UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K


☒			ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 000-50194

HMS HOLDINGS CORP.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 5615 High Point Drive, Irving, TX (Address of principal executive offices)		11-3656261 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 75038 (Zip Code)
	(214) 453-3000 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock $0.01 par value	HMSY	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (The Nasdaq Global Select Market)

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒

Accelerated filer ☐

Non-accelerated filer ☐

Smaller reporting company ☐

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act) Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates as of June 2830, ~~2019~~2020 the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second quarter was approximately $21.08 billion based on the last reported sale price of the registrant’s common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on that date. Solely for purposes of this disclosure, shares of common stock held by executive officers, directors and persons who hold 10% or more of the outstanding shares of common stock of the registrant as of such date have been excluded because such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination is not necessarily a conclusive determination for any other purposes.

There were 88,~~105~~638,~~722~~966 shares of common stock outstanding as of February 1723, ~~2020~~2021.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Unless provided in an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the information required by Part III is incorporated by reference to the registrant’s ~~2020~~2021 definitive proxy statement, to the extent stated herein. Such proxy statement or amendment will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020.

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HMS HOLDINGS CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

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Page

~~Page~~

Glossary

PART I

Item 1.

Business

Item 1A.

Risk Factors

1216

Item 1B.

Unresolved Staff Comments

3138

Item 2.

Properties

3138

Item 3.

Legal Proceedings

3139

Item 4.

Mine Safety Disclosures

3139

PART II

Item 5.

Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

3240

Item 6.

Selected Financial Data

3442

Item 7.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

3543

Item 7A.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

4959

Item 8.

Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

4959

Item 9.

Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

4959

Item 9A.

Controls and Procedures

4959

Item 9B.

Other Information

5060

PART III

Item 10.

Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

5161

Item 11.

Executive Compensation

5161

Item 12.

Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters

5161

Item 13.

Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence

5262

Item 14.

Principal Accounting Fees and Services

5262

PART IV

Item 15.

Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

5363

Item 16.

Form 10-K Summary

5667

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Glossary

Throughout this ~~2019~~2020 Form 10-K, we may use certain abbreviations, acronyms and terms which are described below:

ACA			Patient Protections and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010
ACO			Accountable care organization
ADR			Additional documentation request
AI			Artificial intelligence
ASC			Accounting Standards Codification
ASO			Administrative service only
ASU			Accounting Standards Update
CARES Act			Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act
CHIP			Children's Health Insurance Program
CMS			Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS NHE			CMS National Health Expenditures
COB			Coordination of Benefits
COSO			Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission
Credit Agreement			The Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of May 3, 2013, as amended by Amendment No. 1 to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of March 8, 2017, and as further amended by Amendment No. 2 to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of December 19, 2017, by and among HMS Holdings Corp., the Guarantors party thereto, the Lenders party thereto and Citibank, N.A. as Administrative Agent
DSO			Days sales outstanding
ERISA			Employment Retirement Income Security Act of 1974
Exchange Act			Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
FASB			Financial Accounting Standards Board
FCPA			U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended
HIPAA			Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended
HITECH			Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health
IRC			Internal Revenue Code
IRS			U.S. Internal Revenue Service
LIBOR or LIBO Rate			Intercontinental Exchange London Interbank Offered Rate (or any successor rate determined in accordance with the Credit Agreement)
MCO			Managed care organization
ML			Machine learning
NLP			Natural language processing
PBM			Pharmacy benefit manager
PHI			Protected health information
PHM			Population Health Management
PI			Payment Integrity
PMPM			Per member per month
PMPY			Per member per year
RAC			Recovery Audit Contractor
RFP			Request for proposal

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RAC			Recovery Audit Contractor
RFP			Request for proposal
ROU			Right-of-use
RPA			Robotic process automation
SEC			U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Securities Act			Securities Act of 1933, as amended
Section 199 Deduction			U.S. Production Activities Deduction pursuant to IRC Section 199
SG&A			Selling, general and administrative
TCPA			Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991, as amended
TPL			Third-party liability
U.S. GAAP			United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
VA			U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
2006 Stock Plan			HMS Holdings Corp. Fourth Amended and Restated 2006 Stock Plan, as amended by Amendment No. 1 to the HMS Holdings Corp. Fourth Amended and Restated 2006 Stock Plan dated as of February 16, 2012
2011 HDI Plan			HDI Holdings, Inc. Amended 2011 Stock ~~option~~Option and Stock Issuance Plan
2016 Omnibus Plan			HMS Holdings Corp. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan
2017 Tax Act			Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
2019 Form 10-K			HMS Holdings Corp. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019
2020 Form 10-K			HMS Holdings Corp. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020
2019 Omnibus Plan			HMS Holdings Corp. 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan
401(k) Plan			HMS Holdings Corp. 401(k) Plan

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Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

For purposes of this ~~2019~~2020 Form 10-K, the terms “HMS,” “Company,” “we, “us, and “our” refer to HMS Holdings Corp. and its consolidated subsidiaries unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Included in this ~~2019~~2020 Form 10-K are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. From time to time, we also provide forward-looking statements in other materials we release to the public, as well as oral forward-looking statements. Such statements relate to our current expectations, projections and assumptions about our business, the economy and future events or conditions. They do not relate strictly to historical or current facts.

We have tried to identify forward-looking statements by using words such as “aim,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “future,” “intend,” “likely,” “may,” "“outlook,"” “plan,” "“potential,"” “project,” “seek,” “strategy,” “target,” "“trend,"” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” variations of such terms, and similar expressions and references to guidance, although some forward-looking statements may be expressed differently. These statements include, among other things, the potential impacts of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and related developments, information concerning our future growth, business ~~strategy,~~plans and strategic or operational initiatives, our future operating or financial performance, our ability to invest in and utilize our data and analytics capabilities ~~to expand our capabilities~~, the benefits and synergies to be obtained from completed and future acquisitions, investments or strategic ~~relationships~~partnerships, including ~~VitreosHealth,~~Lorica ~~Inc.~~Health Pty Limited (~~"VitreosHealth"~~“Lorica”), and MedAdvisor Limited ("“MedAdvisor"”), the expected timing, completion and ~~West~~effects ~~Claims~~of ~~Recovery~~the ~~Services~~proposed acquisition of HMS by Gainwell Acquisition Corp., ~~LLC~~a Delaware corporation (~~"Accent"~~“Gainwell”), through the ~~future~~merger ~~performance~~of Mustang MergerCo Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of ~~companies~~Gainwell or(“Merger ~~businesses~~Sub”), wewith ~~have~~and ~~acquired~~into orHMS, inwith ~~which~~HMS wecontinuing ~~have~~as ~~invested~~the surviving corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of Gainwell (the “Merger”) pursuant to that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated December 20, 2020, by and among HMS, Gainwell, Merger Sub, and Gainwell Intermediate Holding Corp., a Delaware corporation (the “Merger Agreement”), our future expenses, interest rates and tax rates, ~~our~~the ~~ability~~sufficiency toof ~~meet~~ our ~~future~~sources ~~liquidity~~of ~~requirements~~liquidity, the impact of potential or future changes to U.S. healthcare legislation or healthcare spending ~~affecting Medicare~~, ~~Medicaid~~and or other ~~publicly~~statements ~~funded~~regarding orour ~~subsidized~~possible ~~health~~future ~~programs~~actions, objectives and prospects. The forward-looking statements in this 2020 Form 10-K, other than the statements regarding ~~our~~the ~~possible~~proposed ~~future~~transaction ~~actions~~with Gainwell, ~~business~~do ~~plans,~~not ~~objectives~~assume ~~and~~the ~~prospects~~consummation of the Merger unless specifically stated otherwise.

Forward-looking statements are not guarantees and involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Actual results may differ materially from past results and from those indicated by such forward-looking statements if known or unknown risks or uncertainties materialize, or if underlying assumptions prove inaccurate. These risks and uncertainties include, among other things:

▪the occurrence of any event, change, or other circumstances that could delay or prevent closing of the Merger, or give rise to the termination of the Merger Agreement and the effects on our business during the pendency of the Merger;

▪the course of the COVID-19 pandemic and the responses to the pandemic, and their effects on our business and operations, including those of our customers and partners, and general economic, business and market conditions;

▪our ability to execute our business plans or growth strategy;

▪our ability to innovate, develop, or implement and deliver new or enhanced solutions or services;

▪the nature of strategic acquisition, investment, ~~strategic~~partnership ~~relationship~~ and divestiture opportunities we are pursuing, and our ability to successfully execute on such opportunities;

▪our ability to successfully integrate or merge acquired businesses and ~~operations and~~ realize synergies;

▪significant and increased competition for our solutions and services;

▪~~variations~~changes in ~~our~~the ~~results~~healthcare ofenvironment or healthcare financing system, including regulatory, budgetary or political actions that affect healthcare spending or the practices and operations of healthcare organizations;

▪our ability to ~~accurately~~protect ~~forecast~~our ~~the~~systems ~~revenue~~from ~~under~~damage, ~~our~~interruption ~~contracts~~or breach, and ~~solutions~~to maintain effective information and technology systems and networks, including during a catastrophic or extraordinary event, such as COVID-19;

~~▪our ability to protect our systems from damage, interruption or breach, and to maintain effective information and technology systems and networks;~~3

~~▪our~~Table ~~ability~~of ~~to protect our intellectual property rights, proprietary technology, information processes and know-how;~~Contents

▪our failure to maintain a high level of customer retention or the unexpected reduction in scope or termination of key contracts with major customers;

▪customer dissatisfaction or our non-compliance with contractual provisions or regulatory requirements;

▪our failure to meet performance standards triggering significant costs or liabilities under our contracts;

▪our inability to manage our relationships with data ~~sources~~ and IT suppliers;

▪our reliance on subcontractors and other third party providers and parties to perform services;

▪our ability to secure future contracts and favorable contract terms through the competitive bidding process;

▪pending or threatened litigation;

▪unfavorable outcomes in legal proceedings;

▪our success in attracting and retaining qualified employees and members of our management team;

▪risks relating to our international operations, including political, regulatory, economic, foreign exchange, tax compliance and other risks;

▪variations in our results of operations;

▪our ability to accurately forecast the revenue under our contracts and solutions;

▪our ability to generate sufficient cash to cover our interest and principal payments under our credit facility;

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▪changes in tax laws, regulations or guidance or unexpected changes in our effective tax rate;

▪unanticipated increases in the number or amount of claims for which we are self-insured;

▪accounting changes or revisions;

▪~~risks~~our ~~relating~~ability to protect our ~~international~~intellectual ~~operations,~~property ~~including political~~rights, ~~regulatory,~~proprietary ~~economic~~technology, ~~foreign~~information ~~exchange,~~processes ~~tax compliance~~ and ~~other risks~~know-how;

▪changes in the U.S. healthcare environment or healthcare financing system, including regulatory, budgetary or political actions that affect healthcare spending or the practices and operations of healthcare organizations;

▪our failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations governing individual privacy and information security, domestically or internationally, or to protect such information from theft and misuse;

▪our ability to comply with current and future legal and regulatory requirements;

▪negative results of government or customer reviews, audits or investigations;

▪pending or threatened litigation;

▪unfavorable outcomes in legal proceedings;

▪state or federal limitations related to outsourcing of certain government programs or functions;

▪restrictions on bidding or performing certain work due to perceived conflicts of interests;

▪the market price of our common stock and lack of dividend payments; and

▪anti-takeover provisions in our corporate governance documents.

These and other risks are discussed under the headings “Part I, Item 1. Business,” “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors,” “Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and “Part II, Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” of this ~~2019~~2020 Form 10-K and in other documents we file with the SEC.

Any forward-looking statements made by us in this ~~2019~~2020 Form 10-K speak only as of the date on which they are made. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of the Merger, or assume its consummation, unless specifically stated otherwise. We undertake no obligation to publicly update forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required by law. We caution readers not to place undue reliance upon any of these forward-looking statements. You are advised, however, to consult any further disclosures we make on related subjects in our Form 10-Q and Form 8- K reports and our other filings with the SEC.

Market and Industry Data

This ~~2019~~2020 Form 10-K contains market, industry and government data and forecasts that have been obtained from publicly available information, various industry publications, other published industry sources and our internal data and estimates. We have not independently verified the information from third party sources and cannot make any representation as to the accuracy or completeness of such information. None of the reports and other materials of third party sources referred to in this ~~2019~~2020 Form 10-K were prepared for use in, or in connection with, this ~~2019~~2020 Form 10-K. Additionally, our internal data and estimates are based upon information obtained from our customers, our partners, trade and business organizations, publicly available information and other contacts in the markets in which we operate and our management’s understanding of industry conditions. Estimates are difficult to develop and inherently uncertain, and we cannot assure you that they are accurate. Our estimates involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those detailed above and under “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” of this 2019 Form 10-K.

Trademarks and Trade Names

We have a number of registered trademarks, including HMS®, as well as the corresponding HMS + logo design mark, Elli®, Eliza®, Essette®, VitreosHealth® and Accent®. These and other trademarks of ours appearing in this 2019 Form 10-K are our property. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names of ours referred to in this 2019 Form 10-K may appear without the ® or ™ symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the right of the applicable licensor to these trademarks and trade names. This 2019 Form 10-K contains additional trade names and trademarks of other companies. We do not intend our use or display of other companies' trade names or trademarks to imply an endorsement or sponsorship of us by such companies, or any relationship with any of these companies.

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and our management’s understanding of industry conditions. Estimates are difficult to develop and inherently uncertain, and we cannot assure you that they are accurate. Our estimates involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those detailed above and under “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” of this 2020 Form 10-K.

Trademarks and Trade Names

We have a number of registered trademarks, including HMS®, as well as the corresponding HMS + logo design mark, Elli®, Eliza®, Essette®, FraudCapture®, VitreosHealth® and Accent®. These and other trademarks of ours appearing in this 2020 Form 10-K are our property. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names of ours referred to in this 2020 Form 10-K may appear without the ® or ™ symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the right of the applicable licensor to these trademarks and trade names. This 2020 Form 10-K contains additional trade names and trademarks of other companies. We do not intend our use or display of other companies' trade names or trademarks to imply an endorsement or sponsorship of us by such companies, or any relationship with any of these companies.

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PART I

Item 1. Business

Founded in 1974, HMS is an industry-leading provider of cost containment and analytical solutions in the healthcare marketplace. Our mission is to make healthcare work better for everyone. We use data, technology, analytics and ~~analytics~~in-house expertise to deliver coordination of benefits, payment integrity and population health management solutions that help healthcare organizations reduce costs, improve health outcomes and ~~enhance~~drive ~~consumer~~the ~~experiences~~value of healthcare. We provide a broad range of payment accuracy solutions to government and commercial healthcare payers, including coordination of benefits services, to ensure that the right payer pays the claim, and payment integrity services tothat ~~address~~identify ~~improper~~and ~~payments~~correct ~~and~~improper ~~fraud,~~healthcare ~~waste~~billings and ~~abuse~~payments. Our population health management solutions include a multi-layered integrated portfolio of ~~integrated~~ risk analytics, ~~consumer~~ engagement and care management solutions that provide healthcare organizations ~~with~~the ~~reliable~~tools ~~intelligence~~to ~~insight~~address ~~into~~the ~~their~~needs ~~population~~of ~~and~~the ~~member~~whole ~~risks~~person ~~to predict, identify~~ and ~~avoid~~improve ~~preventable~~the ~~high~~quality, cost, ~~events~~experience ~~over~~and ~~the~~outcomes ~~healthcare~~of ~~continuum~~their entire population. Through our solutions, we help move ~~the~~ healthcare ~~system~~ forward by saving billions of healthcare dollars ~~for our customers~~ while helping consumers lead healthier lives.

We currently operate as one business segment with a single management team that reports to the Chief Executive Officer. HMS began its operations as Health Management Systems, Inc., which became our wholly owned subsidiary in March 2003 when we assumed its business in connection with the adoption of a holding company structure. ~~Since~~We ~~then,~~incorporated ~~our~~in ~~business~~the ~~has~~State ~~evolved~~of ~~through~~New aYork ~~combination~~in ofOctober ~~organic~~2002 ~~growth~~ and ~~targeted~~reincorporated ~~acquisitions~~in the State of Delaware in July 2013. WeOur ~~currently~~principal ~~operate~~executive asoffices ~~one~~are ~~business~~located ~~segment~~at ~~with~~5615 aHigh ~~single~~Point ~~management~~Drive, ~~team~~Irving, ~~that~~Texas ~~reports~~75038, toand ~~the~~our ~~Chief~~telephone ~~Executive~~number ~~Officer~~is (214) 453-3000. Our website is www.hms.com.

During fiscal year ~~2019~~2020, weour ~~made~~business acontinued ~~number~~to ofevolve ~~acquisitions~~through ~~and~~a ~~strategic~~combination ~~investments that accelerated the expansion~~ of ~~our~~targeted ~~service~~acquisitions ~~offerings~~ and ~~entry~~strategic ~~into new markets~~investments. In ~~September~~November ~~2019~~2020, we ~~acquired~~made ~~VitreosHealth,~~ an ~~innovator~~additional investment in ~~advanced~~MedAdvisor, ~~analytics~~an ~~for~~Australian-based ~~predictive~~digital ~~and~~medication ~~prescriptive~~adherence ~~health insights~~company, ~~bolstering~~reinforcing our ~~predictive~~strategic ~~analytics~~relationship ~~capability~~and ~~within~~efforts ~~our~~to ~~population~~expand ~~health~~internationally ~~management solution~~ and ~~establishing~~into ~~our~~new ~~geographic~~markets. ~~presence~~In inDecember ~~India.~~2020, Wewe ~~also~~entered ~~made~~into aan ~~strategic~~agreement ~~investment~~to inacquire ~~MedAdvisor~~Lorica, a leading ~~digital~~healthcare ~~medication~~payment ~~management~~accuracy and data analytics company based in Australia~~, to further evolve our population health management capabilities and potentially expand our international presence~~. InThe ~~December~~transaction ~~2019,~~closed wein ~~completed~~January ~~the acquisition of Accent, a payment accuracy and cost containment business~~2021. The addition of ~~Accent~~Lorica ~~enhances~~further strengthens our ~~capabilities~~ability ~~across~~to ~~all~~apply ofadvanced ~~our~~data ~~coordination of benefit~~ and payment ~~integrity~~analytics ~~solutions~~to ~~and~~deliver ~~extends~~significant ~~our~~cost ~~reach~~savings inand ~~both~~value ~~new~~to ~~and~~our ~~established~~clients ~~market~~and ~~segments,~~bolsters ~~offering~~our ~~immediate~~reach ~~market~~into ~~expansion~~the ~~and~~Australian ~~growth opportunities~~market.

WeProposed ~~were~~Transaction ~~originally~~with incorporated in the State of New York in October 2002 and reincorporated in the State of Delaware in July 2013. Our principal executive offices are located at 5615 High Point Drive, Irving, Texas 75038, and our telephone number is (214) 453-3000. As of December 31, 2019, we had approximately 3,100 employees. Additional information about HMS is available on our website at www.hms.com.Gainwell

~~Copies~~On ofDecember ~~our~~20, ~~recent~~2020, ~~Annual~~we ~~Reports~~entered oninto ~~Form~~the ~~10-K,~~Merger ~~Quarterly~~Agreement ~~Reports~~wherein onGainwell ~~Form~~will ~~10-Q,~~acquire ~~Current~~HMS. ~~Reports~~The onMerger ~~Form~~Agreement ~~8-K~~provides ~~and Proxy Statements~~that, asupon ~~well~~the asterms ~~amendments~~and subject to ~~these~~the ~~reports~~satisfaction or ~~statements,~~waiver ~~are~~of ~~available~~the ~~free~~conditions ofset ~~charge~~forth ontherein, ~~our~~Merger ~~website~~Sub ~~through~~will ~~the~~merge ~~Investor~~with ~~Relations~~and ~~page~~into HMS, aswith ~~soon~~HMS continuing as ~~reasonably~~the ~~practicable~~surviving ~~after~~corporation weand ~~electronically~~a ~~file~~wholly ~~them~~owned ~~with,~~subsidiary orof ~~furnish~~Gainwell. ~~them~~Under ~~to,~~ the ~~SEC.~~terms ~~These~~of ~~materials~~the Merger Agreement, aswhich ~~well~~has asbeen ~~similar~~unanimously ~~materials~~approved ~~for~~by ~~SEC~~the ~~registrants,~~HMS ~~may~~Board beof ~~obtained~~Directors, ~~directly~~HMS ~~from~~shareholders ~~the~~will ~~SEC~~receive ~~through~~$37.00 ~~their~~in ~~website~~cash atper ~~http://www~~share.~~sec.gov.~~

The ~~content~~Merger Agreement includes customary representations, warranties and covenants. The consummation of ~~any~~the ~~website~~Merger ~~referred~~is subject to incustomary ~~this~~closing ~~2019~~conditions, ~~Form~~including, ~~10-K~~among isothers, ~~not~~the ~~incorporated~~adoption of the Merger Agreement by ~~reference~~the ~~into~~affirmative ~~this~~vote ~~filing~~of ~~unless~~the ~~expressly~~holders ~~noted.~~of ~~References~~a majority of the shares of HMS's common stock outstanding and entitled to vote as well as the ~~URLs~~satisfaction ~~for~~of ~~these~~other ~~websites~~customary ~~are~~closing ~~intended~~conditions, including compliance with or performance, in all material respects, or in certain instances, in all respects, by each party of its covenants and obligations under the Merger Agreement. The Merger is anticipated to beclose ~~inactive~~in ~~textual~~the ~~references~~first ~~only~~half of 2021.

5The foregoing summary of the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby does not purport to be complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by, the full text of the Merger Agreement, which is filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 28, 2020 and incorporated by reference herein. Copies of the Current Report on Form 8-K and our other filings with the SEC, including our recent Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Proxy Statements and the amendments to these reports or statements,

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are available free of charge on our website through the Investor Relations page, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file them with, or furnish them to, the SEC. These materials, as well as similar materials for SEC registrants, may be obtained directly from the SEC through their website at www.sec.gov.

References to URL websites are intended to be inactive textual references only. The content of any website referred to in this 2020 Form 10-K is not incorporated by reference into this filing unless expressly noted.

COVID-19 Pandemic

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of COVID-19 as a pandemic, which has spread globally and throughout the United States. The course of COVID-19, including the responses to the pandemic and its effects, has created significant volatility, uncertainty and disruption in economic and normal business activities globally. It has also impacted our day-to-day operations and the operations of the vast majority of our customers, suppliers and partners. Although the pandemic has not had a material adverse effect on our operations to date, it did impact our financial results for 2020. The degree to which COVID-19 affects our future financial results and operations will depend on future developments which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. These uncertainties, include, among others, the recurrence, severity or duration of the ongoing pandemic, current or future domestic and international actions to contain and treat COVID-19, or their impact, and how quickly and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions can resume. Due to the speed with which the situation may change, we are not able to estimate the effect of COVID-19 on our financial results and operations at this time, but the effect could be material for fiscal year 2021 or during any future period affected directly or indirectly by this pandemic. For further discussion of the risks relating to COVID-19, see the “Risk Factors” section set forth in Part I, Item 1A of this 2020 Form 10-K.

Our Solutions

We provide solutions that apply broadly across the Medicaid, Medicare, commercial at-risk and employer self-insured ~~populations~~markets. Our services span the payment and care continuum, from an individual’s enrollment in a healthcare program to pre-payment review of their claims, through post-payment identification and recovery of improper payments, and back to the individual where our consumer-driven solutions allow healthcare organizations to manage individuals' healthcare on a personal level, and at scale, using actionable analytics that drive individuals to take actions that improve health outcomes. Our coordination of benefits and payment integrity services ensure payment accuracy by addressing a wide spectrum of payment errors, including eligibility and coordination of benefits errors, the identification and investigation of potential fraud, and the review of claims on a prepayment and post-payment basis for improper payments and utilization effectiveness. Our population health management services assist customers in managing quality, risk, cost and compliance across all lines of business by engaging consumers, providing the tools to manage their care, and identifying existing or emerging health risk among consumer populations. AsThrough ~~a result of these services,~~ our ~~customers~~industry-leading ~~saved billions of dollars in 2019 through the prevention of erroneous payments~~technology, ~~improved~~analytics ~~clinical outcomes~~ and ~~reduced~~engagement ~~insurance~~solutions, ~~plan~~we ~~enrollment~~save ~~turnover; and they received~~ billions ~~more~~of indollars ~~cash~~annually ~~recoveries~~while ~~for~~helping ~~improperly~~consumers ~~paid~~lead ~~claims~~healthier lives.

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Our comprehensive solutions offer value throughout the healthcare continuum and include the following:

Coordination of Benefits (COB)

HMS provides a comprehensive, integrated suite of COB solutions to healthcare organizations, including Medicaid, Medicare, CHIP, healthcare exchanges, commercial payers and other at-risk entities. We deliver high value to our customers by delivering timely and accurate information about members' other insurance coverage, which enables our customers to better coordinate care, maximize cost savings, ensure accurate reimbursement and reduce administrative rework. We provide verified insurance coverage information as early as the point of enrollment, as well as at the point of prior authorization, or prior to the payment of a claim, to maximize cost avoidance. We pursue recovery for any healthcare claim for which another party was liable to pay first. Experience and analytics inform our ability to accurately identify those claims and deploy workflows and processes that ensure we recover the maximum amount of inappropriately paid expenditures for our customers.

6We also assist customers in identifying other third-party insurance and recovering medical expenses where a member is involved in a casualty or tort incident. For Medicaid agencies exclusively, we provide estate recovery services to identify and recover Medicaid expenditures from the estates of deceased Medicaid members, in accordance with state policies. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, our COB services represented 69.7%, 64.5% and 66.4% of our total revenue, respectively.

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identify those claims and deploy workflows and processes that ensure we recover the maximum amount of inappropriately paid expenditures for our customers.

We also assist customers in identifying other third-party insurance and recovering medical expenses where a member is involved in a casualty or tort incident. For Medicaid agencies exclusively, we provide estate recovery services to identify and recover Medicaid expenditures from the estates of deceased Medicaid members, in accordance with state policies. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, our COB services represented 64.5%, 66.4% and 73.4% of our total revenue, respectively.

Payment Integrity (PI)

Our PI solutions and services employ advanced data analytics, leading technologies and clinical expertise to maximize savings and deliver proven, ~~measureable~~measurable results for federal and state governments, commercial health plans, and other at-risk or self-insured entities. We help our customers identify and avoid improper payments, recover those overpayments when they occur, detect and prevent fraud, ensure compliance with regulations, and increase cost savings with innovative technology and processes. Our PI solutions, delivered on a pre- and post-pay basis across all claims and provider types, are data-driven and stakeholder-sensitive, resulting in better payment accuracy, lower administrative costs, and decreased incidents of fraud and abuse. We leverage predictive and prescriptive analytics, AI, NLP, and ML, and incorporate RPA into our operations for increased efficiency and operational effectiveness. For the years ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018, our PI services represented 2522.96%, 2425.19% and 2024.01% of our total revenue, respectively.

Payment accuracy revenue consists of revenue for our COB and PI solutions.

Population Health Management (PHM)

HMS' comprehensive PHM solutions reduce cost, enhance engagement and improve outcomes throughout the member lifecycle. Our flexible, scalable architecture and modular platform integrates early risk identification, advanced analytics, multi- channel outreach and care management components to help our customers target the right members at the right time for interventions, with outreach that drives action and change. Our prescriptive approach leverages AI, ML, NLP and efficacy studies to proactively manage care for all members, drive better outcomes and quality scores, and enhance member satisfaction and retention, while reducing administrative and medical spend. Our PHM solutions enable our customers to understand the health of their unique populations in real-time, and identify future risks, then develop personalized care plans and actionable engagement programs for maximum return on investment. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, our PHM services represented 9.6%, 9.5% and 6.6%, of our total revenue, respectively.

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and efficacy studies to proactively manage care for all members, drive better outcomes and quality scores, and enhance member satisfaction and retention, while reducing administrative and medical spend. Our PHM solutions enable our customers to understand the health of their unique populations in real-time, and identify future risks, then develop personalized care plans and actionable engagement programs for maximum return on investment. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, our PHM services represented 7.7%, 9.6% and 9.5%, of our total revenue, respectively.

Intellectual Property

Our ability to develop and maintain the proprietary aspects of our technology and operate without infringing the proprietary rights of others is important to our business and competitive position. We establish and protect our proprietary technology and intellectual property through a combination of patents, patent applications, trademarks, copyrights, domain names and trade secrets, as well as through contractual rights, including confidentiality, non-disclosure and invention assignment agreements, and other security measures.

As of December 31, ~~2019~~2020, our patent portfolio is comprised of approximately 8090 domestic and international patents, and we are currently pursuing several patent applications in the United States and around the world. Our principal trademarks are our company name and corresponding design marks, including but not limited to HMS®, ~~Eliza~~Accent®, ~~Essette~~Eliza®, ~~VitreosHealth~~Essette® and ~~Accent~~VitreosHealth®, and our key product marks, such as Elli®, FraudCapture®, HMS 360®, SolarisPlus®, COBManager® and other marks for our products. We also hold copyrights relating to certain aspects of our solutions and services. While we consider all of our intellectual and proprietary rights important to HMS, we believe our business as a whole is not materially dependent on any particular patent, trademark, license or other intellectual property right.

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Customers

We provide our solutions to customers across a broad range of entities within the healthcare industry, including state and federal government agencies, health plans and PBMs, healthcare exchanges, employers, at-risk providers and ACOs, and other healthcare organizations. For the years ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018, our total revenue was $~~626~~673.43 million, $~~598~~626.34 million and $~~521~~598.23 million, respectively. No single customer accounted for 10% or more of our total revenue during any period presented.

The composition of our 10 largest customers changes periodically. For the years ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018, our 10 largest customers represented 42.70%, 4142.47% and 3941.54% of our total revenue, respectively. We provide services under contracts (or subcontracts) that contain various revenue structures, including contingent revenue and to a lesser extent fixed-fee arrangements as well as cost-plus and time-and-materials pricing. The current terms of many of our federal and state government contracts range from one to five years, including renewal terms at the option of the customer. In many instances, we provide our services pursuant to agreements that are subject to periodic reprocurements. Several of our contracts, including those with some of our largest customers, may be terminated for convenience, in whole or in part, by the customer. Because we provide our services pursuant to agreements that are open to competition from various businesses in the U.S. healthcare arena, we cannot provide assurance that our contracts, including those with our largest customers, will not be terminated for convenience or awarded to other parties. Additionally, we cannot provide assurance that any contracts that are renewed will have the same fee structures as the expiring contracts or otherwise be on satisfactory terms. The early termination of key contracts with significant customers, or the inability to renew such contracts on favorable terms or at all, may have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

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open to competition from various businesses in the U.S. healthcare arena, we cannot provide assurance that our contracts, including those with our largest customers, will not be terminated for convenience or awarded to other parties. Additionally, we cannot provide assurance that any contracts that are renewed will have the same fee structures as the expiring contracts or otherwise be on satisfactory terms. The early termination of key contracts with significant customers, or the inability to renew such contracts on favorable terms or at all, may have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

In providing solutions and services to our customers, we rely heavily upon our technology systems and networks, as well as on those of third-party providers, to process, transmit, maintain, store and host the confidential, proprietary and sensitive information and data we receive from our customers and other data suppliers, including private insurance plans and financial institutions. The secure processing and maintenance of this information is critical to our operations and business strategy. Although we have spent significant resources to implement security and privacy programs and controls, train our workforce and enhance our security measures with the implementation of new technologies and processes, our information technology and infrastructure, and those of third parties on which we rely , could continue to be potentially subject to various forms of cyber-attacks, as further discussed under the heading “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

Healthcare Landscape

The market for cost containment solutions is large and growing, driven by increasing healthcare costs, rising program enrollment and payment complexities. Established in 1965 under the Social Security Act, Medicaid provides health insurance and long-term care services and support to low-income families and individuals with disabilities in the United States. Medicaid is funded jointly by the federal and state governments and administered by the states. The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 created CHIP to help states expand coverage primarily to children whose families earned too much to qualify for Medicaid, yet not enough to afford private health insurance. Medicare is a federal program that is administered by CMS, and provides eligible persons age 65 and over and some disabled persons with a variety of hospital, medical insurance and prescription drug benefits. All three of these programs have opted to contract with managed care organizations, or MCOs, in whole or in part as a means of delivering quality healthcare to program beneficiaries and controlling costs.

By law, Medicaid programs serve as the payer of last resort and all other sources of coverage must pay for medical costs incurred by a Medicaid-eligible individual. The TPL rules of the Medicaid statute require, among other things, that states take reasonable measures to identify potentially liable third parties and process claims accordingly. Since 1985, we have provided state Medicaid agencies with services to identify third parties with primary liability for paying claims for Medicaid members, and since 2005, we have provided similar services to Medicaid managed care plans.

8The Deficit Reduction Act enacted by Congress in 2006 contained provisions to strengthen the TPL rules and created the Medicaid Integrity Program under the Social Security Act to increase the government’s capacity to prevent, detect and address fraud, waste and abuse in the Medicaid program. Later that year, Congress passed the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006, which established the Medicare RAC program. These measures, at both the federal and state level, have strengthened our ability to identify and recover erroneous payments on behalf of our customers. We became the Medicare RAC for Region D with our acquisition of HealthDataInsights, Inc. (“HDI”) in 2011 and again were awarded a region under the new Medicare RAC contracts in October 2016. We also serve as a Medicaid RAC to certain states pursuant to provisions of the ACA.

The ACA, generally referred to as “Obamacare,” was signed into law on March 23, 2010. The law aimed to decrease the uninsured population in the U.S. by expanding Medicaid, enabling access to healthcare coverage through health insurance exchanges, and mandating coverage for pre-existing conditions and other healthcare situations. It is estimated that 20 million people have gained healthcare coverage as a result of the ACA.

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~~The~~For ~~Deficit~~2021, ~~Reduction~~Medicare ~~Act enacted by Congress in 2006 contained provisions to strengthen the TPL rules~~ and ~~created the~~ Medicaid ~~Integrity~~are ~~Program~~projected ~~under~~to ~~the~~pay ~~Social~~approximately ~~Security~~38.6% ~~Act~~of ~~to increase~~ the ~~government~~nation’s ~~capacity~~healthcare toexpenditures ~~prevent, detect~~ and ~~address~~serve ~~fraud,~~over ~~waste~~147.5 ~~and~~million ~~abuse in the Medicaid program~~beneficiaries. ~~Later~~Many ~~that~~of ~~year,~~these ~~Congress~~beneficiaries ~~passed~~are ~~the~~enrolled ~~Tax~~in ~~Relief~~managed ~~and~~care ~~Health Care Act of 2006~~plans, which ~~established~~have the ~~Medicare~~responsibility ~~RAC~~for ~~program. These measures, at~~ both ~~the~~patient ~~federal~~care and ~~state~~claims ~~level,~~adjudication. ~~have~~The ~~strengthened~~dual ~~our~~aims ~~ability~~of tocost ~~identify~~containment and ~~recover~~quality ~~erroneous~~healthcare ~~payments~~outcomes onare ~~behalf of our customers. We became~~ the ~~Medicare~~same ~~RAC~~across ~~for~~all ~~Region~~at-risk ~~D with our acquisition of HealthDataInsights~~entities, ~~Inc.~~including ~~("HDI")~~commercial inhealth ~~2011~~plans and ~~again~~government ~~were~~healthcare ~~awarded~~programs, asuch ~~region under the new Medicare RAC contracts in October 2016. We also serve~~ as a Medicaid ~~RAC~~and ~~to certain states pursuant to provisions of the ACA~~Medicare.

~~The~~Within ~~ACA~~the commercial market, ~~generally~~health ~~referred~~plans sell policies directly to asindividuals ~~"Obamacare,"~~(on ~~was~~the ~~signed~~open ~~into~~market ~~law~~or onvia ~~March~~health 23insurance exchanges), ~~2010.~~contract ~~The~~with ~~law~~employers ~~aimed~~ to ~~decrease~~underwrite ~~the~~their ~~uninsured~~employees’ ~~population~~care, inor ~~the~~contract ~~U.S.~~with byself-insured ~~expanding~~employers ~~Medicaid,~~to ~~enabling~~oversee ~~access~~benefit toadministration ~~healthcare~~for ~~coverage~~their ~~through~~employees. ~~health~~This ~~insurance~~market ~~exchanges,~~also ~~and~~includes ~~mandating~~a ~~coverage~~growing ~~for~~number ~~pre~~of risk bearing provider-~~existing~~sponsored ~~conditions~~plans that operate and ~~other~~market ~~healthcare~~health ~~situations~~plan benefits. ItAccording isto ~~estimated~~CMS ~~that~~NHE 20projections, ~~million~~private ~~people~~health ~~have~~insurance ~~gained~~covered ~~healthcare~~approximately ~~coverage~~200.4 asmillion individuals at a ~~result~~cost of ~~the~~approximately ~~ACA~~$1.36 trillion in 2020.

~~For~~Several ~~2020~~commercial health plans also offer government-sponsored lines of business, ~~Medicare~~including ~~and~~partnering with Medicare, Medicaid ~~are~~and ~~projected~~CHIP to ~~pay~~oversee ~~approximately~~care ~~38%~~delivery offor ~~the~~beneficiaries ~~nation’s~~enrolled ~~healthcare~~in ~~expenditures~~those programs. States continue to focus on improving value, quality and ~~serve~~outcomes ~~over~~through ~~146.3~~arrangements ~~million~~with ~~beneficiaries~~MCOs. ~~Many~~As of ~~these~~September, ~~beneficiaries~~2020, ~~are~~40 ~~enrolled~~Medicaid inprograms operated with some form of managed care ~~plans,~~and ~~which~~comprehensive ~~have~~risk-based managed care continues to be the ~~responsibility~~predominant ~~for~~delivery ~~both~~system ~~patient~~for ~~care~~Medicaid ~~and~~services ~~claims~~in ~~adjudication~~the U.S. ~~The~~More ~~dual~~than ~~aims~~two-thirds of ~~cost~~beneficiaries ~~containment~~nationally receive most or all of their care through risk-based MCOs and ~~quality~~more ~~healthcare~~than ~~outcomes~~half ~~are~~of ~~the~~states ~~same~~that ~~across~~contract ~~all~~with ~~at-risk~~MCOs ~~entities,~~enroll ~~including~~75% ~~commercial~~or more of their Medicaid beneficiaries in MCOs. Managed care health plans ~~and~~continue ~~government~~to ~~healthcare~~assume ~~programs~~risk for Medicare lives, ~~such~~with asapproximately ~~Medicaid~~one ~~and~~in three (39%) of all Medicare beneficiaries – 24.1 million people out of 61.7 million Medicare beneficiaries overall, enrolled in Medicare Advantage plans in 2020.

~~Within~~HMS ~~the~~continues ~~commercial~~to ~~market,~~serve ~~health~~government ~~plans~~agency ~~sell~~fee-for-service ~~policies~~programs ~~directly~~at tothe ~~individuals~~state ~~(on~~and ~~the~~federal ~~open~~level. ~~market~~These orplans ~~via~~are ~~health~~generally ~~insurance~~reliant ~~exchanges),~~on ~~contract~~and ~~with~~susceptible ~~employers~~ to ~~underwrite~~the government appropriations process that determines their ~~employees’~~budget ~~care,~~and orgoverns ~~contract~~the ~~with~~number ~~self-insured~~of ~~employers~~beneficiaries they serve. According to ~~oversee~~the ~~benefit~~CMS ~~administration~~NHE ~~for~~projections, ~~their~~Medicare ~~employees.~~programs ~~This~~in ~~market~~2020 ~~also~~covered ~~includes~~approximately a61.7 ~~growing~~million ~~number~~people ofat ~~risk~~a ~~bearing~~cost ~~provider-sponsored~~of ~~plans~~approximately ~~that~~$858.5 ~~operate~~billion and ~~market~~Medicaid/CHIP ~~health~~covered ~~plan~~approximately ~~benefits~~82.8 ~~According~~million topeople, ~~CMS~~costing ~~NHE~~approximately ~~projections~~$669.1 billion. Altogether, ~~private~~it ~~health~~is ~~insurance~~projected that the government programs we serve covered approximately ~~196~~144.35 million ~~individuals~~people at a total cost of ~~approximately~~nearly $1.2853 trillion in ~~2019~~2020.

~~Several~~CMS ~~commercial~~projects ~~health~~that ~~plans also offer government-sponsored lines of business, including partnering with~~ Medicare, ~~Medicaid~~enrollment ~~and~~growth ~~CHIP~~will toincrease ~~oversee~~by ~~care~~2.9% ~~delivery for beneficiaries enrolled~~ in ~~those programs. States continue to focus on improving value~~2021, ~~quality and outcomes through arrangements~~ with ~~MCOs.~~expenditures ~~At the end of 2019, 47 Medicaid programs operated with some form of managed care, and North Carolina reported plans~~ to ~~implement~~increase aby ~~managed~~7.5% ~~care program~~ in ~~2020.~~2021 ~~Comprehensive~~compared ~~risk-based managed care continues~~ to be2020; ~~the~~and ~~predominant delivery system for~~ Medicaid/CHIP ~~services~~enrollment ingrowth ~~the~~will ~~U.S.~~increase ~~Among~~by ~~the 40 programs with comprehensive risk-based MCOs, 33 reported that 75~~1.4% ~~or more of their Medicaid beneficiaries were enrolled~~ in ~~MCOs as of July 1~~2021, ~~2019.~~with ~~Two~~expenditures ~~states~~to ~~(Maine~~increase ~~and~~by ~~Virginia)~~5.3% ~~implemented the ACA Medicaid expansion~~ in ~~2019,~~2021 ~~bringing~~compared ~~the total number of states~~ to 342020. As ofcommercial ~~July~~and 1,government ~~2019, 29 of these states were using MCOs to cover newly eligible adults. Managed care~~ health plans ~~continue~~focus toon ~~assume~~strategies ~~risk~~to ~~for~~contain ~~Medicare~~costs ~~lives,~~across ~~with~~their ~~approximately~~different ~~one-third~~lines ~~(34%)~~ of ~~all Medicare beneficiaries~~business, orHMS 22will ~~million~~continue ~~people,~~offering ~~enrolled~~solutions into ~~Medicare~~meet ~~Advantage~~their ~~plans~~evolving ~~in 2019~~needs.

~~HMS~~Regulatory continues to serve government agency fee-for-service programs at the state and federal level. These plans are generally reliant on and susceptible to the government appropriations process that determines their budget and governs the number of beneficiaries they serve. According to the CMS NHE projections, Medicare programs in 2019 covered approximately 60.4 million people at a cost of approximately $800.1 billion and Medicaid/CHIP covered approximately 82.4 million people, costing approximately $643.9 billion. Altogether, it is projected that the government programs we serve covered approximately 142.8 million people at a total cost of nearly $1.44 trillion in 2019.Environment

~~CMS~~As ~~projects~~a ~~that~~healthcare ~~Medicare~~analytics ~~enrollment~~and ~~growth~~technology ~~will~~company, ~~increase~~our bybusiness ~~2.81%~~is inheavily ~~2020,~~regulated ~~with~~and ~~expenditures~~subject to ~~increase~~complex byand 7evolving laws, regulations and standards.~~19%~~ inIn ~~2020~~the ~~compared~~U.S., we must adhere to ~~2019;~~local, state and ~~Medicaid/CHIP~~federal ~~enrollment~~laws ~~growth~~and ~~will~~regulations ~~increase~~relating byto: ~~2.18%~~privacy inand ~~2020~~data security, ~~with~~including ~~expenditures~~but not limited to, ~~increase~~HIPAA byand ~~4.96%~~substance inabuse ~~2020~~confidentiality ~~compared~~regulations, toHITECH ~~2019.~~and Asthe ~~commercial~~Final Omnibus Privacy, Security, Breach Notification and ~~government~~Enforcement ~~health~~Rule, ~~plans~~and ~~focus~~the onMassachusetts ~~strategies~~Standards tofor ~~contain~~the ~~costs~~Protection ~~across~~of ~~their~~Personal ~~different~~Information ~~lines~~of Residents of ~~business~~the Commonwealth; labor and employment relations, ~~HMS~~including ~~will~~equal ~~continue~~opportunity ~~offering~~and ~~solutions~~affirmative toaction; ~~meet~~prompt ~~their~~pay ~~evolving~~statutes; ~~needs~~healthcare fraud, waste and abuse, including the federal anti-kickback statute and the federal False Claims Act; and similar state statutes and legislation.

