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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K


☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025


☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 1-09447

KAISER ALUMINUM CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware	94-3030279
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1550 West McEwen Drive, Suite 500 Franklin, Tennessee	37067
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

(629) 252-7040

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share	KALU	Nasdaq Global Select Market

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter (June 30, 2025) was approximately $1.3 billion.

As of February 16, 2026, there were 16,210,443 shares of the Common Stock of the registrant outstanding.

Documents Incorporated by Reference. Certain portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement related to the registrant’s 2026 annual meeting of stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

COMMONLY USED OR DEFINED TERMS


Term	Definition
Adjusted EBITDA	Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization adjusted for non-run-rate items
Aero/HS Products	2000, 7000 and certain 6000 series alloys products used in the Aerospace, Defense, Space and other end markets requiring high strength applications
Alloy(s)	Certain metals such as copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese and silicon added to primary aluminum to obtain certain attributes
AOCI	Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
ASC	Accounting Standards Codification
ASU	Accounting Standards Update
Automotive Extrusions	Extruded aluminum products used in automotive applications
COGS	Cost of products sold, excluding depreciation and amortization
FIFO	First-in, first-out inventory valuation methodology
Form 10-K	This Annual Report on Form 10-K
GAAP	United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
GE Products	6000 series alloys products used in the General Engineering end markets
LIFO	Last-in, first-out inventory valuation methodology
LME	London Metal Exchange
KPS	Kaiser Production System - an integrated application of tools such as Lean Manufacturing, Six Sigma, and Total Productive Manufacturing
Metal Price Lag	Management’s estimate of the financial impact resulting from the timing difference between aluminum prices included within Hedged Cost of Alloyed Metal and the weighted average market price for aluminum during the period, based on MWTP (defined below), multiplied by our shipment volume during the periods. Metal Price Lag will generally increase our earnings in times of rising primary aluminum prices and decrease our earnings in times of declining primary aluminum prices.
MWTP	Midwest Transaction Price is equal to the LME aluminum price plus a Midwest premium
Newark	Kaiser Aluminum manufacturing facility located in Heath, Ohio, a suburb of Newark, Ohio
OPEB	Other Post Employment Benefits
Packaging	3000 and 5000 series alloy products used in the beverage and food packaging end markets
Revolving Credit Facility	Revolving credit facility with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and the other financial institutions party thereto
Salaried VEBA	Salaried Voluntary Employees' Beneficiary Association
SEC	U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Senior Notes	Collectively, the fixed-rate unsecured notes we issued during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2021, and 2025 at the following interest rates and aggregate principal amounts, respectively: (i) 4.625% and $500.0 million (issued in 2019; redeemed in full on November 6, 2025); (ii) 4.50% and $550.0 million (issued in 2021); and (iii) 5.875% and $500.0 million (issued in 2025)
SOFR	Secured Overnight Financing Rate
Trentwood	Kaiser Aluminum manufacturing facility located in Spokane Valley, Washington
USW	United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union, AFL-CIO, CLC
WAC	Weighted average cost inventory valuation methodology
Warrick	Kaiser Aluminum manufacturing facility located in Newburgh, Indiana, in the county of Warrick

TABLE OF CONTENTS


PART I
Item 1.	Business	4
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	14
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	25
Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	25
Item 2.	Properties	27
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	27
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	27

PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	28
Item 6.	[Reserved]	29
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	30
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	39
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	41
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	85
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	85
Item 9B.	Other Information	85
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspection	85

PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	86
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	86
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	86
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence	86
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	86

PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	87
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	90

SIGNATURES		91

PART I

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains statements which constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as applicable. These statements appear throughout this Form 10-K, including Item 1. “Business – Business Operations,” Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” These forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “believes,” “expects,” “may,” “estimates,” “will,” “should,” “plans” or “anticipates,” or the negative of the foregoing or other variations or comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategy.

Readers are cautioned that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve significant risks and uncertainties and that actual results may vary from those in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors. These factors include: (i) the effectiveness of management’s strategies and decisions, including strategic investments, capital spending strategies, cost reduction initiatives, sourcing strategies, processes and countermeasures implemented to address operational and supply chain challenges and the execution of those strategies; (ii) the execution and timing of strategic investments; (iii) general economic and business conditions, including higher interest rates, the impact of geopolitical factors and governmental and other actions taken in response, tariffs, cyclicality, reshoring, sanctions and export controls, labor challenges, supply interruptions, energy price volatility, scrap availability and pricing, customer operation disruptions, including as a result of regulatory actions, customer inventory imbalances and supply chain issues, regional aluminum premium volatility, and other conditions that impact demand drivers in the Aero/HS Products, Packaging, GE Products, and Automotive Extrusions end markets we serve; (iv) our ability to participate in mature and anticipated new automotive programs expected to launch in the future and successfully launch new automotive programs, including electric vehicle platforms; (v) changes or shifts in defense spending due to competing national priorities; (vi) pricing, market conditions and our ability to effectively execute commercial and labor strategies, pass through cost increases, including the institution of surcharges, and flex costs in response to inflation, volatile commodity costs, regional aluminum premiums and energy prices, and changing economic conditions; (vii) developments in technology, including cybersecurity and artificial intelligence threats; (viii) the impact of our future earnings, cash flows, financial condition, capital requirements and other factors on our financial strength and flexibility; (ix) new or modified statutory or regulatory requirements, including evolving climate-related disclosure regimes, state-level climate programs, and packaging and recycled content laws; (x) the successful integration of acquired operations and technologies; (xi) the views of our stakeholders, including regulators and customers, regarding our sustainability goals and initiatives and the impact of factors outside of our control on such goals and initiatives, including potential greenwashing or consumer protection claims; and (xii) other factors discussed in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Form 10-K. No assurance can be given that these are all of the factors that could cause actual results to vary materially from the forward-looking statements.

Readers are urged to consider these factors carefully in evaluating any forward-looking statements and are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements included herein are made only as of the date of this Form 10-K and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any information contained in this Form 10-K or to publicly release any revisions to any forward-looking statements that may be made to reflect events or circumstances that occur, or that we become aware of, after the date of this Form 10-K except as required by law.

Item 1. Business

Availability of Information

We file Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, Proxy Statements, any amendments to those reports and statements and other information with the SEC. You may obtain the documents that we file electronically from the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. Our filings with the SEC are made available free of charge on our website at http://www.kaiseraluminum.com as soon as reasonably practicable after we file or furnish the materials with the SEC. News releases, announcements of upcoming earnings calls and events in which our management participates or hosts with members of the investment community and an archive of webcasts of such earnings calls and investor events and related investor presentations, are also available on our website. Information on our website is not incorporated into this Form 10-K unless expressly noted.

Business Overview

Leading positions in select end markets

Kaiser Aluminum Corporation, a Delaware corporation, manufactures and sells semi-fabricated specialty aluminum mill products that include flat-rolled (plate, sheet, and coil), extruded (rod, bar, hollows, and shapes), drawn (rod, bar, pipe, tube, and wire), and certain cast aluminum products. We strategically focus our business on select end markets with demanding applications and high barriers to entry, where we believe we have sustainable competitive advantages that allow us to earn premium pricing and generate long-term profitable growth. The end market applications on which we have historically focused include: (i) Aero/HS Products; (ii) Packaging; (iii) GE Products; and (iv) Automotive Extrusions. These technically challenging applications leverage our core metallurgical and process technology capabilities to produce highly engineered mill products with differentiated characteristics that are required for the particular end uses.

We strive to strengthen our competitive position through strategic capital investments aimed at increasing our capacity and expanding our manufacturing capabilities. While some of our recent capital projects have focused on further enhancing manufacturing cost efficiency, improving product quality, and promoting operational security, a significant portion over the past several years related to our investment in a fourth coating line at Warrick to increase our capacity for higher margin coated aluminum material for packaging applications and the Trentwood modernization projects, which focused on equipment upgrades throughout the process flow to reduce conversion costs, increase efficiency and further improve our competitive cost position on all products produced at Trentwood. A significant portion of the Trentwood investment also focused on modernizing legacy equipment and the process flow for thin gauge plate to achieve KaiserSelect® quality enhancements for Aero/HS Products and GE Products. We believe these improvements have allowed and will continue to allow us to gain incremental manufacturing capacity to enable future sales growth.

Supplier of choice

We have long-standing relationships with our customers, which consist primarily of blue-chip companies, including leading aerospace and automotive manufacturers, tier one aerospace and automotive suppliers, beverage and food packaging manufacturers, and metal service centers. In our served markets, we seek to be the supplier of choice by pursuing “Best in Class” customer satisfaction driven by quality, availability, service and delivery performance. We believe we differentiate our product portfolio through our broad product offering and our KaiserSelect® products, which are engineered and manufactured to deliver enhanced product characteristics with improved consistency, so as to result in better performance, lower waste and, in many cases, lower production cost for our customers.

We have a culture of continuous improvement that is facilitated by the KPS. We believe KPS enables us to continue to reduce our own manufacturing costs and eliminate waste throughout the value chain. We strive to tightly integrate the management of our operations across multiple production facilities, product lines and target markets in order to increase the efficiency of product flow to our customers.

Another key component of our business model is to maintain financial strength and flexibility through the business and economic cycles. We manage and monitor our financial strength through routine analysis of our liquidity position under scenarios of varying business and economic cycles and maintaining a disciplined approach to leverage.

We believe that our product performance and customer experiences have afforded us a leading position in the attractive, growing end markets we serve. With our strong balance sheet and liquidity position, as well as our disciplined approach to capital allocation, we believe that we are well-positioned to benefit from positive secular trends across our served markets, including growing aerospace demand driven by increasing air travel and space-related applications, continued light weighting initiatives in the automotive industry, and long-term demand for coated packaging products supported by consumer preference for sustainable and recyclable materials.

Our Products

Overview

Our products are highly engineered aluminum solutions designed to meet the demanding performance requirements of the diverse end markets we serve. These solutions also contribute to reduced carbon emissions by enabling improved product performance, light weighting in applications such as aircraft and transportation for fuel efficiency, and increasing the use of recyclable aluminum beverage and food packaging. Overall, we remain focused on providing products that meet the needs of our customers for demanding applications while being part of the carbon solution for “Best in Class” customer satisfaction.

Aero/HS Products. Our Aero/HS Products include heat treated plate and sheet, hard alloy extruded shapes, cold finish rod and bar, seamless drawn tube and billet used for a wide variety of end uses in the global aerospace, space, and defense industries. Typical applications are structural aircraft components that must perform consistently under extreme variations in temperature and pressure due to frequent take-offs, landings, and changes in altitude. Required physical properties include high tensile strength, superior fatigue resistance, and exceptional durability even in harsh environments. We use high-strength 2000, 7000, and certain 6000-series aluminum alloys and apply a variety of thermal practices to manufacture our Aero/HS Products to meet the demanding specifications required for such safety-critical applications. While competing materials such as titanium and composites have displaced aluminum for certain applications on several newer aircraft designs, aluminum continues to be the material used most extensively for structural aerospace and defense applications because it is light weight, can meet demanding performance requirements, and is cost effective relative to other materials.

Packaging. Our Packaging products consist of bare and coated 3000 and 5000-series alloy aluminum coil used in the beverage and food packaging industry, with applications that include coated food stock, coated end and tab stock, body stock and bottle stock. Our Warrick facility is dedicated to the packaging industry in North America, with one of the world’s largest ingot casting facilities, hot and cold rolling, coated finishing, and slitting capacity. Warrick has a unique capability to produce high-margin coated packaging products representing approximately 75% of our total Packaging shipments in 2025.

GE Products. Our broad portfolio of GE Products consists primarily of 6000-series aluminum alloy plate, sheet, rod, bar, tube, wire and standard extruded shapes. The 6000-series alloy is an extremely versatile, medium-strength, heat treatable alloy that can be both extruded and rolled. Our GE Products have a wide range of uses and applications, many of which involve further fabrication for numerous transportation and other industrial end market applications where the machining of plate, rod and bar is intensive. For example, our GE Products are used to produce armor for military vehicles, ordnances, manufacturing cells for semiconductor production, numerous electronic devices, power transmission bus pipe and bar, after-market motor sport parts, tooling plate, parts for machinery and equipment, bolts, screws, and rivets.

Automotive Extrusions. Automotive Extrusions consists primarily of 6000-series extruded aluminum products for many North American automotive applications. Examples of the variety of extruded products that we supply to the automotive industry include extruded products for the body-in-white structural components, crash management systems, anti-lock braking systems and drawn tube for drive shafts. For some Automotive Extrusions, we perform limited fabrication, including sawing and cutting to length. In recent years, automotive original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) and their suppliers have, at an increasing pace, been converting many automotive components that historically were made of steel to aluminum to decrease weight without sacrificing structural integrity and safety performance and thereby achieve greater fuel efficiency standards mandated by stringent United States’ Corporate Average Fuel Economy or equivalent state regulations. Our Automotive Extrusions are designed and produced to provide specific mechanical properties and performance attributes required in automotive applications across a broad mix of North American OEMs and automotive platforms. We believe that these attributes are not easily replicated by our competitors and are important to our customers, who are typically tier one automotive suppliers.

Markets

Sales, Marketing, and Distribution

Industry sales for fabricated products fluctuate in response to competitive and market dynamics. Sales are made directly to customers by our sales personnel located in the United States, Canada, and Western Europe. Our sales and marketing efforts have historically focused on the markets for Aero/HS Products, Packaging, GE Products, and Automotive Extrusions. The majority of our sales are to North America based customers.

