages risks associated with the independence of our Board,

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