9As we expand into different areas of the healthcare industry, we may deliver new and enhanced solutions or enter into new markets that may further expose us to requirements under additional statutes and legislative schemes that have previously not been relevant to our business, such as the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act and other banking and credit reporting statutes, and certain consumer laws and regulations, including TCPA and similar state and federal laws on audio and telephone recording practices. We are also obligated by our contractual requirements with customers,

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which may require that we comply with additional privacy regulations imposed upon certain types of customers, such as the federal Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. In instances where we contract with federal and state governmental agencies directly, or the payment we receive for our services is paid by such government parties, we must also comply with the Federal Acquisition Regulations and similar federal and state procurement laws, which regulate the solicitation, award, administration and performance of government contracts.

Outside of the U.S., we must comply with the local and foreign laws and regulations in the jurisdiction in which we operate, as well as U.S. laws that apply to doing business internationally. These regulations involve matters concerning, among others: local and cross-border taxation; anticorruption, anti-competition, anti-bribery laws and other laws prohibiting payments to governmental officials, such as FCPA; immigration; government compliance and licensing; securities regulation; internal and disclosure control obligations; import/export controls; trade restrictions; conflict of interest; working conditions, health and safety, wage-and-hour standards and other employment regulations; environmental standards; intellectual property rights; and data privacy and protection, such as the European Union General Data Protection Regulation and Australia’s Privacy Act 1988 and Australian Privacy Principles, and cross-border data transfers.

Competitors

The U.S. healthcare marketplace is a dynamic industry with a range of businesses currently offering cost containment services, both directly or indirectly (through subcontracting), to some or all of the various healthcare payers, providers, employers and consumers. In addition, with improvements in technology and the growth in healthcare spending, new businesses are incentivized to enter this marketplace. Many customers also have the ability to perform some or all of the needed cost containment services themselves and choose to exercise that option to varying degrees. Therefore, competition is robust as customers have many alternatives available to them in their effort to contain healthcare costs.

We compete based on a variety of factors, including our ability to provide a broad range of solutions that span the entire healthcare claims payment and care services continuum. These include payment accuracy solutions focused on COB and PI related functions, as well as PHM solutions that support the ability of payers to better understand and engage consumers, perform effective outreach, and impact both costs and health outcomes.

The evolution of targeted strategic acquisitions and investments, coupled with innovative internal product development and enhancement, has led to HMS being a diversified, full services solution provider. During the course of 2020, we focused on innovating and rolling out new and enhanced offerings in each line of business. In coordination of benefits, we introduced our Coverage on Demand solution and continued to scale Medicare-to-commercial and commercial-to-commercial COB solutions. We saw success in PI with our emerging solutions offering, and progress is ongoing with new client implementations underway for our Pre-payment Clinical Claim Review and Episode of Care solutions. In PHM, we introduced crisis management solutions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We continue to invest resources and capital towards accelerating the development and market penetration of our fully integrated PHM platform, pharmacy solutions and whole person-consumer, centric offerings.

We have a proven record of delivering results that optimize savings and recoveries, enabled by:

▪in-depth government and commercial healthcare program experience and market leadership;

▪a nationally-acclaimed technology team with analytics, engineering, infrastructure and security expertise;

▪robust data assets that ~~drives~~drive high value solutions;

▪prescriptive and predictive analytics, applied across Medicaid, Medicare and commercial at-risk populations;

▪an experienced team of clinical experts, supported by a panel of credentialed physicians from all specialties with deep healthcare policy, program and ~~program~~claims expertise;

▪ongoing investments in technology ~~investment~~innovation in big data, AI, ML, NLP and RPA;

▪long-term, multi-level relationships with customers and other industry stakeholders; and

~~▪an ability to provide customers with actionable intelligence to improve clinical outcomes, optimize patient engagement, and better manage costs.~~12

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▪an ability to provide customers with actionable intelligence to help improve quality, financial and health outcomes, optimize patient and member engagement, and better manage costs.

Our competitors range in size from large, diversified national companies, to small, specialized firms. Some of these competitors have significantly greater financial and technical resources, and others have longer operating histories and greater name recognition than we do in certain markets. Within our payment accuracy portfolio of products and services, we compete primarily with large business outsourcing and technology firms, claims processors, healthcare consulting firms, and other vendors who provide some or all of these solutions to payers. In addition, we frequently work with customers who may elect to perform some or all of their cost avoidance and recovery functions in-house. Within the population health management sector, we compete primarily with vendors who provide care management, consumer engagement, and related technology services. Examples of companies with whom we currently compete across our offerings include:

▪ Accenture ~~plc~~PLC ▪ Casenet LLC ▪ Change Healthcare, Inc. ▪ Cotiviti, Inc. ▪ ~~DXC~~Discovery ~~Technology~~Health ~~Company~~Partners, LLC ▪ ExlService Holdings, Inc. ▪ IBM Watson Health ▪ Inovalon Holdings, Inc. ▪ ~~MEDecision~~Medecision, Inc. ▪ MHK ▪ Performant Financial Corporation ▪ Optum, Inc. (subsidiary of ~~UnitedHealth~~United ~~Group; Equian is part of Optum~~Healthcare) ▪ ~~WellTok~~Welltok, Inc. ▪ ZeOmega, Inc.

Our Business Strategy

We believe that the steadily increasing enrollment and rising expenditures for Medicare and Medicaid, with most new enrollees entering managed care plans; an aging U.S. population with an increasing concentration of individuals with high-cost chronic conditions and often co-morbidities; and the overall complexity of the healthcare claims payment system in the U.S. all combine to create substantial growth opportunities for the suite of cost containment solutions we offer.

10We also believe these factors present growth opportunities for our PHM services. We are focused on growing our business over the course of 2021 and beyond, both organically and inorganically, by leveraging existing key assets (e.g., our data, analytics, in-house expertise, and distribution channel) and pursuing a number of strategic objectives and initiatives, including:

▪Expanding the scope of our relationship with existing customers – by selling new, additive and enhanced solutions and services to our broad customer base, including those designed to improve consumer engagement and clinical outcomes, and cross-selling across customer lines of business.

▪Adding new customers – by driving sales enablement and marketing to commercial health plans, including Medicaid managed care and Medicare Advantage plans, at-risk group and individual health lines of business, and ASO plans; government healthcare payers, including Medicaid agencies, state employee health benefit plans and CHIPs; at-risk provider organizations and ACOs; and commercial self-insured employers.

▪Entering new markets for diversification and growth – by expanding into adjacent markets, such as Medicare Advantage, risk-bearing providers, employer, public health and pharmacy; leveraging opportunities through our international operations to access new markets overseas; developing and launching new and enhanced PI, PHM and engagement solutions targeted at high-growth markets; and strategic acquisitions of and investments in complementary businesses.

▪Introducing new innovative solutions and services – by increasing internal development initiatives designed to enhance and expand our existing suite of cost containment solutions and advance the delivery of a more comprehensive health technology offering.

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We▪Utilizing ~~also~~technology ~~believe~~tools ~~these~~and ~~factors~~innovation ~~present~~– ~~growth~~by ~~opportunities~~deploying ~~for~~technologies ~~our~~that ~~PHM~~leverage ~~services.~~a Webig ~~are~~data ~~focused~~environment onto ~~growing~~further enhance our ~~business~~data, ~~over~~analytics, ~~the~~and ~~course~~processes ofto ~~2020~~create ~~and~~operating ~~beyond~~efficiencies, ~~both~~improve ~~organically~~accuracy and ~~inorganically~~quality, byincrease ~~leveraging~~customer ~~existing key assets (e.g.~~satisfaction, ~~our~~and ~~data,~~drive ~~analytics,~~revenue ~~in-house~~opportunities ~~expertise,~~ and ~~distribution~~scale. ~~channel) and pursuing a number of strategic objectives or initiatives, including:~~

▪~~Expanding~~Strategic ~~the~~deployment ~~scope~~ of ~~our~~capital ~~relationship~~– ~~with~~by ~~existing~~investing ~~customers~~in –our byIT ~~selling~~infrastructure; ~~additional~~internal ~~solutions~~growth initiatives; capabilities, technologies, and ~~services~~assets to complement our ~~broad~~cost-containment ~~customer~~expertise; ~~base~~building or acquiring adjacent capabilities to enhance our solution set; and expanding our data analytics capabilities. Our focus may include future acquisitions that represent long-term growth potential, ~~including~~target ~~those~~high-growth ~~designed~~areas, are accretive to ~~improve~~earnings, ~~consumer~~enhance ~~engagement~~our technological capabilities and ~~improve~~fill ~~clinical~~a ~~outcomes~~strategic need in our business portfolio as we seek to provide increasingly comprehensive solutions to our customers.

~~▪Adding~~Talent ~~new customers – by marketing to commercial health plans, including Medicaid managed care~~ and ~~Medicare~~Human ~~Advantage~~Capital plans, at-risk group and individual health lines of business, and ASO plans; government healthcare payers, including Medicaid agencies, state employee health benefit plans and CHIPs; at-risk provider organizations and ACOs; and commercial self-insured employers.Management

~~▪Entering~~Our ~~new~~employees ~~markets for diversification~~ and ~~growth~~culture –are bycritical ~~expanding~~components ~~into~~to ~~adjacent markets, such as Medicare, Medicare Advantage and risk-bearing providers; leveraging opportunities through~~ our ~~international~~success. ~~operations~~As toof ~~access~~December ~~new~~31, ~~markets~~2020, ~~overseas;~~we ~~developing~~had ~~and~~approximately ~~launching~~3,170 ~~new~~employees ~~and enhanced PI~~worldwide, ~~PHM~~of ~~and~~which ~~engagement~~the ~~solutions~~majority ~~targeted~~were atbased ~~global~~within ~~and~~the ~~high-growth markets; and executing acquisitions and strategic investments of complementary businesses~~U.S.

~~▪Introducing~~At ~~new~~HMS, ~~innovative~~we ~~solutions~~live our values every day. We believe these values—customer focus, results-driven collaboration, meaningful innovation, uncompromising integrity, widespread inclusion and ~~services~~absolute –accountability—define ~~through~~the ~~internal~~character ~~development~~and ~~initiatives~~culture ~~designed~~of our organization. We strive to ~~enhance~~attract, ordevelop ~~expand~~and ~~our~~retain ~~existing~~the ~~suite~~best oftalent ~~cost~~by ~~containment~~providing ~~solutions~~competitive pay and benefits, continuous growth and development, and a diverse and inclusive workplace that positively impacts our people, communities and environment.

~~▪Utilizing~~Diversity technology tools to leverage a big data environment – to further enhance our analytics, create a more nimble operating environment, create operating efficiencies, improve the yield on our existing solution suite and ~~identify new revenue opportunities within our current service delivery models.~~Inclusion

~~▪Promoting~~We ~~automation~~are committed to fostering a diverse and ~~innovation~~inclusive toenvironment ~~improve~~where ~~the~~all ~~efficiency~~employees can be their authentic selves and ~~effectiveness~~thrive. ofIn ~~our~~fiscal ~~services~~2020, –we byformed ~~continuing~~a Diversity & Inclusion Council to ~~implement~~focus ~~new~~on ~~technology~~gender, ethnicity, LGBTQ, veterans, persons with disabilities and ~~process~~cross-cultural ~~improvements~~diversity. ~~designed~~Among toits ~~increase~~accomplishments, ~~recovery~~the ~~yields~~employee-led Council established a governance framework and expanded HMS' employee resource groups aligned around shared interests, ~~increase~~preferences, ~~customer~~characteristics ~~satisfaction~~and backgrounds, which we believe empower employees, build leadership, promote equity and ~~achieve~~advance ~~greater~~our ~~operating~~business ~~efficiencies~~strategy. We also help drive diversity through our supplier diversity program. We believe inclusive procurement practices help us create value for our customers and communities.

~~▪Prudent~~We ~~deployment~~recognize the importance of ~~capital~~giving –back byto ~~investing~~the communities where we live and work, and believe that this commitment helps in our ITefforts ~~infrastructure;~~to ~~internal~~attract ~~growth~~and ~~initiatives;~~retain ~~capabilities,~~an ~~technologies,~~innovative and ~~assets~~diverse toworkforce. ~~complement~~Through our ~~cost-containment~~HMS ~~expertise;~~Cares ~~building~~program, orour ~~acquiring~~people ~~adjacent~~use ~~population~~their ~~health~~talent ~~management~~and ~~capabilities~~expertise to ~~complement~~serve ~~our~~those ~~PHM~~who ~~solution~~are ~~set;~~most ~~and~~vulnerable ~~expanding~~in our ~~data~~communities. ~~analytics~~We ~~capabilities.~~also ~~Our~~encourage ~~focus~~employees ~~may~~to ~~include~~engage ~~acquisitions~~and ~~that~~support ~~represent~~our ~~long-term~~communities ~~growth~~by ~~potential,~~providing ~~target~~them ~~high-growth~~with ~~areas,~~paid ~~are~~time ~~accretive~~off to ~~earnings,~~volunteer ~~enhance~~with ~~our~~charitable ~~technological~~organizations ~~capabilities~~that ~~and~~address ~~fill~~key asocial ~~strategic~~determinants ~~need~~of inhealth ~~our~~like ~~business~~hunger, ~~portfolio~~poverty asand wehousing, ~~seek~~which toalign ~~provide~~with ~~increasingly~~our ~~comprehensive~~mission ~~solutions~~ to ~~our~~make ~~customers.~~healthcare Wework ~~may~~for ~~also~~everyone. ~~repurchase~~HMS ~~our~~makes ~~shares,~~charitable ~~pursuant~~financial contributions to amany ~~two-year~~of ~~$50~~these ~~million~~organizations ~~authority~~and ~~granted~~we byencourage ~~our~~employees ~~Board~~to ofdo ~~Directors~~the insame ~~November~~by ~~2019~~offering company matching opportunities.

11Health, Safety and Wellness

We offer comprehensive compensation and benefits that promote and support the health, safety and well-being of our employees and their families to help them build happier and healthier lives. Employees have access to a variety of benefits, including, medical, dental and vision coverage, health and wellness programs, retirement benefits, financial wellness and planning, work/life assistance, telehealth and paid time off. We are also committed to providing a safe, healthy and productive workplace conducive to open collaboration and engagement.

Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, our top priority has been and continues to be the safety and well-being of our employees. Over the course of the pandemic, we implemented a number of precautionary and preemptive measures to protect their safety while ensuring continuity of service to our customers. Our efforts include transitioning essentially all of our employees to working remotely, suspending non-essential employee travel, canceling participation in in-person industry events and group meetings, promoting social distancing and enhanced cleaning and sanitization

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efforts across office locations, implementing protocols to quarantine employees who may have been exposed to COVID-19, or show relevant symptoms, and extending additional paid time off to employees to obtain a COVID-19 vaccine. We also commenced preparedness plans at our facilities to maintain continuity of operations, which provide for flexible work arrangements, and maintain regular communications with our workforce as well as our customers and vendors. Although we have moved to a remote working environment without any significant disruptions to our business or control processes, and believe we are well-prepared to continue operating this way, we have a multi-phase plan to return to working on-site that gradually allows our workforce to return while practicing social distancing and other safety measures. Our management team continues to monitor the situation and manages our response in collaboration with customers, government officials and stakeholders. As COVID-19 continues to evolve, we may undertake additional actions to promote the safety and security of our employees, ensure the availability and functioning of our critical infrastructure, and support the communities in which we operate. Some of these measures may include imposing remote working arrangements for personnel when possible, investing in personal protective equipment, providing paid sick leave to affected employees, and other policies and initiatives that reduce the transmission of COVID-19.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our business is subject to significant risks, including the risks and uncertainties described below. You should carefully consider these risks, as well as the other information in this ~~2019~~2020 Form 10-K, including our Consolidated Financial Statements and the related Notes. The occurrence of any of these risks could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows in a material way.

~~Risks~~Risk ~~Relating~~Factors ~~to Our Company~~Summary

The principal risks and uncertainties affecting our business include, among others, those relating to the following factors:

▪any failure to complete the Merger, or delays in completing the Merger;

▪uncertainty about the Merger may adversely affect our business and our relationships with employees, customers, suppliers and others with whom we do business, and the Merger may disrupt our current plans and operations or divert management’s attention away from ongoing business opportunities and operational matters;

▪the Merger Agreement contains provisions that could discourage or deter a potential alternative purchaser that might otherwise have an interest in a business combination with us;

▪any legal proceedings filed against us in connection with the Merger could delay or prevent the completion of the Merger;

▪the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic could significantly disrupt our operations;

▪our ability to expand our business and implement our growth strategy;

▪our failure to innovate and develop new or enhanced solutions and services, or if these solutions and services are not adopted by our customers;

▪our acquisition and investment strategy may subject us to considerable business and financial risk;

▪we face significant competition for our solutions and services and we expect competition to continue to increase;

▪changes in the healthcare environment or in laws relating to healthcare programs and policies, particularly as they relate to the ACA and the Medicare and Medicaid programs;

▪healthcare spending fluctuations, simplification of the healthcare payment process or other aspects of the healthcare financing system, budgetary pressures and/or programmatic changes diminishing the scope of program benefits, or limiting payment integrity initiatives;

▪our systems and networks and those of third parties on which we rely may be subject to cyber security breaches and other disruptions that could compromise our information and harm our business;

▪system interruptions or failures could expose us to liability and harm our business;

▪any failure to maintain effective information processing systems and the integrity of the data in, and operations of, those systems;

▪our inability to successfully manage our relationships with the entities we depend on to supply information;

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▪our international operations expose us to a number of business and financial risks;

▪you will not be able to rely on our operating results in any particular period as an indication of our future performance;

▪we face challenges associated with forecasting the revenue under our contracts;

▪our ability to protect our proprietary technology, information, processes, know-how, and other intellectual property, or if we become subject to third party claims of intellectual property infringement or misappropriation;

▪any failure to comply with the laws and regulations regarding individual privacy and information security;

▪we are subject to extensive domestic and foreign laws and regulations, including government and customer audits and investigations relating to our compliance with such laws and regulations;

▪adverse judgments or settlements in legal proceedings; and

▪the market price of our common stock may be volatile.

Risks Relating to Our Proposed Transaction with Gainwell

Failure to complete the Merger, or delays in completing the Merger, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and stock price.

The proposed Merger is subject to various closing conditions such as the approval of our shareholders, among other customary closing conditions. It is possible that our shareholders will not approve the Merger or that a governmental authority may enjoin or otherwise prohibit the consummation of the Merger. If any condition to the closing of the Merger is not satisfied or, if permissible, waived, the Merger will not be completed. In addition, satisfying the conditions to the closing of the Merger may take longer than we expect. There can be no assurance that any of the conditions to closing will be satisfied or waived or that other events will not intervene to delay or result in the failure to consummate the Merger.

If the Merger is not completed, our ongoing business may be adversely affected, and we will be subject to a number of risks, including the following:

▪we may be required to pay Gainwell a termination fee of $67,392,807 if the Merger Agreement is terminated under certain circumstances;

▪the Merger Agreement places certain restrictions on the conduct of our business, which may have delayed or prevented us from undertaking business opportunities that, absent the Merger Agreement, may have been pursued;

▪we will still be required to pay certain significant costs relating to the Merger, such as legal, accounting, financial advisor and printing fees; and

▪matters relating to the Merger (including integration planning) may require substantial commitments of time and resources by our management, which could otherwise have been devoted to other opportunities that may have been beneficial to the Company,

in each case, without realizing any of the benefits of having completed the Merger, which may adversely affect our business and financial results. The market price of our common stock might decline materially as a result of any such failures to the extent that the current market prices reflect a market assumption that the Merger will be completed. If that were to occur, it is uncertain when, if ever, the price of our common stock would return to the price levels at which shares of our common stock currently trade.

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We may also be negatively impacted if the Merger Agreement is terminated and our Board of Directors seeks but is unable to find another business combination or strategic transaction offering equivalent or more attractive benefits than the benefits expected to be provided in the Merger, or by our officers or members of our Board of Directors being subject to litigation related to entering into or failing to consummate the Merger.

Uncertainty about the Merger may adversely affect our business and our relationships with employees, customers, suppliers and others with whom we do business, and the Merger may disrupt our current plans and operations or divert management’s attention away from ongoing business opportunities and operational matters.

Uncertainty about the completion or effect of the Merger may affect the relationship between us and our employees, clients and suppliers, which may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. These uncertainties may cause clients, suppliers and others that deal with us to seek to change existing business relationships and to delay or defer decisions concerning us. Changes to existing business relationships, including termination or modification, could negatively affect our revenues, earnings and cash flow, as well as the market price of our common stock. Gainwell may terminate the Merger Agreement under certain circumstances, including if there is a material adverse change in our business. If that were to happen, we may not be entitled to a termination fee under the Merger Agreement, or the applicable termination fee may be insufficient to compensate us.

In addition, we are dependent on the experience and industry knowledge of our officers, key management personnel and other key employees to operate our business and execute our business plans. Our current and prospective employees may experience uncertainty about their roles following the Merger, which may have an adverse effect on our ability to attract or retain key management personnel and other key employees. Our business could be negatively impacted if key employees depart because of issues related to the uncertainty and difficulty of integration or a desire not to remain with the business if the Merger is not consummated. Adverse effects arising from the pendency of the Merger could be exacerbated by any delays in consummation of the Merger or termination of the Merger Agreement.

The Merger Agreement contains provisions that could discourage or deter a potential alternative purchaser that might otherwise have an interest in a business combination with us.

The Merger Agreement contains provisions that may discourage a third party from submitting an alternative proposal to us during the pendency of the proposed Merger as well as afterward, should the Merger not be consummated, that might result in greater value to our shareholders than the Merger. These Merger Agreement provisions include a prohibition on soliciting or entering into discussions with any third party regarding any alternative proposals, subject to limited exceptions. However, our Board of Directors is permitted to take actions that it believes, after consultation with its advisors, are necessary to not act in a manner inconsistent with its fiduciary duties, including withdrawing or modifying its recommendation in favor of the proposed Merger, so long as Gainwell has the opportunity, if it desires, to negotiate the terms of the Merger to address the basis for the Board of Director’s recommendation change.

In addition, we may be required to pay to Gainwell a termination fee in cash equal to $67,392,807 in certain circumstances involving acquisition proposals for competing transactions.

If the Merger Agreement is terminated and we determine to seek another strategic transaction, we may not be able to negotiate a transaction on terms comparable to, or better than, the terms of the proposed Merger.

Any legal proceedings filed against us in connection with the Merger could delay or prevent the completion of the Merger.

Transactions such as the Merger often give rise to lawsuits by shareholders or other third parties. One of the conditions to the closing of the Merger is that the consummation of the Merger is not then enjoined, prevented, restrained, made illegal or otherwise prohibited by any governmental order (whether preliminary or final) or applicable law. In connection

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with the Merger, plaintiffs may file lawsuits against us and/or our directors and officers in connection with the Merger. Such legal proceedings could also prevent or delay the completion of the Merger and result in additional costs. In addition, if any lawsuit is successful in obtaining an injunction prohibiting us or Gainwell from consummating the Merger on the agreed upon terms, the injunction may prevent the Merger from being completed within the expected timeframe, or at all. If the Merger is prevented or delayed, the lawsuits could result in substantial costs, including any costs associated with the indemnification of directors. The defense or settlement of any lawsuit or claim that remains unresolved at the time the Merger is completed may adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Market, Industry and Strategic Risks

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic could significantly disrupt our operations and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The widespread outbreak of COVID-19 has created significant volatility, uncertainty, and disruption in economic activity and financial markets globally. Although the outbreak of COVID-19 has not had a material adverse effect on our operations to date, it did impact our financial results for the year ended December 31, 2020. There can be no assurance that COVID-19 will not have a material adverse effect on our future operational and financial performance. The extent to which COVID-19 could impact our operational and financial performance in future periods is currently uncertain and will depend on numerous evolving factors and future developments that we may not be able to accurately predict and to which we may not be able to respond. Such factors and developments include, but are not limited to: the duration, severity and spread of the outbreak; the measures undertaken by government authorities to contain, mitigate and treat COVID-19 and the effectiveness of such actions; the effect on the U.S. and global economies and actions taken in response; the overall impact on the businesses of our customers, partners, vendors and suppliers; changes in the healthcare industry as a result of COVID-19 and actions taken by regulatory authorities and industry participants in response to COVID-19, such as the suspension in medical record requests and audits to reduce administrative burden on hospitals; the health of and effect on our workforce; the future effects to our operational and financial results of the changes we have made to protect the safety and well-being of our employees and future operational disruptions or challenges we may face; increased cybersecurity and information security risk as a result of the transition of our employees to a remote work environment; and how quickly and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions may resume. For example, a portion of our business is tied to overall volumes of activity in the healthcare system, and due to a significant temporary reduction in volume resulting from the suspension or reduction of certain client contract work during part of 2020, we experienced lower revenues during the second quarter and continued to see an impact to our financial results in certain parts of our business in the third quarter. Further, our management has been intensely focused on mitigating COVID-19, which has required and will continue to require, a large investment of time, attention and resources. A prolonged outbreak could, among other things, strain our business continuity plans, create delays in our growth and strategic initiatives, reduce our sales and marketing activities, limit our access to financing on favorable terms, increase the Company’s exposure to potential impairment charges related to goodwill and intangible assets, hinder our ability to support our customers and operate our business effectively, heighten the risk of disruption to our information and reporting systems and internal controls, including those over financial reporting and other risk management systems, or require us to incur substantial costs. Additionally, our efforts to re-open our offices safely may not be successful, could subject our employees and partners to heightened risks for COVID-19 exposure and we may incur increased workforce costs associated with implementing further precautionary measures and workplace safety protocols to mitigate the spread and ensure the health of our workforce.

We cannot predict the degree to which COVID-19 will ultimately impact our operations and financial results, however, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, alone or taken together, could adversely affect our future business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. To the extent COVID-19 harms our business and financial results, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section and other sections of this 2020 Form 10-K.

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Our ability to expand our business will be adversely affected if we fail to implement our growth strategy.

The size and scope of our business operations have ~~expanded~~continued to expand over the past several years,. ~~and~~We we currently intend to ~~continue~~drive our growth and expansion into new and adjacent healthcare areas and markets, however, our growth and expansion strategy carries costs and risks that, if not properly managed, could adversely affect our business. Our future growth will depend on, among other things, our ability to successfully execute our business plans, which includes penetrating new markets, capturing opportunities in emerging markets for HMS, cross-selling our solutions to new and existing customers, broadening and deepening our customer and industry relationships, leveraging our brand identity and ~~our~~ talent pool, ~~identifying~~securing ~~and~~strategic ~~executing future~~ acquisitions, investments and ~~strategic relationships~~partnerships, and increasing the speed, quality, capacity and scale at which we deliver our services across emerging and more established markets, all while remaining competitive. We must also be flexible and responsive to customers’ needs and changes in the political, economic and regulatory environment in which we operate. The greater size and complexity of our expanding business may put additional strain on our administrative, operational and financial resources and can make optimal resource allocation more difficult to determine. It is possible that we may not be able to maintain or accelerate our growth. A failure to anticipate or properly address the demands and challenges that our continued growth and diversification may have on our resources and existing infrastructure may result in unanticipated costs and inefficiencies that could negatively impact our ability to execute on our business plans and growth goals, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

If we fail to innovate and develop new or enhanced solutions and services, or if these solutions and services are not adopted by our customers, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Part of our growth strategy depends on our ability to respond to the evolving healthcare landscape with new, additive and ~~enhanced~~innovative solutions and services that our existing and potential customers are willing to adopt. The development, marketing, implementation and ~~implementation~~delivery of these solutions and services may require that we make substantial financial and resource investments. We face risks that our new or ~~modified~~enhanced offerings may not be responsive to customer preferences or industry changes, appropriately timed with market opportunity or effectively brought to market, and that the solution and service development initiatives that we prioritize may not yield the gains that we anticipate, if any. If we are unable to predict market preferences or healthcare industry changes, or if we are unable to develop or adapt solutions and services that are responsive to existing and potential customers’ needs, we may fail to expand our business, which could constrain our future revenue growth and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our acquisition and investment strategy may subject us to considerable business and financial risk.

To achieve our strategic goals, we have made a ~~significant~~ number of acquisitions and investments in businesses that have expanded our service offerings, including our ~~population~~PHM ~~health management~~ solutions, and broadened our customer base and our market and geographic presence. We ~~intend~~may continue to pursue ~~future~~strategic acquisitions, investments and ~~strategic~~partnerships ~~relationships~~ that ~~will~~advance ~~continue~~our tocapabilities ~~complement~~ and ~~grow~~build out our business lines ~~and to engage periodically~~ in ~~discussions~~the ~~regarding such transactions~~future. We are subject to risks and uncertainties relating to our ability to ~~identify~~consummate additional transactions that will be advantageous to us, including the Merger with Gainwell, and successfully integrate acquired or merged businesses, offerings technologies and employees. Future strategic acquisitions, investments and partnerships involve a number of factors that could affect our operations, including, but not limited to:

12▪risks relating to the Merger with Gainwell, including failure to complete the Merger;

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suitable candidates for potential acquisitions, investments and strategic relationships, and to consummate additional transactions that will be advantageous to us and successfully integrate acquired businesses, solutions, services, technologies or employees. Future and potential business acquisitions, investments and strategic relationships involve a number of risk factors that could affect our operations, including, but not limited to:

▪diversion of management’s attention and other resources;

▪our ability to successfully and timely integrate operational, ~~accounting~~financial, human resource and ~~technology~~IT systems, functions, policies, processes, ~~systems~~ and controls, and to implement ~~these~~new ~~functions~~operations, ~~policies,~~standards ~~processes, systems~~ and ~~controls~~technologies, without incurring substantial expenses, delays, difficulties or other issues;

~~▪our ability to integrate personnel and human resource systems as well as the corporate cultures;~~20

~~▪continued~~Table ~~coordination~~of ~~and cooperation with sellers pursuant to transition services agreements and with strategic partners;~~Contents

▪~~our~~continued ~~ability~~coordination toand ~~retain~~cooperation orwith ~~replace~~transaction ~~key~~parties ~~personnel~~or ~~and~~strategic topartners ~~manage~~for atransition ~~geographically dispersed workforce~~services;

▪difficulties in retaining or replacing key personnel and managing a geographically dispersed workforce, and other challenges associated with integrating employees and corporate cultures;

▪our ability to maintain relationships with customers and suppliers of acquired businesses and operations;

▪our ability to expand and further develop acquired businesses, ~~and~~technologies, ~~operations~~employees and strategic relationships;

▪our ability to combine service offerings, ~~and~~or to cross-sell our solutions and acquired solutions to ~~our respective~~ customers;

▪customer dissatisfaction or performance ~~problems~~issues with acquired businesses, operations, ~~solutions~~products or ~~services or~~ strategic partners;

▪our ability to comply with regulatory requirements and avoid potential conflicts of interest in markets that we serve;

▪the misuse of intellectual property by personnel of acquired businesses and operations ~~and~~or strategic partners;

▪our ability to successfully enter into unfamiliar markets or manage new business lines;

▪compliance challenges related to new regulatory requirements or changes in foreign and international laws and regulations, such as those pertaining to data privacy, employment matters and taxation;

▪assumption of unanticipated legal or financial liabilities and/or negative publicity ~~related~~relating to ~~prior~~activities ~~acts~~of by acquired ~~businesses~~companies, ~~and~~employees ~~operations~~ and strategic partners before the acquisition or investment;

▪exposure to litigation, orclaims ~~other~~and ~~claims~~investigations in connection with the transaction or the acquired businesses and ~~operations and~~ strategic partners, including claims from terminated employees, customers, former shareholders, government agencies or other third parties;

▪~~use~~significant ofcosts ~~substantial~~and ~~portions~~expenses, ofincluding ~~available~~those ~~cash~~related orto ~~the~~severance ~~risk~~payments, ofretention ~~becoming~~pay, ~~significantly~~assumed ~~leveraged~~litigation asand aother ~~result~~liabilities, oftransition ~~incurring~~services, ~~debt~~termination tofees ~~finance~~or another ~~acquisition~~exit charges, ~~investment~~legal, accounting or ~~strategic~~financial ~~relationship~~advisory fees and other transaction costs;

▪~~the~~substantial ~~failure~~reductions of ~~acquired~~our ~~businesses,~~cash ~~operations,~~resources ~~solutions~~ and/or ~~services~~the toincurrence ~~perform~~of ~~as expected or meet financial projections, which could negatively impact earnings or contingent consideration~~debt;

▪our lack of control and sole decision-making authority with respect to the operations of ~~investments and~~ strategic partners and investments, and potential changes in the economic or business interests, goals, financial condition or reputation of our strategic partners or ~~potential~~the ~~changes in~~ control of our strategic partners, and ~~potential adverse changes in our relationships with our strategic partners~~investments;

▪~~potential~~any ~~impairment~~announced oftransaction ~~goodwill~~may ~~and~~not ~~other~~close ~~acquired~~on ~~intangible~~the ~~assets~~expected timeframe or ~~potential~~at ~~impairment of strategic investments made by us~~all; ~~and~~

▪possible erosion of employee morale, customer confidence or our relationships with strategic partners;

▪potential impairment of goodwill and other acquired intangible assets or of strategic investments made by us;

▪the failure of acquired businesses, operations, solutions or services to perform as expected or meet financial projections, which could negatively impact earnings or contingent consideration; and

▪potential dilution to our earnings per share.

In addition, wedivestitures ~~periodically evaluate, and may engage in, the future disposition~~ of assets and businesses. ~~Divestitures could~~ involve a ~~number~~variety of risks, including separation of operations, services or personnel, diversion of management’s attention, significant costs and expenses, disruption of ~~the Company’s~~ business operations, potential loss of key employees, customer relationships or cash flow, and continued financial involvement in or liability with respect to the divested assets and businesses, including through indemnification orand other ~~financial~~contractual obligations. If we ~~fail~~are unable to adequately address these risks, or any of the foregoing factors, or fail to ~~successfully~~ integrate the businesses, ~~operations, solutions or services~~ that we acquire or merge with, we may not realize the cost efficiencies, synergies or other benefits that we anticipated from ~~the~~any future divestiture ~~of assets and businesses~~ or ~~when~~strategic ~~selecting our~~ acquisition, investment or ~~strategic relationship candidates~~partnership, and our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

13We face significant competition for our solutions and services and we expect competition to continue to increase, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The markets for payment accuracy and population health management solutions are intensely competitive, driven by rapidly changing technologies, evolving industry standards, customer demands to become more cost-effective and efficient, and increased consolidation in both the IT and healthcare industries. Our competitors range in size from large, diversified national companies (some of which have emerged as a result of industry consolidation), to small, specialized

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Wefirms. ~~face~~Some ~~significant~~of ~~competition~~our ~~for~~competitors may include current or former subcontractors or teaming partners seeking to establish direct relationships with our ~~solutions~~customers and provide similar services as the prime contractor, as well as current and prospective customers that elect to perform recovery and cost avoidance functions in-house or to develop in-house capacities for solutions and services that we ~~expect~~provide ~~competition~~or seek to ~~increase~~provide. For example, ~~which~~certain ~~could~~state ~~materially~~customers ~~adversely~~have ~~affect~~combined or “bundled” TPL services under large-scale IT procurements, as they shift to implementing modular Medicaid Enterprise Systems. As part of this modular approach, they may select a new or less experienced vendor to provide the TPL module based on preferred relationships or favorable pricing. Consolidation among vendors and healthcare providers, as well as the merging of some of our competitors or formation of business alliances with other competitors, ~~financial~~have ~~condition~~contributed to the increasingly competitive environment. In addition, ~~results~~companies ofthat ~~operations~~have invested in proprietary technology different from our own service offerings, such as front-end analytics or consumer-centric capabilities, have emerged as new competitors due to the rapidly evolving healthcare IT landscape. There is also increasing sophistication in the solutions and ~~cash~~services ~~flows~~that our competitors are developing that may become more efficient or appealing to our customers and their member populations, or may offer greater interoperability. In order to remain competitive, we may need to quickly develop and market new and enhanced solutions and services responsive to emerging technologies and changes in the healthcare industry, which may require that we make substantial financial and resource investments.

~~The~~We ~~markets~~may ~~for~~not ~~payment~~be ~~accuracy~~able ~~and~~to ~~population~~compete ~~health~~successfully ~~management~~against ~~solutions~~our ~~are~~existing ~~intensely~~or ~~competitive,~~future ~~driven~~competitors. bySome ~~rapidly~~of ~~changing~~these ~~technologies,~~competitors ~~evolving~~have ~~industry~~significantly ~~standards,~~greater ~~customer~~financial ~~demands to become more cost-effective~~ and ~~efficient~~technical resources, and ~~increased~~others ~~consolidation~~have inlonger ~~both~~operating ~~the~~histories IT and ~~healthcare~~greater ~~industries.~~name ~~Our~~recognition ~~competitors~~than ~~range~~we do in ~~size~~certain ~~from~~markets. ~~large,~~They ~~diversified~~may ~~national~~be ~~companies~~able to (~~some~~i) ofoffer ~~which~~lower ~~have~~prices ~~emerged~~or asnegotiate afee ~~result~~reductions ofon ~~industry consolidation), to small, specialized firms. Some of~~ our ~~competitors~~current ~~may~~solutions ~~include~~and ~~current~~services, or(ii) ~~former~~respond ~~subcontractors~~more orquickly ~~teaming~~than ~~partners~~we ~~seeking~~can to ~~establish~~new ~~direct~~and ~~relationships~~emerging ~~with~~technologies ~~our customers~~ and ~~provide~~changing ~~similar~~customer ~~services~~requirements, as(iii) ~~the~~devote ~~prime~~greater ~~contractor,~~resources asto ~~well~~the assale ~~current~~ and ~~prospective~~promotion ~~customers~~of ~~that~~their ~~elect~~products toand ~~perform~~the ~~recovery~~development and ~~cost~~implementation ~~avoidance~~of ~~functions~~new ~~in-house~~and orimproved tosystems, ~~develop in-house capacities for~~ solutions and services for customers that we ~~provide or seek to provide. For example~~serve, ~~certain~~and ~~state~~(iv) ~~customers~~pursue ~~have~~various ~~combined~~acquisitions orthat ~~“bundled”~~allow ~~TPL~~them ~~services under large-scale IT procurements, as they shift~~ to ~~implementing~~rapidly ~~modular~~amass ~~Medicaid~~a ~~Enterprise~~wide ~~Systems.~~array ~~As part~~ of ~~this~~capabilities. ~~modular~~We ~~approach, they~~ may ~~select~~be aforced ~~new or less experienced vendor~~ to ~~provide~~lower ~~the~~our ~~TPL~~pricing, ~~module~~unexpectedly ~~based~~scale ~~on preferred relationships~~ or ~~favorable~~update ~~pricing.~~our ~~Consolidation~~technological ~~among~~or ~~vendors~~data ~~and healthcare providers~~capabilities, asor ~~well~~modify asour ~~the~~offerings. ~~merging~~Additionally, ofcompetitors ~~some~~may ofaffect our ~~competitors~~business orby ~~formation~~entering ofinto ~~business~~exclusive ~~alliances~~arrangements with ~~other~~our ~~competitors,~~existing ~~have~~or ~~contributed~~potential tocustomers ~~the~~or ~~increasingly competitive environment~~vendors. InNotwithstanding ~~addition,~~any ~~companies~~changes ~~that~~we ~~have~~make ~~invested~~ in ~~proprietary~~response ~~technology~~to ~~different~~increased ~~from our own service offerings~~competition, ~~such~~the asdemand ~~front-end~~for ~~analytics~~our orsolutions ~~consumer-centric~~and ~~capabilities,~~services ~~have~~may ~~emerged~~still decrease as ~~new~~a ~~competitors~~result ~~due~~of toincreased ~~the~~competition. ~~rapidly~~A ~~evolving~~failure ~~healthcare~~to ITbe ~~landscape.~~responsive ~~There~~to iscustomers’ ~~also~~needs ~~increasing~~or ~~sophistication in~~ the ~~solutions~~changing ~~and~~industry ~~services~~landscape ~~that~~could frustrate our ~~competitors~~ability ~~are~~to ~~developing~~maintain ~~that may become more efficient~~ or ~~appealing~~expand to our ~~customers~~customer base, hire and ~~their~~retain ~~member~~new ~~populations~~employees, orpursue ~~may~~new ~~offer~~business ~~greater~~opportunities ~~interoperability.~~and Incontracts, ~~order~~complete tofuture ~~remain~~strategic ~~competitive~~acquisitions, weinvestments ~~may need to quickly develop~~ and ~~market~~partnerships ~~new~~ and ~~enhanced~~operate ~~solutions~~our ~~and~~business ~~services~~effectively. ~~responsive~~Any inability to ~~emerging~~compete ~~technologies~~meaningfully ~~and~~could ~~changes~~materially inadversely ~~the~~affect ~~healthcare~~our ~~industry~~business, ~~which~~financial ~~may~~condition, ~~require~~results ~~that~~of weoperations ~~make substantial financial~~ and ~~resource~~cash ~~investments~~flows.

WeOur ~~may~~business ~~not~~could be ~~able~~materially toadversely ~~compete~~affected ~~successfully~~by ~~against~~changes our existing or future competitors. Some of these competitors have significantly greater financial and technical resources, and others have longer operating histories and greater name recognition than we do in certain markets. They may be able to (i) offer lower prices or negotiate fee reductions on our current solutions and services, (ii) respond more quickly than we can to new and emerging technologies and changing customer requirements, (iii) devote greater resources to the sale and promotion of their products and the development and implementation of new and improved systems, solutions and services for customers that we serve, and (iv) pursue various acquisitions that allow them to rapidly amass a wide array of capabilitiesU. ~~We may be forced to lower our pricing, unexpectedly increase or enhance our technological or data capabilities, or modify our solution or service offerings~~S. ~~Additionally,~~healthcare ~~competitors~~environment ~~may affect our business by entering into exclusive arrangements with our existing~~ or ~~potential customers or vendors. Notwithstanding any changes we make~~ in ~~response~~laws relating to ~~increased~~healthcare ~~competition,~~programs ~~the demand for our solutions~~ and ~~services~~policies, ~~may~~particularly ~~still decrease~~ as athey ~~result~~relate ~~of increased competition. A failure~~ to bethe ~~responsive~~ACA ~~to our existing~~ and ~~potential customers’ needs or~~ the ~~changing~~Medicare ~~industry landscape could hinder our ability to maintain or expand our customer base, hire~~ and ~~retain~~Medicaid ~~new employees, pursue new business opportunities, complete future acquisitions, investments and strategic relationships and operate our business effectively~~programs. ~~Any inability to compete effectively could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.~~

~~You~~The ~~will~~healthcare ~~not~~industry bein ~~able~~which we operate is subject to ~~rely~~changing onpolitical, ~~our~~economic ~~operating~~and ~~results~~regulatory ininfluences ~~any~~that ~~particular~~directly ~~period~~affect asthe anpractices ~~indication~~and operations of ~~our~~federal, ~~future~~state ~~performance~~and ~~because~~commercial ~~they~~healthcare ~~are~~organizations ~~subject~~in the United States. When the ACA was passed, its emphasis on program integrity, cost containment and expansion of Medicaid created new opportunities to ~~significant~~grow ~~fluctuation~~our ~~which~~business ~~may~~and ~~cause~~our service offerings. The regulatory framework of the ~~market~~ACA ~~price~~and other healthcare reforms continues to evolve as a result of ~~our~~political ~~common~~changes ~~stock~~and executive, legislative, regulatory and administrative developments as well as judicial proceedings. Since its adoption into law in 2010, there have been continued efforts by Congress to ~~decrease~~amend, ~~significantly~~enhance repeal or replace all or part of the ACA.