Aero/HS Products. We sell our Aero/HS Products to metal service centers, as well as directly to aerospace OEMs and tier one manufacturers. Sales are made primarily under long-term agreements, but also on an order-by-order basis. We serve this market with a North American and Western Europe sales force focused on Aero/HS Products. Growth in demand for aerospace plate has exceeded demand growth for other forms of Aero/HS Products, as aircraft manufacturers have migrated to monolithic component design, where a single piece of aluminum, usually a plate, is heavily machined to form a desired part rather than creating the same part by assembling sub-components made of aluminum sheet, extrusions or forgings that are affixed to one another using rivets, bolts or welds. Demand for our Aero/HS Products is heavily impacted by commercial airframe build rates and, to a lesser degree, by business jets, space applications, defense related airframes, and other products. In addition, unanticipated changes in build rates and mix of aircraft models being built can trigger restocking or destocking throughout the aerospace supply chain, temporarily impacting demand. While commercial airframe build rates can be subject to certain short-term events (see Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” included in this Form 10-K), we believe the long-term demand for air travel and fuel efficiency will continue to drive long-term growth for our products.

Packaging. Our Packaging products are sold primarily to North American beverage and food can manufacturers. Sales are made primarily under long-term agreements by a North American direct sales force. Aluminum can demand is driven by the packaging industry’s shift towards environmentally sustainable materials due to the fact that aluminum is infinitely recyclable and has the highest consumer recycling rate among beverage containers. We anticipate further growth will be underpinned by sustainability trends, the secular shift from plastic to aluminum and the fact that North American packaging capacity has been reallocated towards other end markets, including automotive and industrial. Short-term demand can be impacted by unanticipated changes in end consumer preferences for certain canned beverages and/or foods and pet foods which can trigger restocking or destocking throughout the packaging supply chain.

GE Products. A majority of our GE Products are sold to large metal service centers in North America on an order-by-order basis, with orders primarily consisting of standard catalog type items shipped with a relatively short lead-time. We service this market with a North American sales force focused on GE Products. Demand for our GE Products is closely related to North America general industrial and semi-conductor growth and the recent desire of many companies to lessen their risk of supply chain disruptions by reshoring suppliers and shortening the supply chain. Demand is also impacted by the destocking and restocking of inventory throughout the supply chain.

Automotive Extrusions. Our Automotive Extrusions are sold primarily to tier one automotive suppliers. Almost all sales are made under long-term agreements entered through direct channels using a North American direct sales force that works closely with our technical sales support organization. Demand for Automotive Extrusions is determined based upon automotive build rates in North America and aluminum content. We believe fuel efficiency standards and continued consumer preference for lightweight vehicles will continue to drive growth in demand for aluminum extruded components in passenger vehicles as a replacement for the heavier weight of steel components.

Customers

Our customer base is made up of a combination of key manufacturers and tier one suppliers in the Aero/HS Products, Packaging and Automotive Extrusions end markets and large metal service centers in the GE Products end market. As of December 31, 2025, approximately 70% of our shipments is sold directly to manufacturers or tier one suppliers and approximately 30% is sold to metal service centers. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our largest customer accounted for 16% of Net sales. While the loss of this customer could have a material adverse effect on us, we believe that our long-standing relationship with the customer is good and that the risk of losing the customer is remote. See Note 17 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for information about our significant concentrations.

Competition

The semi-fabricated aluminum industry is highly competitive. We seek to further differentiate ourselves from our competitors through our ongoing investments to continuously improve the quality and machinability of our products, manufacture and deliver unique product attributes (KaiserSelect®) and provide a broad product offering while maintaining a strong customer focus to achieve “Best in Class” status in our markets.

Our primary competitors in the global market for Aero/HS Products are Arconic Corporation, Constellium N.V. and Novelis Inc. In North America, our primary competitors for Packaging are Arconic Corporation, Constellium N.V., Novelis Inc. and Tri-Arrows Aluminum, Inc. In serving our North American customers for both GE Products and Automotive Extrusions, our primary competitors are Arconic Corporation and Norsk Hydro ASA, and for certain of these products, we also compete with smaller, regional participants. In North America, we also compete with heat treat plate imported from South Africa, Europe, and China. Some of our competitors are substantially larger, have greater financial resources and may have other strategic advantages.

Because many of our products are used in food, beverage and critical safety related applications, our customers have demanding standards for product quality and consistency that make it difficult to become a qualified supplier. Suppliers must pass a rigorous qualification process to sell to both airframe and automotive manufacturers and must also make significant investments in infrastructure and specialized equipment to supply products for these high strength applications. Further, sophisticated manufacturing processes make it difficult to become a qualified supplier, even with proper equipment. For example, producing heat treat plate and sheet products, particularly for aerospace applications, requires technological expertise that only a few companies have developed through significant investment in research and development and decades of operating experience. To be a supplier in the packaging market, demanding standards are also required. Producing coated end, tab, and body stock for the can market requires the development of alloys and application of coatings that must pass stringent customer qualifications, some which take multiple years to complete, and be compliant with Food and Drug Administration regulations. Our experienced and dedicated research and development team, combined with our Customer Service group, coordinates with coating suppliers, manufacturing operations, and our customers to create these alloy and coating systems.

Research and Development

Our products are differentiated based on the metallurgy and physical properties of the metal and special characteristics that are required for particular end uses. A significant amount of our research and development is devoted to product and process development within our production operations and is largely focused on controlling the manufacturing process to improve product quality, ensure consistency, and enhance one or more specific product attributes. This has resulted in the creation and delivery of our highly differentiated KaiserSelect® products.

We operate the following research and development centers:

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Rolling and Heat Treat Center. The Rolling and Heat Treat Center located at our Trentwood facility has complete hot rolling, cold rolling, and heat treat capabilities to simulate, in small lots, processing of flat-rolled products for process and product development on an experimental scale.

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Metallurgical Analysis Centers. The Metallurgical Analysis Centers consists of a full metallographic laboratory and a scanning electron microscope to support research and development programs as well as respond to plant technical service requests. The centers are located at our Trentwood, Warrick, and Newark facilities and service our aerospace and commercial plate business, packaging business, and long products business, respectively.

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Solidification and Casting Center. The Solidification and Casting Center located at our Newark facility has a developmental casting unit capable of casting billets and ingots for extrusion and rolling experiments. The casting unit is also capable of casting full size billets and ingots for processing on the production extrusion presses and rolling mills.

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Packaging Coating Center. The Packaging Coating Center located at our Warrick facility is focused on the forming and coating of our packaging products and has laboratory-scaled equipment capable of producing beverage end and food cans enabling the evaluation of new coatings and processes for packaging products.

Our Imperial Machine & Tool Co. (“IMT”) subsidiary provides us with significant technology and intellectual property that complements our metallurgical and application engineering expertise to further advance our capability to deliver highly engineered solutions for our customers.

We hold numerous patents, trademarks, trade secrets, and copyrights that relate to the design, use, and marketing of products. We consider this intellectual property to be important, but no single property is material to the overall conduct of our business.

Resources

Manufacturing Processes

We use two main processes, flat rolling, and extrusion/drawing, to produce our semi-fabricated products using a cast of alloyed prime and recycled aluminum in the desired forms and dimensions and with the desired physical properties. Both processes start by heating an aluminum rolling ingot or extrusion billet to an elevated temperature at which the metal is malleable and then applying pressure in a manner that both forces the metal into a desired shape and begins the “working” of the metal to enhance its strength and related properties.

Flat rolling. Our manufacturing process for aluminum flat-rolled products uses ingot, a large rectangular slab of aluminum, as the starter material. The ingot is processed through a series of rolling operations that can be done at elevated (hot) or room (cold) temperatures. Finishing steps may include heat treatment, annealing, stretching, leveling, coating, and slitting to achieve the desired metallurgical, dimensional and/or performance characteristics. Aluminum flat-rolled products are manufactured in a variety of alloys, a range of tempers (hardness), gauges (thickness), widths, and various finishes. Flat-rolled aluminum semi‑finished products are classified as plate (0.250 inches or greater in thickness), sheet (0.249 inches down to 0.008 inches in thickness) or coil (0.249 inches down to 0.001 inches in thickness).

Extrusion and Drawing. Our extrusion process begins with a cast billet, which is an aluminum cylinder of varying length and diameter cut from a cast log. After heating the billet to make the metal malleable, it is placed into an extrusion press and squeezed (extruded) through a die that gives the material the desired two-dimensional cross section. The material can be quenched as it leaves the press, or processed through a post-extrusion heat treatment cycle, to control the material’s physical properties. The extrusion is straightened, typically by stretching, and then cut to length before being hardened in aging ovens. Drawing is a fabrication operation in which extruded tubes and rods are pulled through a die, or drawn. The primary purpose of drawing is to reduce the diameter and wall thickness while improving physical properties and dimensions. Material may go through multiple drawing steps to achieve the final dimensional specifications. Extruded and drawn semi-fabricated products are manufactured in a variety of alloys and a range of tempers.

In addition, some of our locations have remelt and casting operations to produce the ingot or log for flat rolling or extrusion processing, respectively. To produce the ingot or log, we purchase primary aluminum and/or recycled scrap aluminum segregated by alloys, necessary to create various aluminum alloys. We also recycle internally generated scrap from our own manufacturing processes. Initially in solid form, aluminum is heated in a vessel to a temperature at which it melts. While in molten form, additional metals (aluminum alloyed scrap, alloy metals, primary aluminum, or high purity aluminum) are introduced to achieve the proper mixture of chemical elements for a particular aluminum alloy. When the desired chemical composition of the molten metal has been achieved, it is poured through a mold in which the molten metal cools in a controlled manner and solidifies into a rolling ingot or extrusion log. The size of the mold determines the dimensions of the rolling ingot or extrusion log. Our casting operations at our facilities in Kalamazoo, Michigan; London, Ontario; Los Angeles, California; and Heath, Ohio produce extrusion log and cut billet for their operations and for our other facilities that do not have casting operations. Our Trentwood and Warrick facilities cast rolling ingot for their own consumption.

Our IMT subsidiary is a leader in advanced manufacturing methods and techniques, which include multi-axis CNC machining, 3D Printing, welding, and fabrication for aerospace and defense, high tech, general industrial, and automotive applications.

Many of our facilities employ the same basic manufacturing process and produce the same types of products. We make a significant effort to tightly integrate the management of our multiple manufacturing locations, product lines, and end market applications to most efficiently and effectively serve the needs of our customers. We centralize purchasing of our primary, rolling ingot and scrap, or recycled, aluminum requirements and related alloys used in the production process in order to better manage price, credit, and other benefits. We believe that integration of our operations allows us to capture efficiencies while allowing our facilities to remain highly focused on their specific processes and end market applications.

Raw Materials

To make our fabricated products, we purchase primary aluminum and scrap, or recycled aluminum from third-party suppliers in varying percentages depending on various market factors, including price and availability. The price we pay for primary aluminum is typically based on the average MWTP, which reflects the primary aluminum supply/demand dynamics in North America. The average LME and the average Midwest Premium for 2025, 2024 and 2023 were $1.19 + $0.59, $1.10 + $0.19 and $1.02 + $0.23, respectively. Scrap aluminum is typically purchased at a discount to the MWTP but can require additional processing.

Suppliers

We purchase raw materials from a wide array of vendors. In most instances, we have multiple vendors of raw materials to mitigate the risk of an interruption of supply should one of them underperform or discontinue operations. A number of our input materials are commodities, which are subject to market price fluctuations, which we strive to mitigate with our metal price neutrality and hedging programs. See Note 17 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for information about our significant concentrations.

Pricing, Metal Price Risk Management, and Hedging

Our pricing of semi-fabricated aluminum products is generally intended to lock in a conversion margin (representing the value added from the fabrication process) and to pass aluminum and certain alloy price fluctuations through to our customers. In order to meet our objective to be metal price neutral, we manage the risk of fluctuations in the price of aluminum through our pricing policies and use of financial derivatives. Our three principal pricing mechanisms are as follows:

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Spot price. Some of our customers for Aero/HS Products and a majority of our customers for GE Products pay a product price that incorporates the spot price of primary aluminum (MWTP) in effect at the time of shipment to a customer. Spot prices for these products change regularly based on competitive dynamics. Fluctuation in the underlying aluminum price is a significant factor influencing changes in competitive spot prices. Through spot pricing, we can generally pass aluminum price risk through to customers.

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Index-based price. This pricing structure calls for our customer to pay a product price that incorporates a monthly index-based price for primary aluminum, such as the average MWTP for primary aluminum. Index-based pricing typically allows us to pass aluminum price risk through to the customer and applies to a majority of our Aero/HS Products and Packaging sales and virtually all of our Automotive Extrusions sales.

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Firm-price. Some of our customers who commit to volumes and timing of delivery pay a firm-price, creating aluminum price risk that we must hedge. We are able to limit exposure to aluminum price risks created by firm-price customer sales contracts by using third-party hedging instruments. Total fabricated product shipments for which we were subject to price risk were, in millions of pounds, 126.7, 154.9, and 207.5 during 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

In addition to the aluminum pricing mechanisms described above, we also strive to pass through the cost of certain alloys through either pricing adders or surcharge mechanisms. In some cases, the passing through of this alloy cost can lag the actual alloy cost, the timing of which is dependent on market conditions and customer agreements, with a favorable impact to us when alloy prices decline and an adverse impact to us when alloy prices increase. As with aluminum, we, from time to time, enter into either hedging transactions with third parties or firm price physical contracts to minimize the impact of alloy price fluctuations.

Seasonality

Under normal operating and economic conditions, we generally have immaterial fluctuations in our overall portfolio quarter‑over‑quarter results. Within our individual end markets, our Packaging shipments are generally weighted towards the second half of the year as compared to the first half while our Aero/HS Products, GE Products and Automotive Extrusions shipments are generally weighted slightly more toward the first half of the year as compared to the second half. This fluctuation in shipments is usually driven by lower demand during summer vacation and year-end holiday shutdowns and year-end inventory rebalancing by our end customers. During these periods of lower demand, we generally perform planned major maintenance at our facilities, which can affect cost and operating results.