~~Our~~Although ~~revenue~~legislative ~~and~~attempts ~~operating~~to ~~results~~completely ~~may~~repeal ~~fail~~the ACA have been unsuccessful to ~~match~~date, ~~our~~and ~~past~~we orbelieve ~~projected~~would ~~performance~~be ~~and~~unlikely ~~could~~under ~~vary~~the ~~significantly~~current ~~from~~political ~~period-to-~~climate, ~~period~~there ashave abeen ~~result~~significant ofattempts ato ~~number~~challenge certain aspects of ~~factors,~~the ~~some~~ACA ofthrough ~~which~~other ~~are~~legislative ~~outside~~measures ofand ~~our~~legal ~~control~~actions. WeThe ~~have~~Supreme ~~experienced~~Court ~~fluctuations~~is incurrently ~~our~~considering ~~revenue~~the ~~and~~constitutionality ~~operating~~of ~~results~~the ACA in the ~~past~~matter ~~and~~of ~~they~~California ~~may~~v. ~~vary~~Texas. inThe ~~the~~Court ~~future~~heard ~~for~~oral ~~reasons~~arguments ~~that~~on ~~include~~November 10, ~~but~~2020 ~~are~~and a decision is not ~~limited~~expected ~~to:~~until the late spring of 2021. Although a stay and partial final judgment has been issued pending appeals,

~~▪fluctuations in sales activity given our sales cycle;~~22

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▪ensuring that the ~~length~~ACA remains operational in all respects, we cannot predict when the Supreme Court will issue a decision or what that decision will be, or the outcome of ~~contract~~any ~~and~~litigation that has been filed relating to the ACA. As such, there remains considerable uncertainty surrounding the continued implementation ~~periods;~~of the ACA and what similar healthcare reform measures or other changes might be enacted at the federal and/or state level. We will continue to evaluate the effect that the ACA and its possible invalidation may have on our business, however, it is difficult to predict the full impact and influence that the ACA and the varying healthcare reform measures may have on the U.S. healthcare industry or policy, and any resulting changes may take time to unfold.

▪There have also been legislative initiatives and healthcare reform proposals from the ~~commencement,~~federal ~~completion~~and state governments in response to budgetary or deficit considerations, such as block grants. While this may lead to a demand for our services, it could also result in fee concessions, contract and project holds, early contract termination, and reduced scopes or non-renewal of our contracts ~~during~~with certain state government customers. Another variable that impacts our business will be how state programs, commercial health plans, private employers and other healthcare payers will respond to the possible enactment of federal or state health care reforms and possible changes to other federal, state or local laws or regulations affecting the health care industry, including any ~~particular~~such ~~quarter;~~laws or governmental regulations which are adopted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. These organizations may react to such changed circumstances and financial pressures by taking actions to ramp up, curtail or defer their retention of cost containment providers like us, which could impact the demand for our solutions and services and our ability to increase or maintain sales of our existing solutions and services. Due to uncertainties regarding the outcome of future healthcare reform initiatives, and their enactment and implementation, we cannot predict which, if any, future reform proposals will be adopted or the effect such adoption may have on us. Future healthcare legislation and regulation could have a significant impact on our business. While certain changes may present us with new opportunities, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected if we are unable to adapt our solutions and services to meet changing requirements or expand service delivery into new areas, or if the demand for our solutions and services is reduced as a result of future legislative changes affecting Medicare, Medicaid or other publicly funded or subsidized health programs.

~~▪contract~~Healthcare ~~costs~~spending fluctuations, simplification of the healthcare payment process or other aspects of the healthcare financing system, budgetary pressures and/or ~~expenses~~programmatic changes diminishing the scope of program benefits, or limiting payment integrity initiatives, could reduce the need for and the price of our solutions and services, which ~~may~~would behave ~~incurred~~a inmaterial ~~periods~~adverse ~~prior~~effect toon ~~revenue~~our ~~being~~business, ~~recognized;~~financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

▪Our projections and expectations are premised, in part, upon consistent growth rates in the ~~timing~~Medicare and Medicaid programs and government spending on these programs, and the impact on the current healthcare financing system overall and need for our solutions and services within that existing framework. Our continued success is based in large part on offering solutions and services that improve the ability of ~~period~~our customers to identify and recover revenue ~~recovery~~that ~~projects~~would otherwise be lost often as a result of procedural inefficiencies and ~~third~~complexities ~~party~~in ~~payers’~~the ~~claim~~healthcare ~~adjudication;~~delivery and payment system. However, the need for our solutions and services, the price customers are willing to pay for them and the scope and profitability of our contracts could be negatively affected by a number of factors, including, but not limited to:

▪~~the~~a ~~billing~~lower than projected growth in Medicare and ~~budgeting~~Medicaid ~~cycles~~program ofenrollment ~~our~~and ~~customers~~expenditures;

▪changes in the ~~timing~~level of federal government ~~procurement~~spending ~~activities~~due to budgetary or deficit considerations, including ~~when~~the ~~contract~~continuance ~~awards~~of ~~are~~existing ~~announced~~programs, ~~and~~as ~~the~~well ~~time~~as ~~required~~budgetary topressures ~~resolve~~that ~~bid~~may ~~protests~~drive changes at the state level;

▪~~contract~~unanticipated ~~renewal~~reductions ~~discussions,~~in ~~which~~the ~~may~~scope ~~result~~of inhealthcare ~~delayed~~program ~~payments~~benefits (such as, for example, state decisions to eliminate coverage of optional Medicaid populations or services ~~already~~or ~~performed~~shifting lives into managed care plans);

▪~~changes in~~ the ~~pricing~~transition ~~structure~~of orhealthcare ~~other~~beneficiaries ~~significant~~from ~~terms~~fee-for-service inplans ~~our~~to ~~contracts,~~value-based orcare ~~the~~and ~~scope~~other ofalternative ~~services~~risk ~~we perform~~models;

▪~~technological~~modifications ~~and~~in ~~operational~~provider ~~issues~~billing ~~affecting~~behavior ~~our~~and ~~customers~~habits, ~~including~~often ~~delays~~ in ~~payment~~response ~~receipt for previously recognized revenue due~~ to ~~certain~~the ~~customers'~~success ~~delayed processing~~ of our ~~findings~~solutions ~~through their systems,~~ and ~~restrictions~~services onor ~~our ability~~ to ~~use~~changes orthat ~~access~~reduce ~~certain~~healthcare ~~data or a lack of integrity or quality in the data or information we receive from certain data sources~~spending;

▪adjustments to age/quality of receivables and accruals as a result of factors such as delays involving contract limitations or changes, customer decisions to delay, avoid or refuse to make payments for our properly provided services, subcontractor performance deficiencies or managerial decisions not to pursue identified claim revenue from customers;23

▪the impact of service disruptions or delays in the systems or operations of subcontractors, partners, vendors and other third party providers on which we rely on to deliver a single-source solution or service to our customers;

▪the timing of expenses related to the development, acquisition, or divestiture of technologies or businesses and the timing of expenses related to strategic investments, dispositions and relationships;

▪changes in applicable laws;

▪changes in accounting policies or guidelines; and

▪regulatory changes or general economic conditions as they affect healthcare providers and payers.

We cannot predict the extent to which future variations could occur due to these or other factors. In addition, occasionally our state and federal customers are requested by third party payers to refund payments that we previously recovered for our customers. If our state and federal customers choose to refund money in response to these requests, regardless of whether an error actually occurred in connection with the payments, we may also be required to return contingent revenue which we were previously paid associated with such refunded payment. Consequently, our operating results are subject to significant fluctuation for any particular quarter, fiscal year, or other period, and may not be indicative of future periods. Our business is also subject to seasonal patterns resulting from increased efforts at year-end by certain customers to generate additional savings, complete compliance obligations and close gaps in care. However, taken as a whole, we do not consider our operations to be seasonal to any material degree. Due to all of these factors, our revenue and operating results are difficult to predict and are subject to significant fluctuation, which may cause the market price of our common stock to decrease significantly.

We face challenges associated with forecasting the revenue under our contracts, and any failure to accurately forecast such revenue could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We may not be able to accurately estimate the factors upon which we base our contract pricing, or the costs and timing for implementing and completing our contracts. For a majority of our customer contracts, the payment of our fee is contingent upon the recoveries received by our customers. We also have cost-plus or time-and-materials based contracts with the federal government where our revenue is recognized based on costs incurred plus an estimate of the negotiated fee earned. Our ability to earn a profit on these contracts requires that we accurately estimate the costs involved with these contracts and assess the probability of achieving certain outcomes or milestones within the contracted time period. In addition, we cannot predict with certainty the costs or the period in which implementation or contracts may be completed when we introduce new solutions into the marketplace. For our coordination of benefits and

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payment integrity services, we may face a long implementation period with a new customer or a new contract with an existing customer, making it difficult to reliably forecast revenue under those contracts. If we do not accurately estimate ▪the ~~costs~~adoption ~~and timing for completing projects, or if we encounter increased or unexpected costs, delays, failures, liabilities or risks, including those outside~~ of ~~our~~healthcare ~~control,~~plans ~~our~~with ~~contracts~~significantly ~~could~~higher ~~prove~~deductibles ~~unprofitable for us~~ or ~~yield~~other ~~lower~~consumer ~~profit~~healthcare ~~margins than anticipated. Although we believe that we have recorded adequate provisions in our financial statements for losses on our fixed price and~~ cost-~~plus contracts where applicable, as required under U.S. GAAP, our contract loss provisions may not be adequate to cover all actual future losses.~~sharing;

▪customer improvements and enhancements to their internal healthcare claims and billing processes;

▪the simplification of the healthcare benefit and payment system through legislative or regulatory changes at the federal or state level (for example, legislative changes impacting the scope of mandatory audits, including limits on the look-back period for review in areas where we conduct audits); and

▪limits placed on ongoing program integrity initiatives, including the Medicare RAC program and state Medicaid RAC programs (for example, limitations or reductions in the amount of reviewable claims we audit, such as the modified ADR limits and sliding scale policy implemented by CMS for the current Medicare RAC contracts, which have a significant impact on the volumes of claims that Medicare RACs are permitted to review for inpatient providers and reduce their ability to identify overpayments and underpayments).

The occurrence of any of these events, or other changes to the funding of the Medicare and Medicaid programs or limitations in the scope of program eligibility, benefits, initiatives and healthcare spending that materially reduce our revenue or profitability with such programs may have an adverse effect on our future business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our systems and networks and those of third parties on which we rely may be subject to cyber security breaches and other disruptions that could compromise our information and harm our business.

In the ordinary course of our business, we rely heavily upon our technology systems and networks, as well as on those of third-party providers, to process, transmit, maintain, store and host the confidential, proprietary and sensitive information and data we receive from our customers and other data suppliers, including private insurance plans and financial institutions. Some of the data we process, access, store and transmit may be outside of the United States due to our international business operations. In addition, subcontractors, teaming partners or other third-party vendors may receive or utilize this information on our behalf in support of the services we perform for our customers. The secure processing and maintenance of this information is critical to our operations and business strategy. We have devoted and continue to devote significant resources to implement security and privacy programs and controls, train our workforce and augment our security measures with new and enhanced technologies and processes, among other investments. Despite our security management efforts, our information technology and infrastructure, and those of third parties on which we rely, may continue to be vulnerable to computer hacking or phishing efforts, acts of vandalism or theft, introduction of malware, computer viruses, other malicious codes or other cyber-attacks, employee or insider malfeasance and misfeasance issues, fraud, human error, catastrophes, or unforeseen events. We may be unable to implement adequate preventive measures to protect against such compromises in the future or to effectively adapt our security measures to evolving security risks. As a result, our technology systems, including our data and our customers’ data, could be accessed improperly, made unavailable, improperly modified, corrupted or otherwise breached or compromised, or we could suffer system disruptions, shutdowns and denials of service. Similarly, we could be materially adversely affected by the loss of proprietary, trade secret or confidential technical and financial data if our internal networks are compromised. The occurrence of any of these events could harm the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures, lead to reputational damage or the loss of our customers’ confidence in our solutions, negatively affect our ability to attract new customers, cause existing customers to terminate or not renew their existing contracts with us, or deter them from using our solutions or services in the future, all of which could reduce our revenue, increase our expenses and expose us to potential liability under privacy, security or other applicable laws and regulations, including losses and costs associated with any resulting fraud. We also may be subject to investigations, regulatory fines and penalties conducted or imposed by government regulatory agencies, and damages and other substantial costs associated with litigation, indemnification and contractual obligations, increased cybersecurity insurance premiums, and additional remediation efforts, such as credit monitoring, notice expenses, call center services or other corrective plans. We may be forced to spend significant time and resources investigating the cause of the breach, repairing system damage, remediating vulnerabilities in our security procedures, disseminating breach notifications, enhancing cyber security protection controls and measures, and deploying additional security personnel

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and protection technologies, all of which could increase our expenses, divert the attention of our management and key personnel away from our business operations and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows

Business and Operational Risks

System interruptions or failures could expose us to liability and harm our business.

Our data and operation centers are essential to our business and our operations depend on our ability to maintain and protect our information systems. We attempt to mitigate the potential adverse effects of a disruption, relocation or change in operating environment; however, the situations we plan for and the amount of insurance coverage that we maintain may not be adequate in every case. Despite systems redundancy and security measures, our systems and operations are vulnerable to damage or interruption from, among other sources:

▪power loss, transmission cable cuts and telecommunications failures;

▪fires, floods, earthquakes, extreme weather conditions or other natural disasters;

▪software or hardware malfunctions, failures or defects;

▪operator error;

▪cyber-attacks, physical break-ins, sabotage or intentional acts of vandalism; and

▪other events beyond our control, such as ~~medical~~COVID-19 ~~epidemics~~and orother pandemics and epidemics, war, terrorist attacks orand other catastrophic events.

In addition, while there are backup systems in many of our facilities, an extended outage of utility or network services supplied by third party IT vendors may delay or disrupt the delivery or performance of the services we provide for our customers. We also utilize third-party cloud service providers to help us efficiently scale certain cloud-based solutions. If we or our cloud service providers and other suppliers encounter a lengthy business interruption or a denial of service, or in the event our disaster recovery and business continuity plans are not effective, or our applicable insurance coverage is denied or not ~~sufficient~~adequate toor ~~compensate~~available on a timely basis for all the ~~liability~~liabilities onthat amight ~~timely~~be ~~basis~~incurred, we could suffer operational, communication and service disruptions, disputes with customers and third parties, civil or criminal penalties, regulatory problems, increases in administrative expenses, financial penalties under our service level agreements with customers, loss of our ability to produce timely and accurate financial and other reports, damage to our reputation or customer relationships or other adverse consequences, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our systems and networks and those of third parties on which we rely may be subject to cyber security breaches and other disruptions that could compromise our information and harm our business.

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implement adequate preventive measures to protect against such compromises in the future or to effectively adapt our security measures to evolving security risks. As a result, our technology systems, including our data and our customers’ data, could be accessed improperly, made unavailable, improperly modified, corrupted or otherwise breached or compromised, or we could suffer system disruptions, shutdowns and denials of service. Similarly, we could be materially adversely affected by the loss of proprietary, trade secret or confidential technical and financial data if our internal networks are compromised. The occurrence of any of these events could harm the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures, lead to reputational damage or the loss of our customers’ confidence in our solutions, negatively affect our ability to attract new customers, cause existing customers to terminate or not renew their existing contracts with us, or deter them from using our solutions or services in the future, all of which could reduce our revenue, increase our expenses and expose us to potential liability under privacy, security or other applicable laws and regulations, including losses and costs associated with any resulting fraud. We also may be subject to regulatory fines and penalties imposed by government regulatory agencies, and damages and other substantial costs associated with litigation, indemnification and contractual obligations, increased cybersecurity insurance premiums, and additional remediation efforts, such as credit monitoring, call center services or other corrective plans. We may be forced to spend significant time and resources investigating the cause of the breach, repairing system damage, remediating vulnerabilities in our security procedures, disseminating breach notifications, enhancing cyber security protection controls and measures, and deploying additional security personnel and protection technologies, all of which could increase our expenses, divert the attention of our management and key personnel away from our business operations and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Any failure to maintain effective information processing systems and the integrity of the data in, and operations of, those systems could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our ability to conduct our operations and accurately report our financial results depends on the integrity of the data in our information systems and the processes performed by those systems. As a result of the services we provide, we process a number of complex transactions that require us to access, store, retrieve, ~~manipulate~~process, manage and transmit the information and data of our customers’ and external third parties, as well as our own data. Although we have invested a great deal of time and resources in developing systems, processes and controls that protect the integrity of the data, such measures cannot provide absolute security. It is possible that failures or errors in hardware and software, including those in third-party technology, or technical deficiencies in our systems could result in data loss or corruption, or cause the data that we collect, utilize or disseminate or the resulting services we deliver that rely on this data to be incomplete or contain inaccuracies that our customers regard as significant. In addition, these information systems and applications require continual maintenance, upgrading and enhancement to meet our operational needs, satisfy customer requests and handle our expansion and growth. Despite our testing and quality control measures, we cannot be certain that errors or system deficiencies will be found and that remediation can be done in a timeframe that is acceptable to our customers, or that customer relationships will not be impaired by the occurrence of errors or the need for remediation. In addition, implementation of upgrades and enhancements may cost more, take longer or require more testing than originally expected. As we continue to expand our business, we face additional challenges in implementing adequate internal control over financial reporting. Situations may also arise in which the accuracy of our data analysis or the content and quality of our work product is central to the disposition of claims, controversies or litigation between our customers and third parties that would require us to allocate significant resources to fulfilling our contractual obligations to provide our customers with full and complete access to records, analysis and back-up documentation of our work. Assuring our capacity to fulfill these obligations as well as actually fulfilling them could impose significant burdens on our infrastructure for data storage, maintenance and processing, and require us to incur increased costs to supplement our personnel, data storage and computing resources, which could materially and negatively impact other business operations.

If we are unable to protect our proprietary technology, information, processes, know-how, and other intellectual property, or become subject to third party claims of intellectual property infringement or misappropriation, the value of our solutions and services may be diminished and our business may be materially adversely affected.25

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~~Our~~addition, ~~success~~implementation ~~as a company depends in part upon our ability to protect our core technology and intellectual property. Our expanding operations and efforts to develop new solutions and services also make protection~~ of ~~our~~upgrades ~~intellectual property more critical. We seek to protect our intellectual property~~ and ~~other~~enhancements ~~proprietary~~may ~~information~~cost ~~through a combination of patent~~more, ~~trademark,~~take ~~copyright,~~longer ~~trade~~or ~~secret~~require ~~and~~more ~~unfair~~testing ~~competition~~than ~~laws,~~originally confidentiality agreements and invention assignment agreements with employees, consultants and other third parties, as well as through the terms of our agreements with customers and vendors, and other security measuresexpected. ~~However,~~As ~~the steps~~ we ~~have~~continue ~~taken~~ to ~~deter~~expand ~~misappropriation of intellectual property may be insufficient to protect~~ our ~~proprietary information. For example~~business, we ~~may~~face ~~not~~additional ~~always~~challenges bein ~~successful~~implementing atadequate ~~obtaining~~internal ~~government~~control ~~registrations~~over ~~for~~financial ~~our patents, trademarks, or copyrights that we seek to register~~reporting. ~~Even~~Situations ifmay wealso ~~are~~arise ~~successful, the existing U.S. federal and state intellectual property laws offer only limited protection, and our property rights~~ in ~~foreign jurisdictions in~~ which ~~we operate or seek to do business may not receive~~ the ~~same~~accuracy ~~degree~~ of ~~protection or enforceability as those in the United States. Third parties may also attempt to misuse~~ our ~~company~~data ~~name~~analysis or ~~trademarks~~the tocontent ~~engage~~and inquality ~~improper~~of ~~or illegal conduct such as cyber-squatting or other cybercrimes using~~ our ~~marks,~~work ~~and~~product weis ~~may~~central ~~not always be successful at quickly obtaining relief from agencies tasked with enforcing parties’ rights, or stopping such conduct before harm~~ to ~~third~~the ~~parties~~disposition ~~occurs. Similarly, misappropriation~~ of ~~our other intellectual property by third parties~~claims, orcontroversies ~~any disclosure~~ or ~~dissemination~~litigation ofbetween our ~~confidential~~customers and proprietary trade secrets, business intelligence, queries, algorithms and other similar information by any means, could undermine any competitive advantage we currently derive or may derive from that intellectual property. For example, our current or former employees, consultants or other third parties ~~may~~that ~~unintentionally~~would orrequire ~~willfully~~us ~~disclose our trade secrets, know-how or other confidential and proprietary information~~ to ~~competitors.~~allocate ~~Competitors~~significant ~~have~~resources ~~also attempted~~ to ~~use~~fulfilling ~~state~~our ~~and/or~~contractual ~~federal~~obligations ~~open records laws (such as the federal Freedom of Information Act and analogous state laws)~~ to ~~obtain our proposal responses and other documents we~~ provide to our ~~government~~ customers. Wewith ~~cannot~~full beand ~~certain~~complete ~~that~~access ~~our efforts~~ to ~~protect the confidential and proprietary trade secret information or intellectual property in these proposals or other documents will always be successful~~records, ~~due~~analysis ~~to the many factors underlying the various state~~ and ~~federal~~back-up ~~decisions~~documentation ~~to release information in response to open records requests (even in spite~~ of our ~~objections and efforts to protect such information)~~work. ~~Additionally,~~Assuring ~~certain of~~ our ~~service~~capacity orto ~~solutions~~fulfill ~~offerings~~these ~~from~~obligations ~~our~~as ~~recent~~well ~~acquisitions~~as ~~may~~actually ~~incorporate~~fulfilling ~~open~~them ~~source~~could ~~software~~impose ~~that~~significant ~~are~~burdens ~~licensed~~on ~~under~~our ~~various~~infrastructure ~~public~~for ~~domain~~data ~~licenses~~storage, ormaintenance ~~without~~and ~~warranties~~processing, ~~indemnification or other contractual protections. Although we carefully monitor~~ and ~~manage our use of open source software to avoid uses that would~~ require us to ~~disclose~~incur ~~proprietary~~increased ~~source~~costs ~~code or violate applicable open source licenses, if we engage in such uses inadvertently, we may be required~~ to ~~take~~supplement ~~remedial action or release certain of~~ our ~~proprietary source code. Moreover~~personnel, ~~there~~data ~~remains~~storage ~~the possibility that others will independently develop competing technologies that may be equivalent or superior to ours. If our efforts to protect our intellectual property~~ and ~~other~~computing ~~proprietary rights are inadequate to prevent unauthorized use or appropriation by third parties or our employees~~resources, ~~the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished and make us less competitive,~~ which could ~~have~~materially aand ~~material~~negatively ~~adverse~~impact ~~effect~~other ~~on our~~ business, ~~financial condition, results of~~ operations ~~and cash flows~~.

In addition, third parties may claim that we are infringing upon or misappropriating their intellectual property, using their intellectual property inconsistent with or without the appropriate license terms, or assert other legal challenges to our intellectual property. Our ~~exposure to these risks may further increase after we acquire a~~ business orcould ~~technology~~be ~~because~~materially ~~third~~adversely ~~parties~~affected ~~may~~if ~~make infringement and similar or related claims after~~ we ~~have~~fail ~~acquired technology. Any of these situations could cause us~~ to ~~expend~~maintain ~~significant~~a ~~time~~high ~~and~~level ~~resources~~of ~~and~~customer toretention ~~incur substantial costs associated with settlements, litigation~~ or ~~other~~fail ~~legal proceedings that may be necessary~~ to ~~defend~~meet ~~ourselves~~performance orstandards tounder ~~enforce~~ our ~~intellectual~~customer ~~property rights~~contracts, inor ~~which~~if ~~we may not ultimately prevail, and could result in~~ our ~~being prevented from furnishing certain solutions and services. We may also be required to indemnify our~~ customers ifelect ~~they become subject~~ to ~~third~~reduce ~~party~~the ~~claims~~scope ~~relating~~of toour ~~intellectual~~contracts ~~property that we license~~ or ~~otherwise~~terminate ~~provide to~~ them, ~~which~~before ~~could~~their bescheduled ~~costly~~expiration dates.

~~Our~~We ~~business~~historically ~~could~~have bederived ~~materially~~and ~~adversely~~expect ~~affected~~to ifcontinue weto ~~fail~~generate toa ~~maintain~~significant portion of our revenue from a ~~high~~limited ~~level~~number of ~~customer~~large ~~retention,~~customers ifat ~~our~~the federal and state level. Our contracts with these customers ~~elect~~are subject to ~~reduce~~periodic ~~the~~renewal ~~scope~~and ofsome ~~our~~permit them to terminate their contracts on short notice, with or ~~terminate~~without ~~them~~cause. ~~before~~If ~~their~~a ~~scheduled~~customer ~~expiration~~is ~~dates~~dissatisfied with the quality or pricing of our work or if we fail to meet performance standards under our contracts, or if our solutions, technical infrastructure or services do not comply with the provisions of our contractual agreements or applicable regulatory requirements, the customer might seek to reduce the scope of the services we perform or prematurely terminate its agreements with us, or we could incur additional costs that may impair the profitability of a contract and damage our ability to obtain additional work from that customer, or other current or prospective customers. For example, some of our contracts contain liquidated damages provisions and financial penalties related to performance failures, which if triggered, could materially adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We also may be required to disclose such liquidated damages or other financial penalties assessed against us in connection with future bids for services with other customers.

WeIn ~~historically~~addition, ~~have~~our ~~derived~~government and ~~expect~~commercial healthcare customers are subject to ~~continue~~financial pressures or pressure from stakeholders that may cause them to ~~generate~~terminate acontracts ~~significant~~for ~~portion~~our services that they regard as non-essential or have the ability to develop or perform in-house. They could also redefine or reduce the scope of our ~~revenue~~contracts ~~from~~by, afor ~~limited~~example, ~~number~~significantly reducing the volume of ~~large~~data ~~customers~~that we are permitted to audit, or decide to renew our contracts at ~~the~~lower ~~federal~~performance fee levels. We may agree to reduce our fees mid-term or extend payment terms in response to financial or operational difficulties affecting our customers due to macroeconomic factors, such as COVID-19. Despite our right to prompt and ~~state~~full ~~level~~payment under the terms of our contracts, we could face challenges in obtaining timely or full payments for our properly provided services from our customers. ~~Our~~If there is a substantial reduction in the scope of our services under, or a termination of, any of our key contracts with ~~these~~our major customers, or if we are ~~subject~~exposed to ~~periodic~~significant costs, liabilities or negative publicity, our ability to compete for new contracts with current or prospective customer could be damaged and our business, financial condition, reputation, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

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renewal and some permit them to terminate their contracts on short notice, with or without cause. If a customer is dissatisfied with the quality or pricing of our work or if we fail to meet performance standards under our contracts, or if our solutions, technical infrastructure or services do not comply with the provisions of our contractual agreements or applicable regulatory requirements, the customer might seek to reduce the scope of the services we perform or prematurely terminate its agreements with us, or we could incur additional costs that may impair the profitability of a contract and damage our ability to obtain additional work from that customer, or other current or prospective customers. For example, some of our contracts contain liquidated damages provisions and financial penalties related to performance failures, which if triggered, could materially adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We also may be required to disclose such liquidated damages or other financial penalties assessed against us in connection with future bids for services with other customers.

In addition, our government and commercial healthcare customers are subject to financial pressures or pressure from stakeholders that may cause them to terminate contracts for our services that they regard as non-essential or have the ability to develop or perform in-house. They could also redefine or reduce the scope of our contracts by, for example, significantly reducing the volume of data that we are permitted to audit, or decide to renew our contracts at lower performance fee levels. Despite our right to prompt and full payment under the terms of our contracts, we could face challenges in obtaining timely or full payments for our properly provided services from our customers. If there is a substantial reduction in the scope of our services under, or a termination of, any of our key contracts with our major customers, or if we are exposed to significant costs, liabilities or negative publicity, our ability to compete for new contracts with current or prospective customer could be damaged and our business, financial condition, reputation, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

We depend on many different entities to supply information, and any inability to successfully manage our relationships with a number of these suppliers may harm the quality and availability of our solutions and services.

We obtain the data used in our solutions and services from many sources, including commercial health insurance plans, financial institutions, managed care organizations, government entities and non-government entities. From time to time, challenges arise in managing and maintaining our relationships with data sources that are not our customers and that furnish information to us pursuant to a combination of voluntary cooperation and legal obligations under laws and regulations that are often subject to differing interpretations. If a number of our information sources become unable or unwilling to provide us with certain data under terms and conditions of receipt, processing or use that are acceptable to us and our customers, or if laws and regulations for use and protection of this data changes in a way that could disincentivize our suppliers, or impose unacceptable or unreasonable conditions, costs, or risks on us, we may not be able to obtain new or favorable agreements with alternative data suppliers. In addition, our ability to normalize and fully utilize the information we receive from various data sources to enhance and improve current services for our customers is an important component of our growth strategy. Although we believe that we have the legal and contractual rights necessary to normalize and use the data we have obtained from these sources for potential or contemplated solution and service offerings, we cannot provide assurance that these entities will permit the use of their data for these purposes. If we lose a number of our data sources or our access to their data, and fail to identify and reach the requisite agreements with suitable alternative suppliers or to successfully integrate their data into our solutions and services, or if there is a lack of accuracy or integrity in the data that current or future suppliers provide, we could experience service disruptions, increased costs, reduced quality of our solutions and services, or performance penalties under our customer contracts, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We may rely on subcontractors and other third party providers to provide customers with a single-source solution or service or we may serve as a subcontractor to a third party prime contractor. If these parties fail to satisfy their obligations to us or if we are unable to maintain these relationships, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.26

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Inunwilling ~~some~~to ~~areas~~provide ofus ~~our~~with ~~business,~~certain wedata ~~may~~under ~~engage~~terms ~~subcontractors,~~and ~~teaming~~conditions ~~partners~~of receipt, ~~vendors~~processing or ~~other~~use ~~third~~that ~~party~~are ~~providers~~acceptable to ~~provide~~us and our customers, ~~with~~or aif ~~single-source~~laws ~~solution~~and regulations for ause ~~broader~~and ~~range~~protection of ~~service~~this ~~needs.~~data ~~These~~changes ~~third~~in ~~parties~~a ~~include~~way ~~software~~that ~~vendors~~could disincentivize our suppliers, ~~utility~~or ~~and~~impose ~~network~~unacceptable ~~providers,~~or ~~cloud~~unreasonable ~~service~~conditions, ~~providers~~costs, ~~contingent~~or ~~workers~~risks ~~and~~on ~~other~~us, ~~information~~we ~~technology~~may ~~service~~not ~~providers~~be ~~and~~able ~~solution~~to ~~partners.~~obtain ~~Our~~new ~~ability~~or tofavorable ~~deliver~~agreements ~~and~~with ~~implement~~alternative ~~solutions~~data ~~and~~suppliers. ~~serve~~In addition, our ~~customers~~ability ~~effectively~~to ~~depends~~normalize onand ~~these~~fully ~~third~~utilize ~~parties~~the ~~meeting~~information ~~our~~we ~~service~~receive ~~standards~~from invarious ~~both~~data ~~timeliness~~sources ~~and~~to ~~quality,~~enhance and inimprove ~~certain~~current ~~instances,~~services onfor our ~~ability~~customers tois ~~obtain~~an ~~customer~~important ~~approval~~component ~~for the use~~ of ~~these~~our ~~third~~growth ~~party subcontractors~~strategy. ~~While~~Although we believe that we ~~perform~~have ~~appropriate~~the ~~due~~legal ~~diligence~~and oncontractual ~~these~~rights ~~third~~necessary ~~parties~~to normalize and ~~take~~use ~~adequate~~the ~~measures~~data towe ~~ensure~~have ~~that~~obtained ~~they~~from ~~comply~~these ~~with~~sources ~~the~~for ~~appropriate~~potential ~~laws~~or contemplated solution and ~~regulations~~service offerings, we cannot ~~guarantee~~provide assurance that ~~they~~these entities will ~~comply~~permit ~~with~~ the ~~terms~~use ~~set~~of ~~forth in~~ their ~~agreements~~data ~~with~~for usthese purposes. ~~Performance~~If ~~deficiencies~~we orlose ~~misconduct~~a bynumber ~~subcontractors,~~of ~~teaming~~our ~~partners,~~data ~~vendors~~sources or ~~other~~our ~~third~~access ~~party~~to ~~providers~~their ~~may~~data, beand ~~perceived~~fail asto ~~inadequacies~~identify inand ~~our~~reach ~~solutions~~the orrequisite ~~services~~agreements orwith ~~cause~~suitable usalternative tosuppliers ~~fail~~or to ~~fulfill~~successfully ~~our~~integrate ~~contractual~~their ~~obligations~~data tointo our ~~customers,~~solutions ~~which~~and ~~could~~services, ~~materially~~or ~~adversely~~if ~~affect~~there ~~our~~is ~~customer~~a ~~relationships~~lack ~~and reputation, result in termination~~ of ~~customer~~accuracy ~~contracts,~~or ~~and~~integrity ~~subject~~in usthe todata ~~disputes~~that ~~with~~current ~~our~~or ~~customers.~~future Insuppliers ~~addition~~provide, ifwe ~~our~~could ~~third~~experience ~~party~~ service ~~providers~~disruptions, ~~terminate~~increased orcosts, ~~refuse~~reduced toquality ~~renew~~of ~~their~~our ~~relationships~~solutions ~~with~~and usservices, or ~~offer~~performance ~~their~~penalties ~~products~~under toour uscustomer ~~in the future on less advantageous terms~~contracts, wewhich ~~may~~could ~~not~~have bea ~~able~~material toadverse ~~perform~~effect oron ~~deliver~~our ~~solutions~~business, orfinancial ~~services~~condition, ~~for~~results ~~existing~~of ~~customers~~operations asand ~~expected~~cash flows.

We may rely on subcontractors and other third party providers to provide customers with a single-source offering or we may serve as a subcontractor to a third party prime contractor. If these parties fail to satisfy their obligations to us or if we are unable to maintain these relationships, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

In some areas of our business, we may engage subcontractors, teaming partners, vendors or other third party providers to provide our customers with a single-source solution for a broader range of service needs. These third parties include software vendors, utility and network providers, cloud service providers, contingent workers and other information technology service providers and solution partners. Our ability to deliver and implement solutions and serve our customers effectively depends on these third parties meeting our service standards in both timeliness and quality, and in certain instances, on our ability to obtain customer approval for the use of third party subcontractors. While we believe that we perform appropriate due diligence on third party providers and take adequate measures to ensure that they comply with the appropriate laws and regulations, we cannot guarantee that they will adhere to the terms set forth in their agreements with us. Performance deficiencies or misconduct by our third party providers may be perceived as inadequacies in our solutions or capabilities or cause us to fall short of our contractual obligations to our customers, which could materially adversely affect our customer relationships and reputation, result in termination of customer contracts, and subject us to disputes with our customers. In addition, if our third party service providers terminate or refuse to renew their relationships with us or offer their products to us in the future on less advantageous terms, we may not be able to perform or deliver solutions or services for existing customers as expected.

Similarly, we are and may in the future be engaged as a subcontractor to a third party prime contractor which contracts directly with the customer. Subcontracting arrangements where we are not the prime contractor pose unique risks to us because we do not have control over the customer relationship, and our ability to generate revenue under such subcontracts is dependent on the prime contractor, its performance and relationship with the customer, and its relationship with us. We cannot be certain that the prime contractor will provide adequate and timely services to the customer, comply with the terms of its prime contract with the customer or its subcontract agreement with us, or that it will construe its contractual rights and obligations in a reasonable way, act appropriately in dealing with us or customers, and remain in compliance with the relevant laws, rules or regulations. Any failure of the prime contractor to adequately perform its obligations under the prime contract or to comply with applicable laws, rules and regulations could materially adversely affect our reputation and subject us to a dispute with the prime contractor or the customer. In the event a prime contract is terminated, whether for non-performance by the prime contractor or otherwise, our subcontract will similarly terminate, and the resulting contract loss could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We obtain a portion of our business through competitive bidding in response to government requests for proposals. Reprocurements and future contracts may not be awarded through this process on the same level or our contract awards may be challenged by interested parties which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.27

In order to market our solutions and compete for contracts with existing and potential state and federal customers, we are often required to respond to government-issued RFPs. These responses typically require us to assemble and submit a large volume of information within a rigid timetable, and to accurately estimate our cost structure for servicing the proposed contract, the time required to establish operations and the likely terms of proposals submitted by our competitors. We may also be required to disclose the occurrence of certain negative events suffered by our business, such as customer disputes, a government inquiry or audit, or an adverse judgment or settlement in litigation or a legal proceeding, which could impair our ability to win the contract at issue or have a material adverse effect on our reputation in the industry.

Even if we win these contracts, we may fail to secure favorable contract terms and conditions, or a government’s determination to award us the contract may be challenged by an interested party. Under the state and federal laws and regulations governing procurements of goods and services, challenges and award protests may be filed even if there are no valid legal grounds on which to base the protest. The filing of such challenges could potentially delay the start or implementation of the contract if the government agency determines to withhold a contract award or suspend contract performance while the protest is being considered, or to take corrective action on its own, such as soliciting new bids or

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~~terminating~~We ~~the~~obtain ~~contract~~a ~~award~~portion ~~or current procurement. In the event~~ of ~~irregularities~~our ~~that~~business wethrough ~~perceive~~competitive ~~or learn of in the award or~~ bidding ~~process, we also may be forced to file protests in response to RFP awards to other bidders~~processes. ~~Resolution~~Reprocurements ofand afuture ~~protest,~~contracts ~~even~~may innot ~~our~~be ~~favor,~~awarded ~~could~~on ~~force us to expend considerable funds in disputing~~ the ~~potential~~same ~~award~~level or ~~to incur additional expenses to maintain~~ our ~~ability~~contract toawards ~~timely start implementation, which~~ may ~~cause our actual results to differ materially and adversely from those anticipated. In addition, if we are unable to win reprocurements or protests of particular contracts, we may~~ be ~~precluded~~challenged ~~from~~by ~~entering~~interested ~~certain~~parties ~~customer~~which markets for the term of the contract awarded to another party. Any failure to continue to obtain contracts in response to government RFPs, to design proposals that result in profitable contracts, to win new contracts or re-procure current contracts after they expire or to prevail in protests or challenges of contract awards could ~~have~~materially aadversely ~~material~~affect ~~adverse effect on~~ our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

~~Adverse~~In ~~judgments~~order to market our solutions and compete for contracts with existing and potential state and federal customers, we are often required to respond to government-issued RFPs. These responses typically require us to assemble and submit a large volume of information within a rigid timetable, and to accurately estimate our cost structure for servicing the proposed contract, the time required to establish operations and the likely terms of proposals submitted by our competitors. We may also be required to disclose sensitive information, such as business developments and trade secrets, or ~~settlements~~the inoccurrence ~~legal~~of ~~proceedings~~certain ~~could~~negative ~~materially~~events ~~harm~~suffered by our business, ~~financial~~including ~~condition~~customer disputes, ~~operating~~contract ~~results~~terminations, assessments of liquidated damages, corrective action plans, government inquiries or audits, pending claims and ~~cash~~litigation, ~~flows~~or adverse judgments and settlements in legal proceedings, which could impair our ability to win the contract at issue or have a material adverse effect on our reputation in the industry.

WeEven ~~are~~if ~~subject~~we ~~and~~win ~~may~~these becontracts, awe ~~party~~may fail to ~~legal~~secure ~~proceedings~~favorable contract terms and ~~claims~~conditions, ~~that~~or ~~arise~~a ~~from~~government’s ~~time~~determination to ~~time~~award inus the ~~ordinary~~contract ~~course of our business, which~~ may ~~include,~~be ~~but~~challenged ~~are~~by ~~not~~an ~~limited~~interested ~~to,~~party. ~~those~~Under ~~related~~the ~~to,~~state ~~claims~~and ~~brought~~federal bylaws ~~our~~and ~~customers~~regulations ingoverning ~~connection~~procurements ~~with~~of ~~billing~~goods and ~~contractual disputes~~services, ~~subcontracts~~challenges and ~~teaming~~award ~~agreements,~~protests ~~protection~~may ofbe ~~confidential~~filed ~~information~~even orif ~~trade~~there ~~secrets,~~are ~~individual~~no orvalid ~~class~~legal ~~action~~grounds ~~claims~~on inwhich ~~relation~~ to base the ~~services~~protest. weThe ~~provide,~~filing ~~claims~~of ~~relating~~such tochallenges ~~pending,~~could ~~terminated~~potentially ordelay ~~completed~~the ~~acquisitions~~start or ~~dispositions,~~implementation orof ~~relating~~the tocontract ~~investments~~if orthe ~~strategic~~government ~~relationships,~~agency ~~adversary~~determines ~~proceedings~~to ~~arising~~withhold ~~from~~a ~~customer~~contract ~~bankruptcies,~~award ~~employment~~or ofsuspend ~~our~~contract ~~workforce~~performance ~~and~~while ~~immigration~~the ~~requirements~~protest oris ~~compliance~~being ~~with~~considered, ~~any~~or ofto atake ~~wide~~corrective ~~array~~action ofon ~~statutes~~its own, ~~rules~~such ~~and~~as ~~regulations~~soliciting ~~that~~new ~~pertain~~bids, toreinitiating ~~different~~the ~~aspects~~RFP ofprocess ~~our~~or ~~business,~~terminating ~~both~~the ~~domestically~~contract ~~and~~award ~~internationally.~~or Wecurrent ~~may~~procurement. ~~also~~In bethe ~~required~~event toof ~~initiate~~irregularities ~~expensive~~that ~~litigation~~we perceive or ~~other~~learn ~~proceedings~~of toin ~~protect~~the ~~our~~award ~~business~~or ~~interests.~~bidding ~~There~~process, iswe aalso ~~risk~~may ~~that~~be weforced ~~will~~to ~~not~~file beprotests ~~successful~~in orresponse ~~otherwise~~to beRFP ~~able~~awards to ~~satisfactorily~~other ~~resolve~~bidders. ~~any~~Resolution ~~pending~~of ora ~~future~~protest, ~~litigation.~~even Inin ~~addition~~our favor, ~~litigation~~could ~~and~~divert ~~other~~our ~~legal~~management's ~~claims~~focus ~~are~~and ~~subject~~force us to ~~inherent~~expend ~~uncertainties~~considerable ~~and~~funds ~~management’s~~in ~~view~~disputing ofthe ~~currently~~potential ~~pending~~award ~~legal~~or ~~matters~~incur ~~may~~additional ~~change~~expenses into ~~the~~maintain ~~future.~~our ~~Those~~ability ~~uncertainties~~to ~~include~~timely start implementation, ~~but~~which ~~are~~may ~~not~~cause ~~limited~~our actual results to, ~~litigation~~differ ~~costs~~materially and ~~attorneys’~~adversely ~~fees,~~from ~~unpredictable~~those ~~judicial~~anticipated. orIn ~~jury decisions~~addition, ~~and~~if ~~differing~~we ~~laws~~are ~~and~~unable ~~judicial~~to ~~proclivities~~win ~~regarding~~reprocurements ~~damage~~or ~~awards~~protests inof ~~the~~particular ~~jurisdictions~~contracts, ~~in which~~ we ~~operate.~~may ~~Resolution~~be ~~may~~precluded ~~also~~from ~~require~~entering ~~that~~certain ~~HMS~~customer ~~accept~~markets ~~some~~for ~~amount~~the term of ~~loss~~the orcontract ~~liability~~awarded into ~~order~~another party. Any failure to ~~avoid~~continue ~~customer~~to ~~abrasion,~~obtain ~~negative~~contracts ~~marketplace~~in ~~perceptions~~response ~~and~~to ~~other~~government ~~disadvantageous~~RFPs, ~~results.~~to ~~Unexpected~~design ~~outcomes~~proposals inthat ~~such~~result ~~legal~~in ~~proceedings~~profitable contracts, orto ~~changes~~win innew ~~management’s~~contracts ~~evaluation~~ or ~~predictions~~re-procure ofcurrent ~~the~~contracts ~~likely~~after ~~outcomes~~they ofexpire ~~such~~or ~~proceedings~~to ~~(possibly~~prevail ~~resulting~~ in ~~changes~~protests inor ~~established~~challenges ~~reserves),~~of contract awards could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We may not be able to deliver our solutions and perform services efficiently if we are unable to attract and retain qualified employees.

Our successful delivery of solutions and services and ability to maintain our productivity and profitability is highly dependent on our ability to identify, recruit, employ, train, engage and retain skilled personnel. The success of recruitment and retention strategies depend on a number of factors, including the competitive demands for ~~employees~~individuals ~~having~~with the ~~skills~~skill sets we need, the level of compensation required to hire and retain such employees and immigration requirements that may affect our ability to sponsor employees for employment-based visas. Customers or competitors may seek to hire away qualified and seasoned employees, which could ~~reduce~~impact our ability to innovate and operate effectively, and require us to take legal action and incur additional costs. We may not be able to recruit or maintain the personnel necessary to efficiently operate and support our business in the future, ~~and~~Even ~~even~~ if our recruitment and retention strategies are successful, ~~our~~we may experience higher labor costs that may ~~increase~~not ~~significantly~~be offset by improved productivity or increased sales. Our inability to ~~hire~~attract ~~sufficient~~and ~~personnel~~retain top talent on a timely basis without significantly increasing our labor costs could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

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Our future success depends, in part, on the continued service of members of our management team.

Our ability to execute on our business plans and future success requires that we attract, develop, motivate and retain experienced and innovative executive ~~officers~~ and senior ~~leaders~~leadership who have successfully managed, designed, implemented and led government services programs or information technology initiatives, or have relevant experience in other healthcare sectors, including data management and analytics. These individuals are in great demand and ~~are~~continue ~~likely~~ to remain a limited resource in our industry. The loss of ~~services of~~ one or more members of our management team could ~~adversely~~cause ~~affect~~disruptions ~~our business~~in, ~~financial~~and ~~condition~~harm to, ~~results~~our ~~of operations and cash flows~~business. InTo ~~addition, to~~ the extent we lose an executive officer or senior leader, we may incur increased expenses in connection with the hiring, promotion or replacement of these individuals and the ~~transition~~effective transfer of critical knowledge. Any failure to successfully transition key leadership roles could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and ~~critical~~cash ~~knowledge~~flows.

Our international operations expose us to a number of business and financial risks, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We have expanded our business to include operations, investments, strategic relationships and personnel outside of the United States. Our international operations expose us to a number of business and financial risks, including, but not limited to:

▪unfavorable foreign currency exchange rates or fluctuations;

▪difficulties and increased costs involved in staffing, managing and communicating with teams outside of the U.S.;

▪seasonal reductions in business activity;

▪our ability to protect our intellectual property in foreign jurisdictions;

▪legal uncertainties inherent in transnational operations such as export and import regulations, tariffs and other trade barriers;

▪the impact of foreign laws, regulations and trade customs;

▪U.S. and foreign taxation issues;

▪restrictions on repatriation of income or capital or other restraints on our ability to transfer funds freely;

▪increased costs of marketing to and servicing international clients;

▪general political and economic trends, including the potential impact of civil unrest, terrorist attacks, international hostilities, natural disasters or other catastrophic events that reduce business activities in the parts of the world we do business, such as the COVID-19 pandemic;

▪regulatory changes that may lead to restrictions on immigration and travel for our employees; and

▪legal compliance costs and risks associated with international operations, including heightened risks with respect to certain laws, including without limitation, employment regulations, healthcare and data privacy laws, FCPA and similar laws and regulations in foreign jurisdictions.

If any of these risks materialize, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

Financial Risks

You will not be able to rely on our operating results in any particular period as an indication of our future performance because they are subject to significant fluctuation which may cause the market price of our common stock to decrease significantly.

Our financial results may fail to match our past or projected performance and could vary significantly from period-to- period as a result of a number of factors, some of which are outside of our control. We have experienced fluctuations in our revenue and operating results in the past and they may vary in the future for reasons that include, but are not limited to:

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▪fluctuations in sales activity given our sales cycle;

▪the length of contract and implementation periods;

▪the commencement, completion or termination of contracts during any particular quarter;

▪contract costs and expenses, which may be incurred in periods prior to revenue being recognized;

▪the timing of period revenue recovery projects and third party payers’ claim adjudication;

▪the billing and budgeting cycles of our customers;

▪the timing of government procurement activities, including when contract awards are announced and the time required to resolve bid protests;

▪contract renewal discussions, which may result in delayed payments for services already performed;

▪changes in the pricing structure or other significant terms in our contracts, or the scope of services we perform;

▪technological and operational issues affecting our customers, including delays in payment receipt for previously recognized revenue due to certain customers' delayed processing of our findings through their systems, such as delays caused by the effects of COVID-19, and restrictions on our ability to use or access certain data or a lack of integrity or quality in the data or information we receive from certain data sources;

▪adjustments to age/quality of receivables and accruals as a result of factors such as delays involving contract limitations or changes, customer decisions to delay, avoid or refuse to make payments for our properly provided services, subcontractor performance deficiencies, managerial decisions not to pursue identified claim revenue from customers or otherwise, including as a result of the effects of COVID-19;

▪the timing of expenses related to the development, acquisition, divestiture, merger or integration of technologies or businesses and the timing of expenses related to strategic investments, dispositions and partnerships;

▪changes in applicable laws;

▪changes in accounting policies or guidelines; and

▪regulatory changes or general economic conditions as they affect healthcare providers and payers.

In addition, occasionally our state and federal customers are requested by third party payers or providers to refund payments that we previously recovered for our customers. If our customer chooses to refund money in response to these requests, regardless of whether an error actually occurred, we may be required to return the contingent revenue associated with such refunded payment for which we were previously paid. Consequently, our operating results are subject to significant fluctuation for any particular quarter, fiscal year, or other period, and may not be indicative of future periods. Our business is also subject to seasonal patterns resulting from increased efforts at year-end by certain customers to generate additional savings, complete compliance obligations and close gaps in care. However, taken as a whole, we do not consider our operations to be seasonal to any material degree. Due to these and other factors, it is difficult to predict the extent to which future variations could occur and there may be significant fluctuations in our revenue and operating results, which may cause the market price of our common stock to decrease significantly.

We may not be able to accurately estimate the factors upon which we base our contract pricing, or the costs and timing for implementing and completing our contracts. For a majority of our customer contracts, the payment of our fee is contingent upon the recoveries received by our customers. We also have cost-plus or time-and-materials based contracts with the federal government where our revenue is recognized based on costs incurred plus an estimate of the negotiated fee earned. Our ability to earn a profit on these contracts requires that we accurately estimate the costs involved with these contracts and assess the probability of achieving certain outcomes or milestones within the contracted time period. In addition, we cannot predict with certainty the costs or the period in which implementation or contracts may be completed when we introduce new or enhanced solutions into the marketplace. For our payment

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accuracy services, we may face a long implementation period with a new customer or a new contract with an existing customer, making it difficult to reliably forecast revenue under those contracts. If we do not accurately estimate the costs and timing for completing projects, or if we encounter increased or unexpected costs, delays, failures, liabilities or risks, including those outside of our control, our contracts could prove unprofitable for us or yield lower profit margins than anticipated. Although we believe that we have recorded adequate provisions in our financial statements for losses on our fixed price and cost-plus contracts where applicable, as required under U.S. GAAP, our contract loss provisions may not be adequate to cover all actual future losses.

Our outstanding indebtedness could materially adversely affect our financial condition and our ability to operate our business, and we may not be able to generate sufficient cash flows to meet our debt service obligations or capital requirements.

As of December 31, ~~2019~~2020, the outstanding principal balance under our Credit Agreement was $240 million. Our Credit Agreement provides for a senior secured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount equal to $500 million and is secured, subject to certain customary carve-outs and exceptions, by a first priority lien and security interest in substantially all of our tangible and intangible assets. Our outstanding indebtedness and any additional indebtedness we incur may have important consequences for us, including, without limitation, that:

▪we may be required to use a substantial portion of our cash flow to pay the principal of and interest on our indebtedness;

▪our indebtedness and leverage may increase our vulnerability to adverse changes in general economic and industry conditions, as well as to competitive pressures;

▪our indebtedness may expose us to the risk of increased interest rates because certain of our borrowings are and will be at variable interest rates;

▪our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, investments, strategic relationships and for general corporate and other purposes may be limited;

▪our indebtedness and leverage may prevent us from taking advantage of business opportunities as they arise or successfully carrying out our plans to expand our business; and

▪our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and our industry may be limited.

Under the Credit Agreement, we are also required to comply with specified financial and operating covenants, which may limit our ability to operate our business as we otherwise might operate it. The Credit Agreement also contains (i) certain affirmative covenants that impose certain reporting and/or performance obligations on us and our restricted subsidiaries, (ii) certain negative covenants that generally limit, subject to various exceptions, us and our restricted subsidiaries from taking certain actions, including, without limitation, incurring indebtedness, creating liens, engaging in mergers and consolidations, disposing of certain assets or property, making certain investments and acquisitions, entering into certain transactions with affiliates, swap agreements or sale-leasebacks, making certain restricted payments, including dividends and share repurchases, changing our fiscal year or the lines of business that we or our restricted subsidiaries conduct to a material extent, and prepaying certain junior indebtedness, (iii) financial covenants consisting of a maximum consolidated leverage ratio and a minimum interest coverage ratio, and (iv) customary events of default for financings of this type.

Our obligations under the Credit Agreement may be declared due and payable upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default, which includes, without limitation: non-payment of principal or reimbursement obligations when due; non-payment of interest, fees and other amounts for a period of five business days after the due date; material inaccuracies of representations and warranties; failure to perform or observe covenants, conditions or agreements (subject to any applicable grace periods); cross-defaults of certain indebtedness; inability to pay debts; certain acts of bankruptcy or insolvency; certain ERISA events; failure to pay certain material judgments; and a change of control as defined in the Credit Agreement. If not cured, an event of default could result in any amounts outstanding, including any accrued interest and unpaid fees, becoming immediately due and payable, and would give our lenders the

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certain acts of bankruptcy or insolvency; certain ERISA events; failure to pay certain material judgments; and a change of control as defined in the Credit Agreement. If not cured, an event of default could result in any amounts outstanding, including any accrued interest and unpaid fees, becoming immediately due and payable, and would give our lenders the right to proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure the debt, which would require us to, among other things, seek additional financing in the debt or equity markets, refinance or restructure all or a portion of our indebtedness, sell selected assets, and/or reduce or delay planned capital or operating expenditures. Such measures might not be sufficient to enable us to service our debt, and any such financing or refinancing might not be available on economically favorable terms or at all. Our ability to make payments of principal and interest on our outstanding credit facility depends upon our future performance and our ability to generate cash flows. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows to meet our debt service obligations or are forced to take additional measures to be able to service our indebtedness, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Additionally, certain of our indebtedness bears interest at variable interest rates, primarily based on LIBOR. In July 2017, the United Kingdom's Financial Conduct Authority announced its intention to phase out the use of LIBOR by the end of 2021. On November 30, 2020, ICE Benchmark Administration (the administrator of LIBOR) announced that, with the support of regulators, it intends to (i) cease publication of 1- week and 2 month LIBOR at the end of 2021 and (ii) subject to compliance with applicable regulations, it does not intend to cease publication of the remaining LIBOR tenors until June 30, 2023. Our Credit Agreement includes language to determine a replacement rate for LIBOR, if necessary; however, no consensus exists as to what rate or rates may become accepted alternatives to LIBOR, whether LIBOR will cease to be published or supported before or after 2021, or whether such alternative base rate will be more or less favorable than LIBOR. A transition away from LIBOR as a benchmark for establishing the applicable interest rate on certain borrowings could have a material adverse effect on the availability of financing and on our financing costs.

Changes in tax rules and regulations, or in interpretations thereof, may materially adversely affect our effective tax rates.

We are a U.S.-based company subject to taxation in multiple U.S. and foreign jurisdictions. As we continue to expand our business outside of the United States, we may become subject to additional tax laws and regulations, including those that could increase our exposure to additional tax liabilities and compliance, such as foreign tax laws, cross-border transfer pricing and laws relating to U.S. taxes on foreign operations. Our future effective tax rates could be materially affected by various factors, including changes in the tax rates of jurisdictions in which we do business, changes in relevant tax and accounting rules, regulations and interpretations, increases in expenses not deductible for tax purposes, including impairments of goodwill, changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, and changes in geographic sales mix. For example, in December 2017, Congress enacted the 2017 Tax Act which, among other things, reduced the U.S. corporate tax rate, modified limitations on certain deductions for executive compensation, placed new limitations on interest deductions, repealed the Section 199 Deduction and certain capital investment deductions, and shifted U.S. taxation of multinational corporations from a tax on worldwide income to a territorial system. Any unanticipated changes in our tax rates could affect our future results of operations.

In addition, we are subject to the continual examination of our income tax returns by the IRS and other domestic and foreign tax authorities. We regularly assess the likelihood of outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes and have reserved for potential adjustments that may result; however, the authorities in these jurisdictions could review our returns and decide to impose additional tax, including fines and penalties, and record-keeping obligations. The final determination of any of these examinations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our insurance coverage and self-insurance reserves may not cover future claims, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We currently self-insure a significant portion of expected losses associated with workers’ compensation claims, general business liabilities, property damage and employee health care benefits. We have purchased a fully-insured stop loss policy for our health plans to help offset our liability for both individual and aggregate claim costs and maintain insurance coverage with varying limits and retention amounts to help limit exposure to certain other risks. Insurance reserves are established for our estimated cost of claims incurred and unpaid as of the balance sheet date on an undiscounted basis, which is based on a number of assumptions and factors, including historical trends, actuarial assumptions, economic conditions and management judgments about the present and expected level of cost per claim. This determination is

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which is based on a number of assumptions and factors, including historical trends, actuarial assumptions, economic conditions and management judgments about the present and expected level of cost per claim. This determination is closely monitored and adjusted when warranted by changing circumstances. Our prior growth could affect the accuracy of estimates based on historical experience. Should a greater amount of claims occur compared to what was estimated or medical costs increase beyond what was expected, our accrued liabilities might not be sufficient and we may be required to record additional expense. Unanticipated changes in the assumptions and estimates underlying our reserves could result in materially different amounts of expense reported under these programs, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our international operations expose us to a number of business and financial risks, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

▪unfavorable foreign currency exchange rates or fluctuations;

▪difficulties and increased costs involved in staffing and managing foreign operations;

▪seasonal reductions in business activity;

▪our ability to protect our intellectual property in foreign jurisdictions;

▪legal uncertainties inherent in transnational operations such as export and import regulations, tariffs and other trade barriers;

▪the impact of foreign laws, regulations and trade customs;

▪U.S. and foreign taxation issues;

▪increased costs of marketing to and servicing international clients;

▪general political and economic trends, including the potential impact of political unrest, terrorist attacks or international hostilities; and

▪legal compliance costs and risks associated with international operations, including heightened risks with respect to certain laws, including without limitation, healthcare and other data privacy laws, FCPA and similar laws and regulations in foreign jurisdictions.

If any of these risks materialize, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

Changes in accounting standards issued by the FASB or other standard-setting bodies may adversely affect our business.

Our financial statements are subject to the application of U.S. GAAP, which is periodically revised and/or expanded. From time to time, we are required to adopt new or revised accounting standards issued by recognized authoritative bodies, including the FASB and the SEC. It is possible that accounting standards we are required to adopt may require changes to the current accounting treatment that we apply to our consolidated financial statements and may require us to make significant changes to our systems. Changes in accounting standards could result in a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

~~Risks~~Legal ~~Relating~~and toRegulatory ~~Our Industry~~Risks

~~Our~~If ~~business~~we ~~could~~are beunable ~~materially~~to ~~adversely~~protect ~~affected~~our byproprietary ~~changes~~technology, ininformation, ~~the~~processes, ~~U.S.~~know-how, ~~healthcare~~and ~~environment~~other orintellectual inproperty, ~~laws~~or ~~relating~~become subject to ~~healthcare~~third ~~programs~~party ~~and~~claims ~~policies,~~of ~~particularly~~intellectual asproperty ~~they~~infringement ~~relate~~or tomisappropriation, the ~~ACA~~value of our solutions and ~~the~~services ~~Medicare~~may be diminished and ~~Medicaid~~our ~~programs~~business may be materially adversely affected.

~~The~~Our ~~healthcare~~success ~~industry~~as a company depends in ~~which~~part weupon ~~operate~~our isability ~~subject~~to protect our core technology and intellectual property. Our expanding operations and efforts to ~~changing~~develop ~~political~~new solutions and services also make protection of our intellectual property more critical. We seek to protect our intellectual property and other proprietary information through a combination of patent, ~~economic~~trademark, copyright, trade secret and ~~regulatory~~unfair ~~influences~~competition ~~that~~laws, ~~directly~~confidentiality ~~affect~~agreements and invention assignment agreements with employees, consultants and other third parties, as well as through the ~~practices~~terms of our agreements with customers and ~~operations~~vendors, and other security measures. However, the steps we have taken to deter misappropriation of ~~federal~~intellectual property may be insufficient to protect our proprietary information. For example, we may not always be successful at obtaining government registrations for our patents, trademarks, or copyrights that we seek to register. Even if we are successful, existing U.S. federal and state or foreign and ~~commercial~~international ~~healthcare~~intellectual ~~organizations~~property laws offer only limited protection, and our property rights in foreign jurisdictions in which we operate or seek to do business may not receive the same degree of protection or enforceability as those in the United States.

24Third parties may attempt to misuse our company name or trademarks to engage in improper or illegal conduct such as cyber-squatting or other cybercrimes using our marks, and we may not always be successful at quickly obtaining relief from agencies tasked with enforcing parties’ rights, or stopping such conduct before harm to third parties occurs. Similarly, misappropriation of our other intellectual property by third parties, or any disclosure or dissemination of our confidential and proprietary trade secrets, business intelligence, queries, algorithms and other similar information by any means, could undermine any competitive advantage we currently derive or may derive from that intellectual property. For example, our current and former employees, consultants or other third parties may unintentionally or willfully disclose our trade secrets, know-how or other confidential and proprietary information to competitors. Competitors have attempted to use the federal Freedom of Information Act and other federal and state open records laws to obtain our proposal responses and other documents we provide to government customers. We cannot be certain that our efforts to protect the confidential and proprietary trade secret information or intellectual property in these proposals or other documents will always be successful, even in spite of our objections and efforts to exempt such information from disclosure, due to the many factors underlying the various state and federal decisions to release information in response to open records requests. Parts of proposals may be incorporated into client contracts, which may be made publicly available. Additionally, certain of our solution offerings from recent acquisitions may incorporate open source software

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~~States.~~licensed ~~When~~under ~~the~~various ~~ACA~~public ~~was~~domain ~~passed~~licenses or without warranties, ~~its~~indemnification ~~emphasis~~or onother ~~program~~contractual ~~integrity,~~protections. ~~cost~~Although ~~containment~~we carefully monitor and ~~expansion~~manage our use of ~~Medicaid~~open ~~created~~source ~~new~~software ~~opportunities~~to avoid uses that would require us to ~~grow~~disclose ~~our~~proprietary ~~business~~source ~~and~~code ~~our~~or ~~service~~violate ~~offerings.~~applicable ~~However~~open source licenses, if we engage in such uses inadvertently, we may be required to discontinue certain ~~provisions~~features or capabilities of our software, release certain of our proprietary source code or take other remedial action. Moreover, there remains the ~~ACA~~possibility ~~have~~that ~~yet~~others towill independently develop competing technologies that may be ~~implemented~~equivalent ~~and~~or ~~the~~superior ~~regulatory~~to ~~framework~~ours. ofIf ~~the~~our ~~ACA~~efforts to protect our intellectual property and other ~~healthcare~~proprietary ~~reforms~~rights ~~continues~~are inadequate to ~~evolve~~prevent asunauthorized ause ~~result~~or ofappropriation ~~executive,~~by ~~legislative~~third parties or our employees, ~~regulatory~~the ~~and~~value ~~administrative~~of ~~developments~~our brand and ~~judicial~~other ~~proceedings.~~intangible ~~Since~~assets ~~its~~may ~~adoption~~be ~~into~~diminished ~~law~~and inmake ~~2010~~us less competitive, ~~there~~which could have ~~been~~a ~~continued~~material ~~efforts~~adverse byeffect ~~Congress~~on toour ~~amend~~business, ~~repeal~~financial orcondition, ~~replace~~results ~~all~~of oroperations ~~part~~and ofcash ~~the ACA~~flows. ~~Congress~~Third ~~has~~parties ~~introduced~~may ~~several~~also ~~other~~claim ~~bills~~that towe ~~delay,~~are ~~defund~~infringing upon or ~~repeal~~misappropriating ~~implementation~~their orintellectual ~~amend~~property, ~~significant~~using ~~provisions~~their ofintellectual property inconsistent with or without the ~~ACA~~appropriate license terms, ~~though~~or ~~none~~assert ofother legal challenges to our intellectual property. Our exposure to these ~~other~~risks ~~bills~~may ~~have~~further ~~passed~~increase ~~the~~after ~~House~~we acquire a business or technology because third parties may wait to make infringement and ~~Senate~~similar or related claims until after we have acquired the technology.

InAny ~~addition~~of to these ~~legislative~~situations ~~proposals,~~could ~~the~~cause ~~current~~us ~~presidential administration has taken several steps~~ to ~~limit~~expend ~~the~~significant ~~functionality~~time ofand ~~the~~resources ~~ACA~~ and to ~~undermine~~incur orsubstantial ~~delay~~costs ~~the~~associated ~~implementation~~with ~~of the ACA. During 2017~~settlements, ~~the~~litigation ~~President~~or ~~signed~~other ~~two~~legal ~~executive~~proceedings ~~orders~~that ~~and~~may ~~other~~be ~~directives~~necessary ~~designed~~ to ~~waive,~~defend ~~defer,~~ourselves ~~grant exemptions from~~ or ~~delay the implementation of certain requirements mandated by the ACA. Although legislative attempts~~ to ~~completely~~enforce ~~repeal~~our ~~the~~intellectual ~~ACA~~property ~~have been unsuccessful to date~~rights, ~~there have been a number of attempts to amend, repeal or replace certain aspects of the ACA through other legislative actions and legal challenges. For example,~~ in ~~December 2017, the 2017 Tax Act was signed into law,~~ which, ~~among~~we ~~other~~may ~~things,~~not ~~repealed~~ultimately ~~the penalty under the “individual mandate” introduced by the ACA. In February 2018~~prevail, aand ~~number~~could ofresult ~~states filed suit~~ in ~~the~~our ~~U.S.~~being ~~District~~prevented ~~Court~~from ~~for~~furnishing ~~the~~certain ~~Northern~~solutions District of Texas alleging that the ACA was unconstitutional in light of the repeal of the penalties associated with the individual mandate. In December 2018, the district court issued a ruling that the mandate was no longer permissible under Congress’s taxing power and ~~was thus unconstitutional and inseverable from the ACA~~services. AsWe ~~such,~~may ~~the court further found that the remaining provisions of the ACA were~~ also ~~deemed to~~ be ~~invalid.~~required ~~The district court’s ruling was appealed~~ to ~~the~~indemnify ~~U.S.~~our ~~Court~~customers ofif ~~Appeals~~they ~~for~~become ~~the~~subject Fifth Circuit. On December 18, 2019, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed part of the lower court’s ruling that the individual mandate was unconstitutional, but remanded the case back to ~~the~~third ~~district~~party ~~court~~claims torelating determine whether the remaining provisions of the ACA were nonetheless valid. On January 3, 2020, the attorney generals of 20 states and the District of Columbia filed a petition requesting the Supreme Court to ~~take~~intellectual upproperty ~~the case with an expedited review, which was denied. Although, a stay and partial final judgment has been issued pending appeals, ensuring~~ that ~~the ACA remains operational in all respects,~~ we ~~cannot~~license ~~predict~~or ~~the~~otherwise ~~outcome~~provide ~~of the litigation that has been filed relating~~ to ~~the constitutionality of the ACA. As such~~them, ~~there~~which ~~remains~~could ~~considerable uncertainty surrounding the continued implementation of the ACA and what similar healthcare reform measures or other changes might~~ be ~~enacted at the federal and/or state level~~costly.

~~There~~A ~~have~~failure ~~also~~to ~~been~~comply awith ~~number of proposed and adopted legislative initiatives and healthcare reform proposals from~~ the ~~federal~~laws and ~~state~~regulations ~~governments~~regarding inindividual ~~response~~privacy ~~to budgetary or deficit considerations. These include (i) block grants~~ and ~~other~~information ~~proposals~~security ~~that would fundamentally change the financial structure of the Medicaid program (currently funded jointly by the states and the U.S. Federal Government), which~~ could ~~result~~subject inus ~~early termination, reduced scopes or non-renewal of our contracts with certain state government customers, and (ii) changes at the federal level that would reduce reimbursement rates~~ to ~~states,~~legal ~~establish new payment models~~actions, ~~further~~fines ~~limit~~and ~~the~~penalties ~~Medicare RAC program, or otherwise change the operating environment for our customers~~ and ~~transform~~negatively ~~the government’s involvement in healthcare. Future healthcare legislation could also have a significant~~ impact on our ~~business.~~reputation ~~Due to uncertainties regarding the outcome of future healthcare reform initiatives,~~ and ~~their enactment and implementation, we cannot predict which, if any, of the future reform proposals will be adopted or the effect such adoption may have on us~~operations.

~~Another~~Our ~~variable~~ability ~~that~~to ~~impacts~~access, ~~our~~process, ~~business~~transmit ~~will~~and bestore ~~how~~sensitive ~~state programs~~data, ~~commercial~~including ~~health~~PHI ~~plans~~and personally identifiable information of individuals, ~~private~~as ~~employers~~well ~~and~~as other ~~healthcare~~financial, ~~payers~~confidential ~~will~~and ~~respond~~proprietary information is essential to ~~changes~~our ~~during~~business. ~~this~~The ~~continued~~use ~~period~~and disclosure of ~~uncertainty~~information ~~surrounding~~we obtain from our customers, subcontractors, government agencies, data suppliers and other third parties is regulated at the ~~ACA~~state, federal, international and industry levels. ~~These~~In ~~organizations~~particular, ~~may~~we ~~react~~are subject to ~~such~~HIPAA ~~changed~~and ~~circumstances~~other federal regulations and ~~financial~~various ~~pressures~~U.S. bystate ~~taking~~laws ~~actions~~related to ~~ramp~~the ~~up,~~privacy ~~curtail~~and orsecurity ~~defer~~of ~~their~~health ~~retention~~information. ofAs ~~cost~~such, ~~containment~~we ~~providers~~often ~~like~~function usas a business associate under HIPAA, which ~~could~~also ~~impact~~imposes ~~the~~standards ~~demand~~and ~~for~~requirements on our ~~solutions~~downstream ~~and~~subcontractors ~~services~~or ~~and~~business ~~our~~associates. ~~ability~~Additional tolegislation ~~increase~~governing the acquisition, storage and transmission or ~~maintain~~other ~~sales~~dissemination of ~~our~~health ~~existing~~record ~~solutions~~information and ~~services.~~other ~~While~~personal ~~certain~~or ~~changes~~sensitive ~~may~~information, ~~present~~including ~~new~~information ~~opportunities~~outside tothe ~~us,~~scope ~~our~~of ~~business~~HIPAA, ~~financial~~continues ~~condition,~~to ~~results~~be ofproposed ~~operations~~ and ~~cash~~come ~~flows~~into ~~could~~force beat ~~materially~~the ~~adversely~~state ~~affected~~level, ifsuch weas ~~are~~the ~~unable~~California toConsumer ~~adapt~~Privacy ~~our~~Act ~~solutions~~ and ~~services~~the toCalifornia ~~meet~~Privacy ~~changing~~Rights ~~requirements~~Act. orThere ~~expand~~are ~~service~~also ~~delivery~~numerous ~~into~~international ~~new~~privacy ~~areas,~~and orsecurity iflaws ~~the~~that ~~demand~~govern ~~for~~the ~~our~~collection, ~~solutions~~dissemination, ~~and~~use, ~~services~~access, isretention, ~~reduced~~storage, asprotection aand ~~result~~confidentiality of ~~future~~personal ~~legislative~~information. ~~changes~~The ~~affecting~~processes ~~Medicare,~~involved ~~Medicaid~~with accessing or ~~other~~transferring ~~publicly~~of ~~funded~~personal orinformation ~~subsidized~~across ~~health~~international ~~programs,~~borders orcontinue ~~efforts~~ to grow increasingly complex.

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waive, modify or otherwise change or invalidate the ACA. Although we will continue to evaluate the effect that the ACA and its possible invalidation or repeal and replacement may have on our business, it is difficult to predict the full impact and influence that the ACA and the varying healthcare reform measures may have on the U.S. healthcare industry or policy, and any resulting changes may take time to unfold.

Healthcare spending fluctuations, simplification of the healthcare payment process or other aspects of the healthcare financing system, budgetary pressures and/or programmatic changes diminishing the scope of program benefits, or limiting payment integrity initiatives, could reduce the need for and the price of our solutions and services, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our projections and expectations are premised, in part, upon consistent growth rates in the Medicare and Medicaid programs and government spending on these programs, and the impact on the current healthcare financing system overall and need for our solutions and services within that existing framework. Our continued success as a company is based in large part on offering solutions and services that improve the ability of our customers to identify and recover revenue that would otherwise be lost often as a result of procedural inefficiencies and complexities in the healthcare delivery and payment system. However, the need for our solutions and services, the price customers are willing to pay for them and the scope and profitability of our contracts could be negatively affected by a number of factors, including, but not limited to:

▪a lower than projected growth in Medicare and Medicaid program enrollment and expenditures;

▪changes in the level of federal government spending due to budgetary or deficit considerations, including the continuance of existing programs, as well as budgetary pressures that may drive changes at the state level;

▪unanticipated reductions in the scope of healthcare program benefits (such as, for example, state decisions to eliminate coverage of optional Medicaid populations or services or shifting lives into managed care plans);

▪the transition of healthcare beneficiaries from fee-for-service plans to value-based care and other alternative risk models;

▪modifications in provider billing behavior and habits, often in response to the success of our solutions and services or to changes that reduce healthcare spending;

▪the adoption of healthcare plans with significantly higher deductibles or other consumer healthcare cost-sharing;

▪customer improvements and enhancements to their internal healthcare claims and billing processes;

▪legislative and regulatory healthcare reforms and developments, including the absence of near-term compliance deadlines effected by the ACA, the possible repeal or modification of the ACA, changes in rules and regulations that discourage participation in government-sponsored healthcare programs among certain key populations and other legislative actions to reduce program eligibility or services, or reform Medicaid spending.

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A failure to comply with the laws and regulations that apply to companies in our industry regarding individual privacy and information security could subject us to legal actions, fines and penalties and negatively impact our reputation and operations.

As a cost containment service provider, we often receive, process, transmit and store sensitive data, including PHI and personally identifiable information of individuals, as well as other financial, confidential and proprietary information belonging to our customers, subcontractors, government agencies, data suppliers and other third parties from whom we obtain information. The use and disclosure of that information is regulated at the federal, state, international and industry levels. In particular, we are subject to federal regulation under HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, and the Final Omnibus Privacy, Security, Breach Notification, and Enforcement Rule, as well as various U.S. state laws. HIPAA also imposes standards and requirements on our business associates (as defined under HIPAA). We are also obligated by our contractual requirements with customers, which may require that we comply with additional privacy regulations imposed upon certain types of customers, such as the federal Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and other laws. Additional legislation governing the acquisition, storage and transmission or other dissemination of health record information and other personal or sensitive information, including information outside the scope of HIPAA, continues to be proposed and come into force at the state level, such as the recently enacted California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018. There are also numerous international privacy and security laws that govern the collection, dissemination, use, access, retention, storage, protection and confidentiality of personal information. For example, the European Union General Data Protection Regulation, which became effective in May 2018, introduced new data protection requirements, which relate to, among other things, the security, confidentiality and processing of personal data in the European Union. The transferring of personal information across international borders is also becoming increasingly complex. Additionally, several countries, including Australia, have established specific legal requirements for cross-border transfers, and other countries, such as India, are considering requirements for data localization.

In addition, laws, rules and regulations concerning the protection of personal information may be inconsistent across jurisdictions and are subject to evolving interpretations and frequent change by legislation, regulatory issuances or industry standards. As regulatory focus on privacy issues continues to increase and these laws and regulations continue to expand and become more complex, these potential risks to our business could intensify. Changes in laws or regulations associated with the enhanced protection of certain types of sensitive data, such as healthcare data or other personally identifiable information, along with increased customer demands for enhanced data security infrastructure, could greatly increase our cost of providing our solutions and services, and may subject us to additional liabilities.

Even though we take measures to comply with all applicable regulations and to ensure our business associates and subcontractors comply with these laws, regulations and rules, we have less than complete control over our business associates’ and subcontractors’ actions and practices. We may be exposed to data breach risk if there is unauthorized access to one of our or our subcontractors’ secure facilities, or to third-party enterprise cloud storage and cloud computing application services that we use, or from lost or stolen laptops or other portable media from current or former employee theft of data containing PHI, from computer hacking, malware, computer viruses or other malicious codes, phishing or other cyber-attacks, from misdirected mailings containing PHI, or other forms of administrative or operational error. If we or our subcontractors fail to comply with applicable laws; if unauthorized parties gain physical access to one of our facilities and steal or misuse confidential information; if we erroneously use or disclose data in a way that is inconsistent with our granted rights; or if such information is misdirected, lost or stolen during transmission or transport, we may suffer damage to our reputation, potential loss of existing customers and difficulty attracting new customers. We could also be exposed to, among other things, unfavorable publicity, governmental inquiry and oversight, allegations by our customers that we have not performed our contractual obligations, costs to provide notifications or remediation (such as credit monitoring) to affected individuals, fines or other penalties imposed by government regulatory agencies, or litigation by affected parties and possible financial obligations for damages or indemnification obligations related to the theft or misuse of such information, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

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Wecomputing ~~are~~application ~~subject~~services tothat ~~extensive~~we ~~domestic~~use, ~~and~~or ~~foreign~~from ~~laws~~lost ~~and~~or ~~regulations,~~stolen ~~including~~laptops ~~government~~or ~~and~~other portable media from current or former employee theft of data containing PHI or customer ~~audits~~confidential ~~and~~information, ~~investigations~~from ~~relating~~computer tohacking, malware, computer viruses or other malicious codes, phishing or other cyber-attacks, from misdirected mailings containing PHI, or other forms of administrative or operational error. If we or our ~~compliance~~subcontractors fail to comply with ~~such~~applicable laws; ~~and~~if ~~regulations~~unauthorized ~~applicable~~parties gain physical access to ~~companies~~one of our facilities and steal or misuse confidential information; if we erroneously use or disclose data in a way that is inconsistent with our ~~industry~~granted rights; or if such information is misdirected, lost or stolen during transmission or transport, we may suffer damage to our reputation, potential loss of existing customers and adifficulty ~~negative~~attracting ~~finding~~new customers. We could also be exposed to, among other things, unfavorable publicity, governmental inquiry and oversight, allegations by our customers that we have not performed our contractual obligations, costs to provide notifications, credit monitoring or other ~~adverse~~remediation ~~determination~~to affected individuals, fines or other penalties imposed by government regulatory agencies, or litigation by affected parties and possible financial obligations for damages or indemnification obligations related to the theft or misuse of such information, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our ~~reputation,~~ business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We operate in an increasingly complex regulatory environment. A significant portion of our business is regulated by the U.S. federal government and the states in which we operate. These laws and regulations are ~~generally~~subject ~~intended~~ to ~~benefit~~extensive ~~and~~domestic ~~protect individual citizens, including government program beneficiaries, health plan members~~ and ~~their~~foreign ~~dependents. As such, the federal and state governmental agencies administering these~~ laws and regulations ~~have broad latitude to enforce them. Our contracts with U.S. government agencies are also subject to unique contractual provisions and performance requirements~~, ~~and,~~including ~~on an ongoing basis,~~ government and customer ~~reviews,~~ audits and investigations relating to ~~verify~~ our compliance with ~~our~~such ~~contracts and applicable~~ laws and regulations, ~~as well as specialized legal actions~~ and ~~enforcement~~a ~~proceedings.~~negative ~~For~~finding ~~example,~~or ~~because~~other weadverse ~~receive~~determination ~~payments~~could ~~from~~have ~~federal~~a ~~and~~material ~~state~~adverse ~~governmental~~effect ~~agencies,~~on weour ~~are subject to laws~~reputation, ~~such as the Federal Acquisition Regulations~~business, ~~federal~~financial ~~and state employment~~condition, ~~equal~~results opportunity and affirmative action laws, federal and state prompt pay statutes, healthcare fraud, waste and abuse laws, including anti-kickback laws, and similar legislation. We are also subject to the Federal False Claims Act and similar state statutes, which permit government law enforcement agencies to institute suits against us for violations and, in some cases, to seek double or treble damages, penalties and assessments. In addition, private citizens, acting as whistleblowers, can sue on behalf of ~~the~~operations ~~government under the “qui tam” provisions of the Federal False Claims Act~~ and ~~similar~~cash ~~statutory provisions in many states~~flows.

AsWe weoperate ~~expand~~in ~~into~~an ~~new~~increasingly ~~areas~~complex regulatory environment. A significant portion of our business is regulated by the ~~healthcare~~U.S. ~~industry,~~federal wegovernment ~~may~~and ~~develop~~the ~~new~~states orin ~~enhanced~~which ~~solutions~~we ~~that~~operate. ~~may~~These ~~further~~laws ~~expose~~and usregulations toare ~~requirements~~generally ~~under~~intended ~~additional~~to ~~statutes~~benefit and ~~legislative~~protect ~~schemes~~individual ~~that~~citizens, ~~have~~including ~~previously~~government ~~not~~program ~~been~~beneficiaries, ~~relevant~~health toplan ~~our~~members ~~business,~~and ~~such~~their asdependents. As such, the ~~Fair~~federal ~~Debt~~and ~~Collection~~state ~~Practices~~governmental ~~Act~~agencies ~~and~~administering ~~other~~these ~~banking~~laws and ~~credit~~regulations ~~reporting~~have ~~statutes.~~broad ~~For~~latitude ~~example,~~to inenforce ~~connection~~them. ~~with~~Our ~~our~~contracts ~~acquisition~~with ofU.S. ~~Eliza~~government ~~Corporation~~agencies ~~("Eliza"),~~are wealso ~~became~~ subject to ~~the~~unique ~~Telephone~~contractual ~~Consumer~~provisions ~~Protection~~and ~~Act~~performance ofrequirements, ~~1991~~and, ~~state~~on ~~and~~an ~~federal~~ongoing ~~audio~~basis, government and ~~telephone~~customer ~~recording laws~~reviews, audits and ~~other~~investigations ~~consumer~~to ~~laws~~verify ~~and~~our ~~regulations~~compliance aswith aour ~~result~~contracts ofand ~~the~~applicable ~~member~~laws ~~engagement~~and ~~services~~regulations, ~~that~~as wewell ~~perform.~~as Wespecialized ~~also~~legal ~~face~~actions ~~heightened~~and ~~consumer~~enforcement ~~communication~~proceedings. ~~protections~~For asexample, athe ~~result~~federal ofFalse ~~the~~Claims ~~changing~~Act ~~regulatory~~and ~~environment.~~similar ~~Our~~state ~~increased~~statutes ~~involvement~~permit ingovernment ~~population~~law ~~health~~enforcement ~~services~~agencies ~~and~~to ~~penetration~~institute ~~into~~suits ~~new~~against ~~markets~~us for violations and, ~~such~~in assome ~~ACOs~~cases, ~~PBMs~~to ~~and~~seek ~~commercial~~double ~~self-insured~~or ~~employers~~treble damages, ~~could~~penalties ~~increase~~and ~~the~~assessments. ~~likelihood~~In ~~and~~addition, ~~incidence~~private ofcitizens, ~~our~~acting ~~being~~as ~~subjected~~whistleblowers, tocan ~~regulatory~~sue ~~scrutiny~~on orbehalf ~~legal~~of ~~actions~~the bygovernment ~~third~~under ~~parties~~the ~~other~~“qui ~~than~~tam” ~~our~~provisions ~~customers,~~of ~~which~~the ~~may~~federal ~~impose~~False ~~significant~~Claims ~~costs~~Act and ~~strain~~similar onstatutory ~~our~~provisions ~~resources~~in many states.