Government Regulation

Our operations are subject to numerous federal, state, and local employment, import/export, reporting, environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. While we are subject to a wide variety of government regulations, generally those most impactful to our results of operations and capital expenditures are the environmental laws and regulations that impose limitations on the discharge of hazardous materials and pollutants, including greenhouse gasses, and establish standards for the handling, transportation, distribution, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous materials and solid and hazardous wastes. These regulations may require the investigation, assessment, cleanup or monitoring of, or compensation for, environmental impacts, including natural resource damages. We continually monitor our operations with respect to potential environmental issues, including changes in legal requirements and remediation technologies. We have established procedures for regularly evaluating environmental loss contingencies. Our environmental accruals represent our undiscounted estimate of costs reasonably expected to be incurred based on presently enacted laws and regulations, existing requirements, currently available facts, existing technology, and our assessment of the likely remediation actions to be taken. See Note 10 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K.

Government Contracts

We are one of the few remaining United States based aluminum semi-fabricated producers that supply the American defense industry. Although our products are used in a wide variety of military applications, including military aircraft, armored vehicles, and ordnance, these products are typically sourced from us by a number of service centers and machine shops that are suppliers to the defense industry. As we generally sell to the chain of suppliers who either subcontract with direct contractors or directly contract with the government, we do not have significant direct government agreements.

Human Capital

At December 31, 2025, we employed 3,840 people, of which approximately 3,760 were employed in our manufacturing, sales, and support office locations and approximately 80 were employed in a corporate capacity.

Governance and Culture

Our talented workforce is a key factor underlying our success. We strive to be the employer of choice by providing equal employment and a non‑discriminatory workplace, protecting the health and safety of our employees, providing training programs and maintaining a positive and constructive relationship with labor unions of which a majority of our employees are members. Our values support and serve as the foundation for our strategic initiatives and are intended to reflect the company’s “tone at the top” which we believe sustains our culture; a culture that continues to drive our behavior. In addition, the goal of being a valued corporate citizen guides our environmental, social, and governance decisions. We are committed to being socially responsible and active members of our industry and the communities in which we operate, and our employees and their families live.

Consistent with our corporate values, we promote fair business practices and a culture of accountability, responsibility, and ethical behavior through:

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strong emphasis on the importance of integrity and competence;

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conducting annual governance surveys to assess our culture and the effectiveness of our training;

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adopting and enforcing our policies, including Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, Human Rights Policy, and Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Belonging Policy, and compliance with applicable laws and regulations; and

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encouraging the reporting of illegal or unethical behavior, including the use of In-Touch, a third-party compliance feedback program.

We believe respecting human rights is a fundamental part of our values and corporate responsibility. We strive to respect and promote human rights in our relationships with our employees, suppliers, customers, and stakeholders and are guided by the principles of the International Bill of Human Rights (the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the two international covenants) and the International Labor Organization’s Declaration on the Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. Our Human Rights Policy is communicated to our employees as part of their annual code of conduct training, and we expect our employees to uphold this policy. In addition, our suppliers should manage relationships consistent with our Supplier Code of Conduct and we expect our suppliers to uphold this policy.

Preferred Employer

We are committed to being a preferred employer by, among other things: (i) attracting, developing and retaining the best people from all cultures and segments of the population based on ability; (ii) providing a safe and clean workplace; (iii) treating all employees with dignity and respect; (iv) being responsive to all employees; (v) providing an environment of diversity, inclusion, belonging, empowerment, responsibility and accountability; (vi) assuring effective, open two-way individual and group communications; (vii) developing and maintaining a positive relationship with all employees and their designated representatives; and (viii) offering competitive and equal pay and benefits that attract and retain employees. We focus on: (i) continuing to consider diversity of backgrounds and experiences as we identify training cohorts and opportunities; (ii) leveraging the views and perspectives of our diverse employees and leaders; (iii) developing meaningful metrics and benchmarks by location and job function to measure the effectiveness of our efforts; (iv) fostering relationships with educational institutions, employment agencies, and professional groups to expand the pool of potential candidates and employees to achieve a more diverse workforce; and (v) actively recruiting from military bases for military and veteran hiring. Our Human Rights Policy and Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Belonging Policy, which align with our corporate values and Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, are overseen by our Board of Directors and senior leadership team.

Labor Practices and Policies

Safety. We believe employee safety begins with a strong and consistent tone at the top through our executive leadership with oversight provided by our Corporate Health and Safety team, led by our Executive Vice President – Manufacturing. To help us achieve and maintain a strong safety culture, we have robust compliance and assessment programs such as annual safety planning, monthly safety calls, routine performance reviews against targets, and routine audits. In addition, we partner with the USW and various industry groups, including the Aluminum Association, to share and identify best practices. We use both internal and external resources, including the American National Standards Institute and International Organization for Standardization, to assess our compliance with regulatory and internal standards, providing training, performing risk assessments, audits and loss control inspections, and developing mitigation strategies with particular emphasis on risks with a greater potential for severe injury. We stress risk awareness and safe job practices and engage our employees in conversations about safety and safety training using a variety of communication channels, including one-on-one communications.

We also believe that having a culture of health and safety involves every employee at every level throughout the organization assuming responsibility to guard against workplace injuries by recognizing risks and taking other actions to minimize injury risk and severity. Risk reduction is a key initiative at each of our facilities and part of our annual planning process and we are committed to nurturing a culture consistent with being a preferred employer. We monitor our progress through routine reviews of our safety process and performance. We utilize both leading and trailing indicators to monitor our progress. Trailing indicators, such as total case incident rate (“TCIR”), lost-time case incident rate (“LTIR”), and days away, restricted, or transferred rate, help us monitor our safety performance. Leading indicators, such as severe injury or fatality potential and actual incident rate, near‑misses, timely addressing of internal and external audit findings, safety plan execution information and safety culture risk, help us monitor and assess risks and the effectiveness of our safety plans and processes. Plant safety metrics are integrated into our monthly quality, production, and financial reports and are reviewed by the senior leadership team every month. In addition, TCIR and LTIR safety modifiers are included in each of our short-term incentive compensation plans, including the corporate plan applicable to each of our executive officers and members of senior management.

Health. Over the years, we have implemented programs on a Company-wide basis to increase awareness of the importance of employee wellness. We have continued to introduce programs to educate and assist employees to make healthy lifestyle choices and have offered incentives and discounts to encourage participation across the organization, including:

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annual onsite health biometric screenings;

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preventative vaccination programs (e.g.: flu shots);

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an employee assistance program, providing confidential assistance with healthcare issues and the healthcare system, including crisis and emergency help;

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a smoking/tobacco cessation program;

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internal, as well as third-party, online wellness workshops, including workshops on nutrition and fitness; and

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wellness coaching.

Labor Union Affiliations. We believe in freedom of association and respect our employees’ choice to be represented or not represented by a union in accordance with the laws of the states and countries where we operate, without fear of reprisal, intimidation, or harassment. Approximately 65% of our employees are represented by labor unions under labor contracts with varying durations and expiration dates. The following table shows each manufacturing location, the primary union affiliation, if any, and the expiration date for the current union contracts as of December 31, 2025. As indicated in the table, our union affiliations are with the USW, International Association of Machinists (“IAM”), and International Brotherhood of Teamsters (“Teamsters”). See Note 17 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for additional information about concentration of labor subject to collective bargaining agreements.


		Contract
Location	Union	Expiration Date
Chandler, Arizona (Extrusion)	Non-union	—
Chandler, Arizona (Tube)	USW	Apr 2028
Columbia, New Jersey	Non-union	—
Florence, Alabama	USW	Mar 2026
Jackson, Tennessee	Non-union	—
Kalamazoo, Michigan	USW	Feb 2026
London, Ontario	USW Canada	Feb 2026
Los Angeles, California	Teamsters	Apr 2026
Newark	USW	Sep 2030
Warrick	USW	May 2027
Richland, Washington	Non-union	—
Richmond, Virginia	USW/IAM	Nov 2026/Nov 2026
Trentwood	USW	Sep 2030

Recruiting, Training, Development, and Retention

Recruiting. We are committed to recruiting a workforce that reflects people from all cultures and segments of the population based on ability. Our initiatives include: (i) identifying and recruiting diverse talent, including military veterans; (ii) fostering relationships with universities, employment agencies, and professional groups that work with more diverse populations; and (iii) leveraging inclusive job-posting sites. We have a well-established talent review process that includes operations and functional leaders that are key in the early identification of high performing and high potential employees. We also track and review the diverse backgrounds of job applicants and new hires to evaluate our efforts to continue to increase the diversity of our organization. The Sustainability Committee of our board oversees, among other things, the succession planning for our executive officers and the leadership, progression, and development of key employees.

Training, Development, and Retention. We are committed to the development of our employees through a broad mix of internal and external program resources incorporating on-the-job training and development through the Kaiser Leadership Program (“KLP”), the Front Line Leader Development Program (“FLLDP”), the Kaiser Leader of Leaders Program (“KLLP”), Kaiser University, the Tuition Assistance Program, and the Metallurgy Excellence and Technical Strength Program. We continue to expand our talent management initiatives to pursue the significant long-term potential for our continued success. Our success is dependent on the knowledge, skills, and abilities of our current and future leaders and employees.

The KLP is a full year program that accelerates the readiness of key talent and combines personalized leadership development and Kaiser-management system focused curriculum with a unique opportunity to build relationships with an internal network of leaders across locations and functions. The mission of the KLP is to strengthen performance, develop bench strength, and accelerate the readiness of key talent across our company. The program blends classroom, online modules and live web events using a cohort model to deliver a flexible, convenient learning environment.

The FLLDP is a six-month program that strengthens organizational performance through ethical, effective, and sustaining tactical leadership for both new and experienced frontline supervisors. The program uses a cohort model to encourage collaboration and team-building and to ensure accountability, facilitated group discussions, and effective best practice sharing.

The KLLP provides a professional development curriculum, mentorship, and networking opportunities designed to support leaders in developing vital leadership skills and business insight, all grounded in Kaiser Aluminum’s corporate values. Similar to the KLP, the KLLP uses in-person events, program meetings, self-directed learning and assignments, mentoring meetings, and cohort collective meetings.

Kaiser University is our web-based learning and development platform offering a catalog of thousands of on-demand courses to employees across a broad range of topics including compliance, maintenance, health and safety, Lean Six Sigma, communication skills, business skills, computer skills, cybersecurity, discrimination and harassment prevention, and our processes and policies.

The Tuition Assistance Program provides tuition reimbursement for salaried employees and certain represented employees as stipulated by the collective bargaining agreement. The mission of this program is to support our workforce in completing a degree that benefits both our employees and our company.

The Metallurgy Excellence and Technical Strength Program provides professional development for our talented metallurgical professionals in order to facilitate their ability to develop and implement process control systems and identify new technologies that can benefit the company. This program provides mentorship opportunities with company leaders and experts as well as participation in career enhancing training to ensure our competitive advantage.

Rewards

All our employees, including hourly and salaried employees at our production facilities, participate in short-term incentive compensation plans, which are based on attainment of performance metrics that drive and support our “Best in Class” commitment. We also provide stock-based compensation to executive officers, members of senior management throughout the company, and other key employees, as well as a deferred compensation plan for certain employees. All our U.S. employees have access to 401(k) savings plans, depending on the terms of their employment, and salaried employees at our London, Ontario facility have access to a defined benefit pension plan with annual contributions based on each salaried employee’s age and years of service. Through the collective bargaining process, we contribute to four multiemployer pension plans under the terms of certain collective bargaining agreements for a majority of our union-represented employees. Certain union employees at Warrick participate in a defined benefit pension plan, as well as an OPEB plan offering medical and life insurance benefits. In addition, certain hourly and salaried employees are also able to receive defined postretirement health and welfare benefits through VEBAs.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

In addition to the factors discussed elsewhere in this Form 10-K, the risks described below are those that we believe are material to our company. The occurrence of any of the events discussed below could significantly and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial position, results of operations, and cash flows as well as the trading price of our securities.

RISKS RELATED TO CHANGES IN DEMAND FOR OUR PRODUCTS.

Macroeconomic factors including labor shortages, supply chain disruptions, inflation and recession risks have adversely affected our business, and could cause additional downturns in the aerospace, packaging, automotive, and ground transportation industries, which would further adversely affect our business and the business of our customers.

We derive a significant portion of our revenue from products sold to the aerospace, defense, packaging, automotive, semi-conductor and ground transportation industries. Macroeconomic factors include, but are not limited to: (i) labor shortages or disputes; (ii) disruptions to supply chains; (iii) other interruptions of international and regional commerce; (iv) inflation; (v) higher interest rates; and (vi) recession risks. Moreover, because new automotive vehicle demand is tied closely to overall economic strength, economic uncertainty, increasing interest rates and/or increased unemployment could lead to weak demand for, or lower production of, new cars, light trucks, SUVs, and heavy-duty vehicles and trailers, which could adversely affect demand for our products. Additional adverse macroeconomic developments may lead to reduced demand for our products, which could adversely affect our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

We operate in a highly competitive industry.

We compete with others in the semi-fabricated products segment of the aluminum industry based upon quality, availability, price, customer service, and delivery performance. Some of our competitors are substantially larger than we are, have greater financial resources than we do, operate more facilities than we do, are geographically closer to our customers than we are, employ more efficient or advanced technologies than we do, or have other strategic advantages. New parties may become capable of manufacturing similar products and qualifying them with our customers, which could lead to further competitive pressure. Competitors’ facilities located in certain other countries may have a manufacturing cost advantage compared to our facilities, which are located in the United States and Canada. Such foreign competitors may sell products similar to our products at lower prices as a result of having lower manufacturing costs or due to currency exchange rates that periodically favor foreign competition. Some foreign competitors may also dump their products in the United States and Canada in violation of existing trade laws, and new or expanded antidumping and countervailing duty orders on aluminum products may alter competitive dynamics, supply availability, and input costs. We may not be able to compete by differentiating ourselves based on the quality, availability and delivery of our products or our customer service. Additionally, we may not be able to reduce our cost structure and our selling prices to be competitive with others, and tariffs introduced to protect manufacturers in the United States from foreign price competition may not be fully effective or could disrupt supply chains or otherwise increase our costs. Increased competition could cause a reduction in demand for our products and our shipment volumes, our product pricing, or both shipment volumes and product pricing, which could have an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

Reductions in demand for our products may be more severe than, and may occur prior to, reductions in demand for our customers’ products.