In addition, the growth and continued expansion of our operations ~~internationally~~in the U.S. and abroad subject us to additional and sometimes conflicting legal and regulatory requirements,. ~~such~~For asexample, ~~those~~in ~~relating~~connection towith ~~local~~our ~~and~~acquisition ~~cross-border~~of ~~taxation,~~Eliza ~~anticorruption~~Corporation, ~~anti-competition,~~we ~~immigration,~~became ~~government~~subject ~~compliance,~~to ~~securities~~the ~~regulation,~~TCPA ~~internal~~as ~~and~~a ~~disclosure~~result ~~control~~of ~~obligations,~~the ~~import/export~~member ~~controls,~~engagement ~~trade~~services ~~restrictions,~~that ~~conflict~~we ofperform. ~~interest,~~We ~~wage-and-hour~~also ~~standards,~~face ~~employment~~heightened ~~and~~consumer ~~labor~~communication ~~relations,~~protections ~~and~~as ~~data~~a ~~privacy~~result ~~and~~of ~~protection,~~the ~~including~~changing ~~cross-border~~regulatory ~~data transfers~~environment. Our ~~non-U.S.~~increased ~~businesses~~delivery ~~and~~of ~~operations~~PHM ~~are~~solutions ~~also subject to U.S. laws that regulate the conduct~~ and ~~activities~~penetration ofinto ~~U.S.-based~~new ~~businesses operating abroad~~markets, such as ~~the~~ACOs, ~~FCPA.~~PBMs ~~Our exposure for violating the FCPA~~ and ~~other~~commercial ~~anticorruption, anti~~self-~~bribery~~insured ~~and~~employers, ~~anti-money~~could ~~laundering laws may~~ increase ~~as we expand internationally and commence sales and operations in foreign jurisdictions. Any changes in~~ the ~~laws~~likelihood and ~~regulations~~incidence of ~~the countries in which we operate or utilize third-party resources outside of the United States may increase~~ our ~~future~~being ~~legal~~subjected ~~and~~to regulatory ~~compliance~~scrutiny ~~burden and involve significant costs and resources, and the inadequate enforcement of such laws~~ or ~~regulations~~legal ~~could~~actions ~~affect~~by ~~our~~third ~~business~~parties ~~and~~other ~~results~~than ~~of operations. Despite~~ our ~~efforts~~customers, wewhich may ~~not~~impose besignificant incosts ~~compliance with all regulations in the countries in which we operate at all times,~~ and ~~may~~strain beon ~~subject~~our ~~to sanctions, penalties or fines as a result~~resources.

~~These~~The expansion of our international operations further subjects us to a variety of new foreign laws and regulations, ~~along~~as ~~with~~well as U.S. laws that regulate the ~~terms~~conduct and activities of ~~our~~U.S.-based ~~government~~businesses ~~contracts,~~operating ~~regulate~~internationally. ~~how~~Our welimited doexperience in operating our business, ~~what~~in ~~services~~foreign wejurisdictions ~~offer~~increases ~~and~~the ~~how~~risk weof ~~interact~~non-compliance with ~~customers,~~international ~~providers,~~laws ~~other~~and ~~healthcare~~regulations. ~~payers~~Any ~~and~~changes in the ~~public.~~laws ~~Although~~of the countries in which we ~~have~~operate ~~implemented~~or ~~policies~~utilize ~~and~~third-party ~~procedures~~resources ~~designed~~may tointensify ~~ensure~~our future legal and regulatory compliance, ~~there~~burden ~~can~~and beinvolve nosignificant ~~assurance~~costs ~~that~~and resources. The inadequate enforcement of such laws or regulations could affect our ~~employees,~~business ~~subcontractors,~~and ~~vendors,~~results ~~agents~~of operations. Despite our efforts, ~~strategic~~we ~~partners~~may ornot ~~third~~be ~~parties~~in compliance with ~~whom~~all regulations in the countries in which we dooperate ~~business~~at all times, ~~will~~and ~~not~~may be subject to sanctions, penalties or fines as a result.

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These laws and regulations, along with the terms of our government contracts, regulate how we do business, what services we offer and how we interact with customers, providers, other healthcare payers and the public. Although we have implemented policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance, there can be no assurance that our employees, subcontractors, vendors, agents, strategic partners or third parties with whom we do business, will not violate our policies. If the government discovers improper or illegal activities in the course of audits or investigations, we may be subject to various civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, which may include termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, significant monetary damages and fines, loss of required certifications or licenses, and suspension, disqualification or debarment from doing business with the government. Similarly, if our customers assert that we have failed to properly perform or comply with our contractual obligations, or if the carriers to which we send billings assert that we have failed to properly comply with applicable federal or state billing rules and regulations, we may be required to provide refunds or make payments to resolve such issues. If we are found to be in violation of any applicable law or regulation, or if we receive an adverse review, audit or investigation from a government agency or customer related to our compliance with such laws or regulations or the terms of our government contracts, any resulting negative publicity, penalties or sanctions could have an adverse effect on our reputation in the industry, impair our ability to compete for new contracts or bid in response to RFPs in one or more jurisdictions, and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Adverse judgments or settlements in legal proceedings could materially harm our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

We are subject and may be a party to legal proceedings and claims that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of our business. These matters may include, but are not limited to, claims relating to billing and contractual disputes, subcontracts and teaming agreements, protection of confidential information, trade secrets or intellectual property rights, pending, terminated or completed acquisitions, dispositions, investments or other strategic transactions, individual or class action claims in relation to the services we, or the companies we acquire, may provide, adversary proceedings arising from customer bankruptcies, employment of our workforce and immigration requirements or compliance with any of a wide array of statutes, rules and regulations that pertain to different aspects of our business, both domestically and internationally. It may be necessary to initiate costly litigation or other proceedings to protect our business interests. There is a risk that we will not be successful or otherwise able to satisfactorily resolve any pending or future litigation. In addition, litigation and other legal claims are subject to inherent uncertainties and management’s view of currently pending legal matters may change in the future. Those uncertainties include, but are not limited to, litigation costs and attorneys’ fees, unpredictable judicial or jury decisions, and differing laws and judicial proclivities regarding damage awards in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Resolution may also require that HMS accept some amount of loss or liability in order to avoid customer abrasion, negative marketplace perceptions and other disadvantageous results. Unexpected outcomes in such legal proceedings, or changes in management’s evaluation or predictions of the likely outcomes of such proceedings (possibly resulting in changes in established reserves), could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Federal and state governments may limit or prohibit outsourcing of certain programs or functions to private entities, refuse to grant consents or waivers necessary for them to perform such work, or impose other limitations on outsourcing that may obstruct cost-effective performance of our contracts.

U.S. federal or state governments could limit or prohibit private contractors like us from operating or performing elements of certain government functions or programs. As a condition of receiving federal funding, state and local government agencies may be required to operate such programs with government employees. Under current U.S. law, in order to privatize certain functions of government programs, the federal government must grant a consent and/or waiver to the petitioning state or local agency. If the federal government does not grant a necessary consent or waiver, the state or local government will be unable to outsource that function to a commercial entity. Such a situation could eliminate a contracting opportunity or reduce the value of an existing contract.

Similarly, the U.S. government may impose limitations or requirements on the outsourcing of work to offshore resources, which could make it more difficult for us to fulfill our contracts in a cost-effective manner. Certain areas of our operations use or involve vendor or subcontractor personnel located outside of the United States to supplement our workforce, who may (under carefully controlled circumstances) access certain PHI in the course of assisting us with various elements of the services we provide to our customers. The federal government and a number of states have proposed or passed laws or issued rules, regulations, and orders that would limit, restrict or wholly prohibit the use of offshore labor in performance of government contracts, or impose sanctions for the use of such resources. Some of our customers have already chosen to contractually limit or restrict our ability to use offshore personnel and systems. Intensified restrictions of this type or associated penalties could raise our costs of doing business, expose us to unexpected fines or penalties, increase the prices we must charge to customers to realize a profit and eliminate or significantly reduce the value of existing contracts or potential contract opportunities, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.36

We may be precluded from bidding on or performing certain work due to work we currently perform, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

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~~businesses~~Similarly, orthe ~~reorganize~~U.S. ~~our~~government ~~current~~may ~~management~~impose ~~and~~limitations ~~personnel~~or ~~structure,~~requirements ason ~~well~~the asoutsourcing ~~our~~of ~~corporate~~work ~~organization~~to ~~and~~offshore ~~entity structure~~resources, inwhich ~~order~~could tomake ~~qualify~~it ~~for~~more ~~new~~difficult ~~contract~~for ~~awards~~us or to ~~appropriately~~fulfill ~~mitigate~~our ~~conflicts~~contracts ~~and~~in ~~otherwise~~a ~~accommodate~~cost-effective ~~the~~manner. ~~increasing~~Certain ~~complexity~~areas of our ~~business.~~operations ~~Our~~use ~~failure~~or toinvolve ~~devote~~vendor ~~sufficient~~or ~~care,~~subcontractor ~~attention~~personnel ~~and~~located ~~resources~~outside of the United States to ~~managing~~supplement ~~these~~our ~~adjustments~~workforce, who may ~~result~~(under incarefully ~~technical~~controlled orcircumstances) ~~administrative~~access ~~errors~~certain ~~that~~PHI ~~could~~in ~~expose~~the course of assisting us towith ~~potential~~various ~~liability~~elements orof ~~adverse~~the ~~regulatory~~services ~~action~~we provide to our customers. InThe ~~addition,~~federal ~~conflict~~government and a number of ~~interest~~states have proposed or passed laws or issued rules, regulations, and ~~standards~~orders ~~change~~that ~~frequently~~would limit, ~~and~~restrict ~~are~~or ~~subject~~wholly toprohibit ~~varying~~the ~~interpretations~~use ~~and~~of ~~varying~~offshore ~~degrees~~labor ~~and~~in ~~consistency~~performance of ~~enforcement~~government contracts, or impose sanctions for the use of such resources. WeSome ~~may~~of ~~not~~our becustomers ~~successful~~have inalready ~~navigating~~chosen ~~these~~to ~~restrictions~~contractually limit or restrict our ability to use offshore personnel and systems. IfIntensified werestrictions ~~are~~of ~~prevented~~this ~~from~~type ~~expanding~~or associated penalties could raise our costs of doing business, expose us to unexpected fines or ~~are~~penalties, ~~unable~~increase tothe ~~effectively~~prices ~~implement~~we ~~our~~must ~~strategic~~charge ~~initiatives~~to ~~due~~customers to ~~real~~realize a profit and eliminate or ~~perceived~~significantly ~~conflicts~~reduce the value of ~~interest~~existing contracts or potential contract opportunities, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows ~~could be materially adversely affected~~.

We may be precluded from bidding on or performing certain work due to work we currently perform, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Various laws, regulations and administrative policies prohibit companies from performing work for government agencies in capacities that might be viewed to create an actual or perceived conflict of interest. In particular, CMS has stringent organizational conflict of interest, or OCI, rules, which can limit our bidding for specific work for CMS, or for other contracts that might conflict, or be perceived by CMS to conflict, with contractual work for CMS. State governments and managed care organizations also have conflict of interest restrictions that could limit our ability to bid for certain work and impact our overall sales strategy. As we continue to grow and diversify our business operations, the likelihood that customers or potential customers will perceive conflicts of interest between our various activities, lines of business and customer relationships may increase. Such conflicts, whether real or perceived, could result in a loss of contracts or additional internal structural barriers that delay operational efficiency. We may also need to divest certain existing businesses or reorganize our current organizational and management structure in order to qualify for new contract awards or to appropriately mitigate conflicts and neutralize or avoid potential OCI issues. Our failure to devote sufficient care, attention and resources to managing these adjustments may result in technical or administrative errors that could expose us to potential liability or adverse regulatory action. In addition, OCI rules and standards change frequently, and are subject to varying interpretations and varying degrees and consistency of enforcement. We may not be successful in navigating these restrictions. If we are prevented from undertaking business opportunities due to real or perceived conflicts of interest, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected.

Risks Relating to Our Common Stock

The market price of our common stock may be volatile, and fluctuations in the price of our common stock may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows and ~~materially~~result ~~adversely~~in ~~affect~~significant losses for our shareholders.

The market price of our common stock has, ~~historically~~at times, fluctuated significantly and may ~~continue~~fluctuate toin ~~fluctuate~~the future based on a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. During the 52-week period ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, our common stock traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market as high as $3936.9395 per share and as low as $2618.5320 per share. ~~Our~~In ~~stock~~addition ~~price~~to ~~fluctuates~~the ~~based~~risk onand auncertainties ~~variety~~described ofin ~~factors,~~this ~~many~~“Risk ofFactors” ~~which~~section, ~~are~~factors ~~beyond~~affecting our ~~control,~~stock ~~which~~price include, ~~the~~among ~~risk~~others, ~~factors described above and~~ those ~~related~~relating to:

▪the timing of, and our ability to close, the Merger with Gainwell, as well as changes in factors that influence the timing or likelihood of closing the Merger successfully;

▪quarterly or annual earnings results or those of other companies in our industry;

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▪changes in financial estimates or recommendations by securities analysts about our future operating and stock price performance or in the operating and stock price performance of other companies that investors deem comparable to our company;

▪news reports relating to trends, concerns and other issues in the healthcare industry, including perceptions in the marketplace regarding us and our competitors;

▪the financial projections we publicly provide and any changes in or failure to meet those projections;

▪future sales of shares of common stock in the public market by our executive officers or directors;

▪any changes in the number of our outstanding shares, including as a result of share repurchases;

▪actual or proposed changes in federal or state laws affecting the healthcare industry;

▪changes in accounting principles;

▪the public’s response to our press releases, or other public announcements, including our filings with the SEC;

▪securities class actions, shareholder lawsuits or other litigation; and

▪market conditions in the industry and the economy as a whole.

In addition, stock markets often experience significant price and volume fluctuations. These broad market fluctuations may materially adversely affect the market price of our common stock regardless of our operating performance. In the past, shareholders have instituted securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. Any litigation against us could cause us to incur substantial costs, divert the time and attention of our management and other resources or otherwise harm our business.

~~Because~~We we do not intend to pay dividends, ~~you will benefit from an investment~~ in ~~our~~the ~~common~~foreseeable ~~stock only if it appreciates in value~~future.

We have not paid or declared cash dividends on any of our ~~capital~~common stock to date and ~~currently~~do not intend to ~~retain~~pay ~~our~~any ~~future~~cash ~~earnings,~~dividends ifin ~~any,~~the toforeseeable ~~fund~~future. ~~the~~In ~~development~~addition ~~and~~to ~~continued~~the ~~growth~~restrictions ofin our ~~business~~Credit ~~and~~Agreement, ~~repurchase~~the ~~shares~~Merger ~~opportunistically~~Agreement ~~from~~with ~~time~~Gainwell toplaces ~~time.~~certain Asrestrictions aon ~~result,~~our weability ~~do not expect~~ to ~~pay~~make ~~any~~or ~~cash~~declare dividends inor distributions to the ~~foreseeable~~stockholders ~~future~~of HMS. ~~The~~For ~~success~~additional ofinformation, ~~your~~please ~~investment~~refer into ~~our~~the ~~common~~definitive ~~stock~~proxy ~~will~~statement ~~likely~~on ~~depend~~Schedule ~~entirely~~14A ~~upon~~filed ~~any~~on ~~future~~February ~~appreciation.~~22, ~~There~~2021 isand no“Management’s ~~guarantee~~Discussion ~~that~~and ~~our~~Analysis ~~common~~of ~~stock~~Financial ~~will~~Condition ~~appreciate~~and inResults ~~value~~of orOperations” ~~even~~in ~~maintain~~Part ~~the~~II, ~~price~~Item at7 ~~which~~of ~~you~~this ~~purchased~~2020 ~~your~~Form ~~shares~~10-K.

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Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could discourage unsolicited takeover attempts, which could depress the market price of our common stock.

Our certificate of incorporation authorizes the issuance of up to 5,000,000 shares of “blank check” preferred stock with such designations, rights and preferences as may be determined by our Board of Directors. Accordingly, our Board of Directors is empowered, without shareholder approval, to issue preferred stock with dividend, liquidation, conversion, voting or other rights, that could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of holders of our common stock. In the event of issuance, preferred stock could be utilized, under certain circumstances, as a method of discouraging, delaying, or preventing a change in control. Although we have no present intention to issue any shares of preferred stock, it is possible that we will do so in the future. In addition, our bylaws currently require advance notice of shareholder proposals for business to be conducted at meetings of our shareholders and for nominations of candidates for election to our Board of Directors and provide for Delaware as an exclusive forum for certain disputes with our shareholders, all of which could also have the effect of discouraging a change of control.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

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Item 2. Properties

Our corporate headquarters and other material leased properties as of December 31, ~~2019~~2020 are shown in the following table:

Location	Approximate Square Footage	Owned/Leased
Irving, TX (corporate headquarters)	242,260	Owned
Las Vegas, NV (office space)	63,593	Leased
Danvers, MA (office space)	38,868	Leased
New York , NY (office space)	34,759	Leased
Jackson, MN (office space)	27,932	Owned
Westerville, OH (office space)	25,212	Leased
All other locations (26)	~~120~~106,~~556~~347	Leased

All other locations consist principally of office space and two data centers, which are primarily located in the United States. Outside the U.S., we also lease office space in India and Australia. The leased locations have expiration dates through 2026. A portion of the above Las Vegas, NV and New York, NY office spaces are sub-leased. In general, we believe our existing facilities, including both owned and leased, are suitable to meet our current and reasonably anticipated future needs. See “Leases” in Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 for additional information.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

The information set forth under the caption “Litigation” in Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “HMSY”.

Holders

As of the close of business on February 1723, ~~2020~~2021, there were ~~249~~244 holders of record of our common stock.

Dividends

We have not paid or declared any cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Our ~~current intention is to retain future earnings to support the continued growth of our business and possibly for the repurchase of shares from time to time. Our~~ Board of Directors will evaluate various factors, including, without limitation, our future earnings, operating cash flows, financial condition, results of operations and capital requirements in determining whether to pay any cash dividends in the future. InOur ~~addition, our~~ Credit Agreement generally limits, subject to certain exceptions, our ability to make certain payments or distributions with respect to our capital stock, including cash dividends to our shareholders. For additional detail, see the information under the heading “Liquidity and Capital Resources” in Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and in Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8.

For equity compensation plan information, see Part III, Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters.

Repurchases of Shares of Common Stock

On November 1, 2017, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $50.0 million of shares of its common stock, which we publicly announced on November 3, 2017. This program expired on November 1, 2019 ~~and had approximately $29.9 million remaining at the time of expiration. On November 1~~, ~~2019,~~ our Board of Directors approved a ~~new~~ share repurchase program authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $50.0 million of shares of its common stock from time to time on the open market or in privately negotiated or other transactions. We publicly announced the ~~new~~ program onin November 1, 2019. The ~~new~~ share repurchase program is authorized for a period of up to two years, and may be suspended or discontinued at any time. In order to facilitate repurchases, the Company may enter into a Rule 10b5-1 plan from time to time, which would permit shares to be repurchased when the Company might otherwise be precluded from doing so under insider trading laws or because of a self-imposed trading blackout period. See “Equity” in Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 for additional information regarding share repurchases. There were no repurchases of shares of common stock under ~~either~~the share repurchase program during the fourth quarter of ~~2019~~2020. The maximum approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the program as of December 31, 2020 is $50.0 million.

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Comparative Stock Performance Graph

The graph above compares the cumulative total shareholder return on our common stock with the cumulative total shareholder returns of the Nasdaq Composite Index, the Nasdaq Computer & Data Processing Index and the Nasdaq Health Services Index assuming an investment of $100 on December 31, ~~2014~~2015 and the reinvestment of dividends through the year ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020.

12/31/14

12/31/15

12/31/16

12/31/17

12/31/18

12/31/19

12/31/15

12/31/16

12/31/17

12/31/18

12/31/19

12/31/20

HMS Holdings Corp.

100.00

58147.3716

85137.9036

80227.1896

~~133~~239.0787

~~140~~297.0281

Nasdaq Composite

100.00

~~106~~108.9687

~~116~~141.4513

~~150~~137.9612

~~146~~187.6744

~~200~~271.4964

Nasdaq Computer & Data Processing

100.00

~~123~~107.2135

~~132~~150.3704

~~185~~152.0752

~~187~~213.8966

~~262~~305.8301

Nasdaq Health Services

100.00

~~107~~78.3591

8690.8389

~~109~~108.2453

~~123~~151.5308

~~160~~242.42

Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in any of our previous or future filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act that might incorporate by reference this ~~2019~~2020 Form 10-K or future filings made by us under those statutes, the Comparative Stock Performance Graph is not deemed filed with the SEC, is not deemed soliciting material and shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into any of those prior filings or into any future filings we make under those statutes, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate such information by reference into a previous or future filing, or specifically request that such information be treated as soliciting material, in each case under those statutes.

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Item 6. Selected Financial Data

The following table sets forth selected consolidated financial amounts at and for each of the last five fiscal years in the period ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020. It should be read in conjunction with Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto, in Part II, Item 8 of this ~~2019~~2020 Form 10-K.

Statement of Operations Data

Years ended December 31,

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

~~2019~~2020

~~2018~~2019

~~2017~~2018

~~2016~~2017

~~2015~~2016

Revenue

~~626~~673,~~395~~283

~~598~~626,~~290~~395

~~521~~598,~~212~~290

~~489~~521,~~720~~212

~~474~~489,~~216~~720

Total operating expenses

~~523~~580,~~379~~056

~~535~~523,~~052~~379

~~470~~535,~~781~~052

~~432~~470,~~051~~781

~~426~~432,~~644~~051

Operating income

~~103~~93,~~016~~227

63103,~~238~~016

5063,~~431~~238

5750,~~669~~431

4757,~~572~~669

Interest expense

(117,~~013~~586)

(11,~~310~~013)

(1011,~~871~~310)

(810,~~519~~871)

(78,~~812~~519)

Interest income

~~4,148~~271

14,~~089~~148

~~295~~1,089

~~321~~295

49321

Other income

81,~~211~~358

—8,211

—

Income before income taxes

~~104~~87,~~362~~270

53104,~~017~~362

3953,~~855~~017

4939,~~471~~855

3949,~~809~~471

Income taxes

17,~~138~~121

(117,~~972)~~138

(~~199~~1,972)

~~11,835~~(199)

1511,~~282~~835

Net income

8770,~~224~~149

5487,~~989~~224

4054,~~054~~989

3740,~~636~~054

2437,~~527~~636

Net Income Per Common Share

Basic income per common share:

Net income per common share — basic

10.0079

01.6600

0.4866

0.4548

0.2845

Diluted income per common share:

Net income per common share — diluted

0.9878

0.6498

0.4764

0.4347

0.2843

Weighted average shares:

Basic

8788,~~222~~438

8387,~~625~~222

83,~~821~~625

8483,~~221~~821

8784,~~881~~221

Diluted

8990,~~317~~081

8689,~~144~~317

8586,~~088~~144

8685,~~987~~088

8886,~~361~~987

Balance Sheet Data

	Years ended December 31,
(in thousands)	~~2019~~2020		~~2018~~2019		~~2017~~2018		~~2016~~2017		~~2015~~2016
Cash and cash equivalents	$	~~139~~207,~~268~~124	$	~~178~~139,~~946~~268	$	83178,~~313~~946	$	~~175~~83,~~999~~313	$	~~145~~175,~~610~~999
Working capital	$	~~296~~397,~~093~~368	$	~~328~~296,~~684~~093	$	~~199~~328,~~967~~684	$	~~277~~199,~~478~~967	$	~~240~~277,~~456~~478
Total assets	$	1,~~244~~329,~~276~~677	$	1,~~078~~244,~~518~~276	$	~~975~~1,~~160~~078,518	$	~~882~~975,~~755~~160	$	~~850~~882,~~597~~755
Revolving credit facility	$	240,000	$	240,000	$	240,000	$	~~197~~240,~~796~~000	$	197,796
Total shareholders' equity	$	~~854~~948,~~865~~329	$	~~713~~854,~~396~~865	$	~~606~~713,~~229~~396	$	~~556~~606,~~610~~229	$	~~524~~556,~~702~~610

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis is intended to help the reader understand the results of operations and financial condition of HMS. You should read this discussion and analysis in conjunction with the other sections of this ~~2019~~2020 Form 10- K, including the Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements appearing prior to Part I, the information in Part I, Item 1A, and the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto in Part II, Item 8. The historical results set forth in Part II, Item 6, Item 7 and Item 8 of this ~~2019~~2020 Form 10-K should not be taken as necessarily indicative of our future operations or financial results.

This section of this ~~2019~~2020 Form 10-K generally discusses ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019 items and includes a year-to-year comparison of our results of operations and liquidity and capital resources between ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019. For a discussion of ~~2017~~2018 items and year-to-year comparisons between ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018 that are not included in this ~~2019~~2020 Form 10-K, please refer to the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2018~~2019, filed with the SEC on February 2524, ~~2019~~2020.

Business Overview

HMS ~~delivers~~is mission-driven to increase the value of healthcare so that it can benefit more people and improve the health of the population. Through our industry-leading technology, analytics and engagement solutions, towe ~~help~~save ~~reduce~~billions ~~costs,~~of ~~improve~~healthcare ~~health~~dollars ~~outcomes~~annually ~~and~~while ~~enhance~~helping ~~consumer~~people ~~experiences~~lead healthier lives. We provide a broad range of coordination of benefits, payment integrity and population health management solutions through our operating subsidiaries tothat move ~~the~~ healthcare ~~system~~ forward ~~for our customers and contribute to improving health outcomes~~. We are managed and operate as one business segment with a single management team that reports to the Chief Executive Officer.

We provide solutions that apply broadly across state and Federal government agencies, health plans and PBMs., employers, and at-risk providers. We also serve as a subcontractor for certain business outsourcing and technology firms. As of December 31, ~~2019~~2020, our customer base included the following:

▪~~over~~50+ 40U.S. Federal and state ~~Medicaid~~government ~~programs~~agencies;

▪~~more~~over ~~than~~350 ~~325~~ health plans, including 22 of the top 25 health plans nationally (based on membership) in support of their multiple lines of business, including Medicaid managed care, Medicare Advantage and group and individual health;

▪over ~~150~~160 ~~private~~ employers;

▪CMS, ~~and~~ the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Department of Veterans Affairs; and

▪PBMs, third-party administrators and other risk-bearing entities, including independent practice associations, hospital systems, ACOs and specialty care organizations.

Trends and Outlook

We have grown our business both organically, through internal innovation and the development of new solutions and services, as well as by acquisition of businesses whose core services strengthened our overall mission to ~~help~~make ~~our customers contain healthcare costs and improve health outcomes. Our largest growth during 2019 was with government~~

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~~payers~~healthcare ~~including~~work ~~state~~better ~~and~~for ~~federal~~everyone. ~~customers~~Health plans were the largest growth contributor during 2020. In addition to cross-sales of our population health management solutions and other internal ~~growth~~ initiatives in ~~2019~~2020, various factors related to the macro healthcare environment are expected to provide opportunities for future growth, including:

•▪the rising and unsustainable costs of healthcare;

•▪increasing enrollment and rising expenditures for Medicare and Medicaid;

•▪the importance of treating the "whole person" with multi-dimensional analytics that provide a complete view of a person's coverage, health history and risks, enhanced with effective engagement solutions that impact behavior and improve outcomes;

•▪the transition to value-based care, and the overall complexity of the healthcare claims payment system in the U.S.; and

•▪the growing importance of analytics to preemptively identify early and rising risks, measure outcomes, and improve health.

To ~~drive~~fuel our future growth, we plan to enter into new and adjacent markets, and ~~expand~~add new customers and broaden the scope of our relationships with existing customers, ~~with~~by acapturing ~~focus~~cross-selling onopportunities ~~selling~~and ~~additional~~introducing innovative solutions and services that span the payment and care continuum. To advance these initiatives, ~~from~~we anintend ~~individual's~~to ~~enrollment~~increase ininternal aproduct ~~healthcare~~development ~~program~~and enhancement efforts to ~~pre-payment~~accelerate ~~review~~the launch of ~~their~~new ~~claims~~offerings ~~through~~and ~~post-payment~~capabilities ~~identification~~that drive innovation and ~~recovery~~value offor ~~improper~~our ~~payments,~~customers. We have also renewed our focus on investing and ~~back~~deploying technology tools that leverage a big data environment to ~~the~~promote ~~individual~~automation ~~where~~and ~~our~~greater ~~consumer-driven~~operating ~~solutions~~efficiencies that will ~~allow~~improve ~~healthcare~~the ~~organizations~~quality, toeffectiveness ~~manage~~and ~~individuals'~~profitability ~~healthcare~~of onour aofferings, ~~personal~~increase ~~level,~~customer atsatisfaction ~~scale.~~and identify revenue opportunities.

Our plan is to attract new customers, while broadening our relationships with current customers, through the introduction of innovative solutions and services, designed to enhance or expand our existing suite of cost containment solutions, By utilizing technology tools that leverage a big data environment, we intend to continue to promote automation and innovation to improve the effectiveness of our existing solution suite, and identify new revenue opportunities. We plan to continue to implement new technology and process improvements to increase customer satisfaction and achieve greater operating efficiencies that will improve the quality, effectiveness and profitability of our service offerings.

We are subject to a number of significant risks in the operation of our business, including operational, strategic, financial and regulatory risks. These include risks related to legal compliance, financial performance and condition, protection of our information technology networks and systems and intellectual property, and other risks. With respect to cybersecurity, the effective operation of our information technology networks and systems, and the secure processing and maintenance of the confidential, proprietary and sensitive information and data we receive from our customers and other data suppliers are critical to our operations and business strategy. Although we have processes and procedures to attempt to mitigate many of the risks that we face, there can be no assurance that such processes or procedures will be successful. For a discussion of certain risks relating to the Company, see the information under the heading “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

Proposed Transaction with Gainwell

On December 20, 2020, we entered into the Merger Agreement. The Merger Agreement provides that, upon the terms and subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions set forth therein, Merger Sub will merge with and into HMS, with HMS continuing as the surviving corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of Gainwell. Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, which has been unanimously approved by the HMS Board of Directors, HMS shareholders will receive $37.00 in cash per share.

We have agreed to customary representations, warranties and covenants in the Merger Agreement, including covenants with respect to the operation of our business prior to the closing of the transaction or termination of the Merger Agreement, such as restrictions on making certain acquisitions and dispositions, entering into certain contracts, incurring certain indebtedness or expenditures, declaring dividends, repurchasing stock and taking other specified actions. The consummation of the Merger is subject to customary closing conditions, including, among others, the adoption of the Merger Agreement by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the shares of HMS's common stock outstanding and entitled to vote as well as the satisfaction of other customary closing conditions. The Merger is not conditioned upon receipt of financing by Gainwell. The Merger is anticipated to close in the first half of 2021; however, we cannot predict with certainty as to when all of the required closing conditions will be satisfied or if the Merger will close at all. Under certain specified circumstances, we may be required to pay Gainwell a termination fee of

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approximately 2.0% of the transaction value in the event the Merger Agreement is terminated. See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 for additional details.

The Impact of COVID-19 on our Business

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. Since the beginning of the outbreak, COVID-19 has significantly reduced global economic activity and increased the level of uncertainty and volatility in financial markets throughout the world. It has also impacted our day-to-day operations and the operations of the vast majority of our customers, suppliers and partners. Although the Company’s revenues increased for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to the prior year periods, and the COVID-19 pandemic has not had a material adverse effect on our business to date, our future operational and financial performance may be negatively impacted by the effects of COVID-19, including those that may not be in our control. The extent of the impact will depend on future developments and their effects on our customers and contracts, which are highly uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted at this time. For example, due to the circumstances related to COVID-19, some of our customers temporarily suspended or reduced certain contract work over several months in 2020. As a result of the reduction in volume and services, we experienced lower revenues during the second quarter and continued to see an impact to our financial results in certain parts of our business in the third quarter. As COVID-19 continues to evolve, we will continue to closely monitor the impact of COVID-19 and its effects on all aspects of our business, including those on our customers and partners, and assess any potential impacts to our financial position and operating results, as well as adverse developments in our business. For further information regarding the effect of COVID-19 on the Company, please see the “Risk Factors” section set forth in Part I, Item 1A. of this 2020 Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses, and related disclosures. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our estimates are based on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results could differ from these estimates. The future effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on economic and market conditions continue to remain uncertain and increase the subjectivity that will be involved in evaluating our estimates and assumptions underlying our critical accounting policies. The accounting policies that we believe to be the most critical to an understanding of our financial condition and results of operations and that require the most complex and subjective management judgments are as follows:

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Revenue Recognition

Description

Judgments and Uncertainties

Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions

The Company recognizes revenue when performance obligations under the terms of the contracts with our customers are satisfied.

Due to the range of solutions and services that HMS provides and the differing fee structures associated with each type of contract, revenue may be recognized in irregular increments. A portion of our revenue is recorded net of an estimate of future revenue adjustments, with an offsetting entry to accounts receivable, based on historical patterns of billing adjustments, length of operating and collection cycle and customer negotiations, behaviors and payment patterns. Changes in these estimates are recorded to revenue in the period of change.

If we were to enter any new contracts with differing fee structures or performance obligations or if we were to change any of the judgments or estimates related to estimated future revenue adjustments, it could cause a material increase or decrease in the amount of revenue we report in a particular period.

Business Combinations

Description

Judgments and Uncertainties

Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions

We record assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination based upon their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill is the excess of acquisition costs over the fair values of assets and liabilities of acquired businesses. During the measurement period, which is up to one year from the acquisition date, we may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to earnings.

In most instances there is not a readily defined or listed market price for individual assets and liabilities acquired in connection with a business, including intangible assets. We determine fair value through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and third party independent appraisals, as considered necessary. Significant assumptions used in those techniques include, but are not limited to, growth rates, discount rates, customer attrition rates, expected levels of revenues, earnings, cash flows and tax rates.

The use of different valuation techniques and assumptions are highly subjective and inherently uncertain and, as a result, actual results may differ materially from estimates.

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Impairment of Goodwill

Description

Judgments and Uncertainties

Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions

Goodwill is subject to a periodic assessment for impairment. We assess goodwill for impairment on an annual basis as of June 30th of each year or more frequently if an event occurs or changes in circumstances would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Assessment of goodwill impairment is at the HMS Holdings Corp. entity level as we operate as a single reporting unit. We have the option to perform a qualitative or quantitative assessment to determine if impairment is more likely than not to have occurred. If we can support the conclusion that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount using the qualitative assessment, then the Company would not need to perform the impairment test. If the Company cannot support such a conclusion, or the Company does not elect to perform the qualitative assessment, then the goodwill impairment test is used to identify potential impairment by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill and recognizing an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, with the understanding that the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.The Company’s carrying amount of goodwill was $599.4 million as of December 31, 2019.

The Company completed the quantitative annual impairment test as of June 30, 2018 and in June 30, 2019 elected to perform the qualitative assessment.When performing our quantitative analysis, the Company utilized a weighting across three commonly accepted valuation approaches: an income approach, a guideline public company approach, and a merger and acquisition approach. Significant assumptions in the income approach include income projections, a discount rate and a terminal growth value. The guideline public company approach and merger and acquisition approach are based on pricing multiples observed for similar publicly traded companies or similar market companies that were sold.When the qualitative assessment of goodwill impairment is performed, significant judgment is required in the assessment of qualitative factors including but not limited to an evaluation of macroeconomic conditions as they relate to our business, industry and market trends, as well as the overall future financial performance of our reporting units and future opportunities in the markets in which they operate.

The results of the annual impairment assessment provide that the fair value of the reporting unit was significantly in excess of the Company’s carrying value, including goodwill; therefore, no impairment was indicated. If actual results are not consistent with our estimates or assumptions, the Company may be exposed to an impairment charge that could materially adversely impact our consolidated financial position and results of operations. There were no impairment charges related to goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, or 2017.

The Company completed the quantitative annual impairment test as of June 30, 2018, performed the qualitative assessment as of June 30, 2019 and in June 30, 2020 elected to perform the qualitative assessment.When performing our quantitative analysis, the Company utilized a weighting across three commonly accepted valuation approaches: an income approach, a guideline public company approach, and a merger and acquisition approach. Significant assumptions in the income approach include income projections, a discount rate and a terminal growth value. The guideline public company approach and merger and acquisition approach are based on pricing multiples observed for similar publicly traded companies or similar market companies that were sold.When the qualitative assessment of goodwill impairment is performed, significant judgment is required in the assessment of qualitative factors including but not limited to an evaluation of macroeconomic conditions as they relate to our business, industry and market trends, as well as the overall future financial performance of our reporting units and future opportunities in the markets in which they operate.

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Impairment of Long-Lived and Intangible Assets

Description

Judgments and Uncertainties

Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions

Long-lived assets, including property and equipment and intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. When indicators exist, recoverability of assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying value of the asset group to the estimated undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized and charged to earnings is measured by the amount by which the carrying value of the asset group exceeds the fair value of the assets.

We use significant judgment in assessing events or changes in circumstances which indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable.

The Company’s carrying amount of long-lived assets, including property and equipment and intangible assets was $~~218~~198.87 million as of December 31, ~~2019~~2020. The Company did not recognize any impairment charges related to long-lived and intangible assets during the years ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, ~~2018~~2019 or ~~2017~~2018. However, if actual results are not consistent with our estimates or assumptions, we may be exposed to an impairment charge that could materially adversely impact our consolidated financial position and results of operations.

Valuation of Stock-Based Compensation

Description

Judgments and Uncertainties

Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions

We estimate stock price volatility based on the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock and estimate the expected term of the awards based on the Company’s historical option exercises for similar types of stock option awards. The assumed risk-free interest rate is based on the yield on the measurement date of a zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bond with a maturity period equal to the option’s expected term. The Company does not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future and therefore, uses an expected dividend yield of zero in the option valuation models. Forfeitures are estimated based on historical experience.

If we were to change any of these judgments or estimates, it could cause a material increase or decrease in the amount of stock compensation expense we report in a particular period. For example, if actual forfeitures vary from estimates, a difference in compensation expense will be recognized in the period the actual forfeitures occur.

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Income Taxes

Description

Judgments and Uncertainties

Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized as income or expense in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is provided against deferred tax assets to the extent their realization is not more likely than not.

Uncertain income tax positions are accounted for by prescribing a minimum recognition threshold that a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the financial statements. We make adjustments to these reserves in accordance with the income tax accounting guidance when facts and circumstances change, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate.

To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made, and could have a material impact on our financial condition and operating results.

Although the Company believes that it has adequately reserved for uncertain tax positions (including interest and penalties), it can provide no assurance that the final tax outcome of these matters will not be materially different.

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Contingencies

Description

Judgments and Uncertainties

Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions

From time to time, we are involved in legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. We assess the likelihood of any adverse judgments or outcomes to these contingencies as well as potential ranges or probable losses and establish reserves accordingly.

We record accruals for outstanding legal matters when we believe it is probable that a loss will be incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required to determine both probability and the estimated amount. We review these provisions at least quarterly and adjust the provisions to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel and updated information.

Litigation is inherently unpredictable and is subject to significant uncertainties, some of which are beyond the Company’s control. The amount of reserves required may change in future periods due to new developments in each matter or changes in approach to a matter such as a change in settlement strategy which could have a material impact on our financial condition and operating results.

For further information on these critical accounting policies and all other significant accounting policies, refer to the discussion under “Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8.

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Results of Operations

~~2019~~2020 Highlights

▪Revenue growth of 4.7.5%

▪Operating income ~~growth~~decrease of 639.05%

▪Cash flow from operations of $~~133~~99.20 million

▪Net income ~~growth~~decrease of 5819.56%

Comparison of ~~2019~~2020 to ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2018~~2019 to ~~2017~~2018

(dollars in millions)	~~Year~~Years ~~Ended~~ended December 31,						$ Change		% Change	$ Change		% Change	~~$ Change~~	~~% Change~~
	2019		2018		2017		2019 vs 2018					2018 vs 2017
	2020		2019		2018		2020 vs 2019			2019 vs 2018
Revenue	$	~~626~~673.43	$	~~598~~626.34	$	~~521~~598.23	$	2846.19	4.7.5%	$	7728.1	144.87%
Cost of services:
Compensation	~~231~~261.32		~~224~~231.93		~~202~~224.09		629.49		212.89	226.94		112.38
Direct project and other operating expenses	9096.12		7490.31		6974.83		156.81		216.38	415.58		621.43
Information technology	5361.94		53.49		4553.74		07.5		013.9	70.75		160.89
Occupancy	16.45		16.04		1716.20		0.41		20.56	(10.2)4		(72.0)5
Amortization of acquisition related software and intangible assets	1722.0		3317.0		3033.40		~~(16~~5.0)		~~(48~~29.5)4	2(16.60)		8(48.65)
Total cost of services	~~408~~457.73		~~401~~408.67		~~365~~401.16		748.16		111.89	367.51		101.08
Selling, general and administrative expenses	~~114~~122.78		~~113~~114.57		~~105~~113.75		18.21		17.1	71.82		71.41
Settlement expense	—		~~20.0~~—		—20.0		~~(20.0)~~—		~~(100.0)~~—	(20.0)		(100.0)
Total operating expenses	~~523~~580.41		~~535~~523.14		~~470~~535.81		~~(11~~56.7)		(210.2)8	64(11.37)		13(2.72)
Operating income	~~103~~93.02		63103.20		5063.42		39(9.8)		63(9.05)	1239.8		2563.40
Interest expense	(117.06)		(11.30)		(1011.83)		0.3.4		(230.79)	(0.5)3		4(2.67)
Interest income	40.12		14.1		01.31		(3.09)		~~272~~(95.71)	03.80		~~266~~272.7
Other income	81.24		—8.2		—		8(6.28)		~~100~~(82.09)	—8.2		—100.0
Income before income taxes	~~104~~87.32		53104.03		3953.90		51(17.31)		96(16.84)	1351.13		3296.8
Income taxes	17.1		(217.0)1		(0.2.0)		190.10		~~(955~~0.0)	(119.8)1		~~900~~(955.0)
Net income	$	8770.21	$	5587.02	$	4055.10	$	32(17.21)	58(19.56)%	$	1432.92	3758.25%

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Revenue (in millions)

~~2019~~2020 vs ~~2018~~2019

During the year ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, revenue was $~~626~~673.43 million, an increase of $2846.19 million or 4.7.5% compared to $~~598~~626.34 million for the year ended December 31, ~~2018~~2019.

§ By solution:

o Coordination of benefits revenue increased $765.01 million or 116.81% ~~which~~largely ~~was~~driven ~~attributable~~by toAccent related revenue of $43.3 million, and incremental services and yield increases provided to ~~existing~~non-Accent customers inprimarily ~~our~~related to cost ~~recovery~~avoidance ~~business,~~and ~~partially~~direct ~~offset~~bill ~~by the timing of recoveries related to certain customers~~solutions.

o Payment integrity revenue ~~increased~~decreased $1810.12 million or ~~12.~~6.3%, primarily ~~due~~related to a $2110.75 million ~~increase~~of inrevenue ~~federal~~recognized ~~related~~in ~~claims,~~the ~~which~~prior ~~included~~year aperiod ~~$2.1 million increase~~ resulting from the release of the Company's remaining estimated liability and net receivables ~~relating~~in toconnection with the original Medicare RAC contract. in 2019.

o Population health management revenue ~~increased~~decreased $38.0 million or 513.23%, ~~due~~primarily toresulting ~~increased~~from ~~customer~~decreased ~~implementation~~transactional revenue and ~~subscription~~lower ~~fees~~program volume due to circumstances related to COVID-19.

§ By market:

o Commercial health plan market revenue ~~decreased~~increased $2048.71 million or 615.49%, which was primarily due to ~~scope~~Accent related revenue of $43.3 million, and ~~contract~~incremental ~~changes~~services ~~with~~and ~~existing~~yield increases provided to non-Accent customers. primarily relating to cost avoidance and direct bill solutions.

o State government market revenue increased $2318.84 million or 107.21%, which was attributable to expanded scopes and yield improvements.

o Federal government market and other revenue ~~increased~~decreased $2519.06 million or 6029.76% compared to the prior year period due to ana ~~increase~~reduction in ~~federal~~volume ~~related~~as ~~claims~~a ~~processed,~~result ~~which~~of ~~included~~COVID-19 aimpacts, and $210.15 million ~~incremental~~of ~~increase~~revenue ~~associated~~in ~~with~~the prior year period related to the release of the Company's remaining estimated liability and net receivables ~~relating~~as todescribed ~~the original Medicare RAC contract~~above.