Most of our products undergo further fabrication by other parties before being deployed in their end uses. In particular, our Aero/HS Products undergo numerous stages of further fabrication or assembly by a number of parties in the supply chain, often over the course of many months. The lead time from when we sell our Aero/HS Products to when the finished products are installed on an aircraft often exceed a year. Due to this long lead time, demand for our products may increase prior to demand for our customers’ products or may decrease when our customers experience or anticipate softening demand for their products. Our customers typically respond to reduced demand for their products by depleting their inventory until their inventory falls to a new desired level. This causes a greater reduction in demand for our products than our customers experience for their products. Further, the reduction in demand for our products can be exacerbated if our customers’ inventory levels had been higher than normal, if production is delayed for specific commercial airframe models or subject to production caps, if our customers previously had purchased products from us at committed sales contract volumes that exceeded their actual need or for other reasons. The amplified reduction in demand for our products while our customers consume their inventory to meet their business needs (destocking) may adversely affect our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

Our customers may reduce their demand for aluminum products in favor of alternative materials.

Our products compete with other materials for use in various customer applications. For instance, the commercial aerospace industry has used and continues to evaluate the further use of titanium, composites, and carbon fiber materials as alternatives to aluminum to reduce aircraft weight and increase fuel efficiency. Additionally, while the automotive industry has continued to increase the use of aluminum in vehicle production to reduce vehicle weight and increase fuel efficiency, manufacturers may revert to steel or other materials for certain applications and rely on improved drivetrain technology, more efficient engines, aerodynamics, or other measures to achieve fuel efficiency goals.

Furthermore, aluminum coil produced for demanding end market applications in the beverage and food packaging industry in North America is subject to substantial competition from producers of alternative packaging made from glass, paper, flexible materials, plastic and organic or compostable materials, which may compare favorably to aluminum with respect to preservation of food and beverage quality, cost, and/or sustainability. Changes in the volume of sales by our customers in the food and beverage markets and preferences for products and packaging by consumers of prepackaged food and beverage cans may significantly influence our sales. Changes in packaging preferences by our customers may require us to re-tool manufacturing operations, which could require material expenditures. In addition, a decrease in the costs of, or a further increase in consumer demand for, alternative packaging could result in lower profits and reduced cash flows for us. For example, increases in the price of aluminum and decreases in the price of plastic resin, which is a petrochemical product and may fluctuate with prices in the oil and gas market, may increase substitution of plastic food and beverage containers for metal containers. Moreover, due to the associated high percentage of fixed costs, we may be unable to maintain the gross margin of aluminum packaging products at past levels if we are not able to achieve high-capacity utilization rates for our production equipment. In periods of low demand for aluminum packaging products or in situations where industry expansion created excess capacity, we may experience relatively low-capacity utilization rates, which can lead to reduced margins during that period and can have an adverse effect on our business. The willingness of customers to use materials other than aluminum could adversely affect the demand for our products, particularly our Aero/HS Products, Packaging, and Automotive Extrusions, and thus could adversely affect our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

Our customers may reduce their demand for our products as a result of the government relaxing or delaying fuel efficiency or emissions standards or if oil prices remain low for a protracted period of time.

Efficient use of fossil fuels partially drives demand for aluminum in transportation applications. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, other federal regulatory agencies, and regulatory agencies of certain states have in the past sought to limit fossil fuel usage by establishing stricter fuel efficiency and greenhouse-gas emissions standards. Changing administrations have in the past and could in the future revisit or reverse the environmental agendas of previous administrations with respect to previously established fuel efficiency and emissions standards. Any relaxations or delays of these standards or an extended period of low or moderate oil prices could reduce demand for new, more efficient aircraft and automobiles, which could adversely affect the demand for our products and have an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. Conversely, changing administrations could accelerate efforts to not only limit, but reduce, fossil fuel usage and carbon emissions beyond what may be technologically possible for certain products and manufacturing processes, which may also reduce demand for our products or our ability to manufacture them.

The commercial aerospace industry is cyclical and subject to disruption. Downturns in the commercial aerospace industry could adversely affect our business.

We derive a significant portion of our revenue from products sold to the aerospace industry. Notwithstanding a secular growth trend spanning nearly two decades or more, the aerospace industry is highly cyclical and also is subject to disruption. Numerous factors, including those that influence demand for new commercial aircraft, could result in cancellations or deferrals of aircraft orders and a global decrease in new commercial aircraft deliveries. These factors include but are not limited to: (i) declines or reduced growth trends in global travel and airline passenger traffic; (ii) the rate of replacement of older aircraft with more fuel efficient aircraft; (iii) changing airline strategies affecting preferences for single-aisle aircraft models as opposed to twin-aisle or jumbo aircraft models; (iv) airline industry profitability; (v) the state of regional and global economies; (vi) concerns regarding terrorism or the threat of terrorism; (vii) concerns regarding new pandemics of infectious disease; (viii) labor disputes involving airline or aerospace manufacturers; (ix) regulatory actions impacting production rates at certain airframe manufacturers; and (x) safety concerns with newly introduced and existing aircraft. Despite existing backlogs, adverse developments in any one or more of these influencing factors may lead to reduced demand for new aircraft that utilize our products, which could adversely affect our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

Reductions in defense spending for aerospace and non-aerospace military applications could adversely affect demand for our products.

Our products are used in a wide variety of military applications, including military aircraft, armored vehicles, and ordnance. Certain military programs are used by the U.S. armed forces, as well as by the defense forces of our allied foreign powers. Military programs that currently use or in the future could use our products may be subject to changes in military strategy and government priorities. Further, while many of the U.S. government programs span several years, they are often funded annually, and funding is generally subject to congressional appropriations and may be subject to delays or other reduction efforts. When U.S. and foreign allied governments are faced with competing national priorities, such as addressing financial or spending crises or public health emergencies, there can be significant pressure to reduce defense spending, which could reduce the demand for our products and adversely affect our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

Downturns in the automotive and ground transportation industries could adversely affect our business.

The demand for our Automotive Extrusions and many of our GE Products and other industrial products is dependent on the production of cars, light trucks, SUVs, and heavy-duty vehicles and trailers in North America. The automotive industry is highly cyclical, as new vehicle demand is dependent on consumer spending and is tied closely to the overall strength of the North American economy. Even with the automotive industry’s growing use of aluminum to reduce vehicle weight, weak demand for, or lower production of, new cars, light trucks, SUVs, and heavy duty vehicles and trailers, as well as pricing pressures or changing consumer attitudes, supply change disruptions or model mix shifts could adversely affect the demand for our products and have an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

Changes in consumer demand for particular motor vehicles could adversely affect our business.

Sensitivity to fuel prices, an increased preference for environmentally friendly alternatives and other consumer preferences can influence consumer demand for motor vehicles that have a higher content of the aluminum Automotive Extrusions that we supply. The loss of business with respect to, or a lack of commercial success of, one or more particular vehicle models or brands for which we are a significant supplier could have an adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

RISKS RELATED TO SALES.

We depend on a core group of significant customers.

Our five largest customers in total accounted for approximately 56% of our 2025 net sales. Most of these customers have one or more sizable sales agreements with us. If one or more of these customers experienced a prolonged period of adverse demand, depressed business activity or financial distress, if any of these customers breached or sought relief from its contractual obligations under its sales agreements with us or if any of these customer relationships otherwise ended or materially deteriorated and such lost business was not successfully replaced, our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows could be adversely affected.

We experience fluctuation in certain costs that we cannot pass through to our customers and face pressure from our customers on pricing.

We are unable to pass fluctuations of certain costs through to our customers, including the cost of energy, certain raw materials, operating supplies, and freight. Further, cost-cutting initiatives that many of our customers have adopted generally result in downward pressure on pricing. If we are unable to generate sufficient productivity improvements and cost savings in the future to offset reductions in our selling prices and increases in our costs that we cannot pass through to our customers, our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows could be adversely affected.

RISKS RELATED TO GEO-POLITICAL FACTORS.

Our industry is very sensitive to foreign economic, regulatory and political factors that may adversely affect our business.

We import primary aluminum and certain alloy metals from, and manufacture semi-fabricated products used in, foreign countries. Our financial position, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected by numerous factors in the politically and economically diverse jurisdictions: (i) from which our input materials are sourced; (ii) in which we operate; (iii) in which our customers operate; or (iv) in which our products are consumed or further fabricated. Such factors include but are not limited to:

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the adoption of tariffs, duties and other forms of taxation;

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trade disputes;

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the implementation of controls on prices, exports and/or imports, including quotas;

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the implementation of other restrictions on supply chains in connection with global health pandemics or geopolitical disruptions to major shipping routes;

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the imposition of currency restrictions;

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inflation relative to the United States and related fluctuations in currency and interest rates;

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government regulation in the countries in which we operate, service customers or purchase raw materials;

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acts or threats of war, terrorism or violent suppression;

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sanctions, including those in response to acts or threats of war, terrorism or violent suppression;

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civil unrest and labor problems; and

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the nationalization or appropriation of rights or other assets.

RISKS RELATED TO PRODUCT AND MANUFACTURING.

We may experience difficulties in the launch or production ramp-up of new products which could adversely affect our business.

As we ramp up manufacturing processes for newly introduced products, we may experience difficulties, including manufacturing disruptions, delays, or other complications, which could adversely impact our ability to serve our customers, our reputation, our costs of production and, ultimately, our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

Unplanned events may interrupt our production operations, which may adversely affect our business.

The production of aluminum products is subject to unplanned events such as explosions, fires, inclement weather, natural disasters, accidents, equipment failures, labor disruptions, transportation interruptions, public utilities interruptions, cyber incidents affecting operational technology, and supply chain interruptions. Operational interruptions could significantly curtail the production capacity of a facility for a period of time. Although we have redundant capacity and capability to produce many of our extruded products within our manufacturing platform to mitigate our business risk from such interruptions, interruptions at Trentwood where our production of plate and sheet is concentrated or at Warrick where our production of packaging material is concentrated, could significantly compromise our ability to meet the needs of our customers. Delayed delivery of our products to customers who require on-time delivery from us may cause customers to purchase alternative products at a higher cost, reschedule their own production, or incur other incremental costs. Customers may be able to pursue financial claims against us for their incremental costs, and we may incur costs to correct such problems in addition to any liability resulting from such claims. Interruptions may also harm our reputation among actual and potential customers, potentially resulting in a loss of business. To the extent these losses are not covered by insurance, our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows could be adversely affected by such events.

We may face challenges to our intellectual property rights which could adversely affect our reputation, business and competitive position.

Our intellectual property plays an important role in maintaining our competitive position in a number of the markets that we serve. Our competitors may develop technologies that are similar or superior to our proprietary technologies or design around the patents we own or license. Despite our controls and safeguards, our technology may be misappropriated by our employees, our competitors, or other third parties. The pursuit of remedies for any misappropriation of our intellectual property is expensive and the ultimate remedies may be deemed insufficient. Developments or assertions by or against us relating to intellectual property rights, and any inability to protect or enforce our rights sufficiently, could adversely affect our business and competitive position.

We rely on third parties to provide certain services that are critical to our operation.

We depend on various third-party suppliers and service providers for key inputs, transportation, logistics, maintenance, utilities, and other operational support. Our ability to operate efficiently relies on these parties performing their obligations in a timely, consistent, and cost-effective manner. Disruptions can arise from labor shortages, labor disputes, capacity constraints, financial difficulties, supply chain interruptions, or a provider’s inability or unwillingness to meet agreed-upon standards. In addition, delays or failures by third parties to deliver goods or services essential to our production processes could require us to incur additional costs, seek alternative suppliers, or reduce or halt certain operations. Any such disruption could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR STRATEGIC TRANSACTIONS AND INITIATIVES.

We may not be able to successfully implement our productivity enhancement and cost reduction initiatives that are necessary to offset competitive price pressure.

Over time, we have experienced pricing pressure on many of our products and anticipate continued pricing pressure in the future. Ongoing and heightened competitive price pressure makes it increasingly important for us to be a low-cost producer. Although we have undertaken and expect to continue to undertake productivity enhancement and cost reduction initiatives, including significant investments in our facilities to improve our manufacturing efficiency, cost, and product quality, we cannot make assurances that we will complete all of these initiatives, that we will fully realize the estimated cost savings from such activities, that short-to-medium term improvements from new efficiencies and lower cost structure achieved will become permanent or that we will be able to continue to reduce cost and increase productivity over the long-term.

Our investment and other expansion projects may not be completed, start up as scheduled or deliver the expected capacity and other benefits.

Our ability to complete our investment and expansion projects and the timing and costs of doing so are subject to various risks associated with all major construction projects, many of which are beyond our control, including technical or mechanical problems and economic conditions. Additionally, the start-up of operations after such projects have been completed can be complicated and costly. If we are unable to fully complete these projects, if the actual costs for these projects exceed our expectations, if the start-up phase after completion is more complicated than anticipated or if the capacity and other benefits of these projects are less than anticipated, our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows could be adversely affected.

We rely on Alcoa Corporation (“Alcoa”) for certain resources essential to the day-to-day operation of our business at Warrick.

We rely on Alcoa for certain resources required to support daily operations at Warrick, including potable water. If Alcoa were to fail to provide these resources, we could incur substantial costs to keep the Warrick rolling mill operational or result in the temporary or permanent shutdown of Warrick’s operations. In the event that Warrick’s operations are negatively impacted by Alcoa’s failure to provide certain essential resources, our operations, business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

RISKS RELATED TO COMMODITY-RELATED PRICE FLUCTUATIONS.