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Cost of Services (in millions)

~~2019~~2020 vs ~~2018~~2019

During the year ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, total cost of services was $~~408~~457.73 million, an increase of $748.16 million or 111.89%, compared to $~~401~~408.67 million for the year ended December 31, ~~2018~~2019.

▪Compensation expense increased by $629.49 million, ~~which was~~ primarily due to anthe ~~increase~~payroll related costs incurred in ~~compensation~~connection ~~costs~~with ~~partially~~the ~~offset~~acquisitions byof aVitreosHealth ~~decrease~~and inAccent ~~variable~~during ~~compensation~~the second half of 2019.

▪~~Direct~~Information ~~project~~technology ~~and~~expense ~~other operating costs~~ increased by $157.85 million ~~primarily~~ due to increases in ~~labor~~the ~~costs,~~ amortization of capitalized software and equipment costs in connection with the acquisitions of VitreosHealth and ~~third~~Accent ~~party~~during ~~service~~the ~~providers~~second ~~expense~~half of 2019, and other software, computer and equipment related costs.

▪~~Amortization~~Direct ofproject ~~acquisition related software~~ and ~~intangibles~~other ~~assets~~operating ~~decreased~~costs increased by $166.01 million due to ~~certain~~increased ~~intangible~~labor ~~assets~~and ~~becoming~~professional ~~fully~~fees ~~amortized~~utilized to support acquisition and operational related activities, partially offset by a decrease in ~~prior~~travel ~~periods.~~related costs.

~~Selling,~~▪Amortization ~~General~~of acquisition related software and ~~Administrative~~intangibles ~~Expenses~~assets (increased by $5.0 million due to an increase in ~~millions)~~intangible assets following the acquisitions of VitreosHealth and Accent during the second half of 2019.

~~2019 vs 2018~~53

During the year ended December 31, 2019, SG&A expense was $114.7 million, an increase of $1.2 million or 1.1% compared to $113.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018.

§ Compensation expense decreased $5.2 million due to a decrease in variable compensation.

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~~§ Professional~~Selling, ~~fees~~General ~~increased by $6.7 million compared to the prior year as the company leveraged additional external resources~~ and ~~expertise~~Administrative ~~for~~Expenses ~~certain SG&A related activities~~ (in ~~2019.~~ millions)

2020 vs 2019

During the year ended December 31, 2020, SG&A expense was $122.8 million, an increase of $8.1 million or 7.1% compared to $114.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019.

§ Compensation expense increased $5.8 million primarily as a result of increases in payroll related costs and stock compensation expense benefits.

§ Information technology expense increased $2.4 million primarily due to an increase in software related costs.

§ Other costs decreased $0.1 million, which included a decrease in travel and employee related of $3.6 million, offset by an increase in professional fees of $3.5 million.

Other income

~~2019~~2020 vs ~~2018~~2019

InDuring the ~~third~~year ended December 31, 2020, Other income was $1.4 million, a decrease of $6.8 million or 82.9% compared to the prior year period. The Other income recognized in 2020 was due to a change in the fair value of ordinary shares of MedAdvisor Limited acquired during the fourth quarter of 2019. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2019, a third party acquired one hundred percent of the outstanding stock of InstaMed Holdings, Inc. ("InstaMed") including the Company's cost based investment in InstaMed of $2.1 million. As a result, the Company received proceeds of $9.8 million from the sale of the investment and recognized a $7.7 million gain in ~~other~~Other income for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Income Taxes

~~2019~~2020 vs ~~2018~~2019

During the year ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, we recorded an income tax expense of $17.1 million, the expense ~~increased~~is byunchanged ~~$19.1 million~~ compared to an income tax ~~benefit~~expense of $(217.0)1 million for the year ended December 31, ~~2018~~2019.

§ Our effective tax rate was 1619.46% for the year ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020 compared to an effective tax rate of (316.7)4% for the year ended December 31, ~~2018~~2019. The low ~~2018~~2019 effective tax rate is primarily due to equity compensation, favorable tax benefits related to current ~~year~~ credits, ~~equity compensation, subsidiary basis write off,~~ prior year state tax apportionment changes, and uncertain tax position releases~~, and acquisition adjustments~~.

§ Our normalized effective tax rate of 27.8% for 2019 increased from our normalized effective tax rate of 25.8% for 2018. The 2019 normalized effective tax rate excludes tax benefits related to stock compensation net windfalls and reversal of prior years' uncertain tax benefits of (10.0%) and (1.4%), respectively. 54

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§ Our normalized effective tax rate of 23.4% for 2020 decreased from our normalized effective tax rate of 27.8% for 2019. The 2020 normalized effective tax rate excludes tax benefits related to stock compensation net windfalls, prior year credit adjustments, and reversal of prior years' uncertain tax benefits of (0.2%), (1.8%) and (1.8%), respectively.

On March 27, 2020, the CARES Act was enacted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which provides numerous tax provisions and other stimulus measures. The Company claimed benefits relating to technical corrections of tax depreciation methods for qualified improvement property. The benefits did not have a material impact for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following tables should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto, in Part II, Item 8 of this ~~2019~~2020 Form 10-K.

Our cash and cash equivalents, working capital and available borrowings under our credit facility (based upon the borrowing base and financial covenants in our Credit Agreement) were as follows (in thousands):

	Years ended December 31,
	2019		2018
	2020		2019
Cash and cash equivalents	$	~~139~~207,~~268~~124	$	~~178~~139,~~946~~268
Working capital	$	~~296~~397,~~093~~368	$	~~328~~296,~~684~~093
Available borrowings under credit facility	$	253,500	$	253,500

A summary of our cash flows was as follows (in thousands):

	Years ended December 31,
	2019		2018		2017
	2020		2019		2018
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	~~133~~99,~~232~~048	$	96133,~~457~~232	$	8696,~~464~~457
Net cash used in investing activities	(~~205~~29,~~059~~748)		(30205,~~413~~059)		(~~204~~30,~~364~~413)
Net cash provided by financing activities	32,149		29,589		25,214
Net cash (used in)/provided by financing activities	(1,444)		32,149		29,589
Net increase / (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	~~(39~~67,~~678)~~856	$	95(39,~~633~~678)	$	~~(92~~95,~~686)~~633

45Our cash and cash equivalents and our working capital increased as of December 31, 2020 as compared to December 31, 2019, primarily as a result of the cash used in investing activities in 2019 and an increase in accounts receivable as of December 31, 2020.

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Our cash and cash equivalents and our working capital decreased as of December 31, 2019 as compared to December 31, 2018, primarily as a result of the cash used in investing activities as discussed below.

Our principal source of cash has been our cash flow from operations and our $500 million five-year revolving credit facility. Other sources of cash include proceeds from exercise of stock options and tax benefits associated with stock option exercises. The primary uses of cash include, but are not limited to, acquisitions, strategic investments, capital investments, compensation expenses, data processing, direct project and other operating costs, SG&A expenses and other expenses.

We believe that expected cash flows from operations, available cash and cash equivalents, and funds available under our revolving credit facility will be sufficient to meet our liquidity requirements for the following year, which include:

§ ▪the working capital requirements of our operations;

§ ▪investments in our business; and

~~§ business development activities; and~~55

~~§ repurchases~~Table of ~~common stock.~~Contents

~~Any~~▪business ~~projections~~development ~~of future earnings and cash flows are subject to substantial uncertainty~~activities. We may need to access debt and equity markets in the future if unforeseen costs or opportunities arise, to meet working capital requirements, fund acquisitions or investments or repay our indebtedness under the Credit Agreement. If we need to obtain new debt or equity financing in the future, the terms and availability of such financing may be impacted by economic and financial market conditions as well as our financial condition and results of operations at the time we seek additional financing.

Any projections of future earnings and cash flows are subject to substantial uncertainty, particularly in light of the rapidly changing market and economic conditions created by the COVID-19 pandemic. We may need to access debt and equity markets in the future if unforeseen costs or opportunities arise, to meet working capital requirements, fund acquisitions or investments or repay our indebtedness under the Credit Agreement. If we need to obtain new debt or equity financing in the future, the terms and availability of such financing may be impacted by economic and financial market conditions as well as our financial condition and results of operations at the time we seek additional financing. Although we believe that our financial resources will allow us to manage the anticipated impact of COVID-19 on our operations for the foreseeable future, the challenges posed by COVID-19 on our business are expected to continue to shift rapidly. Consequently, we will continue to assess our liquidity needs and anticipated capital requirements in light of future developments, particularly those relating to COVID-19.

Under the Merger Agreement with Gainwell, we have agreed to various customary covenants and agreements, including, among others, covenants to conduct our business, in all material respects, in the ordinary course of business during the interim period between the execution of the Merger Agreement and the consummation of the Merger. Outside of certain limited exceptions, we may not engage in or take specified actions during this period unless agreed to in writing by Gainwell, which include, among others:

▪acquiring entities, including any business or divisions thereof;

▪entering into new lines of business;

▪disposing of material assets or properties;

▪making capital expenditures above specified thresholds;

▪incurring any indebtedness for borrowed money;

▪granting or issuing new stock options for additional shares of common stock; and

▪repurchasing shares of our common stock.

We do not believe these restrictions will prevent us from funding our ongoing cost of services and other operating costs or satisfying our working capital and capital expenditure requirements.

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020 was $~~133~~99.20 million, a $3634.72 million ~~increase~~decrease from net cash provided by operating activities of $96133.52 million for the year ended December 31, ~~2018~~2019. The ~~increase~~decrease was primarily due to a $3217.21 million ~~increase~~decrease in net income, ~~a $14.7 million decrease~~ in ~~the~~2020, ~~amortization of intangibles and~~ a $7.7 million gain on the sale of a cost-basis investment. ~~These~~in ~~increases~~2019, ~~were~~the ~~partially~~release ~~offset~~of byan aestimated liability for appeals, net of $10.85 million ~~change~~in 2019, a decrease in deferred income taxes, aof $414.1 0 million ~~increase~~ in ~~noncash~~2020, ~~lease expense~~ and a net ~~decrease~~increase in operating assets and liabilities of approximately $1326.52 million in 2020.

Our DSO calculation can be derived by dividing total net accounts receivable at the end of period, by the daily average of the current quarter’s annualized revenue. For the year ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, revenue was $~~626~~673.43 million, an increase of $2846.19 million compared to revenue of $~~598~~626.34 million for the year ended December 31, ~~2018~~2019. DSO ~~increased~~was ~~by 4 days to~~ 123 days as of December 31, ~~2019~~2020, the same as compared to ~~119 days as of~~ December 31, ~~2018~~2019. ~~The change was primarily due to the acquisition of Accent resulting in a 3 day increase.~~ We do not currently anticipate collection issues with our accounts receivable, however, nor do we currently expect that any extended collections will materially impact our liquidity.

The majority of our customer relationships have been in place for several years. Our future operating cash flows could be adversely affected by a decrease in a demand for our services, delayed payments from customers or if one or more contracts with our largest customers is terminated or not renewed.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $205.1 million, a $174.7 million increase compared to net cash used in investing activities of $30.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. This increase was primarily due to the use of approximately $185.8 million, net of cash acquired, for the acquisitions of Accent and VitreosHealth, proceeds from the sale of our cost basis investment in InstaMed of $9.8 million and purchase 56

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ofNet ~~our~~cash ~~cost~~used ~~basis~~in ~~investment~~investing inactivities ~~MedAdvisor~~for ofthe year ended December 31, 2020 was $29.7 million, a $175.4 million, ~~during~~decrease compared to net cash used in investing activities of $205.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. ~~Purchases~~This decrease was primarily attributable to a reduction in net cash used in the acquisition of a business of $187.3 million in 2020 and a reduction in the investment in common stock of $4.0 million in 2020. These decreases were partially offset by a decrease in proceeds from the sale of our cost basis investment in InstaMed of $9.8 million in 2019 and an increase in purchases of property and equipment and investment in capitalized software ~~decreased~~of by $86.83 million ~~million~~ year over year.

We currently expect to incur capital expenditures of approximately $3435 million during the year ended December 31, ~~2020~~2021.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash ~~provided~~used byin financing activities for the year ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020 was $~~32.~~(1.4) million, a $233.5 million ~~increase~~decrease from net cash provided by financing activities of $2932.61 million for the year ended December 31, ~~2018~~2019. ~~This~~The ~~increase~~decrease was primarily arelated ~~result of the Company not making any repurchases of common stock during fiscal year 2019, compared~~ to ~~approximately~~a $633.01 million decrease in ~~2018,~~proceeds ~~partially~~from ~~offset~~the byexercise anof ~~increase~~stock inoptions, ~~tax~~net ~~withholding~~of payments ~~for~~of ~~employees' net-share~~tax ~~settlement~~withholdings ofin ~~stock options~~2020.

Share Repurchase Program

During the year ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, we did not repurchase any shares of our common stock. See the discussion under “Repurchases of Shares of Common Stock” under Part II, Item 5 and “Equity” in Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 for additional information regarding share repurchases.

Credit Agreement

In May 2013, we entered into the Credit Agreement with certain lenders and Citibank, N.A. as administrative agent. The Credit Agreement originally provided for an initial $500 million five-year revolving credit facility maturing on May 3, 2018. On December 19, 2017, we entered into an amendment to the Credit Agreement that, among other things, provided for an extension of the maturity date of our then-existing senior secured revolving credit facility to December 19, 2022, which includes a $50 million sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit and a $25 million sublimit for swingline loans. In addition, the Credit Agreement includes an accordion feature that permits us to increase the revolving credit facility up to the sum of (a) the greater of $120 million and 100% of Consolidated EBITDA (as defined in the Credit Agreement) and (b) additional amounts so long as our first lien leverage ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) on a pro forma basis is not greater than 3.00:1.00, in each case subject to obtaining commitments from lenders therefor and meeting certain other conditions.

On December 19, 2017, we entered into an amendment to the Credit Agreement that, among other things, provided for an extension of the maturity date of our then-existing senior secured revolving credit facility to December 19, 2022, which includes a $50 million sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit and a $25 million sublimit for swingline loans. In addition, the Credit Agreement includes an accordion feature that permits us to increase the revolving credit facility up to the sum of (a) the greater of $120 million and 100% of Consolidated EBITDA (as defined in the Credit Agreement) and (b) additional amounts so long as our first lien leverage ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) on a pro forma basis is not greater than 3.00:1.00, in each case subject to obtaining commitments from lenders therefor and meeting certain other conditions.

The obligations and amounts due under the Credit Agreement are secured by a first security priority interest in all or substantially all of our tangible and intangible assets and our material 100% owned subsidiaries’ assets. The Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, including financial covenants, and events of default.

As of December 31, ~~2019~~2020, the outstanding principal balance under our revolving credit facility was $240.0 million.

As part of a contractual agreement with a customer, the Company has an outstanding irrevocable letter of credit for $6.5 million, which is issued against our revolving credit facility and expires June 30, ~~2020~~2021.

As of December 31, ~~2019~~2020, we were in compliance with all terms of the Credit Agreement.

See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 for additional information regarding our Credit Agreement.

Contractual Obligations

~~The following table represents the scheduled maturities of our contractual cash obligations and other commitments:~~57

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	Payments Due by Period (in thousands)
Contractual Obligations (1)	Total		Less than 1 year		1 - 3 years		3 -5 years		More than 5 years
Operating leases (2)	$	18,726	$	5,808	$	7,092	$	4,835	$	991
Revolving credit facility (3)	240,000		—		240,000		—		—
Interest expense (4)	24,027		8,171		15,856		—		—
Commitment fee (5)	1,949		653		1,296		—		—
Capital leases (6)	1,154		454		454		246		—
Letter of Credit fee (7)	53		53		—		—		—
Purchase obligations and commitments (8)	28,334		15,211		13,123		—		—
Total	$	314,243	$	30,350	$	277,821	$	5,081	$	991

The following table represents the scheduled maturities of our contractual cash obligations and other commitments:

(1)The Company has excluded long-term unrecognized tax benefits, net of interest and penalties, of $4.2 million from the amounts presented as the timing of these obligations is uncertain.


	Payments Due by Period (in thousands)
Contractual Obligations (1)	Total		Less than 1 year		1 - 3 years		3 -5 years		More than 5 years
Operating leases (2)	$	16,456	$	4,816	$	7,152	$	4,147	$	341
Revolving credit facility (3)	240,000		—		240,000		—		—
Interest expense (4)	9,811		5,546		4,265		—		—
Commitment fee (5)	1,288		651		637		—		—
Capital leases (6)	2,246		1,185		1,061		—		—
Letter of Credit fee (7)	53		53		—		—		—
Purchase obligations and commitments (8)	18,333		12,609		5,724		—		—
Total	$	288,187	$	24,860	$	258,839	$	4,147	$	341

(1)The Company has excluded long-term unrecognized tax benefits, net of interest and penalties, of $4.5 million from the amounts presented as the timing of these obligations is uncertain.

(2)Represents the future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases. See Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 for additional information regarding Leases.

(3)Represents scheduled repayments of principal on the revolving credit facility under the terms of our Credit Agreement. See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 for additional information regarding the Credit Agreement.

(4)Represents estimates of amounts due on the revolving credit facility based on the interest rate as of December 31, ~~2019~~ 2020 and on scheduled repayments of principal. See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 for additional information regarding the Credit Agreement.

(5)Represents the commitment fee due on the revolving credit facility. See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 for additional information regarding the Credit Agreement.

(6)Represents the future minimum lease payments under capital leases. See Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 for additional information regarding Leases.

(7)Represents the fees for the letter of credit issued against the revolving credit facility. See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 for additional information regarding the Credit Agreement.

(8)Represents future purchases related to outstanding purchase orders and supplier requisitions.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

The information set forth under the caption “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 is incorporated herein by reference.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

At December 31, ~~2019~~2020, we were not a party to any derivative financial instruments. We conduct most of our business in U.S. currency and have limited operations outside of the United States. As such, we do not have material foreign currency risk exposure. As we continue to grow our foreign operations, our exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk could become more significant. We are exposed to changes in interest rates, primarily with respect to our revolving credit facility under our Credit Agreement. If the effective interest rate for all of our variable rate debt were to increase by 100 basis points (1%), our annual interest expense would increase by a maximum of $2.4 million based on our debt balances outstanding at December 31, ~~2019~~2020. Further, we currently invest substantially all of our excess cash in short-term investments, primarily money market accounts, where returns effectively reflect current interest rates. As a result, market interest rate changes may impact our interest income or expense. The impact will depend on variables such as the magnitude of rate changes and the level of borrowings or excess cash balances. We do not consider this risk to be material. We manage such risk by continuing to evaluate the best investment rates available for short-term, high quality investments.

Item 8. Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The information required by Item 8 is found under Item 15 of this ~~2019~~2020 Form 10-K.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

(a)Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We are responsible for maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures

As required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act, management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, ~~2019~~2020. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by the ~~2019~~2020 Form 10-K.

(b)Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting and for the assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. As defined by Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act, internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

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Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

WeIn ~~excluded~~connection ~~Accent~~with ~~and~~the ~~VitreosHealth~~preparation ~~from~~of our ~~assessment~~annual ofconsolidated ~~internal control over~~ financial ~~reporting~~statements, asmanagement ofhas ~~December~~undertaken ~~31,~~an ~~2019~~assessment ~~because~~of the ~~Company~~effectiveness ~~acquired~~of ~~Accent~~our ininternal acontrol ~~purchase~~over ~~business~~financial ~~combination~~reporting onas of December 31, 232020, ~~2019~~based ~~and acquired VitreosHealth~~ on ~~September~~criteria ~~16,~~established ~~2019.~~in ~~Accent~~the ~~and~~Internal ~~VitreosHealth~~Control-Integrated ~~total~~Framework ~~assets~~issued ~~represented~~by ~~approximately~~COSO. ~~17%~~Management’s ~~and~~assessment ~~the~~included ~~revenues~~an ~~represented~~evaluation ~~less~~of ~~than~~the ~~1%,~~design ~~respectively,~~ of ~~the~~our ~~related~~internal ~~consolidated~~control over financial ~~statement~~reporting ~~amounts~~and testing of the ~~Company~~operational aseffectiveness of ~~and~~those ~~for~~controls. ~~the~~Based ~~year~~on ~~ended~~that ~~December 31~~assessment, ~~2019.~~we ~~The~~believe ~~scope~~that ofthe ~~management~~Company’s ~~assessment~~internal ofcontrol ~~the~~over ~~effectiveness~~financial ofreporting ~~the~~was ~~design~~effective ~~and~~based ~~operation~~on ofthose ~~the~~criteria ~~Company’s disclosure controls and procedures~~ as of December 31, ~~2019 excludes those disclosure controls and procedures of Accent and VitreosHealth that are subsumed by internal control over financial reporting~~2020.

InOur ~~connection~~independent ~~with~~registered ~~the~~public ~~preparation~~accounting offirm, ~~our~~Grant ~~annual~~Thornton LLP, audited our consolidated financial statements, ~~management~~and has ~~undertaken~~issued an ~~assessment~~attestation ofreport on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, ~~2019~~2020, ~~based~~a oncopy ~~criteria~~of ~~established~~which inis ~~the Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by COSO. Management’s assessment~~ included anwith ~~evaluation~~this of2020 ~~the~~Form ~~design of our internal control over financial reporting and testing of the operational effectiveness of those controls~~10-K. ~~Based on that assessment, we believe that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria as of December 31, 2019.~~

Our independent registered public accounting firm, Grant Thornton LLP, audited our consolidated financial statements and has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, a copy of which is included with this 2019 Form 10-K.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

(c)Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes to the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information

None.

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PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The information required by this Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference to the applicable disclosure found in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act in connection with HMS Holdings Corp.’s ~~2020~~2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders under “Proposal One: Election of Directors,” “Executive Officers,” “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports,” “Director Nomination Process,” “Additional Information—Shareholder Proposals and Director Nominations for ~~2021~~2022 Annual Meeting,” and “Board Committees and Related Matters.,” unless otherwise provided in an amendment to this 2020 Form 10-K filed within 120 days after our fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.

Our Board of Directors has adopted a Code of Conduct applicable to all of our directors, officers and employees, including all employees, officers, directors, contractors, contingent workers and business affiliates of HMS subsidiaries. The Code of Conduct is publicly available on our website under the “Investors—Corporate Governance” tab at http://investor.hms.com/corporate- governance~~.cfm~~ and can also be obtained free of charge by sending a written request to our Corporate Secretary. To the extent permissible under the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules, we intend to disclose amendments to our Code of Conduct, as well as waivers of the provisions thereof, that relate to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer, controller or persons performing similar functions on the Company’s website under the “Investors—Corporate Governance” tab at http://investor.hms.com/corporate-governance.~~cfm.~~

Item 11. Executive Compensation

The information required by this Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference to the applicable disclosure found in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act in connection with HMS Holdings Corp.’s ~~2020~~2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders under the captions “Executive Compensation,” “Director Compensation,” and “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation.,” unless otherwise provided in an amendment to this 2020 Form 10-K filed within 120 days after our fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters

Except as provided below, the information required by this Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference to the applicable disclosure found in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act in connection with HMS Holdings Corp.’s ~~2020~~2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders under the caption “Ownership of HMS Common Stock.,” unless otherwise provided in an amendment to this 2020 Form 10-K filed within 120 days after our fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.

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Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table summarizes information about our equity compensation plans as of December 31, ~~2019~~2020. For additional information about our equity compensation plans see the discussion set forth under the caption “Stock-Based Compensation” in Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8.

Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights

Weighted- average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights

Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))

Plan Category

(a)

(b)

(c)

Equity compensation plans approved by shareholders

34,~~577~~606,~~870~~737

(1)

2324.4398

97,~~289~~511,~~094~~665

Equity compensation plans not approved by shareholders

174,~~184~~693

(2)

1220.9558

—

Total

34,~~595~~611,~~054~~430

(1)This includes stock options and restricted stock units granted under our 2006 Stock Plan, 2016 Omnibus Plan and 2019 Omnibus Plan.

(2)This includes stock options granted under the 2011 HDI Plan, which was assumed in connection with our acquisition of HDI and approved by the Compensation Committee of our Board.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence

The information required by this Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference to the applicable disclosure found in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act in connection with HMS Holdings Corp.’s ~~2020~~2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders under the captions “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” and “Director Independence.,” unless otherwise provided in an amendment to this 2020 Form 10-K filed within 120 days after our fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services

The information required by this Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference to the applicable disclosure from the proposal captioned “Ratification of the Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” found in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act in connection with HMS Holdings Corp.’s ~~2020~~2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, unless otherwise provided in an amendment to this 2020 Form 10-K filed within 120 days after our fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

1.Financial Statements.

The financial statements are listed in the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements on page 5970.

2.Financial Statement Schedules.

Financial Statement Schedule II-Valuation and Qualifying Accounts is set forth on page 97106. All other financial statement schedules have been omitted as they are either not required, not applicable or the information is otherwise included.

3.Exhibits.

The Exhibits include agreements to which the Company is a party or has a beneficial interest. The agreements have been filed to provide investors with information regarding their respective terms. The agreements are not intended to provide any other actual information about the Company or its business or operations. In particular, the assertions embodied in any representations, warranties, and covenants contained in the agreements may be subject to qualifications with respect to knowledge and materiality different from those applicable to investors and may be qualified by information in confidential disclosure schedules not included with the exhibits. These disclosure schedules may contain information that modifies, qualifies and creates exceptions to the representations, warranties and covenants set forth in the agreements. Moreover, certain representations, warranties, and covenants in the agreements may have been used for the purpose of allocating risk between parties, rather than establishing matters as facts. In addition, information concerning the subject matter of the representations, warranties and covenants may have changed after the date of the respective agreement, which subsequent information may or may not be fully reflected in the Company’s public disclosures. Accordingly, investors should not rely on the representations, warranties and covenants in the agreements as characterizations of the actual state of facts about the Company or its business or operations on the date hereof.

Where an exhibit is filed by incorporation by reference to a previously filed registration statement or report, such registration statement or report is identified after the description of the exhibit.

Exhibit Number						Description
2.1						Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated ~~March~~December 1020, ~~2017~~2020, by and among ~~HMS~~Gainwell ~~Holdings~~Acquisition Corp., ~~Echo~~Mustang ~~Acquisition~~MergerCo ~~Sub,~~ Inc., ~~Eliza~~Gainwell Intermediate Holding Corp., and ~~Parthenon~~HMS ~~Investors~~Holdings ~~III, L.P., solely in its capacity as the representative for equity holders of Eliza Holding~~ Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s ~~Quarterly~~Current Report on Form 108-QK (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on ~~June~~December 628, ~~2017~~2020)
2.2.1						Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated November 20, 2019, by and between West Receivable Services, Inc. and HMS Holdings Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2.1 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on February 24, 2020)
2.2.2						Letter Agreement Amendment to the Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated December 23, 2019, by and between West Receivable Services, Inc. and HMS Holdings Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2.2 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on February 24, 2020)
3.1						Conformed copy of Certificate of Incorporation of HMS Holdings Corp., as amended through May 23, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on August 6, 2018)
3.2						Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of HMS Holdings Corp. dated May 23, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on May 25, 2018)

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Exhibit Number						Description
3.2						Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of HMS Holdings Corp. dated May 23, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on May 25, 2018)
4.1						Specimen Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/12g-3 (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on July 23, 2013)
4.2						Description of Company's Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on February 24, 2020)
10.1.1						HMS Holdings Corp. Fourth Amended and Restated 2006 Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on July 12, 2011)†
10.1.2						Amendment No. 1 to the HMS Holdings Corp. Fourth Amended and Restated 2006 Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on February 29, 2012)†
10.1.3						Form of 2013 Director Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under the 2006 Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on May 12, 2014)†
10.1.4						Form of 2014 Director Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under the 2006 Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on March 2, 2015)†
10.1.5						Form of 2015 Director Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under the 2006 Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on February 29, 2016)†
10.1.6						Form of November 2015 Executive Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under the 2006 Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on February 29, 2016)†
10.1.7						Form of 2016 Executive and Senior Vice President Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under the 2006 Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000- 50194) as filed with the SEC on May 10, 2016)†
10.1.8						Form of 2016 Executive and Senior Vice President Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2006 Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on May 10, 2016)†
10.2.1						HMS Holdings Corp. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on June 27, 2016)†
10.2.2						Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement for Employees under the 2016 Omnibus Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on November 9, 2016)†
10.2.3						Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Employees under the 2016 Omnibus Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on November 9, 2016)†
10.2.4						Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the 2016 Omnibus Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on November 9, 2016)†
10.2.5						Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the 2016 Omnibus Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on November 9, 2016)†
10.3.1						HMS Holdings Corp. 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on May 22, 2019)†
10.3.2						Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Award Notice and Agreement for Employees under the 2019 Omnibus Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on August 5, 2019)†
10.3.3						Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Award Notice and Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the 2019 Omnibus Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on August 5, 2019)†

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Exhibit Number						Description
10.3.2						Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Award Notice and Agreement for Employees under the 2019 Omnibus Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on August 5, 2019)†
10.3.3						Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Award Notice and Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the 2019 Omnibus Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on August 5, 2019)†
10.3.4						Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Notice and Agreement for Employees under the 2019 Omnibus Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on August 5, 2019)†
10.3.5						Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Notice and Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the 2019 Omnibus Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on August 5, 2019)†
10.4.1						Executive Employment Agreement, dated March 1, 2013, by and between William C. Lucia and HMS Holdings Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on March 1, 2013)†
10.4.2						Letter of Amendment to Executive Employment Agreement, dated April 30, 2013, by and between William C. Lucia and HMS Holdings Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K/A (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on April 30, 2013)†
10.4.3						Second Amendment to Executive Employment Agreement, dated January 20, 2015, by and between William C. Lucia and HMS Holdings Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on January 23, 2015)†
10.4.4						Third Amendment to Executive Employment Agreement, dated February 21, 2018, by and between William C. Lucia and HMS Holdings Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on February 23, 2018)†
10.5						Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated April 2, 2018, by and between Jeffrey S. Sherman and HMS Holdings Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on May 7, 2018)†
10.4.5						Fourth Amendment to Executive Employment Agreement, dated December 20, 2020, by and between William C. Lucia and HMS Holdings Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on December 28, 2020)†
10.6						Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated March 29, 2018, by and between Meredith W. Bjorck and HMS Holdings Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on May 7, 2018)†
10.5						Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated April 2, 2018, by and between Jeffrey S. Sherman and HMS Holdings Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on May 7, 2018)†
10.7						Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated March 29, 2018, by and between Douglas M. Williams, Jr. and HMS Holdings Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10- Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on May 7, 2018)†
10.6						Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated March 29, 2018, by and between Meredith W. Bjorck and HMS Holdings Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on May 7, 2018)†
10.8						Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated April 2, 2018, by and between Emmet O’ Gara and HMS Holdings Corp.(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on February 25, 2019)†
10.7						Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated March 29, 2018, by and between Douglas M. Williams, Jr. and HMS Holdings Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10- Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on May 7, 2018)†
10.9						Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated March 29, 2018 by and between Teresa South and HMS Holdings Corp.†
10.8						Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated April 2, 2018, by and between Emmet O’ Gara and HMS Holdings Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on February 25, 2019)†
10.10						Separation, Waiver and General Release Agreement, dated January 9, 2019, by and between Semone Neuman and HMS Holdings Corp.(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on February 25, 2019)†
10.9						Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated July 29, 2019, by and between Maria Perrin and HMS Holdings Corp.†
10.11						Form of Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on August 6, 2018)†
10.10						Form of First Amendment to Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, effective as of December 20, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on December 28, 2020)†
10.12						HMS Holdings Corp. Director Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended through June 29, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on August 9, 2016)†
10.11						Separation, Waiver and General Release Agreement, dated April 6, 2020, by and between Teresa South and HMS Holdings Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on August 10, 2020)†
10.13						HMS Holdings Corp. Annual Incentive Compensation Plan as amended and restated (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on June 27, 2016)†
10.14.1						Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated May 3, 2013, as amended by Amendment No. 1 to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of March 8, 2017, and as further amended by Amendment No. 2 to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of December 19, 2017, by and among HMS Holdings Corp., the Guarantors party thereto, the Lenders party thereto and Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on December 21, 2017)

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Exhibit Number						Description
10.14.2						Amended and Restated Security Agreement, dated December 19, 2017, by and among HMS Holdings Corp., the Subsidiary Securing Parties party thereto and Citibank, N.A., as Collateral Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on December 21, 2017)
10.12						Form of Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on August 6, 2018)†
10.15						Settlement Agreement, dated June 27, 2018, by and among Dennis Demetre, Lori Lynn Lewis Demetre, John Alfred Lewis, Christopher Brandon Lewis, and HMS Holdings Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on August 6, 2018)
10.13						HMS Holdings Corp. Director Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended through June 29, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on August 9, 2016)†
10.14						HMS Holdings Corp. Annual Incentive Compensation Plan as amended and restated (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on June 27, 2016)†
10.15						Form of Transaction Bonus Letter, effective as of December 20, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on December 28, 2020)†
10.16						HMS Holdings Corp. Retention Bonus Plan, effective as of December 20, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on December 28, 2020)†
10.17.1						Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated May 3, 2013, as amended by Amendment No. 1 to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of March 8, 2017, and as further amended by Amendment No. 2 to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of December 19, 2017, by and among HMS Holdings Corp., the Guarantors party thereto, the Lenders party thereto and Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on December 21, 2017)
10.17.2						Amended and Restated Security Agreement, dated December 19, 2017, by and among HMS Holdings Corp., the Subsidiary Securing Parties party thereto and Citibank, N.A., as Collateral Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on December 21, 2017)
10.18						Settlement Agreement, dated June 27, 2018, by and among Dennis Demetre, Lori Lynn Lewis Demetre, John Alfred Lewis, Christopher Brandon Lewis, and HMS Holdings Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50194) as filed with the SEC on August 6, 2018)
21.1						Subsidiaries of HMS Holdings Corp.
23.1						Consent of Grant Thornton LLP
31.1						Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Principal Executive Officer of HMS Holdings Corp., as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2						Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Principal Financial Officer of HMS Holdings Corp., as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1						Section 1350 Certification of the Principal Executive Officer of HMS Holdings Corp., as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*
32.2						Section 1350 Certification of the Principal Financial Officer of HMS Holdings Corp., as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*
101.INS						XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104						Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

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† Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement

* The certifications attached hereto as Exhibit 32.1 and Exhibit 32.2 are furnished with this 2019 Form 10-K and shall not be deemed “filed” by the Company for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on February 2426, ~~2020~~2021.

HMS Holdings Corp.


/s/ William C. Lucia
William C. Lucia
Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer

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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities indicated on February 2426, ~~2020~~2021.

Signature Title /s/ William C. Lucia William C. Lucia Director, Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ Jeffrey S. Sherman Jeffrey S. Sherman Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer) /s/ Greg D. Aunan Greg D. Aunan Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) /s/ Katherine Baicker Katherine Baicker Director /s/ Robert Becker Robert Becker Director /s/ Craig R. Callen Craig R. Callen Director /s/ ~~William F. Miller III William F. Miller III Director /s/~~ Jeffrey A. Rideout Jeffrey A. Rideout Director /s/ Ellen A. Rudnick Ellen A. Rudnick Director /s/ Bart M. Schwartz Bart M. Schwartz Director /s/ Richard H. Stowe Richard H. Stowe Director /s/ Cora M. Tellez Cora M. Tellez Director

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HMS HOLDINGS CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Consolidated Financial Statements:			Page Number
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm			6071
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018			65
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019			74
Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017			66
Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018			75
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017			67
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018			76
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017			68
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018			77
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements			6978
Financial Statement Schedule:
Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts			97106

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Board of Directors and Shareholders

HMS Holdings Corp.

Opinion on the financial statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of HMS Holdings Corp. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019, the related consolidated statements of income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, and the related notes and financial statement schedule included under Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, ~~2019~~2020, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), and our report dated February 24 26, ~~2020~~2021 expressed an unqualified opinion.

Change in accounting principle

As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for leases on January 1, 2019 using the optional transition method due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02: Leases (Topic 842).

Basis for opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence ~~supporting~~regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical audit ~~matters~~matter

The critical audit ~~matters~~matter communicated below ~~are~~is ~~matters~~a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that ~~were~~was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) ~~relate~~relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit ~~matters~~matter below, providing a separate ~~opinions~~opinion on the critical audit ~~matters~~matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which ~~they~~it ~~relate~~relates.

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Estimation of variable consideration for revenue transactions

As described further in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, revenue is recognized based on the types of services provided. Within the coordination of benefits and payment integrity services revenue, there is variable consideration, which relates to establishing the transaction price. We identified the estimation of variable consideration related to the transaction price as a critical audit matter.

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The principal consideration for our determination that the estimation of variable consideration for revenue transactions is a critical audit matter is that the transaction price has a high risk of estimation uncertainty due to significant management judgments, including the assumption that historical results are indicative of future activity. In turn, auditing management’s assumptions involved significant auditor judgment and subjectivity.

Our audit procedures related to the estimation of variable consideration related to the transaction price included the following, among others:

•We tested the inputs used by management in developing the expected value of the variable consideration by selecting a sample of historical expected recoveries and actual recoveries and obtaining supporting documentation for this activity. Once accuracy of the inputs was verified, we recalculated the recovery percentages used in the estimation of variable consideration.

•We tested the design and operating effectiveness of controls relating to the estimation of variable consideration as it relates to revenue recognition, including the controls related to management’s review of the inputs used in the recovery percentage.

•We compared current period recovery percentages to prior periods to identify whether there was unusual trend activity that would indicate that the usage of historical results to predict future activity was no longer reasonable.

Valuation of customer relationship in the West Claims Recovery Services, LLC business combination

As described in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company completed an acquisition which resulted in a preliminary purchase price allocation to goodwill of $81.5 million, customer relationships of $67.0 million, and other intangible assets of $1.4 million. The determination of the fair value of the intangible assets acquired required management, with the assistance of a third-party valuation specialist, to make significant estimates and assumptions including the assumed revenue growth rate, margin percentages, economic life, customer attrition rate, and discount rate. We identified the valuation of customer relationships as a critical audit matter.

The principal consideration for our determination that the valuation of customer relationships associated with the acquisition is a critical audit matter is the subjective auditor judgment required in evaluating the inputs and assumptions used by management in determining fair value. The valuation of the customer relationships is subject to higher estimation uncertainty due to management judgments in determining key assumptions that include the assumed revenue growth rate, margin percentages, economic life, customer attrition rate, and discount rate. Changes in these significant assumptions could have a significant impact on the fair value of the customer relationships.

Our audit procedures related to the valuation of customer relationships included the following, among others.

•We tested the design and operating effectiveness of controls relating to the valuation of the intangible assets and preliminary allocation of the purchase price which included management’s review of the valuation report for the completeness and accuracy of the data, and evaluating the reasonableness of assumptions used in the calculation.

•We utilized a valuation specialist to assist in evaluating the appropriateness of the Company’s valuation models developed for acquired assets and evaluating the reasonableness of significant assumptions used including the assumed economic life, customer attrition rates, and discount rate as compared to industry and market data.

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•We evaluated whether the assumptions used were reasonable by considering past performance, revenue growth rate, margin percentages, industry data, current market forecasts, and whether such assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit.

/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2017.

Dallas, Texas

February 24 26, ~~2020~~2021

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Board of Directors and Shareholders

HMS Holdings Corp.

WeOpinion ~~have audited the internal control over financial reporting of HMS Holdings Corp. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2019, based~~ on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting ~~as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO.~~

We ~~also~~ have audited, inthe ~~accordance~~internal ~~with~~control ~~the~~over ~~standards~~financial reporting of ~~the~~HMS ~~Public~~Holdings ~~Company~~Corp. ~~Accounting~~(a ~~Oversight~~Delaware ~~Board~~corporation) ~~(United~~and ~~States)~~subsidiaries (the “~~PCAOB~~Company”) as of December 31, ~~the~~2020, ~~consolidated~~based ~~financial~~on ~~statements~~criteria ofestablished in the ~~Company~~2013 asInternal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of ~~and~~Sponsoring ~~for~~Organizations of the ~~year~~Treadway ~~ended~~Commission ~~December~~(“COSO”). 31In our opinion, ~~2019~~the Company maintained, ~~and~~in ~~our~~all ~~report~~material ~~dated~~respects, ~~February~~effective 24internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, ~~expressed~~based anon ~~unqualified~~criteria ~~opinion~~established onin ~~those~~the ~~financial~~2013 ~~statements~~Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020, and our report dated February 26, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

Basis for opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting ~~(“Management’s Report”)~~. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Our audit of, and opinion on, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting does not include the internal control over financial reporting of VitreosHealth, Inc. and West Claims Recovery Services, LLC (“Accent”), wholly-owned subsidiaries whose financial statements reflect total assets and revenues constituting 17 and 1 percent, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019. As indicated in Management’s Report, VitreosHealth, Inc. and Accent were acquired during 2019. Management’s assertion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting excluded internal control over financial reporting of VitreosHealth, Inc. and Accent.

Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

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/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

Dallas, Texas

February 24 26, ~~2020~~2021

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HMS HOLDINGS CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

	December 31,2019		December 31,2018
	December 31,2020		December 31,2019
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	~~139~~207,~~268~~124	$	~~178~~139,~~946~~268
Accounts receivable, net	~~223~~265,~~443~~717		~~206~~223,~~772~~443
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	3026,~~925~~332		2030,~~210~~925
Income tax receivable	~~3,210~~—		183,~~817~~210
Deferred financing costs, net	564		564
Total current assets	~~397~~499,~~410~~737		~~425~~397,~~309~~410
Property and equipment, net	8681,~~947~~539		9486,~~435~~947
Goodwill	~~599~~594,~~351~~561		~~487~~599,~~617~~351
Intangible assets, net	~~131~~117,~~849~~193		67131,~~140~~849
Operating lease right-of-use assets	1714,~~493~~428		—17,493
Deferred financing costs, net	~~1,109~~545		1,~~673~~109
Other assets	1021,~~117~~674		210,~~344~~117
Total assets	$	1,~~244~~329,~~276~~677	$	1,~~078~~244,~~518~~276
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	$	9796,~~747~~322	$	7497,~~902~~747
Liability for appeals	36,~~570~~047		213,~~723~~570
Total current liabilities	~~101~~102,~~317~~369		96101,~~625~~317
Long-term liabilities:
Revolving credit facility	240,000		240,000
Operating lease liabilities	1411,~~881~~991		—14,881
Net deferred tax liabilities	2518,~~587~~906		1825,~~485~~587
Other liabilities	78,~~626~~082		107,~~012~~626
Total long-term liabilities	~~288~~278,~~094~~979		~~268~~288,~~497~~094
Total liabilities	~~389~~381,~~411~~348		~~365~~389,~~122~~411
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders' equity:
Preferred stock -- $0.01 par value; 5,000,000 shares authorized; none issued	—		—
Common stock -- $0.01 par value; 175,000,000 shares authorized; 101,766,468 shares issued and 88,103,566 shares outstanding at December 31,2019; 98,924,501 shares issued and 85,261,664 shares outstanding at December 31, 2018	1,018		989
Common stock -- $0.01 par value; 175,000,000 shares authorized; 102,249,981 shares issued and 88,586,787 shares outstanding at December 31,2020; 101,766,468 shares issued and 88,103,566 shares outstanding at December 31, 2019	1,022		1,018
Capital in excess of par value	~~479~~503,~~964~~275		~~425~~479,~~748~~964
Retained earnings	~~509~~579,~~459~~608		~~422~~509,~~235~~459
Treasury stock, at cost: 13,663,194 shares at December 31, 2019 and 13,663,194 shares at December 31, 2018	(135,576)		(135,576)
Treasury stock, at cost: 13,663,194 shares at December 31, 2020 and 2019	(135,576)		(135,576)
Total shareholders' equity	~~854~~948,~~865~~329		~~713~~854,~~396~~865
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	1,~~244~~329,~~276~~677	$	1,~~078~~244,~~518~~276

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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HMS HOLDINGS CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

Year Ended December 31,

Years ended December 31,

2019

2018

2017

2020

2019

2018

Revenue

~~626~~673,~~395~~283

~~598~~626,~~290~~395

~~521~~598,~~212~~290

Cost of services:

Compensation

~~231~~261,~~321~~199

~~224~~231,~~893~~321

~~202~~224,~~049~~893

Direct project and other operating expenses

9096,~~069~~182

7490,~~346~~069

6974,~~772~~346

Information technology

5361,~~950~~433

53,~~428~~950

4553,~~723~~428

Occupancy

16,~~375~~528

1516,~~968~~375

1715,~~190~~968

Amortization of acquisition related software and intangible assets

1621,~~999~~964

3216,~~975~~999

3032,~~393~~975

Total cost of services

~~408~~457,~~714~~306

~~401~~408,~~610~~714

~~365~~401,~~127~~610

Selling, general and administrative expenses

~~114~~122,~~665~~750

~~113~~114,~~442~~665

~~105~~113,~~654~~442

Settlement expense

—

~~20,000~~—

—20,000

Total operating expenses

~~523~~580,~~379~~056

~~535~~523,~~052~~379

~~470~~535,~~781~~052

Operating income

~~103~~93,~~016~~227

63103,~~238~~016

5063,~~431~~238

Interest expense

(117,~~013~~586)

(11,~~310~~013)

(1011,~~871~~310)

Interest income

~~4,148~~271

14,~~089~~148

~~295~~1,089

Other income

81,~~211~~358

—8,211

—

Income before income taxes

~~104~~87,~~362~~270

53104,~~017~~362

3953,~~855~~017

Income taxes

17,~~138~~121

(117,~~972)~~138

(~~199~~1,972)

Net income

8770,~~224~~149

5487,~~989~~224

4054,~~054~~989

Basic income per common share:

Net income per common share — basic

10.0079

01.6600

0.4866

Diluted income per common share:

Net income per common share — diluted

0.9878

0.6498

0.4764

Weighted average shares:

Basic

8788,~~222~~438

8387,~~625~~222

83,~~821~~625

Diluted

8990,~~317~~081

8689,~~144~~317

8586,~~088~~144

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements

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HMS HOLDINGS CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Year Ended December 31,

Years ended December 31,

2019

2018

2017

2020

2019

2018

Common Stock and paid-in capital

Balance, beginning of period

~~426~~480,~~737~~982

~~369~~426,~~686~~737

~~345~~369,~~984~~686

Exercise of stock options

392,~~332~~779

3839,~~362~~332

238,~~720~~362

Stock-based compensation expense

2124,~~901~~044

21,~~507~~901

2421,~~143~~507

Vesting of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for employee tax

(63,~~988~~508)

(26,~~818~~988)

(32,~~161~~818)

Balance, end of period

~~480~~504,~~982~~297

~~426~~480,~~737~~982

~~369~~426,~~686~~737

Retained earnings

Balance, beginning of period

~~422~~509,~~235~~459

~~366~~422,~~164~~235

~~326~~366,~~110~~164

Net income

8770,~~224~~149

5487,~~989~~224

4054,~~054~~989

Cumulative effect of accounting changes

—

~~1,082~~—

—1,082

Balance, end of period

~~509~~579,~~459~~608

~~422~~509,~~235~~459

~~366~~422,~~164~~235

Treasury stock

Balance, beginning of period

(135,576)

(~~129~~135,~~621~~576)

(~~115~~129,~~484~~621)

Purchase of treasury stock

—

~~(5,955)~~—

(145,~~137~~955)

Balance, end of period

(135,576)

(~~129~~135,~~621~~576)

Total shareholders' equity

~~854~~948,~~865~~329

~~713~~854,~~396~~865

~~606~~713,~~229~~396

Shares issued

Balance, beginning of period

98101,~~924~~766,~~501~~468

9698,~~536~~924,~~251~~501

9596,~~966~~536,~~852~~251

Exercise of stock options

2160,~~435,648~~726

2,~~017~~435,~~442~~648

~~172~~2,~~326~~017,442

Vesting of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for employee tax

~~406~~322,~~319~~787

~~370~~406,~~808~~319

~~397~~370,~~073~~808

Balance, end of period

~~101~~102,~~766~~249,~~468~~981

98101,~~924~~766,~~501~~468

9698,~~536~~924,~~251~~501

Treasury Stock

Balance, beginning of period

13,663,194

13,~~279~~663,~~393~~194

1213,~~414~~279,~~078~~393

Purchase of treasury stock

—

~~383,801~~—

~~865~~383,~~315~~801

Balance, end of period

13,663,194

13,~~279~~663,~~393~~194

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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HMS HOLDINGS CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

	Year Ended December 31,
	Years ended December 31,
	2019		2018		2017
	2020		2019		2018
Operating activities:
Net income	$	8770,~~224~~149	$	5487,~~989~~224	$	4054,~~054~~989
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment and software	3332,~~293~~104		33,~~254~~293		2733,~~724~~254
Amortization of intangible assets	914,~~691~~656		249,~~342~~691		2224,~~555~~342
Amortization of deferred financing costs	564		564		~~2,258~~564
Gain on sale of cost basis investment	~~(7,697)~~—		—(7,697)		—
Stock-based compensation expense	2124,~~901~~044		21,~~507~~901		2421,~~143~~507
Deferred income taxes	7(6,~~290~~681)		(37,~~504)~~290		(203,~~409~~504)
Noncash lease expense	43,~~133~~065		—4,133		—
Change in fair value of contingent consideration	—		~~(35)~~—		(~~2,865~~35)
Release of estimated liability for appeals, net	~~(10,478)~~—		(810,~~436~~478)		—(8,436)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(1639,~~292~~977)		(1716,~~312~~292)		(617,~~976~~312)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	~~(10~~4,~~487)~~593		(210,~~785~~487)		(12,~~298~~785)
Other assets	(28,~~173~~169)		~~245~~(2,173)		~~124~~245
Income taxes receivable / (payable)	15,607		(16,925)		1,462
Income taxes receivable / payable	9,790		15,607		(16,925)
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	(4,~~744~~677)		114,~~181~~744		~~(340)~~11,181
Operating lease liabilities	(52,~~315~~890)		—(5,315)		—
Liability for appeals	12,~~227~~477		~~(628)~~1,227		32(628)
Net cash provided by operating activities	~~133~~99,~~232~~048		96133,~~457~~232		8696,~~464~~457
Investing activities:
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired	~~(185~~1,~~790)~~529		—(185,790)		~~(171,321)~~—
Proceeds from sale of cost basis investment	~~9,776~~—		—9,776		—
Investment in common stock	(73,~~421~~388)		—(7,421)		—
Purchases of property and equipment	(811,~~276~~253)		(118,~~264~~276)		(1711,~~318~~264)
Investment in capitalized software	(1316,~~348~~636)		(1913,~~149~~348)		(1519,~~725~~149)
Net cash used in investing activities	(~~205~~29,~~059~~748)		(30205,~~413~~059)		(~~204~~30,~~364~~413)
Financing activities:
Proceeds from credit facility	—		—		42,204
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	2,779		39,332		38,362
Payments for deferred financing costs	—		—		(2,269)
Payments of tax withholdings on behalf of employees for net-share settlements	(3,508)		(6,988)		(2,818)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	39,332		38,362		2,720
Payments on capital lease obligations	(715)		(195)		—
Payments of tax withholdings on behalf of employees for net-share settlements	(6,988)		(2,818)		(3,161)
Purchases of treasury stock	—		—		(5,955)
Payments on capital lease obligations	(195)		—		(143)
Net cash (used in)/provided by financing activities	(1,444)		32,149		29,589
Purchases of treasury stock	—		(5,955)		(14,137)
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	67,856		(39,678)		95,633
Net cash provided by financing activities	32,149		29,589		25,214
Net (decrease)/increase in cash and cash equivalents	(39,678)		95,633		(92,686)
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	~~178~~139,~~946~~268		83178,~~313~~946		~~175~~83,~~999~~313
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	~~139~~207,~~268~~124	$	~~178~~139,~~946~~268	$	83178,~~313~~946
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash (refunds received)/paid for income taxes, net of refunds	$	(5,298)	$	22,225	$	17,995
Cash paid for income taxes/(refunds received), net of refunds	$	13,734	$	(5,298)	$	22,225
Cash paid for interest	$	105,~~457~~928	$	10,~~326~~457	$	910,~~944~~326
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activities:
Change in balance of accrued property and equipment purchases	$	(1,~~303)~~193	$	(1,~~305~~303)	$	511,305

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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HMS HOLDINGS CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(a)Business

The terms “HMS,” “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to HMS Holdings Corp. and its consolidated subsidiaries unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. HMS is an industry-leading provider of cost containment and analytical solutions in the healthcare marketplace. Our mission is to make healthcare work better for everyone. We use data, technology, analytics and ~~analytics~~in-house expertise to deliver coordination of benefits (“COB”), payment integrity (“PI”) and population health management (“PHM”) solutions that help healthcare organizations reduce costs, improve health outcomes and ~~enhance~~drive ~~consumer~~the ~~experiences~~value of healthcare. We provide a broad range of payment accuracy solutions to government and commercial healthcare payers, including coordination of ~~benefit~~benefits services, to ensure that the right payer pays the claim, and payment integrity services tothat ~~address~~identify ~~improper~~and ~~payments~~correct ~~and~~improper ~~fraud,~~healthcare ~~waste~~billings and ~~abuse~~payments. Our population health management solutions include a multi-layered integrated portfolio of ~~integrated~~ risk analytics, ~~consumer~~ engagement and care management solutions that provide healthcare organizations ~~with~~the ~~reliable~~tools ~~intelligence~~to ~~insight~~address ~~into~~the ~~their~~needs ~~population~~of ~~and~~the ~~member~~whole ~~risks~~person ~~to predict, identify~~ and ~~avoid~~improve ~~preventable~~the ~~high~~quality, cost, ~~events~~experience ~~over~~and ~~the~~outcomes ~~healthcare~~of ~~continuum~~their entire population. Through our solutions, we ~~help~~ move ~~the~~ healthcare ~~system~~ forward by saving billions of healthcare dollars ~~for our customers~~ while helping consumers lead healthier lives. We currently operate as one business segment with a single management team that reports to the Chief Executive Officer.

Proposed Transaction with Gainwell

On December 20, 2020, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with Gainwell Acquisition Corp. (“Gainwell”), Mustang MergerCo Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of Gainwell (“Merger Sub”) and Gainwell Intermediate Holding Corp. The Merger Agreement provides that, upon the terms and subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions set forth therein, Merger Sub will merge with and into HMS, with HMS continuing as the surviving corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of Gainwell (the “Merger”). Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, which has been unanimously approved by the HMS Board of Directors, HMS shareholders will receive $37.00 in cash per share.

The Merger Agreement includes customary representations, warranties and covenants. The consummation of the Merger is subject to customary closing conditions, including, among others, the adoption of the Merger Agreement by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the shares of HMS's common stock outstanding and entitled to vote as well as the satisfaction of other customary closing conditions. The Merger is not conditioned upon receipt of financing by Gainwell. We cannot predict with certainty, however, whether and when all of the required closing conditions will be satisfied or if the Merger will close at all. Under certain specified circumstances, HMS may be required to pay Gainwell a termination fee of $67,392,807 if the Merger Agreement is terminated under certain circumstances.

The terms of the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby are more fully described in the full text of the Merger Agreement, which is included as Exhibit 2.1 to this 2020 Form 10-K.

(b)Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

For certain accounting topics, the description of the accounting policy may be found in the related Note.

(i)Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the Company’s accounts and transactions and those of the Company’s wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

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(ii)Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

(iii)Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist of deposits that are readily convertible into cash.

In connection with coordination of benefits and certain payment integrity services, lockboxes and their associated bank accounts are set up to support recoveries and remittances. Generally, these bank accounts are for the benefit of the Company’s customers. Customer cash held in Company bank accounts for the benefit of the customer was approximately $13.6 million and $21.9 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. This amount is included in cash and cash equivalents and other current liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.

(iv)Concentration of Credit Risk

The Company’s policy is to limit credit exposure by placing cash in accounts which are exposed to minimal interest rate and credit risk. HMS maintains cash and cash equivalents in cash depository accounts with large financial institutions with a minimum credit rating of A1/P1 or better, as defined by Standard and Poor’s. The balance at these institutions generally exceeds the maximum balance insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation of up to $250,000 per entity. HMS has not experienced any losses in cash and cash equivalents and believes these cash and cash equivalents do not expose the Company to any significant credit risk.

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institutions with a minimum credit rating of A1/P1 or better, as defined by Standard and Poor’s. The balance at these institutions generally exceeds the maximum balance insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation of up to $250,000 per entity. HMS has not experienced any losses in cash and cash equivalents and believes these cash and cash equivalents do not expose the Company to any significant credit risk.

The Company is subject to potential credit risk related to changes in economic conditions within the healthcare market. However, HMS believes that the billing and collection policies are adequate to minimize the potential credit risk. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of customers and generally does not require collateral.

(v)Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is provided over the estimated useful lives of the assets utilizing the straight-line method. HMS amortizes leasehold improvements on a straight-line basis over the shorter of (i) the term of the lease or (ii) the estimated useful life of the improvement. Equipment leased under capital leases is depreciated over the shorter of (i) the term of the lease or (ii) the estimated useful life of the equipment. Capitalized software costs relate to software that is acquired or developed for internal use while in the application development stage. All other costs to develop software for internal use, either in the preliminary project stage or post-implementation stage, are expensed as incurred. Amortization of capitalized software is calculated on a straight-line basis over the expected economic life. Land is not depreciated.

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Estimated useful lives are as follows:


Property and Equipment	Useful Life (in years)
Equipment	2	to	5
Leasehold improvements	5	to	10
Furniture and fixtures		5
Capitalized software	3	to	10
Building and building improvements		up to 39

Property and equipment is reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. When indicators exist, recoverability of assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying value of the asset group to the estimated undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized and charged to earnings is measured by the amount by which the carrying value of the asset group exceeds the fair value of the assets. The Company did not recognize any impairment charges related to property and equipment during the years ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, ~~2018~~2019 or ~~2017~~2018.

(vi)Intangible Assets

The Company records assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination based upon their acquisition date fair values. In most instances there is not a readily defined or listed market price for individual assets and liabilities acquired in connection with a business, including intangible assets. The Company determines fair value through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values, relief from royalty methodologies, multi-period and third party independent appraisals, as considered necessary. Significant assumptions used in those techniques include, but are not limited to, growth rates, discount rates, customer attrition rates, expected levels of revenues, earnings, cash flows and tax rates. The use of different valuation techniques and assumptions are highly subjective and inherently uncertain and, as a result, actual results may differ materially from estimates.

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All of the Company’s intangible assets are subject to amortization and are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated period of benefit. Estimated useful lives are as follows:


Intangible Assets	Useful Life (in years)
Customer relationships	7	to	15
Restrictive covenants	1	to	3
Trade names	1.5	to	7
Intellectual property	4	to	6

Intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. When indicators exist, recoverability of assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying value of the asset group to the estimated undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized and charged to earnings is measured by the amount by which the carrying value of the asset group exceeds the fair value of the assets. The Company did not recognize any impairment charges related to intangible assets during the years ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, ~~2018~~2019 or ~~2017~~2018.

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(vii) Goodwill

Goodwill is the excess of acquisition costs over the fair values of assets and liabilities of acquired businesses. During the measurement period, which is up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to earnings.

The Company assesses goodwill for impairment on an annual basis as of June 30th of each year or more frequently if an event occurs or changes in circumstances would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Assessment of goodwill impairment is at the HMS Holdings Corp. entity level as the Company operates as a single reporting unit. The Company has the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine if impairment is more likely than not to have occurred. When the qualitative assessment of goodwill impairment is performed, significant judgment is required in the assessment of qualitative factors including but not limited to an evaluation of macroeconomic conditions as they relate to our business, industry and market trends, as well as the overall future financial performance of our reporting units and future opportunities in the markets in which they operate. If the Company can support the conclusion that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount using the qualitative assessment, then the Company would not need to perform the two-step impairment test. If the Company cannot support such a conclusion, or the Company does not elect to perform the qualitative assessment, then the first step of the goodwill impairment test is used to identify potential impairment by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. The Company completed the annual impairment test as of June 30, ~~2019~~2020 using the qualitative assessment and determined no impairment existed. There were no impairment charges related to goodwill during the years ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, ~~2018~~2019 or ~~2017~~2018.

(viii) Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. This method also requires the recognition of future tax benefits for net operating loss carry-forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized as income or expense in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is provided against deferred tax assets to the extent their realization is not more likely than not. Uncertain income tax positions are accounted for by prescribing a minimum recognition threshold that a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the financial statements. Although the Company believes that it has adequately reserved for uncertain tax positions (including interest and penalties), it can provide no assurance that the final tax outcome of these matters will not be materially different. The Company makes adjustments to these reserves in accordance with the income tax accounting guidance when facts and circumstances change, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made, and could have a material impact on our financial condition and operating results.

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allowance is provided against deferred tax assets to the extent their realization is not more likely than not. Uncertain income tax positions are accounted for by prescribing a minimum recognition threshold that a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the financial statements. Although the Company believes that it has adequately reserved for uncertain tax positions (including interest and penalties), it can provide no assurance that the final tax outcome of these matters will not be materially different. The Company makes adjustments to these reserves in accordance with the income tax accounting guidance when facts and circumstances change, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made, and could have a material impact on our financial condition and operating results.

(ix) Expense Classifications

HMS cost of services is presented in the categories set forth below. Each category within cost of services excludes expenses relating to selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") functions, which are presented separately as a component of total operating costs. A description of the primary expenses included in each category is as follows:

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Cost of Services:

▪Compensation: Salary, fringe benefits, bonus and stock-based compensation.

▪Information technology: Hardware, software and data communication costs.

▪Occupancy: Rent, utilities, depreciation, office equipment and repair and maintenance costs.

▪Direct project and other operating expenses: Variable costs incurred from third party providers that are directly associated with specific revenue generating projects and employee travel expenses, professional fees, temporary staffing, travel and entertainment, insurance and local and property tax costs.

▪Amortization of acquisition related software and intangible assets: Amortization of the cost of acquisition related software and intangible assets.

SG&A:

▪Expenses related to general management, marketing and administrative activities.

(x) Estimating Valuation Allowances and Accrued Liabilities

The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amount of revenue and expenses during the reported period. In particular, management must make estimates of the probability of collecting accounts receivable. When evaluating the adequacy of the accounts receivable allowance, management reviews the accounts receivable based on an analysis of historical revenue adjustments, bad debts, customer concentrations, customer credit-worthiness, current economic trends and changes in customer payment terms. As of December 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019, the accounts receivable balance was $~~223~~265.47 million and $~~206~~223.84 million, respectively, net of adjustments. Adjustments to the accounts receivable balance include revenue recognition related adjustments, such as customer discounts, and allowance for credit related losses. The allowance for credit related losses was not material to the financial statements as of December 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019.

(xi) Stock-Based Compensation

Long-Term Incentive Award Plans

The Company grants stock options and restricted stock units to HMS employees and non-employee directors of the Company under the HMS Holdings Corp. 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2019 Omnibus Plan”), as approved by the Company’s shareholders on May 22, 2019. The 2019 Omnibus Plan replaced and superseded the HMS Holdings Corp. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan. As of December 31, 2020, the number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans, excluding securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options and vesting of restricted stock units, was 7,511,665 shares. All of the Company’s employees as well as HMS non-employee directors are eligible to participate in the 2019 Omnibus Plan. Awards granted under the 2019 Omnibus Plan generally vest over one to four years. Subject to certain exceptions, the exercise price of stock options granted under the 2019 Omnibus Plan may not be less than the fair market value of a share of stock on the grant date, which is determined based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market and the term of a stock option may not exceed ten years.

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the Company’s shareholders on May 22, 2019. The 2019 Omnibus Plan replaced and superseded the HMS Holdings Corp. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan. As of December 31, 2019, the number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans, excluding securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options and vesting of restricted stock units, was 9,289,094 shares. All of the Company’s employees as well as HMS non-employee directors are eligible to participate in the 2019 Omnibus Plan. Awards granted under the 2019 Omnibus Plan generally vest over one to four years. Subject to certain exceptions, the exercise price of stock options granted under the 2019 Omnibus Plan may not be less than the fair market value of a share of stock on the grant date, which is determined based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market and the term of a stock option may not exceed ten years. Prior to 2018, the Company granted two types of equity awards: 1) equity awards with service conditions and 2) equity awards with market and service conditions. The market condition is based on the Company’s common stock price during the applicable measurement period. In 2019 and 2018, the Company only issued equity awards with service conditions.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense equal to the grant date fair value of the award on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.

The fair value of each option grant with only service-based conditions is estimated using the Black-Scholes pricing model. The fair value of each option grant with market and service-based conditions is estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The fair value of each restricted stock unit is calculated based on the closing sale price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date.82

~~The~~Table ~~determination~~ of the fair value of the options on the grant date using the Black-Scholes pricing model and/or the Monte Carlo simulation model is affected by the Company’s stock price, as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. Certain key variables include: the Company’s expected stock price volatility over the expected term of the awards; a risk-free interest rate; and any expected dividends. The Company estimates stock price volatility based on the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock and estimates the expected term of the awards based on the Company’s historical option exercises for similar types of stock option awards. The assumed risk-free interest rate is based on the yield on the measurement date of a zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bond with a maturity period equal to the option’s expected term. The Company does not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future and therefore, uses an expected dividend yield of zero in the option valuation models. The fair value of all awards also includes an estimate of expected forfeitures. Forfeitures are estimated based on historical experience. If actual forfeitures vary from estimates, a difference in compensation expense will be recognized in the period the actual forfeitures occur. Upon the exercise of stock options or the vesting of restricted stock units, the resulting excess tax benefits or deficiencies, if any, are recognized as income tax expense or benefit.Contents

The fair value of each option grant with only service-based conditions is estimated using the Black-Scholes pricing model. The fair value of each restricted stock unit is calculated based on the closing sale price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date.

The determination of the fair value of the options on the grant date using the Black-Scholes pricing model is affected by the Company’s stock price, as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. Certain key variables include: the Company’s expected stock price volatility over the expected term of the awards; a risk-free interest rate; and any expected dividends. The Company estimates stock price volatility based on the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock and estimates the expected term of the awards based on the Company’s historical option exercises for similar types of stock option awards. The assumed risk-free interest rate is based on the yield on the measurement date of a zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bond with a maturity period equal to the option’s expected term. The Company does not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future and therefore, uses an expected dividend yield of zero in the option valuation models. The fair value of all awards also includes an estimate of expected forfeitures. Forfeitures are estimated based on historical experience. If actual forfeitures vary from estimates, a difference in compensation expense will be recognized in the period the actual forfeitures occur. Upon the exercise of stock options or the vesting of restricted stock units, the resulting excess tax benefits or deficiencies, if any, are recognized as income tax expense or benefit.

(xii) Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Financial instruments are categorized into a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). If the inputs used to measure fair value fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the category level is based on the lowest priority level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument. In the event the fair value is not readily available or determinable, the financial instrument is carried at cost and referred to as a cost method investment. The fair value hierarchy is as follows:

▪Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets;

▪Level 2: Inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and

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▪Level 3: Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.

Financial instruments (principally cash and cash equivalents, equity securities, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses) are carried at cost, which approximates fair value due to the short-term maturity of these instruments. The Company’s long-term credit facility is carried at cost, which approximates fair value due to the variable interest rate associated with the revolving credit facility.

There were no sales, settlements, purchases, issuances and/or transfers related to level 3 instruments in ~~2019~~2020 or ~~2018~~2019.

(xiii) Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are reported on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet within Operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets, Operating lease liabilities and Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities. Finance leases are reported on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets within Other assets, Other liabilities and Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities.

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Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use the Company’s incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease’s commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred. The lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For certain real estate and equipment leases, the Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are generally accounted for as a single component.

The Company primarily leases real estate, information technology equipment and data centers on terms that expire on various dates through 2026, some of which include options to extend the lease for up to 10 years. We evaluate whether to include the option period in the calculation of the ROU asset and lease liability on a lease-by-lease basis. As of December 31, ~~2019~~2020, all operating and finance leases that create significant rights and obligations for the Company have commenced.

(xiv) Recent Accounting Guidance

Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2014-9, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-9”), which is the new comprehensive revenue recognition standard that supersedes all existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP. The Company adopted ASU 2014-9 on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method and the Company recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying the new revenue standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. The financial information for comparative prior periods has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. The effect of adopting ASU 2014-9 in 2018 as compared with the guidance that was in effect before the change is immaterial. The Company’s internal control framework did not materially change, but existing internal controls were modified due to certain changes to business processes and systems to support the new revenue recognition standard as necessary. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

74In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”). ASU 2016-02 requires most lessees to recognize a majority of the company’s leases on the balance sheet, which increases reported assets and liabilities. ASU 2016-02 was subsequently amended by ASU No. 2018-01, Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842; ASU No. 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases; and ASU No. 2018-11, Targeted Improvements. The new standard establishes a ROU model that requires a lessee to recognize a ROU asset and lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with a term longer than 12 months. Leases are classified as finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in the income statement. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 including interim periods within such annual reporting periods with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2019, utilizing the optional transition method approach with an effective date of January 1, 2019. Consequently, financial information prior to the effective date was not updated and the disclosures required under the new standard are not provided for dates and periods prior to the effective date. There were no cumulative effect adjustments to retained earnings as part of adoption. The Company elected the available practical expedients, including the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components of its leases and the short-term lease practical expedient. The Company’s internal control framework did not materially change, but existing internal controls were modified due to certain changes to business processes and systems to support the new leasing standard as necessary. As the Company previously disclosed, the standard had a material impact on its consolidated balance sheets, the most significant impact being the recognition of

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Inapproximately ~~August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No~~$21.3 million ~~2016-15, Statements~~ of ~~Cash~~ROU ~~Flows~~assets ~~(Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts~~ and ~~Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”)~~$26.3 million ~~ASU~~of ~~2016-15~~lease ~~clarifies~~liabilities ~~where~~on ~~certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in~~ the ~~statement of cash flows. The amendments are~~ effective ~~for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15~~date, ~~2017,~~but ~~and~~there ~~for~~was ~~interim~~no ~~reporting~~impact ~~periods within such annual periods. The Company adopted this guidance~~ on ~~January~~its ~~1, 2018. The adoption of this guidance in 2018 did not have a material effect on the Company’s~~ consolidated ~~financial~~income statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-1, Business Combinations (Topic 805) – Clarifying the Definition of a Business (“ASU 2017-1”). ASU 2017-1 finalizes previous proposals regarding shareholder concerns that the definition of a business is applied too broadly. The guidance assists entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions of assets or of businesses. The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those periods. The Company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2018. The adoption of this guidance in 2018 did not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-9, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting, (“ASU 2017-9”). ASU 2017-9 requires entities to apply modification accounting to changes made to a share-based payment award. The new guidance specifies that entities will apply modification accounting to changes to a share-based payment award only if any of the following are not the same immediately before and after the change: 1) The award’s fair value (or calculated value or intrinsic value, if those measurement methods are used), 2) the award’s vesting conditions, and 3) the award’s classification as an equity or liability instrument. ASU 2017-9 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within such annual periods, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2018. The adoption of this guidance in 2018 did not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-4, Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-4”). This amendment simplifies the manner in which an entity is required to test for goodwill impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Step 2 measures goodwill impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of a reporting unit’s goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. The amendment simplifies this approach by having the entity (1) perform its annual or interim goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, and (2) recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, with the understanding that the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The Company elected to early adopt the new guidance in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2018. The adoption of this guidance in 2018 did not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

On August 17, 2018, the SEC issued SEC Final Rule Release No. 33-10532, Disclosure Update and Simplification (“Final Rule”). The Final Rule amends certain disclosure requirements to facilitate the disclosure of information to investors and simplify compliance without significantly altering the total mix of information provided to investors. The Final Rule was effective for public entities that are SEC filers on November 5, 2018. The adoption of this guidance in 2018 did not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”). ASU 2016-02 requires most lessees to recognize a majority of the company’s leases on the balance sheet, which increases reported assets and liabilities. ASU 2016-02 was subsequently amended by ASU No. 2018-01, Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842; ASU No. 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases; and ASU No. 2018-11, Targeted Improvements. The new standard establishes a ROU model that requires a lessee to recognize a ROU asset and lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with a term longer than 12 months. Leases are classified as finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense

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recognition in the income statement. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 including interim periods within such annual reporting periods with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2019, utilizing the optional transition method approach with an effective date of January 1, 2019. Consequently, financial information prior to the effective date was not updated and the disclosures required under the new standard are not provided for dates and periods prior to the effective date. There were no cumulative effect adjustments to retained earnings as part of adoption. The Company elected the available practical expedients, including the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components of its leases and the short-term lease practical expedient. The Company’s internal control framework did not materially change, but existing internal controls were modified due to certain changes to business processes and systems to support the new leasing standard as necessary. As the Company previously disclosed, the standard had a material impact on its consolidated balance sheets, the most significant impact being the recognition of approximately $21.3 million of ROU assets and $26.3 million of lease liabilities on the effective date, but there was no impact on its consolidated income statements. The Company continues to expect that any impact from its adoption of the new standard will be immaterial to its net income and its internal control framework for future periods.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718) – Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting, (“ASU 2018-07”). ASU 2018-07 requires entities to apply similar accounting for share-based payment transactions with non-employees as with share-based payment transactions with employees. ASU 2018-07 is effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2019. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

~~Recent~~In ~~Accounting~~June ~~Guidance~~2016, ~~Not~~the ~~Yet~~FASB ~~Adopted~~issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 introduces the current expected credit losses methodology for estimating allowances for credit losses. ASU 2016-13 applies to all financial instruments carried at amortized cost and off-balance-sheet credit exposures not accounted for as insurance, including loan commitments, standby letters of credit, and financial guarantees. The new accounting standard does not apply to trading assets, loans held for sale, financial assets for which the fair value option has been elected, or loans and receivables between entities under common control. ASU 2016-13 is effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2020. When developing an estimate of the Company's expected credit losses, the Company considers all relevant information regarding the collectability of cash flows including historical information, customers' credit history and current financial conditions, industry trends and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions over the contractual life of the receivable. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In ~~June~~August ~~2016~~2018, the FASB issued ASU ~~No. 2016~~2018-1315, ~~Financial~~Intangibles ~~Instruments~~- –Goodwill ~~Credit~~and ~~Losses~~Other ~~(“ASU 2016~~-~~13”).~~ ~~ASU~~Internal ~~2016-13~~Use ~~introduces~~Software ~~the~~(Subtopic ~~current~~350-40): ~~expected~~Customer's ~~credit~~Accounting ~~losses methodology~~ for ~~estimating~~Implementation ~~allowances~~Costs ~~for~~Incurred ~~credit~~in ~~losses.~~a ~~ASU~~Cloud ~~2016-13~~Computing ~~applies~~Arrangement toThat ~~all~~Is ~~financial~~a ~~instruments~~Service ~~carried~~Contract at("ASU ~~amortized cost and off~~2018-~~balance-sheet~~15"). ~~credit~~The ~~exposures~~standard ~~not~~aligns ~~accounted~~the requirements for ascapitalizing ~~insurance,~~implementation ~~including~~costs ~~loan~~incurred ~~commitments,~~in ~~standby~~a ~~letters~~hosting ofarrangement ~~credit,~~that ~~and~~is ~~financial~~a ~~guarantees.~~service ~~The~~contract ~~new~~with ~~accounting~~the ~~standard~~requirements ~~does not apply to trading assets, loans held~~ for ~~sale,~~capitalizing ~~financial~~implementation ~~assets~~costs ~~for~~incurred ~~which~~to ~~the~~develop ~~fair value option has been elected,~~ or ~~loans~~obtain ~~and~~internal ~~receivables~~use ~~between entities under common control~~software. ASU ~~2016~~2018-1315 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, ~~including~~and interim periods within those fiscal years. ~~Early~~The ~~adoption~~Company isadopted ~~permitted~~this guidance on January 1, 2020. ~~This~~The ~~guidance~~adoption isof ~~not~~this ~~expected~~guidance todid not have a material ~~impact~~effect on the Company’s consolidated financial ~~position, results of operations or internal control framework~~statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-1513, ~~Intangibles~~Fair -Value ~~Goodwill~~Measurement ~~and Other - Internal Use Software~~ (~~Subtopic~~Topic ~~350-40~~820): ~~Customer's~~Disclosure ~~Accounting~~Framework ~~for~~- ~~Implementation~~Changes ~~Costs~~to ~~Incurred~~the inDisclosure aRequirements ~~Cloud~~for ~~Computing~~Fair ~~Arrangement~~Value ~~That~~Measurements ~~Is a Service Contract~~ ("ASU 2018-1513"). The ~~standard~~objective ~~aligns~~of the ~~requirements~~ASU ~~for~~is ~~capitalizing~~to ~~implementation~~improve ~~costs~~the ~~incurred~~disclosures inrelated ato ~~hosting~~fair ~~arrangement~~value ~~that~~measurement isby aremoving, ~~service~~modifying, ~~contract~~or ~~with~~adding ~~the~~disclosure requirements ~~for~~related ~~capitalizing implementation costs incurred~~ to ~~develop~~recurring orand ~~obtain~~non-recurring ~~internal~~fair ~~use~~value ~~software~~measurements. ASU 2018-1513 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. ~~Early~~The ~~adoption~~Company isadopted ~~permitted,~~this ~~including~~guidance ~~adoption~~on inJanuary ~~any~~1, ~~interim period for which financial statements have not been issued~~2020. ~~Entities~~The ~~can~~adoption ~~choose~~of ~~to adopt the new guidance prospectively to eligible costs incurred on or after the date~~ this guidance isdid ~~first applied or retrospectively. This guidance is~~ not ~~expected to~~ have a material ~~impact~~effect on the Company’s consolidated financial ~~position, results of operations or internal control framework~~statements.

In ~~August~~March ~~2018~~2020, the FASB issued ASU ~~No. 2018~~2020-1304, ~~Fair~~Reference ~~Value~~Rate ~~Measurement~~Reform (Topic ~~820~~848): ~~Disclosure~~Facilitation ~~Framework~~of -the ~~Changes~~Effects toof ~~the~~Reference ~~Disclosure~~Rate ~~Requirements~~Reform ~~for~~on ~~Fair~~Financial ~~Value~~Reporting ~~Measurements~~ ("ASU ~~2018~~2020-1304"). The objective of ASU 2020-04 is to provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The guidance is effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. The Company has adopted this guidance and will continue evaluating the ~~ASU~~impact, but there has been no material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2020.

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isRecent toAccounting ~~improve~~Guidance ~~the~~Not ~~disclosures~~Yet related to fair value measurement by removing, modifying, or adding disclosure requirements related to recurring and non-recurring fair value measurements. ASU 2018-13 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in any interim period for which financial statements have not been issued. This guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or internal control framework.Adopted

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes ("ASU 2019-12"). The guidance eliminates certain exceptions related to the approach for intraperiod tax allocation, the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period, and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences related to changes in ownership of equity method investments and foreign subsidiaries. The guidance also simplifies aspects of accounting for franchise taxes and enacted changes in tax laws or rates, and clarifies the accounting for transactions that result in a step-up in the tax basis of goodwill. ASU 2019-12 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in any interim period for which financial statements have not been issued. This guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or internal control framework.

2. Revenue

The Company’s revenue disaggregated by service was as follows (in thousands):

	Years ended December 31,
	2019		2018
	2020		2019
Coordination of Benefits	$	~~404~~469,~~123~~189	$	~~397~~404,~~095~~123
Payment Integrity	~~162~~152,~~194~~019		~~144~~162,~~063~~194
Population Health Management	6052,~~078~~075		5760,~~132~~078
Total	$	~~626~~673,~~395~~283	$	~~598~~626,~~290~~395

Coordination of benefits revenue is derived from contracts with state governments, ~~and~~ Medicaid managed care plans, and commercial health plans that typically span ~~multiple~~ years with the option to renew. Types of service contracts could include: (a) the identification of erroneously paid claims; (b) the delivery of verified commercial insurance coverage information; (c) the identification of paid claims where another third party is liable; and (d) the identification and enrollment of Medicaid members who have access to employer insurance. Most of these types of service contracts contain multiple promises, all of which are not distinct within the context of the contract. Therefore, the promises represent a single, distinct performance obligation for the types of services we offer. Revenue derived from these performance obligations is largely based on variable consideration where, based on the number of claims or amount of findings the Company identified, a contingent or fixed transaction price/recovery percentage is allocated to each distinct performance obligation. The Company utilizes the expected value method to estimate the variable consideration related to the transaction price for its service contracts. Key inputs and assumptions in determining variable consideration includes identified pricing and expected recoveries and/or savings. The expected recoveries and/or savings are based on historical experience of information received from our customers. Revenue is primarily recognized at a point in time when our customers realize economic benefits from our services when our services are completed. However, we have a limited number of fixed fee arrangements where revenue is recognized over time as performance obligations are satisfied within one to ~~three~~five years. Generally, coordination of benefit contract payment terms are not standardized within the respective contract; however, payment is typically due on demand and there is a clear and distinct history of customers making consistent payments.

Payment integrity services revenue is derived from contracts with federal and state governments, commercial health plans and other at-risk entities that can span ~~multiple~~ years with the option to renew. Types of service contracts could include: (a) services designed to ensure that healthcare payments are accurate and appropriate; and (b) the identification of over/(under)payments or inaccurate charges based on a review of medical records. Most of these types of service contracts contain multiple promises, all of which are not distinct within the context of the contract. Therefore, the promises represent a single, distinct performance obligation for the types of services we offer. Revenue derived from these performance obligations is largely based on variable consideration where, based on the number of claims or amount of findings the Company identified, a contingent or fixed transaction price/recovery percentage is allocated to

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identification of over/(under)payments or inaccurate charges based on a review of medical records. Most of these types of service contracts contain multiple promises, all of which are not distinct within the context of the contract. Therefore, the promises represent a single, distinct performance obligation for the types of services we offer. Revenue derived from these performance obligations is largely based on variable consideration where, based on the number of claims or amount of findings the Company identified, a contingent or fixed transaction price/recovery percentage is allocated to each distinct performance obligation. The Company utilizes the expected value method to estimate the variable consideration related to the transaction price for its service contracts. Key inputs and assumptions in determining variable consideration includes identified pricing and expected recoveries and/or savings. The expected recoveries and/or savings are based on historical experience of information received from our customers. Revenue is primarily recognized at a point in time when our customers realize economic benefits from our services when our services are completed. However, we have a limited number of fixed fee arrangements where revenue is recognized over time as performance obligations are satisfied within one to ~~three~~five years. Generally, payment integrity contract payment terms are not standardized within the respective contract; however, payment is typically due on demand and there is a clear and distinct history of customers making consistent payments.

~~Population~~Payment ~~health~~accuracy ~~management~~ revenue isconsists ~~derived from contracts with health plans and other risk-bearing entities that can span several years with the option to renew. Types~~ of service contracts could include: (a) programs designed to improve member engagement; and (b) outreach services designed to improve clinical outcomes. Most of these types of service contracts contain multiple promises, all of which are not distinct within the context of the contract. Therefore, the promises represent a single, distinct performance obligation for the types of services we offer. Revenue derived from these services is largely based on consideration associated with prices per order/transfer and PMPM/PMPY fees. The Company believes the output method is a reasonable measure of progress for the satisfaction of our performance obligations, which are satisfied over time, as it provides a faithful depiction of (1) our performance toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation under the contract and (2) the value transferred to the customer of the services performed under the contract. The Company has elected the right to invoice practical expedient for recognition of revenue related to its performance obligations when the amount we have the right to invoice the customer corresponds directly with the value to the customer. Additionally, certain population health management contracts have distinct performance obligations related to software license and implementation fees which have historically been recognized as revenue ratably over the life of the contract. Lastly, we have a limited number of fixed fee arrangements where revenue is recognized over time as performance obligations are satisfied within one to three years. Upon adoption of ASC 606 in 2018, revenue for software licenses is recognized at the beginning of the license period when control is transferred as the license is installed and revenue for implementation fees is recognized when control is transferred over time as the implementation is being performed. As the performance obligation is deemed to have been satisfied and control transferred to our ~~customers~~coordination ~~for software licenses and implementation fees on or before December 31, 2017, the Company recorded a decrease to deferred revenue and an increase to opening retained earnings~~ of ~~$1.1~~benefits ~~million, net of tax, as of January 1, 2018 for the cumulative impact of adopting ASC 606. Generally, population health management contract payment terms are stated within the contract~~ and ~~are due within an explicitly stated time period (e.g., 30, 45, 60 days) from the date of invoice. A portion of the~~ payment ~~received~~integrity ~~may relate to future performance obligations and will result in an increase to deferred revenue until the obligation has been met~~services.

Population health management revenue is derived from contracts with health plans and other risk-bearing entities that can span several years with the option to renew. Types of service contracts could include: (a) programs designed to improve member engagement; and (b) outreach services designed to improve clinical outcomes. Most of these types of service contracts contain multiple promises, all of which are not distinct within the context of the contract. Therefore, the promises represent a single, distinct performance obligation for the types of services we offer. Revenue derived from these services is largely based on consideration associated with prices per order/transfer and PMPM/PMPY fees. The Company believes the output method is a reasonable measure of progress for the satisfaction of our performance obligations, which are satisfied over time, as it provides a faithful depiction of (1) our performance toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation under the contract and (2) the value transferred to the customer of the services performed under the contract. The Company has elected the right to invoice practical expedient for recognition of revenue related to its performance obligations when the amount we have the right to invoice the customer corresponds directly with the value to the customer. Additionally, we have a limited number of fixed fee arrangements where revenue is recognized over time as performance obligations are satisfied within one to five years. Upon adoption of Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 606 in 2018, revenue for software licenses is recognized at the beginning of the license period when control is transferred as the license is installed and revenue for implementation fees is recognized when control is transferred over time as the implementation is being performed. As the performance obligation is deemed to have been satisfied and control transferred to our customers for software licenses and implementation fees on or before December 31, 2017, the Company recorded a decrease to deferred revenue and an increase to opening retained earnings of $1.1 million, net of tax, as of January 1, 2018 for the cumulative impact of adopting ASC 606. Generally, population health management contract payment terms are stated within the contract and are due within an explicitly stated time period (e.g., 30, 45, 60 days) from the date of invoice. A portion of the payment received may relate to future performance obligations and will result in an increase to deferred revenue until the obligation has been met.

The Company's accounts receivable balance is net of estimated variable consideration of $20.8 million and $17.1 million as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, related to revenue recognized based on expected recoveries and/or savings.