Our business could be adversely affected by pricing and availability of primary aluminum.

Our largest inputs to produce fabricated aluminum products are primary aluminum and recycled scrap aluminum. Primary aluminum pricing fluctuates in response to global supply and demand and also reflects the impact of duties, tariffs, and sanctions imposed by the United States and certain other countries. The timing and magnitude of changes in market pricing for primary aluminum are largely unpredictable. Our pricing structures for fabricated aluminum products generally allow us to pass fluctuations in the price of primary aluminum through to our customers so that we can minimize our exposure to metal price risk. Metal Price Lag resulting from decreases in the price of primary aluminum could have an adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations. In addition, competitive dynamics for certain of our high margin products may limit the amount or delay the timing of selling price increases on our products to recover our increased aluminum costs, resulting in a time lag during which we may be partially exposed to metal price risk. Changes in trading restrictions for certain origins may also increase volatility in regional premiums and physical availability. If these events were to occur, they could have an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, if the market price for primary aluminum were to remain high for an extended period of time, the corresponding increase in our selling price for our fabricated products may cause some of our customers to switch to other materials in lieu of our products, causing sales of our fabricated aluminum products to decrease, which could adversely affect our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

Our business could be adversely affected by the pricing and availability of recycled scrap aluminum.

We can efficiently use certain forms of recycled scrap aluminum in lieu of primary aluminum and alloying metals in our operations because recycled scrap aluminum trades at a discount to primary aluminum. The size of the discount to primary aluminum depends on regional scrap aluminum supply and demand dynamics. Larger discounts, generally available in periods of ample regional scrap aluminum supply relative to demand, enhance the economic advantage to us of using recycled scrap aluminum in lieu of primary aluminum and alloying metals. The timing and magnitude of changes in scrap discounts relative to primary aluminum are largely unpredictable. If the availability of recycled scrap aluminum in our regional markets were to tighten, scrap discounts relative to primary aluminum could decline and the amount of recycled scrap aluminum we could procure for use in our operations could decline, either of which could have an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

Our business could be adversely affected by the pricing and availability of alloying metals.

We use certain alloying metals, such as copper, zinc, magnesium, and silicon, in our operations in order to achieve the required performance properties in our products. The availability of these alloys in some cases has been and, in the future, may be restricted due to limited suppliers, government regulations, import and export controls, energy, supply chain disruptions, and/or general demand dynamics. When sudden restrictions of these materials occur, we have been and in the future may be subject to rapid price increases and limited supplies, either of which could have an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Volatility in aluminum prices can impact our borrowing availability and cause our liquidity to decline.

Lower aluminum prices reduce the market value of our inventory and generally cause a reduction in our accounts receivable as we pass through a lower underlying aluminum price to our customers. Because the amount we can borrow under our Revolving Credit Facility is determined by the value of our receivables and inventory, which serve as collateral for the facility, a reduction in aluminum prices can reduce our borrowing availability and our liquidity, which could have an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. Conversely, rapid increases in aluminum prices can create short-term liquidity pressure as working capital needs rise before related customer collections. During these periods, borrowing availability may not increase at the same pace, which can temporarily constrain liquidity.

Our hedging programs have been and could continue to be adversely impacted by fluctuations as a result of the impacts of supply chain disruptions, geopolitical activity and general economic conditions.

We use forward contracts to protect against fluctuations in commodity prices and currency exchange rate risks. The effectiveness of these hedges depends, in part, on our ability to accurately forecast future product demand and related cash flow. Due to the impacts of supply chain disruptions, geopolitical activity, general economic conditions, exchange trading restrictions and sanctions affecting metals markets, and other factors, the businesses of our customers are subject to many uncertainties and, as a result, we have experienced, and may continue to experience, unanticipated volatility in product demand and related cash flows. When we experience such volatility or are otherwise unable to make accurate predictions with respect to our forward swaps designated as cash flow hedges, such hedging activities may become ineffective. The early settlement, reclassification of cumulative losses and/or the periodic adjustment to fair value through Net income associated with ineffective hedging activities could have a material negative impact on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

Our hedging programs may limit the income and cash flows we would otherwise expect to receive if our hedging programs were not in place and may otherwise affect our business.

In the ordinary course of business, we enter into hedging transactions to limit our exposure to risks relating to changes in the market prices of primary aluminum, certain alloying metals, natural gas, electricity, as well as fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. To the extent that market prices or exchange rates at the expiration of these hedging transactions would have been more favorable to us than the fixed prices or rates established by these hedging transactions, our income and cash flows will be lower than they otherwise would have been. Our liquidity could also be adversely affected to the extent we incur margin calls from our hedging counterparties due to the market price of the underlying commodity or the foreign currency exchange rates deviating adversely from fixed, floor or ceiling prices or rates established by our outstanding hedging transactions. Our failure to satisfy certain covenants in the underlying hedging documents or the occurrence of an event of default thereunder could also trigger margin calls that could adversely impact our liquidity, financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. Our hedging programs also expose us to the creditworthiness of our hedging counterparties, which is inherently difficult to assess and can change quickly and dramatically. Non-performance by a hedging counterparty could have an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR INDEBTEDNESS.

Covenants and events of default in our debt instruments could limit our ability to undertake certain types of transactions and adversely affect our liquidity.

Our Revolving Credit Facility and the indentures governing our outstanding Senior Notes contain a number of restrictive covenants that impose operating and financial restrictions on us and may limit our ability to engage in acts that may be in our long-term best interest, including restrictions on our ability to:

•

incur additional indebtedness and guarantee indebtedness;

•

pay dividends or make other distributions or repurchase or redeem capital stock;

•

prepay, redeem or repurchase certain debt;

•

issue certain preferred stock or similar equity securities;

•

make loans and investments;

•

sell assets;

•

incur liens;

•

enter into transactions with affiliates;

•

alter the businesses we conduct;

•

enter into agreements restricting our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends; and

•

consolidate, merge or sell all or substantially all of our assets.

In addition, restrictive covenants in our Revolving Credit Facility require us in certain circumstances to maintain specified financial ratios and satisfy other financial condition tests. Our ability to meet those financial ratios and tests can be affected by events beyond our control and we may be unable to meet them.

A breach of the covenants or restrictions under our Revolving Credit Facility or under the indentures governing the outstanding Senior Notes could result in an event of default under the applicable indebtedness. Such a default may allow the creditors to accelerate the related debt. A payment default or an acceleration following an event of default under our Revolving Credit Facility or our indentures for our outstanding Senior Notes could trigger an event of default under the other indebtedness obligation, as well as any other debt to which a cross-acceleration or cross-default provision applies, which could result in the principal of and the accrued and unpaid interest on all such debt becoming due and payable. In addition, an event of default under our Revolving Credit Facility could permit the lenders under our Revolving Credit Facility to terminate all commitments to extend further credit under that facility. Furthermore, if we were unable to repay any amounts due and payable under our Revolving Credit Facility, those lenders could proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure that indebtedness. In the event our lenders or noteholders accelerate the repayment of our borrowings, we and our subsidiaries may not have sufficient assets to repay that indebtedness.

As a result of these restrictions, we may be:

•

limited in how we conduct our business and grow in accordance with our strategy;

•

unable to raise additional debt or equity financing to operate during general economic or business downturns; or

•

unable to compete effectively or to take advantage of new business opportunities.

In addition, our financial results, our level of indebtedness, and our credit ratings could adversely affect the availability and terms of any additional or replacement financing.

More detailed descriptions of our Revolving Credit Facility and the indentures governing our outstanding Senior Notes are included in filings made by us with the SEC, along with the documents themselves, which provide the full text of these covenants.

Restrictive covenants in our debt instruments contain significant qualifications and exceptions.

While our Revolving Credit Facility and the indentures governing the outstanding Senior Notes place limitations on our ability to pay dividends or make other distributions, repurchase or redeem capital stock, make loans and investments, and incur additional indebtedness, among other things, investors should be aware that these limitations are subject to significant qualifications and exceptions. The aggregate amount of payments made, incremental debt incurred or other transactions or business pursued in compliance with these limitations could be substantial.

As indicated above, more detailed descriptions of our Revolving Credit Facility and the indentures governing our outstanding Senior Notes are included in filings made by us with the SEC, along with the documents themselves, which provide the full text of these covenants.

Servicing our debt requires a significant amount of cash and we may not have sufficient cash flow from our business to pay our debt or may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.

Our ability to make scheduled interest and principal payments on our debt obligations or to refinance such obligations depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which are subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business, legislative, regulatory and other factors beyond our control. We may be unable to maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the interest, principal, and premium, if any, on our indebtedness.

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity challenges and could be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, dispose of material assets or operations, restructure or refinance our indebtedness or seek additional debt or equity capital. We may not be able to effect any such alternative measures, if necessary, on commercially reasonable terms or at all and, even if successful, those alternative actions may not allow us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. Our Revolving Credit Facility and the indentures governing the outstanding Senior Notes restrict our ability to dispose of assets and use the proceeds from those dispositions and may also restrict our ability to raise debt or certain forms of equity capital to be used to repay other indebtedness when it becomes due. We may not be able to consummate asset dispositions or to obtain proceeds in an amount sufficient to meet any debt service obligations then due.

If we cannot make scheduled payments on our debt, we will be in default and holders of the outstanding Senior Notes could declare all outstanding principal and interest to be due and payable, the lenders under our Revolving Credit Facility could terminate their commitments to loan money, the lenders could foreclose against the assets securing their borrowings and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENTS.

Our failure to maintain satisfactory labor relations could adversely affect our business.

At December 31, 2025, approximately 65% of our employees were represented by labor unions under labor contracts and 26% of those employees were covered by collective bargaining agreement with expiration dates occurring within one year from December 31, 2025. Employees at our Trentwood and Newark facilities are represented by the USW under a single contract that extends through September 2030, with a separate agreement with the USW for another operation related to Trentwood. The USW also represents employees at six other facilities. As part of any labor negotiation, the future wages, healthcare benefits, and excise taxes that may result therefrom, and other benefits that we agree to, could adversely affect our future financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. In addition, negotiations could divert management attention, result in unsatisfactory terms and conditions, fail in coming to any agreement at all, or result in strikes, work stoppages, or other union-initiated work actions, any of which could have an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. Moreover, the existence of labor agreements may not prevent such union-initiated work actions.

Our participation in multiemployer union pension plans may have an adverse effect on our financial performance.

We participate in several multiemployer pension plans pursuant to our collective bargaining agreements. Our contribution amounts to these plans were established by collective bargaining and, along with benefit levels and related items, will be topics in our future collective bargaining negotiations. An employer that withdraws or partially withdraws from a multiemployer pension plan may incur a withdrawal liability for the portion of the plan’s underfunding that is allocable to the withdrawing employer under complex actuarial and allocation rules. The failure of a withdrawing employer to fund these obligations can increase the burden of the remaining participating employers to make up the funding shortfall, which could have an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. The increase or decrease in our contributions to these multiemployer pension plans will depend on our future collective bargaining, actions taken by trustees who manage the plans, actions of other participating employers, government regulations and the actual return on assets held in the plans, among other factors.

An adverse decline in the liability discount rate, lower-than-expected investment return on pension assets and other factors could affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or amount of pension funding contributions in future periods.

Our results of operations may be negatively affected by the amount of expense we record for our pension and other postretirement and postemployment benefit plans, reductions in the fair value of plan assets and other factors. We calculate income or expense for our plans using actuarial valuations in accordance with GAAP.

These valuations reflect assumptions about financial markets and other economic conditions, which may change based on changes in key economic indicators. The most significant year-end assumptions we use to estimate pension or other postretirement and postemployment benefit income or expense for the following year are the discount rate applied to plan liabilities and the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. In addition, we are required to make an annual measurement of plan assets and liabilities, which may result in a significant charge to stockholders’ equity. For more information, see Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition” under caption “Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies – Pension and Other Postretirement and Postemployment Benefits” included in this Form 10-K, as well as Note 5 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K. Although GAAP expense and pension funding contributions are impacted by different regulations and requirements, the key economic factors that affect GAAP expense would also likely affect the amount of cash we would contribute to the pension plans.

Potential pension contributions include both mandatory amounts required under federal law and discretionary contributions to improve the plans’ funded status. Higher than expected pension contributions due to a decline in the plans’ funded status as a result of declines in the discount rate or lower-than-expected investment returns on plan assets could have a material negative effect on our cash flows. Adverse capital market conditions could result in reductions in the fair value of plan assets and increase our liabilities related to such plans, adversely affecting our liquidity and results of operations.

The USW has director nomination rights through which it may influence us, and interests of the USW may not align with our interests or the interests of our stockholders, debt holders and other stakeholders.

Pursuant to agreements we have with the USW, the USW has the right, subject to certain limitations, to nominate candidates which, if elected, would constitute 40% of our Board of Directors through December 31, 2030. As a result, the directors nominated by the USW have a significant voice in the decisions of our Board of Directors. It is possible that the USW and the Company may extend the term of the agreement and its right to nominate board members beyond 2030.

RISKS RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS AND SUSTAINABILITY INITIATIVES.

Environmental compliance, cleanup and damage claims may decrease our cash flow and adversely affect our business.

We are subject to numerous environmental laws and regulations, including permitting and other administrative requirements, with respect to, among other things: (i) air and water emissions and discharges; (ii) the generation, storage, treatment, transportation and disposal of solid and hazardous materials; and (iii) the release of hazardous or toxic substances, pollutants and contaminants into the environment. In addition to environmental laws and regulations, environmental activists, lobbyists and consumers have targeted manufacturers for the purported impact of their operations on the environment. Compliance with existing and new environmental laws and standards or the implications of any actions by third parties are and may continue to be costly and, in some cases, unpredictable.

We have accrued and expect to continue to accrue for costs that are reasonably expected to be incurred based on available information with respect to permits, fines, penalties and expenses for alleged breaches of, and compliance activities associated with, environmental laws and regulations in connection with our existing operations and investigations and environmental cleanup activities with respect to certain of our former operations. However, actual costs could exceed accrued amounts, perhaps significantly, and such expenditures could occur sooner than anticipated, which could adversely affect our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. For more information, see Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition” under caption “Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies – Environmental Commitments and Contingencies” included in this Form 10-K, as well as Note 10 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K.

Additionally, we may be subject to new claims from governmental authorities or third parties related to alleged injuries to the environment, human health or natural resources, including claims with respect to waste disposal sites, the cleanup of sites currently or formerly used by us or exposure of individuals to hazardous materials. New laws or regulations or changes to existing laws and regulations may also be enacted that increase the cost or complexity of compliance, including evolving federal securities disclosure requirements, state‑level climate disclosure and packaging laws, and non‑U.S. reporting regimes applicable to our supply chain or customers. Costs related to any new investigation, cleanup or other remediation, fines or penalties, resolution of third-party claims or compliance with new or amended laws and regulations, including enhanced permitting requirements, may be significant and could have an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

Governmental regulation relating to greenhouse gas emissions may subject us to significant new costs and restrictions on our operations and could impact our supply chain and cost of material.

U.S. and non-U.S. governments and agencies, including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, have in the past regulated and could in the future seek to regulate further direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions through cap-and-trade systems, carbon taxes, or other programs under which emitters would be required to buy allowances to offset emissions of greenhouse gas, pay carbon based taxes, and make certain disclosures, which requirements may be extensive and expensive to comply with, make significant capital investments, alter manufacturing practices or reduce direct or indirect emissions, which could result in curtailed production. In addition, several states, including the state of Washington, in which we have manufacturing operations, have enacted and continue to consider legislation and ballot initiatives, as well as executive orders, that would implement various greenhouse gas regulation and reduction programs. Certain of our manufacturing plants use significant amounts of electricity and natural gas and certain of our plants emit amounts of greenhouse gas, including above minimum thresholds that have been imposed or that are under consideration. Because certain of our operations, including the melting of aluminum, require the use of natural gas to achieve the required temperatures, and because greenhouse gas regulations could restrict our access to natural gas and limit our ability to use natural gas and increase the price we pay for natural gas and electricity, we could experience significant increased costs, reduced competitiveness in the global economy or other adverse effects our business, operations, or financial results.

Furthermore, regulations or other targets for greenhouse gas emissions reductions in the United States as well as other jurisdictions could impact the availability and price of energy and raw materials, which could ultimately lead to supply demand imbalances, higher costs and supply chain disruptions, including increased electricity and natural gas costs and potential curtailments during periods of grid stress. Prolonged shortages or slowdowns could negatively impact our cost of goods and result in delays or non-delivery of shipments of our products. These or other related changes could impact our operations directly or indirectly through our customers or our supply chain. These and other potential impacts could have an adverse effect on our operations, financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

Expectations relating to sustainability considerations expose us to potential liabilities, increased costs and reporting requirements, reputational harm and other adverse effects on our business.

Many governments, regulators, investors, employees, customers, and other stakeholders continue to focus on sustainability considerations relating to businesses, including climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, data privacy, artificial intelligence, human capital and diversity and inclusion. We make statements about our sustainability goals and initiatives through information provided on our website, press statements, and other communications, including through our Corporate Sustainability Report. Responding to these sustainability considerations and implementation of these goals and initiatives involves risks and uncertainties, including those described under “Forward-Looking Statements,” requires investments and is impacted by factors that may be outside our control. In addition, some of these parties may disagree with our goals and initiatives and their focus may change and evolve, and in some cases has changed or evolved, over time. We may also change our goals and initiatives due to a change in strategy, reduced relevance, or changing market conditions and we may take actions parties view as contrary to such goals and initiatives. Parties also may have very different views on where sustainability focus should be placed, including differing views of regulators in various jurisdictions in which we operate. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to achieve our goals, further our initiatives, adhere to our public statements, comply with federal, state or international sustainability laws and regulations or meet evolving and varied stakeholder expectations and standards could result in legal and regulatory proceedings against us, including greenwashing or consumer protection claims, that could materially adversely affect our business, reputation, results of operations, financial condition, and stock price.

RISKS RELATED TO CYBERSECURITY AND PRIVACY.

We are subject to risks relating to our information technology systems and those of our third-party service providers.

We rely on information technology networks and systems to process, transmit and store electronic information, operate our business and communicate among our locations and with our customers, suppliers, and other interested parties. Many of these systems are provided to us and/or maintained on our behalf by third-party service providers pursuant to agreements that specify to varying degrees certain security and service level standards. Our information technology systems are dependent upon these providers. Such information technology systems are subject to: (i) interruption or damage from power outages; (ii) cybersecurity breaches and other types of unauthorized access and/or use; and (iii) cyberattacks in the form of computer viruses, worms, malicious computer programs, denial‑of‑service attacks and other illegal or illicit means. Cyberattack and security breach strategies and methods continue to evolve and become more sophisticated, including thorough increasing utilization of artificial intelligence technologies. In addition, because we serve the defense industry, there is an increased risk of cyberattacks, phishing attacks, and other forms of information technology threats. Accordingly, preventing intrusions and detecting successful intrusions and defending against them continues to be more difficult and requires ever-increasing vigilance.

A breach in cybersecurity on our systems or any of our third-party service providers could result in manipulation and destruction of sensitive data, cause critical systems to malfunction, be damaged or shut down and lead to disruption of our operations and production downtimes, potentially for lengthy periods of time. Theft of personal or other confidential data and sensitive proprietary information could also occur as a result of a breach in cybersecurity, exposing us to costs and liabilities associated with privacy and data security laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Additionally, a breach could expose us, our customers, our suppliers, and our employees to risks of misuse of such information and increase our regulatory reporting obligations. Such negative consequences of cyberattacks or security breaches could adversely affect our reputation, competitive position, business, or results of operations. The lost profits and increased costs related to cyber or other security threats or disruptions may not be fully insured against or indemnified by other means.

In addition, from time to time we may implement new technology systems or replace and/or upgrade our current information technology systems. These upgrades or replacements may not improve our productivity to the levels anticipated and may subject us to inherent costs and risks associated with implementing, replacing and updating these systems, including potential disruption of our internal control structure, substantial capital expenditures, demands on management time and other risks of delays or difficulties in transitioning to new systems or of integrating new systems into other existing systems. Our inability to prevent information technology system disruptions or to mitigate the impact of such disruptions could have an adverse effect on us.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR COMMON STOCK.

Payment of dividends may not continue in the future and our payment of dividends and stock repurchases are subject to restrictions.

Our Board of Directors has declared a cash dividend for each quarter since the second quarter of 2007. In addition, our Board of Directors has authorized a stock repurchase program. The future declaration and payment of dividends and the purchase of our shares under the repurchase program, if any, are at the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend on a number of factors, including our financial and operating results, including the availability of surplus and/or net profits, liquidity position, anticipated cash requirements and regulatory rules. Additionally, our Revolving Credit Facility and the indentures for our outstanding Senior Notes impose limitations on our ability to pay dividends and repurchase our common shares. We can give no assurance that dividends will be declared and paid, that dividends will not be reduced or that purchases of our shares pursuant to our repurchase program will occur in the future.

Delaware law and our governing documents may impede or discourage a takeover, which could adversely affect the value of our common stock.

The provisions of Delaware law and our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may discourage a change of control of our company or deter tender offers for our common stock. We are currently subject to anti-takeover provisions under Delaware law. These anti‑takeover provisions impose various impediments to the ability of a third-party to acquire control of us. In addition, provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws impose various procedural and other requirements, which could make it more difficult for stockholders to effect certain corporate actions. For example, our certificate of incorporation authorizes our Board of Directors to determine the rights, preferences and privileges and restrictions of unissued shares of preferred stock without any vote or action by our stockholders. As a result, our Board of Directors can authorize and issue shares of preferred stock with voting or conversion rights that could adversely affect the voting or other rights of holders of common stock. Our certificate of incorporation also divides our Board of Directors into three classes of directors who serve for staggered terms. A significant effect of a classified Board of Directors may be to deter hostile takeover attempts because an acquirer could experience delays in replacing a majority of directors. Moreover, stockholders are not permitted to call a special meeting.

RISKS RELATED TO PUBLICLY TRADED U.S. MANUFACTURING COMPANIES.

As a publicly traded U.S. manufacturing company, we are subject to a variety of other risks, each of which could adversely affect our financial position, results of operations or cash flows or the price of our common stock. These risks include but are not limited to:

•

the ability to attract and retain key management and other personnel and develop effective succession plans;

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skills shortages in engineering, manufacturing, technology, construction and maintenance contractors and other labor market inadequacies;

•

regulations that subject us to additional capital or margin requirements or other restrictions that make it more difficult to hedge risks associated with our business or increase the cost of our hedging activities;

•

compliance with a wide variety of employment, minimum wage, health and safety laws and regulations and changes to such laws and regulations;

•

new or modified legislation related to health care;

•

pursuing growth through acquisitions, including the ability to identify acceptable acquisition candidates, finance and consummate acquisitions on favorable terms and successfully integrate acquired assets or businesses;

•

protection of intellectual property, including patents, trademarks, trade secrets and copyrights, from infringement by others and the potential defense of claims, whether meritorious or not, alleging the unauthorized use of the intellectual property of others;

•

introduction of artificial intelligence and the potential additional investment, potential impact on our competitive positioning, and potential impact on our workforce, among other factors;

•

the exertion of influence over us, individually or collectively, by a few entities with concentrated ownership of our stock;

•

failure to meet the expectations of investors, including recent environmental, social and governance expectations and other factors that are beyond the control of an individual company;

•

disputes, legal proceedings or investigations, whether meritorious or not, with respect to a variety of matters, including matters related to personal injury, employees, taxes, contracts and product liability;

•

taxation by multiple jurisdictions and the impact of such taxation on effective tax rate and the amount of taxes paid;

•

changes in tax laws and regulations; and

•

compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, including the potential impact of compliance failures.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Risk Management and Strategy

We employ information systems to support our business. As is the case for other manufacturing companies of comparable size and scope, we, from time to time, experience attempted cyber-attacks on our information system. We also face risks associated with other potential significant failures or disruptions of our information technology networks. We utilize a risk-based, multi-layered information security approach that incorporates some of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) Cybersecurity Framework (“CSF”). We have adopted and implemented this approach to identify and mitigate information security risks in a manner that we believe is commercially reasonable for manufacturing companies of our size and scope.

The review of cybersecurity risks and threats is integrated into our enterprise risk management (“ERM”) program. Our ERM program includes an annual risk prioritization process to identify key enterprise risks. Each key risk is assigned risk owners to establish action plans and implement risk mitigation strategies. The cybersecurity threat risk action plan is managed at the enterprise level by our Chief Information Officer (“CIO”), who reports to our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Management employs in-depth defense mechanisms throughout the enterprise. We regularly engage and consult with independent third-party consultants as part of our overall ERM, including penetration testing and periodic tabletop exercises to better prepare us for potential cyber threats. We also conduct annual information security training to educate employees and make them aware of information security risks and to enable them to take steps to mitigate those risks. As part of this program, we take reasonable steps to provide our executive management and employees who may come into possession of confidential financial information with appropriate information security awareness training. In addition, we employ multi-factor authentication and vulnerability management to mitigate and/or prevent cybersecurity incidents.

A cybersecurity incident may be detected in a number of ways, including, but not limited to, through automated reporting mechanisms, network and system indicators, intrusion detection systems, employee reports, law enforcement reports, or other third-party notification. To oversee and identify cybersecurity threat risks on a day-to-day basis, including from third-party service providers, the Company maintains a cybersecurity operations team with round-the-clock monitoring, and the CIO and Director of Cybersecurity receive regular reports on industry activity. Upon receiving notification of a cybersecurity incident, the cybersecurity operations team acts to isolate and contain the threat. The CIO along with the Director of Cybersecurity will consult and determine the incident severity level, which determines whether the incident should be escalated. Critical and high severity incidents must be reported to our President and Chief Executive Officer, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Executive Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer and General Counsel and Executive Vice President - Manufacturing. The Company may engage third-party experts for assistance with crisis management, including forensic investigations, ransom negotiation, or crisis communication. During this process, the cybersecurity operations team will take steps to preserve evidence as soon as possible, including, but not limited to, memory dumps, log preservation and forensic hard drive collection. In addition, our Executive Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer and General Counsel, in consultation with the CIO and Director of Cybersecurity, will promptly evaluate whether the incident requires legal notifications or disclosure, including whether the incident requires disclosure under the U.S. securities laws. Following a cybersecurity incident, the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer will direct the development of documentation regarding lessons learned in the response, including evaluation of preparedness capability, to continuously strengthen the cybersecurity posture of the Corporation.

Management has not identified risks from cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents involving us or third-parties, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company in 2025, including its business, strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Related to Cybersecurity and Privacy” for additional information. While we continually work to safeguard the information systems we use, and the proprietary, confidential and personal information residing therein, and mitigate potential risks, there can be no assurance that such actions will be sufficient to prevent cybersecurity incidents or mitigate all potential risks to such systems, networks and data or those of our third-party providers. In the event an attack or other intrusion were to be successful, we have a response team of internal and external resources engaged and prepared to respond. We also have a cyber risk insurance policy to help us mitigate risk exposure by offsetting costs involved with recovery and remediation in the event of a successful attack or other intrusion.