The Company’s revenue disaggregated by market is as follows (in thousands):

	Years ended December 31,
	2019		2018
	2020		2019
Commercial	$	~~302~~350,~~489~~538	$	~~323~~302,~~150~~489
State	~~257~~276,~~685~~118		~~233~~257,~~921~~685
Federal	6646,~~221~~627		4166,~~219~~221
Total	$	~~626~~673,~~395~~283	$	~~598~~626,~~290~~395

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A portion of the Company’s services are deferred and revenue is recognized at a later time. Deferred revenue was approximately $54.62 million as of December 31, ~~2018; $1~~2019.1 million, net of tax, was recorded as a decrease to deferred revenue as of January 1, 2018 as discussed above; and $5.3 million of this amount was recognized as revenue during the year ended December 31, 2018. Approximately $54.62 million of the December 31, ~~2018~~2019 deferred revenue balance was recognized as revenue during the year ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020. Deferred revenue was approximately $45.29 million as of December 31, ~~2019~~2020. Deferred revenue is included in Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Contract modifications are routine in nature and often done to account for changes in the contract specifications or requirements. In most instances, contract modifications are for services that are not distinct, and, therefore, modifications are accounted for as part of the existing contract. The Company has elected to use the practical expedient to expense the incremental costs of obtaining a contract if the amortization period of the asset that the Company would have otherwise recognized is one year or less.

3. Acquisitions

(a)Accent

On December 23, 2019, HMS acquired West Claims Recovery Services, LLC (“Accent”), a payment accuracy and cost containment business, for aggregate consideration of cash in the amount of $~~158~~157.6 million, ~~which~~net ~~was~~of ~~funded through cash on hand. The purchase price is subject to certain~~ post-closing ~~purchase price~~ adjustments, ~~and~~which ~~the~~was ~~initial~~funded ~~purchase~~through ~~price~~cash ~~allocation as of the date of acquisition was based~~ on ~~a preliminary valuation~~hand. Estimates and assumptions for which the Company is still obtaining or evaluating information are subject to change up to one year from the acquisition date as additional information becomes available and adjustments may require a change in the amounts allocated to goodwill during the periods in which the adjustments are determined.

The intangible assets are valued using various methods which require several judgments, including growth rates, discount rates, customer attrition rates, and expected levels of revenues, earnings, cash flows and tax rates. The intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis. Goodwill was determined based on the difference between the purchase price and the fair values of the tangible and intangible assets acquired. Goodwill recognized from the acquisition was the result of synergies to be realized from future revenue growth. Goodwill is deductible for tax purposes, has an indefinite useful life and will be included in the Company’s annual impairment testing or between annual tests if an indicator of impairment exists.

The ~~preliminary~~ allocation of the purchase price to the fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed as of December 23, 2019, the effective date of the acquisition, as adjusted during the year ended December 31, 2020, was as follows (in thousands):

Cash and cash equivalents	$	9,~~400~~916
Accounts receivable	911,~~188~~485
Prepaid expenses	129
Property and equipment	2,878
Intangible assets	68,400
Goodwill	8176,~~545~~755
Other assets	489
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	(1312,~~395~~431)
Total purchase price	$	~~158~~157,~~634~~621

~~The~~During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company made refinements to the December 23, 2019 preliminary purchase price ~~allocated~~allocation as reported at December 31, 2019. These refinements, primarily related to working capital, resulted in an increase in accounts receivable of $2.3 million, an increase in cash and cash equivalents of $0.5 million, a decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $1.0 million, a decrease in goodwill of approximately $4.8 million and an overall decrease in the ~~intangible~~total ~~assets~~consideration paid due to post-closing adjustments of $1.0 million. Substantially all the receivables acquired ~~was~~were collected as ~~follows~~of ~~(in~~December ~~thousands):~~31, 2020.

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The purchase price allocated to the intangible assets acquired was as follows (in thousands):


	Useful Life (in years)
Customer relationships	12	$	67,000

Trade name	3	1,400

Fair value of intangibles acquired		$	68,400

We incurred $2.1 million of acquisition related costs related to the Accent acquisition for the year ended December 31, 2019. The costs include consulting, legal and transaction costs, and have been recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses.

The financial results of Accent's operations since December 23, 2019 have been included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements and are not considered material for the year ended December 31, 2019. For the year ended December 31, 2020, Accent contributed approximately $43.3 million in revenue to HMS's results of operations.

The following table reflects the pro forma operating results for the Company which gives effect to the acquisition of Accent as if it had occurred on January 1, 2018. The pro forma results are based on assumptions that the Company believes are reasonable under the circumstances. The pro forma results are not necessarily indicative of future results. The pro forma financial information includes the historical results of the Company and Accent adjusted for certain items, which are described below, and does not include the effects of any synergies or cost reduction initiatives related to the acquisition of Accent.


	Years ended December 31,
	2019		2018
	(pro forma, in thousands)
	(unaudited)
Revenue	$	675,259	$	650,203
Net income	$	92,845	$	60,011

Pro forma net income for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 reflects adjustments primarily related to depreciation and amortization.

(b)VitreosHealth

On September 16, 2019, HMS acquired VitreosHealth, Inc. ("VitreosHealth"), a company that offers predictive and prescriptive health insights utilized by population risk models, for aggregate consideration of $36.6 million, which was funded with cash on hand. The purchase price was subject to certain post-closing purchase price adjustments and the initial purchase price allocation as of the date of acquisition was based on a preliminary valuation.

The Company's allocation of consideration exchanged to the net tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the acquisition is based on estimated fair values as of September 16, 2019. The Company allocated the purchase price, net of cash acquired, to the following significant assets: intellectual property subject to amortization of $6.0 million, and goodwill of $30.2 million which represents the excess purchase price over the net identifiable tangible and intangible assets. There were no additional material allocations to assets and liabilities. The intangible assets are valued using various methods which require several judgments, including growth rates, discount rates, expected levels of revenues, earnings, cash flows and tax rates. The intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis and are not expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The goodwill recognized from the

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acquisition was a result of expected synergies to be realized from future revenue growth, is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes, has an indefinite useful life and will be included in the Company’s annual impairment testing.

Pro forma historical results of operations related to this business acquisition for the year ended December 31, 2018, or interim periods thereafter, and for the year ended December 31, 2019, have not been presented and are not considered material. The results of VitreosHealth's operations since September 16, 2019 have been included in the Company's consolidated financial statements and are not considered material.

(c)Eliza Holding Corp.

On April 17, 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of 100% of the outstanding capital stock of Eliza Holding Corp ("Eliza"), for a purchase price of $171.6 million funded with available liquidity of approximately 75% cash on hand and 25% from the Company’s existing credit line.

We incurred acquisition related costs of $4.5 million related to the Eliza acquisition for the year ended December 31, 2017. The costs include consulting, legal and transaction costs, and have been recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses.

The financial results of Eliza’s operations since April 17, 2017 have been included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Eliza contributed $52.5 million, $51.9 million and $30.4 million in revenue to HMS results of operations in the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

4. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2019		2018
	2020		2019
Equipment	$	9088,~~347~~426	$	9590,~~350~~347
Leasehold improvements	87,~~042~~040		78,~~547~~042
Building	9,674		89,~~624~~674
Building improvements	1617,~~305~~115		1416,~~825~~305
Land	2,949		2,~~769~~949
Furniture and fixtures	8,~~685~~665		98,~~404~~685
Capitalized software	~~134~~151,~~864~~156		~~131~~134,~~819~~864
	270,866		270,338
	285,025		270,866
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	(~~183~~203,~~919~~486)		(~~175~~183,~~903~~919)
Property and equipment, net	$	8681,~~947~~539	$	9486,~~435~~947

	Years ended December 31,
			2019		2018		2017
	2020		2019		2018
Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment	$	3332,~~293~~104	$	33,~~254~~293	$	2733,~~515~~254

5. Intangible Assets, Goodwill and Other Assets

(a)Intangible Assets

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Intangible assets consisted of the following (amounts in thousands):


	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Weighted Average Amortization Period in Years
December 31, 2020
Customer relationships	$	125,423	$	(21,346)	$	104,077	11.1
Trade names	1,400		(478)		922		2.0
Intellectual property	27,700		(15,506)		12,194		3.2

Total	$	154,523	$	(37,330)	$	117,193

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	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Weighted Average Amortization Period in Years
December 31, 2019
Customer relationships	$	135,290	$	(21,637)	$	113,653	12.1
Trade names	1,536		(147)		1,389		3.0
Intellectual property	27,700		(10,893)		16,807		3.7

Total	$	164,526	$	(32,677)	$	131,849

	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Weighted Average Amortization Period in Years
December 31, 2018
Customer relationships	$	156,790	$	(104,740)	$	52,050	12.8
Trade names	16,246		(16,215)		31		0.7
Intellectual property	21,700		(6,670)		15,030		4.1
Restrictive covenants	263		(234)		29		0.7
Total	$	194,999	$	(127,859)	$	67,140

Amortization expense of intangible assets is expected to approximate the following (in thousands):

Year ending December 31,	Amortization
2020	$	14,914
2021	$	14,247
2021	14,447
2022	14,235
2022	14,439
2023	11,405
2023	11,605
2024	10,330
2024	10,180
2025	10,038
Thereafter	6656,~~264~~938
Total	$	~~131~~117,~~849~~193

For the years ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018, amortization expense related to intangible assets was $914.7 million, $249.37 million, and $2224.63 million, respectively. ~~In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2019, some of the intangible assets became fully amortized.~~

(b)Goodwill

As a result of the Accent and VitreosHealth acquisitions, the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill were as follows (in thousands):

Balance at December 31, 2018	$	487,617
Vitreos acquisition	30,189
Accent acquisition	81,545
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	599,351
Accent acquisition	(4,790)
Balance at December 31, 2020	$	594,561

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(c)Other Assets

In the third quarter of 2019, a third party acquired one hundred percent of the outstanding stock of InstaMed Holdings, Inc. ("InstaMed") including the Company's cost based investment in InstaMed of $2.1 million. As a result, the Company received proceeds of $9.8 million from the sale of the investment and recognized a $7.7 million gain in other income for the year ended December 31, 2019.

In 2020 and 2019, the Company made aan investment of $73.4 million and initial investment of $7.4 million, respectively, in ordinary shares of MedAdvisor Limited ("MedAdvisor")(ASX: MDR), a digital medication management company based in Australia. The equity securities are categorized as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy as the ordinary shares are actively traded on the Australian Stock Exchange. For the ~~year~~years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the fair value ~~measurement in relation to this equity instrument was $7.9 million. There were no sales, settlements issuances or transfers related to this level 1 instrument in 2019 or 2018.~~

The Company recorded net unrealized gains of $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. There were no realized or unrealized gains in 2018. These gains are reflected as a component of other income, in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income.91

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measurement in relation to this equity instrument was $12.7 million and $7.9 million, respectively. There were no sales, settlements, issuances or transfers related to this level 1 instrument in 2020 or 2019.

The Company recorded net unrealized gains of $1.4 million and $0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. These gains are reflected as a component of other income, in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income.

6. Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,2019		December 31,2018
	December 31,2020		December 31,2019
Accounts payable, trade	$	1214,~~246~~688	$	12,~~394~~246
Accrued compensation and other	3630,~~827~~201		4236,~~833~~827
Accrued operating expenses	4238,~~045~~666		1942,~~675~~045
Current portion of lease liabilities	6,629		—
Income tax payable	6,580		—
Total accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	$	97,747	$	74,902
Current portion of lease liabilities	6,187		6,629
Total accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	$	96,322	$	97,747

7. Income Taxes

Income tax expense is as follows (in thousands):

December 31,

Years ended December 31,

2019

2018

2017

2020

2019

2018

Current tax expense (benefit):

Federal

617,~~167~~629

26,~~965~~167

172,~~008~~965

State

36,~~678~~173

(13,~~433)~~678

3(1,~~201~~433)

Total current tax expense:

923,~~845~~802

19,~~532~~845

201,~~209~~532

Deferred tax expense (benefit):

Federal

6(4,~~219~~237)

(26,~~650)~~219

(192,~~425~~650)

State

1(2,~~074~~444)

~~(854)~~1,074

(~~983~~854)

Total deferred tax expense (benefit):

7(6,~~293~~681)

(37,~~504)~~293

(203,~~408~~504)

Total income tax expense (benefit)

17,~~138~~121

(117,~~972)~~138

(~~199~~1,972)

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A reconciliation of the income tax expense calculated using the applicable federal statutory rate to the actual income tax expense is as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	Years ended December 31,
	2019		%	2018		%	2017		%
	2020		%	2019		%	2018		%
Computed at federal statutory rate	$	2118,~~916~~327	21.0	$	1121,~~134~~916	21.0	$	1311,~~949~~134	3521.0
State and local tax expense, net of federal benefit	32,~~625~~945		3.4	23,~~367~~625		43.54	2,~~226~~367		54.65
Net permanent deduction and credit tax benefits from current year	(12,~~166~~678)		(13.1)	(1,~~143~~166)		(21.21)	(1,~~513~~143)		(32.82)
Net uncertain tax positions excluding currentpermanent deduction and credit benefits	(937)		(0.8)	(3,756)		(7.0)	(373)		(0.9)
Adjustments to estimates of permanent items and credit tax benefits	(2,034)		(2.3)	—		—	(437)		(0.8)
Subsidiary basis write off	—		—	(3,423)		(6.5)	—		—
Net uncertain tax positions excluding currentpermanent deduction and credit benefits	(705)		(0.8)	(937)		(0.8)	(3,756)		(7.0)
Equity compensation net tax windfall	(8,634)		(8.3)	(2,890)		(5.5)	—		—
Subsidiary basis write off	—		—	—		—	(3,423)		(6.5)
State tax apportionment changes	—		—	(3,737)		(7.0)	—		—
Equity compensation net tax windfall	(245)		(0.3)	(8,634)		(8.3)	(2,890)		(5.5)
Disallowed executive compensation	1,750		1.6	682		1.3	—		—
State tax apportionment changes	—		—	—		—	(3,737)		(7.0)
Tax Reform - revaluation of deferrals	—		—	—		—	(15,130)		(38.0)
Disallowed executive compensation	1,262		1.5	1,750		1.6	682		1.3
Acquisition adjustments	—		—	~~(1,226)~~—		~~(2.3)~~—	(1,~~003~~226)		(2.53)
Acquisition costs	~~245~~—		~~0.3~~—	—245		—0.3	~~697~~—		~~1.7~~—
Other, net	~~339~~249		0.32	20339		—0.3	~~948~~457		20.48
Total income tax expense	$	17,~~138~~121	1619.46	$	(117,~~972)~~138	(316.7)4	$	(~~199~~1,972)	(03.57)

The Company has current period foreign income tax expense and includes global intangible low-taxed income as current period income tax expense, both of which are not material to the overall financial statements.

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Deferred income taxes are recognized for the future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities. The tax effect of temporary differences that give rise to a significant portion of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
			2019		2018
	2020		2019
Deferred tax assets:
Stock-based compensation	$	810,~~056~~281	$	98,~~545~~056
Goodwill and intangible assets	54,~~516~~654		5,~~874~~516
Accounts receivable, net	45,~~442~~244		34,~~537~~442
Deferred rent	—		696
Liability for appeals	1,522		931
Tenant improvements	—		569
Net operating loss carry-forwards	1,692		2,644
Liability for appeals	931		5,632
Tax credit carry-forwards	2,883		1,815
Net operating loss carry-forwards	2,644		1,527
Property and equipment	—		139
Tax credit carry-forwards	1,815		4,076
Accrued expenses and other	6,994		5,054
Property and equipment	139		49
ROU Liability	4,906		5,799
Accrued expenses and other	5,054		7,839
Total deferred tax assets	38,176		34,396
ROU Liability	5,799		—
Total deferred tax assets	34,396		39,344
Deferred tax liabilities:
Goodwill and intangible assets	4241,~~894~~204		4342,~~400~~894
Section 481(a) adjustment	~~2,551~~—		52,~~073~~551
Prepaid expenses	~~734~~875		~~668~~734
Capitalized software cost	9,068		8,688
Property and equipment	884		—
ROU Asset	4,736		—
Capitalized software cost	9,886		9,068
Total deferred tax liabilities	59,983		57,829
ROU Asset	4,233		4,736
Total net deferred tax liabilities	$	25,587	$	18,485
Total deferred tax liabilities	57,082		59,983
Total net deferred tax liabilities	$	18,906	$	25,587

Included in Other Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, are the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $4.25 million and $4.82 million as of December 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019, respectively, net of the federal benefit for state issues that, if recognized, would favorably affect the Company’s future effective tax rate. Also included in Other Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets are accrued liabilities for interest expense and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits of $0.76 million and $0.7 million as of December 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019, respectively. HMS includes interest expense and penalties in the provision for income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The amount of interest (income)/expense, net of federal and state income tax benefits, and penalties in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, ~~2018~~2019, and ~~2017~~2018 was $(0.041) million, $0.104 million and $0.021 million, respectively. The Company believes it is reasonably possible the amount of unrecognized tax benefits may decrease by $12.70 million during ~~2020~~2021, due to the expiration of the statute of limitations in various jurisdictions.

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A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits are as follows (in thousands):

	2019		2018
	2020		2019
Unrecognized tax benefits at January 1	$	4,~~839~~249	$	84,~~234~~839
Additions for tax positions taken during prior periods	~~543~~700		~~399~~543
Additions for tax positions taken during current period including amended prior years	~~409~~1,255		~~360~~409
Reductions relating to settlements with taxing authorities	—		(2,227)
Reductions related to the expiration of statutes of limitations	(1,702)		(1,542)
Reductions related to the expiration of statutes of limitations	(1,542)		(1,927)
Unrecognized tax benefits at December 31	$	4,502	$	4,249
Unrecognized tax benefits at December 31	$	4,249	$	4,839

The Company increased the provision for unrecognized tax benefits by $01.43 million during the year ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, related primarily to tax benefits recognized for current period U.S. Research and Experimentation Tax Credits pursuant to IRC Section 41. At December 31, ~~2019~~2020, HMS had federal and state pre-tax net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards of approximately $3021.3 million and $12.89 million, respectively, which will be available to offset future taxable income. If not used, these net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards will begin to expire in ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2028~~2029, respectively. The Company files income tax returns with the U.S. Federal government and various state and local jurisdictions and will file income tax returns in certain foreign jurisdictions ~~as a result of its acquisition of VitreosHealth~~. HMS is generally no longer subject to U.S. Federal income tax examinations for years before ~~2013~~2017. HMS operates in a number of state, foreign and local jurisdictions. Accordingly, HMS is subject to state, local, and foreign income tax examinations based on the various statutes of limitations in each jurisdiction. Previously recognized Texas refund claims were examined by the state and resulted in a favorable apportionment method change for all open tax years.

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act") was enacted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act includes numerous provisions relating to, among other things, refundable payroll tax credits, deferment of the employer portion of certain payroll taxes, net operating loss amounts and carryback periods, alternative minimum tax credit refunds, modifications to the net interest deduction limitations and technical corrections to tax depreciation methods for qualified improvement property. The Company claimed benefits relating to technical corrections of tax depreciation methods for qualified improvement property. The benefits did not have a material impact for the year ended December 31, 2020.

8. Liability for Appeals

Under the Company’s contracts with certain commercial health plan customers and its Medicare Recovery Audit Contractor (“RAC”) contract with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) (included within the Company’s payment integrity services revenue), providers have the right to appeal HMS claim findings and to pursue additional appeals if the initial appeal is found in favor of HMS’s customer.

The appeal process established under the Medicare RAC contracts with CMS includes five levels of appeals, and resolution of appeals can take substantial time to resolve. HMS records a) an actual return obligation liability for findings which have been previously adjudicated in favor of providers and b) an estimated return obligation liability based on the amount of revenue that is subject to appeals and which are probable of being adjudicated in favor of providers following their successful appeal. The Company’s estimate is based on the Company’s historical experience. To the extent the amount to be returned to providers following a successful appeal exceeds or is less than the amount recorded, revenue in the applicable period would be reduced or increased by such amount.

~~A roll-forward of the activity in the liability for appeals is as follows (in thousands):~~95

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	OriginalRAC contract		RAC 4contract		Commercialcontracts		Total
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	27,816	$	—	$	2,971	$	30,787
Provision	108		20		2,038		2,166
Appeals found in providers favor	(108)		—		(2,686)		(2,794)
Release of estimated liability	(8,436)		—		—		(8,436)
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	19,380	$	20	$	2,323	$	21,723
Provision	—		2,026		7,347		9,373
Appeals found in providers favor	—		(440)		(7,706)		(8,146)
Release of estimated liability	(19,380)		—		—		(19,380)
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	—	$	1,606	$	1,964	$	3,570

A roll-forward of the activity in the liability for appeals is as follows (in thousands):


	Original RAC contract		RAC 4 contract		Commercial contracts		Total
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	19,380	$	20	$	2,323	$	21,723
Provision	—		2,026		7,347		9,373
Appeals found in providers favor	—		(440)		(7,706)		(8,146)
Release of estimated liability	(19,380)		—		—		(19,380)
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	—	$	1,606	$	1,964	$	3,570
Provision	—		3,888		3,870		7,758
Appeals found in providers favor	—		(1,025)		(4,256)		(5,281)

Balance at December 31, 2020	$	—	$	4,469	$	1,578	$	6,047

The Company’s original Medicare RAC contract with CMS expired on January 31, 2018. As a result of the original contract expiration, the Company’s contractual obligation with respect to any appeals resolved in favor of providers subsequent to the expiration date have ceased and therefore the Company released its estimated return obligation liability and increased revenue by $8.4 million during the first quarter of 2018.

In 2019, the Company determined, based on communications, that there was no further contractual obligation to CMS with respect to the original Medicare RAC contract as of June 30, 2019. Accordingly, the Company released its remaining estimated liability of $19.4 million and net receivables during the second quarter of 2019. As a result of the release, there was a $10.5 million increase to the Company's revenue for the ~~three~~year ~~months~~ ended ~~June~~December 3031, 2019.

9. Credit Agreement

In May 2013, we entered into a credit agreement (as amended and restated, the "Credit Agreement") with certain lenders and Citibank, N.A. as administrative agent. The Credit Agreement originally provided for an initial $500 million five-year revolving credit facility maturing on May 3, 2018.

On December 19, 2017, the Company entered into an amendment to the Credit Agreement, which, among other things, extended the maturity of its then existing $500 million revolving credit facility by five years to December 2022 (the "Amended Revolving Facility"). The availability of funds under the Amended Revolving Facility includes sublimits for (a) up to $50 million for the issuance of letters of credit and (b) up to $25 million for swingline loans. In addition, the Company may increase the commitments under the Amended Revolving Facility and/or add one or more incremental term loan facilities, provided that such incremental facilities do not exceed in the aggregate the sum of (i) the greater of $120 million and 100% of Consolidated EBITDA (as defined in the Credit Agreement) and (ii) an additional amount so long as our first lien leverage ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) on a pro forma basis is not greater than 3.00:1.00, subject to obtaining commitments from the lenders and meeting certain other conditions.

As of December 31, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019, the outstanding principal balance due on the Amended Revolving Facility was $240 million. No principal payments were made against the Amended Revolving Facility during the year ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020.

Borrowings under the Credit Agreement will bear interest at a rate equal to, at the Company’s election (except with respect to swingline borrowings, which will accrue interest based only at the base rate), either:

▪a base rate determined by reference to the greatest of (a) the prime or base commercial lending rate of the administrative agent as in effect on the relevant date, (b) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50% and (c) the one-~~month London Interbank Offered Rate (or any successor rate determined in accordance with the Credit Agreement)~~

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month London Interbank Offered Rate (or any successor rate determined in accordance with the Credit Agreement) ("LIBO Rate") plus 1.00%, plus an interest margin ranging from 0.50% to 1.00% based on the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio for the applicable period; or

▪an adjusted LIBO Rate, equal to the LIBO Rate for the applicable interest period multiplied by the statutory reserve rate (equal to (x) one divided by (y) one minus the aggregate of the maximum reserve percentage (including any marginal, special, emergency or supplemental reserves) established by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System of the United States), plus an interest margin ranging from 1.50% to 2.00% based on the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio for the applicable period.

In addition to paying interest on the outstanding principal, the Company is required to pay unused commitment fees on the Amended Revolving Facility during the term of the Credit Agreement ranging from 0.375% to 0.250% per annum based on the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio and letter of credit fees equal to 0.125% per annum on the aggregate face amount of each letter of credit, as well as customary agency fees. As part of a contractual agreement with a customer, the Company has an outstanding irrevocable letter of credit for $6.5 million, which is issued against the Amended Revolving Facility and expires June 30, ~~2020~~2021.

The Amended Revolving Facility is secured, subject to certain customary carve-outs and exceptions, by a first priority lien and security interest in substantially all tangible and intangible assets of the Company and certain subsidiaries of the Company. The Amended Revolving Facility contains certain restrictive covenants, which affect, among other things, the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to incur indebtedness, create liens, make investments, sell or otherwise dispose of assets, engage in mergers or consolidations with other entities, and pay dividends or repurchase stock. The Company is also required to comply, on a quarterly basis, with two financial covenants: (i) a minimum interest coverage ratio of 3.00:1.00, and (ii) a maximum consolidated leverage ratio of 4.75:1.00 through December 2019 and 4.25:1.00 from and after January 2020. The consolidated leverage ratio is subject to a step-up to 5.25:1.00 for four full consecutive fiscal quarters following a permitted acquisition or similar investment. As of December 31, ~~2019~~2020, the Company was in compliance with all terms of the Credit Agreement.

Interest expense and the commitment fees on the unused portion of the Company’s revolving credit facility were as follows (in thousands):

	Years ended December 31,
	2019		2018		2017
	2020		2019		2018
Interest expense	$	96,~~460~~223	$	9,~~294~~460	$	79,~~170~~294
Commitment fees	~~638~~644		~~1,189~~638		1,~~359~~189

At December 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019, the unamortized balance of deferred origination fees and debt issuance costs was $1.71 million and $21.27 million, respectively. The Company amortized deferred financing costs of $0.6 million, $0.6 million and $20.36 million in the years ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018, respectively.

10. Equity

(a)Share Repurchase Activity

On November 1, 2019, our Board of Directors approved a new $50.0 million share repurchase program to replace the previous share repurchase program, which expired in November 2019 and had $29.9 million remaining at the time of expiration. WeDuring the year ended December 31, 2020, we did not repurchase any shares ~~during~~under ~~fiscal~~the ~~year~~new ~~2019.~~share repurchase program.

~~(b)Preferred Stock~~97

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~~The~~(b)Preferred Company’s certificate of incorporation, as amended, authorizes the issuance of up to 5,000,000 shares of “blank check” preferred stock with such designations, rights and preferences as may be determined by the Company’s Board of Directors. As of December 31, 2019, no preferred stock had been issued.Stock

The Company’s certificate of incorporation, as amended, authorizes the issuance of up to 5,000,000 shares of “blank check” preferred stock with such designations, rights and preferences as may be determined by the Company’s Board of Directors. As of December 31, 2020, no preferred stock had been issued.

11. Employee Benefit Plan

The Company sponsors the HMS Holdings Corp. 401(k) Plan ("401(k) Plan") for eligible employees. Eligible employees must complete 90 days of service in order to enroll in the 401(k) Plan. Participants may make voluntary contributions to the 401(k) Plan of up to 60% of their annual base pre-tax compensation not to exceed the federally determined maximum allowable contribution. In addition, the 401(k) Plan permits the Company to make discretionary contributions. During 2020, 2019 and 2018, HMS matched 100% of the first 4% of pay contributed by each eligible employee and 50% of the next 1% of pay contributed. ~~During 2017, HMS matched 100% of the first 3% of pay contributed by each eligible employee and 50% on the next 2% of pay contributed.~~ These matching contributions vest immediately and are not in the form of the Company’s common stock.

For the years ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018, HMS contributed $78.75 million, $7.37 million and $57.93 million, respectively, related to the 401(k) Plan in the form of matching contributions.

12. Stock-Based Compensation

(a)Long-Term Incentive Award Plans

The Company grants stock options and restricted stock units to HMS employees and non-employee directors of the Company under the 2019 Omnibus Plan, as approved by the Company’s shareholders on May 22, 2019. The 2019 Omnibus Plan replaced and superseded the HMS Holdings Corp. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan.

(b)Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Total stock-based compensation expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income related to the Company’s long- term incentive award plans was as follows (in thousands):

	Years ended December 31,
	2019		2018		2017
	2020		2019		2018
Cost of services-compensation	$	86,~~887~~714	$	78,~~421~~887	$	7,~~354~~421
Selling, general and administrative	1317,~~014~~330		1413,~~086~~014		1614,~~789~~086
Total	$	2124,~~901~~044	$	21,~~507~~901	$	2421,~~143~~507

The total tax benefits recognized on stock-based compensation for the years ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018 was $163.73 million, $916.17 million and $49.01 million, respectively.

(c)Stock Options

Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options was approximately $8.9 million, $98.69 million and $109.36 million for the years ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018, respectively.

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Presented below is a summary of stock option activity for the year ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020 (in thousands, except for weighted average exercise price and weighted average remaining contractual terms):

	Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average- Remaining Contractual Terms	Aggregate- Intrinsic Value
Outstanding balance at December 31, 2018	4,402	$	17.07
Outstanding balance at December 31, 2019	2,411	$	23.43
Granted	~~640~~1,073	3827.6147
Exercised	(~~2,436~~161)	1617.2095
Forfeitures	(~~187~~62)	2128.2124
Expired	(811)	2329.5922
Outstanding balance at December 31, 2019	2,411	23.43		7.28	$	20,242
Outstanding balance at December 31, 2020	3,250	24.98		7.4	$	39,096
Expected to vest at December 31, 2019	1,070	$	28.20	8.5	$	5,979
Expected to vest at December 31, 2020	1,291	$	28.85	8.7	$	10,948
Exercisable at December 31, 2019	968	$	17.08	5.6	$	12,121
Exercisable at December 31, 2020	1,519	$	20.76	5.9	$	24,807

As of December 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019, the Company had 1,~~400~~673,~~233~~382 and 1,~~999~~400,~~069~~233, respectively, in unvested options with a weighted-average-grant-date fair value per share of $109.1380 and $710.2713, respectively. The weighted-average-grant-date fair value per share of the stock options granted during the years ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018 was $139.8606, $713.5286 and $7.6652, respectively. The weighted-average-grant-date fair value per share of stock options vested during the year ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020 was $78.3621. The weighted-average-grant-date fair value per share of the stock options forfeited during the years ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018 was $79.94, $67.8694 and $56.2486, respectively.

HMS estimated the fair value of each stock option grant on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. Weighted–average assumptions are set forth in the following table:

	Year ended December 31, 2019
	Years ended December 31,
	2019		2018		2017
	2020		2019		2018
Expected dividend yield	—	%	—	%	—	%
Risk-free interest rate	21.51	%	2.75	%	12.87	%
Expected volatility	41.1	%	4241.41	%	4442.24	%
Expected life (years)	6.43		6.04		56.0

~~HMS~~During ~~estimated~~the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the ~~fair~~Company ~~value~~issued of160,726, ~~2017~~2,435,648 ~~market~~and ~~condition~~2,017,442 ~~option~~shares, ~~grants~~respectively, onof the ~~date~~Company’s common stock upon the exercise of ~~grant~~outstanding ~~using~~stock aoptions ~~Monte-Carlo~~and ~~simulation~~received ~~model~~proceeds of $2.8 ~~There~~million, ~~were~~$39.3 nomillion ~~market~~and ~~condition~~$38.4 ~~awards~~million, ~~granted~~respectively. inThe total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 orand 2018. ~~Assumptions~~was ~~are~~$2.0 ~~set~~million, ~~forth~~$45.6 inmillion ~~the~~and ~~following~~$27.6 ~~table:~~million, respectively.

	Year ended December 31,
	2019		2018		2017
Expected dividend yield	—	%	—	%	—	%
Risk-free interest rate	—	%	—	%	2.2	%
Expected volatility	—	%	—	%	52.5	%
Expected life (years)	0		0		6.5

As of December 31, 2020, there was approximately $4.6 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options outstanding, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.9 years.

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During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company issued 2,435,648, 2,017,442 and 172,326 shares, respectively, of the Company’s common stock upon the exercise of outstanding stock options and received proceeds of $39.3 million, $38.4 million and $2.7 million, respectively. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $45.6 million, $27.6 million and $0.5 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2019, there was approximately $4.3 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options outstanding, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.8 years.

(d)Restricted Stock Units

Stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock units was $1315.02 million, $1113.90 million and $1311.89 million for the years ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018, respectively.

~~Presented below is a summary of restricted stock units activity for the year ended December 31, 2019 (in thousands, except for weighted average grant date fair value per unit):~~99

	Number of Units	Weighted AverageGrant Date FairValue per Unit
Outstanding balance at December 31, 2018	1,488	$	17.60
Granted	487	34.02
Vesting of restricted stock units, net of units withheld for taxes	(406)	16.65
Units withheld for taxes	(201)	16.65
Forfeitures	(129)	21.32
Outstanding balance at December 31, 2019	1,239	$	21.37

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AsPresented ofbelow ~~December 31, 2019, 974,050 restricted stock units remained unvested and there was approximately $9.9 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock units, which~~ is ~~expected to be recognized over~~ a ~~weighted~~summary ~~average vesting period~~ of ~~0.84 years. During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company’s vested~~ restricted stock units ~~had~~activity afor ~~fair value of $10.7 million, $9.9 million, and $9.5 million, respectively. The weighted average grant date fair value per share of~~ the ~~restricted~~year ~~stock units vested during the years~~ ended December 31, ~~2019,~~2020 ~~2018~~(in ~~and 2017 was $16.65~~thousands, ~~$17.06~~except ~~and~~for ~~$15.39, respectively. The~~ weighted average grant date fair value per ~~share of the restricted stock units forfeited during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $21.32, $17.31 and $15.37, respectively.~~unit):


	Number of Units	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Unit
Outstanding balance at December 31, 2019	1,239	$	21.37
Granted	750	24.29
Vesting of restricted stock units, net of units withheld for taxes	(323)	23.59
Units withheld for taxes	(148)	23.59
Forfeitures	(84)	24.69
Outstanding balance at December 31, 2020	1,434	$	25.41

As of December 31, 2020, 1,124,274 restricted stock units remained unvested and there was approximately $10.9 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock units, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average vesting period of 0.9 years. During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Company’s vested restricted stock units had a fair value of $12.2 million, $10.7 million, and $9.9 million, respectively. The weighted average grant date fair value per share of the restricted stock units vested during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $23.59, $16.65 and $17.06, respectively. The weighted average grant date fair value per share of the restricted stock units forfeited during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $24.69, $21.32 and $17.31, respectively.

13. Earnings per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (in thousands, except per share amounts):


	Years ended December 31,
	2020		2019		2018
Net income	$	70,149	$	87,224	$	54,989

Weighted average common shares outstanding-basic	88,438		87,222		83,625
Plus: net effect of dilutive stock options and restricted stock units	1,643		2,095		2,519
Weighted average common shares outstanding-diluted	90,081		89,317		86,144
Net income per common share — basic	$	0.79	$	1.00	$	0.66
Net income per common share — diluted	$	0.78	$	0.98	$	0.64

~~Table~~For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018: (i) 1,157,804, 509,617 and 804,959 stock options, respectively, and (ii) restricted stock units representing 1,110, 2,564 and 0 shares of ~~Contents~~common stock, respectively, were not included in the diluted earnings per share calculation because the effect would have been anti-dilutive.

	Years ended December 31
			2019		2018		2017
Net income	$	87,224	$	54,989	$	40,054
Weighted average common shares outstanding-basic	87,222		83,625		83,821
Plus: net effect of dilutive stock options and restricted stock units	2,095		2,519		1,267
Weighted average common shares outstanding-diluted	89,317		86,144		85,088
Net income per common share — basic	$	1.00	$	0.66	$	0.48
Net income per common share — diluted	$	0.98	$	0.64	$	0.47

For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017: (i) 509,617, 804,959 and 2,646,100 stock options, respectively, and (ii) restricted stock units representing 2,564, 0 and 31,155 shares of common stock, respectively, were not included in the diluted earnings per share calculation because the effect would have been anti-dilutive.

14. Commitments and Contingencies

In July 2012, Dennis Demetre and Lori Lewis (the “Plaintiffs”), filed an action in the Supreme Court of the State of New York against HMS Holdings Corp., claiming an undetermined amount of damages alleging that various actions by HMS unlawfully deprived the Plaintiffs of the acquisition earn-out portion of the purchase price for Allied Management Group Special Investigation Unit, Inc. (“AMG”) under the applicable Stock Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) and that HMS had breached certain contractual provisions under the SPA. The Plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint with two causes of action for breach of contract and one cause of action for breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. HMS asserted a counterclaim against Plaintiffs for breach of contract based on contractual indemnification costs, including attorneys’ fees arising out of the Company’s defense of AMG in Kern Health Systems v. AMG, Dennis Demetre and Lori Lewis (the “California Action”), which are recoverable under the SPA. In June 2016, Kern Health Systems and AMG entered into a settlement agreement that resolved all claims in the California Action. In July 2017, the Court issued a decision on the Company’s motion for partial summary judgment and granted the motion in part, dismissing one of Plaintiffs’ breach of contract causes of action against HMS. On November 3, 2017, following a jury trial, a verdict was returned in favor of the Plaintiffs on a breach of contract claim, and the jury awarded $60.0 million in damages to the Plaintiffs. On March 14, 2018, the Court held a hearing on the Company’s post-trial motion for an order granting it judgment notwithstanding the verdict or, alternatively, setting aside the jury’s award of damages. On June 27, 2018, prior to the Court issuing a decision on the motion, the Company entered into a Settlement Agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”) with the Plaintiffs, John Alfred Lewis and Christopher Brandon Lewis. Pursuant to the terms of the Settlement Agreement, the Company paid $20.0 million to resolve all matters in controversy pertaining to the lawsuit. On July 5, 2018, the Court entered an order to discontinue the lawsuit pursuant to the Stipulation of Discontinuance with Prejudice filed by the parties.

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breached certain contractual provisions under the SPA. The Plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint with two causes of action for breach of contract and one cause of action for breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. HMS asserted a counterclaim against Plaintiffs for breach of contract based on contractual indemnification costs, including attorneys’ fees arising out of the Company’s defense of AMG in Kern Health Systems v. AMG, Dennis Demetre and Lori Lewis (the “California Action”), which are recoverable under the SPA. In June 2016, Kern Health Systems and AMG entered into a settlement agreement that resolved all claims in the California Action. In July 2017, the Court issued a decision on the Company’s motion for partial summary judgment and granted the motion in part, dismissing one of Plaintiffs’ breach of contract causes of action against HMS. On November 3, 2017, following a jury trial, a verdict was returned in favor of the Plaintiffs on a breach of contract claim, and the jury awarded $60.0 million in damages to the Plaintiffs. On March 14, 2018, the Court held a hearing on the Company’s post-trial motion for an order granting it judgment notwithstanding the verdict or, alternatively, setting aside the jury’s award of damages. On June 27, 2018, prior to the Court issuing a decision on the motion, the Company entered into a Settlement Agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”) with the Plaintiffs, John Alfred Lewis and Christopher Brandon Lewis. Pursuant to the terms of the Settlement Agreement, the Company paid $20.0 million to resolve all matters in controversy pertaining to the lawsuit. On July 5, 2018, the Court entered an order to discontinue the lawsuit pursuant to the Stipulation of Discontinuance with Prejudice filed by the parties.

In February 2018, the Company received a Civil Investigative Demand (“CID”) from the Texas Attorney General, purporting to investigate possible unspecified violations of the Texas Medicaid Fraud Prevention Act. In March 2018, the Company provided certain documents and information in response to the CID. HMS has not received any further requests from the government in connection with this CID.

In September 2018, a former employee filed an action in the New York County Supreme Court entitled Christopher Frey v. Health Management Systems, Inc. alleging retaliation under New York law (the “New York Action”). The complaint seeks recovery of an unspecified amount of monetary damages, including back pay and other compensatory and equitable relief. In May 2019, the Court heard oral arguments on the Company's motion to dismiss the complaint. ~~The~~and ~~motion~~in ~~remains~~July ~~pending~~2020, ~~before~~ the Court. ~~The~~granted ~~Company~~the ~~continues~~motion to ~~believe~~dismiss ~~that~~the ~~this~~complaint ~~claim~~in isits ~~without~~entirety. ~~merit~~On ~~and~~August ~~intends~~26, to2020, ~~vigorously~~the ~~defend~~plaintiff ~~this~~filed ~~matter~~a notice of appeal with the New York Supreme Court Appellate Division, First Judicial Department.

92On December 22, 2020, HMS was served with two qui tam lawsuits filed by a former employee, both captioned United States of America ex rel. Frey v. Health Management Systems, Inc., alleging claims under federal and state False Claims acts relating to HMS’ performance of certain third party liability services. The two lawsuits were filed by Christopher Frey, a former employee, who was terminated as part of a reduction in force in 2013. The lawsuits contain allegations relating to HMS’ third party liability services prior to 2013. The cases are based in substantial part on allegations in a whistleblower complaint that was previously investigated by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Inspector General (“HHS”) and rejected by HHS. HHS’s findings were later upheld by the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. The case also repeats in substantial part certain allegations that were dismissed in the New York Action. An amended complaint was filed in each of the lawsuits on January 12, 2021. The Department of Justice has declined to intervene or participate in both lawsuits. HMS strongly denies the allegations in these lawsuits in their entirety and is vigorously defending against them. The parties have agreed to consolidation of the two matters before the Honorable Jayne Boyle of the Northern District of Texas.

Four purported stockholders of the Company have filed lawsuits against the Company and the members of its board of directors in connection with the Merger. The first two actions were filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York on February 8, 2021 and February 10, 2021 and are captioned Stein v. HMS Holdings Corp. et al. and Blum v. HMS Holdings Corp. et al., respectively. The third action was filed on February 10, 2021 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York and is captioned Urbanowicz v. HMS Holdings Corp. et al. The fourth action was filed on February 12, 2021 in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware and is captioned Waterman v. HMS Holdings Corp. et al. The complaints generally allege that the preliminary proxy statement issued in connection with the Merger omitted material information in violation of Sections 14(a) and 20(a) of the

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Securities Exchange Act of 1934, rendering the preliminary proxy statement false and misleading. The lawsuits seek, among other things, injunctive relief enjoining the Merger, unless and until the defendants issue additional disclosures, and recovery of an unspecified amount of damages, costs and disbursements. The actions are in the preliminary stages. The Company believes the lawsuits are without merit and intends to defend vigorously against these allegations.

From time to time, HMS may be subject to investigations, legal proceedings and other disputes arising in the ordinary course of the Company’s business, including but not limited to regulatory audits, billing and contractual disputes, employment-related matters and post-closing disputes related to acquisitions. Due to the Company’s contractual relationships, including those with federal and state government entities, HMS’s operations, billing and business practices are subject to scrutiny and audit by those entities and other multiple agencies and levels of government, as well as to frequent transitions and changes in the personnel responsible for oversight of the Company’s contractual performance. HMS may have contractual disputes with its customers arising from differing interpretations of contractual provisions that define the Company’s rights, obligations, scope of work or terms of payment, and with associated claims of liability for inaccurate or improper billing for reimbursement of contract fees, or for sanctions or damages for alleged performance deficiencies. Resolution of such disputes may involve litigation or may require that HMS accept some amount of loss or liability in order to avoid customer abrasion, negative marketplace perceptions and other disadvantageous results that could affect the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

HMS records accruals for outstanding legal matters when it believes it is probable that a loss will be incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The Company evaluates, on a quarterly basis, developments in legal matters that could affect the amount of any accrual and developments that would make a loss contingency both probable and reasonably estimable. If a loss contingency is not both probable and estimable, HMS does not establish an accrued liability.

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