Governance

The Audit Committee is responsible for the review of risks relating to our information technology system, including cybersecurity, emerging cybersecurity developments and threats and our strategy for mitigating cybersecurity risks. Our entire Board of Directors is responsible for overseeing management’s risk assessment and risk management processes designed to monitor and mitigate information security risks. The CIO and Director of Cybersecurity reports on cybersecurity matters semi-annually to the Board, primarily through the Audit Committee. Management provides benchmarking information and updates on key operational and compliance metrics to the Audit Committee. In addition, cybersecurity training is provided to the Audit Committee, to educate directors on the current cybersecurity threat environment and measures companies can take to mitigate the risk and impact of cyberattacks.

As described above, management is actively involved in assessing and managing the Company’s material cybersecurity risks. The CIO and the Director of Cybersecurity primarily lead these efforts. The CIO, reporting to the Company’s Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, manages the global information technology and cybersecurity programs. The CIO holds bachelor’s and master’s degrees in business administration, specializing in information systems and quantitative methods from Loyola Marymount University. The CIO has over 25 years of information technology expertise with extensive experience in enterprise risk management, including analysis, development, evaluation, and testing of control objectives and procedures to mitigate risks. The Director of Cybersecurity oversees and helps to ensure appropriate capabilities and controls are implemented in the areas of network security, endpoint protection, data protection, incident response, identity, and access management. Additionally, in this role, the Director of Cybersecurity works closely with third-party security partners surrounding monitoring and incident response services.

Item 2. Properties

The following table provides information regarding the location, size, and ownership of our principal production facilities as of December 31, 2025:


Location	Square footage		Owned or Leased
Chandler, Arizona		98,000	Leased1
Chandler, Arizona		103,000	Leased2
Columbia, New Jersey		33,000	Owned
Florence, Alabama		249,000	Owned
Jackson, Tennessee		306,000	Owned
Kalamazoo, Michigan		465,000	Leased2
London, Ontario		306,000	Owned
Los Angeles, California		174,000	Owned
Newark		1,284,000	Owned
Warrick		3,943,000	Owned/Leased3
Richland, Washington		63,000	Leased4
Richmond, Virginia		474,000	Owned
Trentwood		2,886,000	Owned
Total		10,384,000

The Chandler, Arizona extrusion facility is subject to a lease with a term that expires in 2038, subject to certain extension rights held by us.

The Chandler, Arizona tube, and Kalamazoo, Michigan facilities are each subject to leases with terms that expire in 2033, subject to certain extension rights held by us.

The Warrick facility is owned by us, while the land where the rolling mill is located is subject to a lease with a 2081 expiration date and a renewal option subject to certain terms and conditions.

The Richland, Washington facility is subject to a lease with a 2030 expiration date, subject to certain extension rights held by us.

Production facilities and equipment are generally in good condition and suitable for their intended uses. For additional information regarding our production facilities, see the table under Item 1. Business “Resources - Manufacturing Processes” of this Form 10-K.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Our outstanding common stock is traded under the ticker symbol “KALU” on the Nasdaq Global Select Market.

Holders

As of February 16, 2026, there were approximately 462 holders of record of our common stock.

Stock Performance Graph

The following graph compares the cumulative total shareholder return on our common stock with: (i) the Russell 2000 Index and (ii) the S&P SmallCap 600 Materials Index. We are a component of each of these indices. The graph assumes: (i) an initial investment of $100 as of December 31, 2020 and (ii) reinvestment of all dividends. The performance graph is not necessarily indicative of the future performance of our stock price.

COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN

Among Kaiser Aluminum Corporation, the Russell 2000 Index and

the S&P SmallCap 600 Materials Index

Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities

The following table provides information regarding our repurchases of our common shares during the quarter ended December 31, 2025:


	Equity Incentive Plans				Stock Repurchase Plan
	Total Number of Shares Purchased1		Average Price per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased2		Average Price per Share		Maximum Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program (millions)2
October 1, 2025 - October 31, 2025		444	$	93.12		—	$	—	$	93.1
November 1, 2025 - November 30, 2025		475		95.53		—		—		93.1
December 1, 2025 - December 31, 2025		649		115.10		—		—		93.1
Total		1,568	$	102.95		—	$	—	n/a

Under our equity incentive plan, we may elect to withhold common shares to satisfy minimum statutory tax withholding obligations arising from the recognition of income and the vesting of restricted stock, restricted stock units, and performance shares. When we withhold these shares, we are required to remit to the appropriate taxing authorities the market price of the shares withheld by us on the date of withholding. The withholding of common shares by us could be deemed a purchase of such common shares.

In September 2018, our Board of Directors authorized us to repurchase an indeterminate number of shares of our common stock at an aggregate market value of up to $100.0 million. At December 31, 2025, $93.1 million remained available to repurchase our common shares pursuant to the stock repurchase program. The September 2018 authorization does not have an expiration date.

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Form 10-K. For a detailed discussion of items impacting the year ended December 31, 2023, as well as a year‑to‑year comparison of our financial position and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, refer to Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on February 20, 2025.

Basis of Presentation

Effective January 1, 2025, we changed our inventory valuation methodology from LIFO to WAC. The effects of this change in accounting principle have been retrospectively applied to all periods presented with a cumulative effect adjustment reflected in the January 1, 2023 beginning retained earnings. See Note 18 of our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Form 10-K for further information. Prior period information provided in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis has been updated to reflect the retrospective application of the change in accounting principle.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

This information contains certain non-GAAP financial measures. A non-GAAP financial measure is defined as a numerical measure of a company’s financial performance that excludes or includes amounts so as to be different than the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with US GAAP in the statements of income, balance sheets, or statements of cash flows of the company. We have provided a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable financial measure in the accompanying tables. We have also provided a discussion of the reasons we believe that presentation of the non-GAAP financial measures provides useful information to investors, as well as any additional ways in which we use the non-GAAP financial measures. The non-GAAP financial measures used in the following discussions are Conversion Revenue (defined as Net Sales less the Hedged Cost of Alloyed Metal, see below in “Metal Pricing Policies” discussion), Adjusted EBITDA and ratios related thereto. These measures are presented because management uses this information to monitor and evaluate financial results and trends and believes this information to also be useful for investors.

In the discussion of operating results below, we refer to certain items as “non-run-rate items.” For purposes of such discussion, non-run-rate items are items that, while they may recur from period-to-period: (i) are particularly material to results; (ii) affect costs primarily as a result of external market factors; and (iii) may not recur in future periods if the same level of underlying performance were to occur. Non-run-rate items are part of our business and operating environment but are worthy of being highlighted for the benefit of readers of our financial statements. Our intent is to allow users of the financial statements to consider our results both in light of and separately from such items. For a reconciliation of Conversion Revenue to Net sales and Adjusted EBITDA to Net income, see below in “Results of Operations - Selected Operational and Financial Information.”

Metal Pricing Policies

A fundamental part of our business model is to remain neutral to the impact from fluctuations in the market price for aluminum and certain alloys, thereby earning profit predominantly from the conversion of aluminum into semi-fabricated mill products. We refer to this as “metal price neutrality.” We purchase primary, rolling ingot and scrap, or recycled, aluminum, our main raw material, and alloys at prices that fluctuate on a monthly basis, and our pricing policies generally allow us to pass the current month underlying index cost of aluminum and certain alloys through to our customers so that we remain neutral to metal pricing. We may also enter into firm-price customer sales agreements that specify a firm underlying metal price plus a conversion price. Firm-price sales agreements create price exposure for us, which we mitigate through hedging and related programs with an objective to remain metal price neutral. Additionally, we have certain contracts that may adjust certain alloy prices for a forward period based on an average prior period cost for such alloys. As a result, until the selling price resets, we can experience an adverse impact when alloy prices increase and a favorable impact when alloy prices decrease.

In order to allow users of our financial statements to consider the impact of aluminum and alloy cost on our Net sales, we disclose Net sales as well as Conversion Revenue, which is Net sales less the Hedged Cost of Alloyed Metal. As used in this discussion, “Hedged Cost of Alloyed Metal” is the cost of aluminum at the average MWTP plus the cost of alloying elements and any realized gains and/or losses on settled hedges related to the metal sold in the referenced period. The average MWTP of aluminum reflects the primary aluminum supply/demand dynamics in North America. For a reconciliation of Conversion Revenue to Net sales, see below in “Results of Operations - Selected Operational and Financial Information.”

Results of Operations

Fiscal 2025 Summary

•

Net income of $112.5 million and Net income per diluted share of $6.77;

•

Net sales of $3.37 billion; Conversion Revenue of $1.45 billion;

•

Adjusted EBITDA of $310.2 million;

•

Issuance of a new $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.875% unsecured Senior Notes, due 2034 replacing the $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.625% unsecured Senior Notes due in 2028;

•

As of December 31, 2025, we had $547.2 million of combined cash and cash equivalents and net borrowing availability under our Revolving Credit Facility; and

•

We paid a total of approximately $51.3 million, or $3.08 per common share, in cash dividends during 2025.

Consolidated Selected Operational and Financial Information

The following data should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Form 10-K.

Net Sales. The following table sets forth the 2025 and 2024 shipments (in millions of pounds) and Net sales (in millions of dollars) by end market applications and the respective fluctuations.


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025				2024
	Shipments		Net sales		Shipments		Net sales		Shipment Change			% Increase (Decrease)			Net sales Change			% Increase (Decrease)
Aero/HS Products		204.8	$	837.8	245.2		$	883.0		(40.4	)		(16	%)	$	(45.20	)		(5	%)
Packaging		560.5		1,489.6	592.7			1,260.9		(32.2	)		(5	%)		228.7			18	%
GE Products		247.5		759.2	228.7			618.1		18.8			8	%		141.1			23	%
Automotive Extrusions		95.4		286.4	101.4			251.9		(6.0	)		(6	%)		34.5			14	%
Other Products1	—			—	4.3			10.1		(4.3	)		(100	%)		(10.1	)		(100	%)
Total		1,108.2	$	3,373.0		1,172.3	$	3,024.0		(64.1	)		(5	%)	$	349.0			12	%

Beginning January 1, 2025, Other Products is combined with GE Products.

The increase in Net sales reflected an increase in the average realized sales price per pound of $0.46 (18%). This benefit was partially offset by a 64.1 million pound (5%) decrease in shipment volume. The decrease in shipment volume primarily reflects the impact of a planned partial outage at our Trentwood facility in conjunction with the Phase VII capacity expansion project, destocking of plate products in the commercial aerospace portion of Aero/HS Products, and the delayed ramp up of our fourth coating line at our Warrick facility.

COGS. COGS for 2025 totaled $2,930.6 million, or 87% of Net sales, compared to $2,666.6 million, or 88% of Net sales, in 2024. The increase reflected the following (in millions of dollars):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025		2024 As Adjusted1		Change			% Increase (Decrease)
Hedged cost of alloyed metal	$	1,919.8	$	1,567.8	$	352.0			22	%
Manufacturing costs		694.5		784.2		(89.7	)		(11	%)
Plant overhead		181.5		178.5		3.0			2	%
Freight costs		84.1		91.6		(7.5	)		(8	%)
Other cost of products sold		50.7		44.5		6.2			14	%
Total	$	2,930.6	$	2,666.6	$	264.0			10	%

Adjusted to reflect the retrospective change in inventory valuation methodology from LIFO to WAC. See Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for further discussion.

Of the $352.0 million increase in Hedged Cost of Alloyed Metal, $437.7 million was due to an increase in underlying metal prices, partially offset by an $85.7 million decrease attributed to lower shipment volume (see above in our “Net Sales” discussion for further details). The $89.7 million decrease in manufacturing costs was primarily due to favorable metal consumption cost and lower shipment volume, partially offset primarily by lower manufacturing efficiencies associated with a planned partial outage at Trentwood for the Phase VII capacity expansion project and the commissioning and start-up of the fourth coating line at Warrick. The $7.5 million decrease in freight costs was primarily due to lower shipment volume. The $6.2 million increase in other cost of products sold was primarily driven by an increase in major maintenance costs, partially offset by a decrease in legacy environmental costs and a gain on the disposition of operating assets. See “Selected Operational and Financial Information” below for a further discussion of the comparative results of operations for 2025 and 2024.

Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization for 2025 was $122.5 million compared to $116.4 million for 2024. The increase of $6.1 million was primarily attributable to the fourth coating line and Phase VII capacity growth initiatives being placed in service at Warrick and Trentwood, respectively.

Selling, General, Administrative, Research and Development (“SG&A and R&D”). SG&A and R&D expense totaled $129.2 million in 2025 compared to $120.8 million in 2024. The increase reflected the following (in millions of dollars), with employee costs being driven primarily by higher incentive costs:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025		2024		Change			% Increase (Decrease)
Research and development costs	$	1.4	$	2.2	$	(0.8	)		(36	%)
Employee costs		92.4		83.3		9.1			11	%
Other selling, general and administrative costs		35.4		35.3		0.1			0	%
Total	$	129.2	$	120.8	$	8.4			7	%

Restructuring Costs. Restructuring costs of $1.9 million and $7.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, reflect the impacts of our restructuring plans. See Note 12 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for further information regarding the restructuring plans.

Other Operating Charges, Net. Other operating charges, net, of $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 represented an impairment charge on land classified as held for sale.

Interest Expense. Interest expense represents cash and non-cash interest expense incurred on our Senior Notes and our Revolving Credit Facility, net of capitalized interest. See Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for further information regarding interest expense, capitalized interest expense, and a discussion of our debt and credit facilities that were in effect during each of the years 2025 and 2024.

Other Income, Net. See Note 13 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for details.

Income Tax Provision. The income tax provision for 2025 was $37.5 million, resulting in an effective tax rate of 25.0%. The income tax provision for 2024 was $22.3 million, resulting in an effective tax rate of 25.4%. There was no material difference between the effective tax rate and the projected blended statutory tax rate for either 2025 or 2024.

Selected Operational and Financial Information

The following data should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Form 10-K.

The following table provides selected operational and financial information (in millions of dollars):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025			2024 As Adjusted1
Net income	$	112.5		$	65.7
Interest expense		50.1			43.7
Other income, net		(11.3	)		(19.5	)
Income tax provision		37.5			22.3
Depreciation and amortization		122.5			116.4
Non-run-rate items:
Restructuring costs		1.9			7.6
Non-cash asset impairment charge		—			0.4
Environmental expenses2		0.3			4.4
Gain on disposition of operating property, plant and equipment		(3.3	)		—
Total non-run-rate items		(1.1	)		12.4
Adjusted EBITDA3	$	310.2		$	241.0

Non-run-rate environmental expenses are related to legacy contingencies from activities at operating facilities prior to July 6, 2006. See Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for additional information relating to environmental expenses.

Includes favorable Metal Price Lag of approximately $93.0 million and approximately $45.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Adjusted EBITDA for 2025 was $69.2 million higher than Adjusted EBITDA for 2024. Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2025 was impacted by: (i) improved product pricing and mix and (ii) favorable metal consumption cost. This was partially offset by: (i) lower shipment volume; (ii) lower manufacturing efficiencies primarily due to costs associated with the Trentwood Phase VII outage and startup of the fourth coating line at Warrick; (iii) higher employee and employee-related costs, including higher incentive and benefits cost; and (iv) higher major maintenance costs. See above in “Consolidated Results of Operations” for further details.

The following table provides our shipment and Conversion Revenue information (in millions of dollars, except shipments and Conversion Revenue per pound) by end market applications:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025						2024
Aero/HS Products:
Shipments (mmlbs)	204.8						245.2
	$			$ / lb			$			$ / lb
Net sales	$	837.8		$	4.09		$	883.0		$	3.60
Less: Hedged Cost of Alloyed Metal		(381.2	)		(1.86	)		(353.5	)		(1.44	)
Conversion Revenue	$	456.6		$	2.23		$	529.5		$	2.16

Packaging:
Shipments (mmlbs)	560.5						592.7
	$			$ / lb			$			$ / lb
Net sales	$	1,489.6		$	2.66		$	1,260.9		$	2.13
Less: Hedged Cost of Alloyed Metal		(946.0	)		(1.69	)		(770.9	)		(1.30	)
Conversion Revenue	$	543.6		$	0.97		$	490.0		$	0.83

GE Products:
Shipments (mmlbs)	247.5						228.7
	$			$ / lb			$			$ / lb
Net sales	$	759.2		$	3.07		$	618.1		$	2.70
Less: Hedged Cost of Alloyed Metal		(428.4	)		(1.73	)		(305.3	)		(1.33	)
Conversion Revenue	$	330.8		$	1.34		$	312.8		$	1.37

Automotive Extrusions:
Shipments (mmlbs)	95.4						101.4
	$			$ / lb			$			$ / lb
Net sales	$	286.4		$	3.00		$	251.9		$	2.48
Less: Hedged Cost of Alloyed Metal		(164.2	)		(1.72	)		(132.2	)		(1.30	)
Conversion Revenue	$	122.2		$	1.28		$	119.7		$	1.18

Other Products1:
Shipments (mmlbs)	—						4.3
	$			$ / lb			$			$ / lb
Net sales	$	—		$	—		$	10.1		$	2.35
Less: Hedged Cost of Alloyed Metal		—			—			(5.9	)		(1.37	)
Conversion Revenue	$	—		$	—		$	4.2		$	0.98

Total:
Shipments (mmlbs)	1,108.2						1,172.3
	$			$ / lb			$			$ / lb
Net sales	$	3,373.0		$	3.04		$	3,024.0		$	2.58
Less: Hedged Cost of Alloyed Metal2		(1,919.8	)		(1.73	)		(1,567.8	)		(1.34	)
Conversion Revenue	$	1,453.2		$	1.31		$	1,456.2		$	1.24

Beginning January 1, 2025, Other Products is combined with GE Products.

Hedged Cost of Alloyed Metal for 2025 and 2024 included $1,946.8 million and $1,567.6 million, respectively, reflecting the cost of aluminum at the average MWTP and the cost of certain alloys used in the production process, as well as metal price exposure on shipments that we hedged with realized gains (losses) upon settlement of $27.0 million and ($0.2) million in 2025 and 2024, respectively, all of which were included within both Net sales and COGS in our Statements of Consolidated Income. See Note 8 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for the total realized gains and losses on aluminum hedges for which we hedged the metal price exposure externally.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Summary

The following table summarizes our liquidity (in millions of dollars):


	As of December 31,
	2025		2024
Available cash and cash equivalents	$	7.0	$	18.4
Borrowing availability under Revolving Credit Facility, net of letters of credit1		540.2		553.4
Total liquidity	$	547.2	$	571.8

Borrowing availability under the Revolving Credit Facility was determined by a borrowing base calculated as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. See Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for further details.

We place our cash in bank deposits with high credit quality financial institutions. See Note 16 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for information regarding restricted cash at December 31, 2025.

We had $22.3 million of outstanding borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility as of December 31, 2025, reflecting borrowings of $653.3 million and repayments of $631.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2025, and we had no outstanding borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility during the year ended December 31, 2024. See “Sources of Liquidity” below for a further discussion of subsequent borrowing activity.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities (in millions of dollars):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025			2024 As Adjusted1
Total cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	111.4		$	167.1
Investing activities	$	(77.8	)	$	(174.6	)
Financing activities	$	(44.6	)	$	(55.3	)

Cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 reflected results of business activity described within “Consolidated Selected Operational and Financial Information” above, as well as the following working capital changes: (i) an increase in inventory of $125.3 million primarily driven by higher metal costs, partially offset by a reduction in total inventory pounds; (ii) an increase in trade and other receivables of $81.9 million, primarily due to an increase in metal prices in addition to the timing of collections; (iii) an increase in accounts payable of $15.1 million due to an increase in metal costs in addition to the timing of payments; (iv) an increase in accrued liabilities of $13.4 million, primarily due to timing of uncleared cash disbursements; and (v) a decrease in contract assets of $10.0 million, primarily driven by timing of customer shipments.

Cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 reflected results of business activity described within “Consolidated Selected Operational and Financial Information” above, as well as the following working capital changes: (i) an increase in inventory of $50.4 million, primarily driven by higher metal costs; (ii) an increase in contract assets of $14.9 million, primarily driven by timing of customer shipments; (iii) an increase in accounts payable of $14.1 million due to an increase in metal costs in addition to the timing of payments; and (iv) an increase in trade and other receivables of $4.5 million, primarily due to an increase in metal costs in addition to the timing of collections.

See Statements of Consolidated Cash Flows included in this Form 10-K for further details on our cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Sources of Liquidity

Our most significant sources of liquidity include available cash and cash equivalents, available credit under the Revolving Credit Facility, and funds generated from operations. We believe we have sufficient liquidity to fund our operations and meet our short-term and long-term obligations.

Our Revolving Credit Facility and outstanding Senior Notes have covenants that, we believe, allow us to operate our business with limited restrictions and significant flexibility for the foreseeable future. We do not believe that covenants contained in the Revolving Credit Facility are reasonably likely to limit our ability to raise additional debt or equity to satisfy our foreseeable liquidity needs during the next 12 months, should we choose to do so, nor do we believe it is likely that during the next 12 months, we will trigger the availability threshold that would require measuring and maintaining a fixed charge coverage ratio. During the fourth quarter of 2025, we entered into amendment No. 5 to our Revolving Credit Facility to, among other things, extend the maturity date to October 2030 and incorporate certain improved terms offering greater operational flexibility. See Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report for further details.

At February 16, 2026, we had no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility after repaying borrowings of $62.4 million, including $40.1 million incurred subsequent to December 31, 2025. See Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for a description of our Revolving Credit Facility.

We engage in certain customer-based supply chain financing programs to accelerate the receipt of payment for outstanding accounts receivable from certain customers. The costs of these programs are typically reimbursed to us by the customer. Receivables transferred under these customer-based supply chain financing programs generally meet the requirements to be accounted for as sales resulting in the derecognition of such receivables from our consolidated balance sheets. Receivables involved with these customer‑based supply chain finance programs for the year ended December 31, 2025 constituted approximately 32% of our Net sales. See Note 1 and Note 13 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for further details with respect to these supply chain financing programs.

Material Cash Requirements

The discussion below summarizes our material cash requirements from significant contractual obligations, commercial commitments and off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2025.

Debt. As of December 31, 2025, we have outstanding fixed-rate notes with varying maturities for an aggregate principal amount of $1.05 billion. See Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for further details with respect to the 5.875% Senior Notes maturing in 2034 (“5.875% Senior Notes”) and the 4.50% Senior Notes maturing in 2031 (“4.50% Senior Notes”). At December 31, 2025, future interest payments associated with our outstanding notes total $380.6 million, with $48.9 million payable within 12 months. We do not believe that covenants in the indentures governing the outstanding Senior Notes are reasonably likely to limit our ability to obtain additional debt or equity financing should we choose to do so during the next 12 months.

Purchase Obligations. Cash outlays for purchase obligations consist primarily of commitments to purchase primary aluminum, recycled scrap aluminum, alloys, energy, and equipment. We have various contracts with suppliers of metals that require us to purchase minimum quantities of these metals in future years based primarily at the associated metal price at the time of payment. However, we believe the minimum required purchase quantities are lower than our current requirements for these metals. Physical delivery commitments with energy companies are in place to cover our exposure to fluctuations in utility prices and are based on fixed contractual rates and quantities. Equipment purchase obligations are based on scheduled payments to equipment manufacturers.

Leases. We have operating and finance leases for certain manufacturing facilities, warehouses, office space, equipment, and non-cancelable capital commitments. See Note 3 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for the maturity of our lease liabilities.

Deferred Compensation Plan Liability. As of December 31, 2025, we had deferred compensation plan liabilities for certain key employees, which were contingent upon investment performance, vesting and other eligibility requirements, including retirement dates. See Note 5 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for further information, including the total expense related to all benefit plans.

Revolving Credit Facility. We are required to pay a monthly commitment fee, calculated at a rate of either 0.20% or 0.25% per annum (depending on average revolver usage), on the unused commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility. Borrowings of $22.3 million were outstanding under our Revolving Credit Facility as of December 31, 2025. Additionally, under our Revolving Credit Facility, we issue standby letters of credit to provide financial assurance of our payment of obligations, primarily related to workers’ compensation claims. The specific timing of payments with respect to such matters is uncertain. The letters of credit generally automatically renew every 12 months and terminate when the underlying obligations no longer require assurance or upon the maturity of our Revolving Credit Facility in October 2030. See Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for additional information.

Uncertain Tax Liabilities. At December 31, 2025, we had uncertain tax positions which ultimately could result in tax payments. See Note 14 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for further information.

Pension, OPEB, and Salaried VEBA. See Note 5 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for information regarding the future net benefits we expect to pay with respect to our pension plans, OPEB, and our variable cash contributions to the Salaried VEBA. Additionally, we are required to pay $0.3 million in annual administrative fees related to the hourly VEBA that provides benefits for eligible retirees represented by certain unions and their surviving spouses and eligible dependents through September 2030.

Multiemployer Pension Plans. See Note 6 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for information regarding the future contributions we expect to make under the terms of collective bargaining agreements that cover our union-represented employees at certain facilities. Additionally, in 2027 we expect to pay a partial withdrawal liability of approximately $4.6 million resulting from the exit of our soft alloy aluminum extrusion facility located in Sherman, Texas and the corresponding cessation of ongoing contributions to the multiemployer pension plan for those former covered employees.

While we believe our available cash on hand, anticipated available borrowing capacity under the Revolving Credit Facility, and funds generated from operations will be sufficient to finance our working capital requirements, planned capital expenditures, investments, debt service obligations and other cash requirements for at least the next 12 months, and while we also believe that alternative sources of liquidity will remain available in the event we seek to add liquidity for opportunistic or other reasons in the future, our ability to fund such cash requirements will depend upon our future operating performance (which will be affected by prevailing economic conditions) and financial, business and other factors, some of which are beyond our control.

Capital Expenditures and Investments

We strive to strengthen our competitive position across our end markets through strategic capital investment aimed at increasing our capacity and expanding our manufacturing capabilities. While some of our recent capital projects have focused on further enhancing manufacturing cost efficiency, improving product quality, and promoting operational security, a significant portion over the past several years related to our investment in a fourth coating line at Warrick to increase our capacity for higher margin coated aluminum material for packaging applications and the Trentwood modernization projects, which focused on equipment upgrades throughout the process flow to reduce conversion costs, increase efficiency, and further improve our competitive cost position on all products produced at Trentwood. A significant portion of the Trentwood investment also focused on modernizing legacy equipment and the process flow for thin gauge plate to achieve KaiserSelect® quality enhancements for these Aero/HS Products and GE Products. These improvements have allowed us to gain incremental manufacturing capacity to enable future sales growth. Total capital expenditures were $136.9 million in 2025 and $180.8 million in 2024.

Our capital investment plans remain focused on supporting demand growth through capacity expansion, sustaining our operations, enhancing product quality, and increasing operating efficiencies. We anticipate total capital spending in 2026 of approximately $120.0 million to $130.0 million. We expect to continue to deploy capital thoughtfully so that investment decisions align with demand expectations in order to maximize the earnings potential of the business and maintain financial strength and flexibility.

Capital investments will be funded using cash generated from operations, available cash and cash equivalents, borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility, and/or other third-party financing arrangements. The level of anticipated capital expenditures may be adjusted from time to time depending on our business plans, our price outlook for fabricated aluminum products, our ability to maintain adequate liquidity, and other factors. No assurance can be provided as to the timing of any such expenditures or the operational benefits expected therefrom.

Dividends

We have consistently paid a quarterly cash dividend since the second quarter of 2007 to holders of our common stock, including holders of restricted stock. Nevertheless, as in the past, the future declaration and payment of dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on a number of factors, including our financial and operating results, the availability of surplus and/or net profits, liquidity position, anticipated cash requirements, contractual restrictions under our Revolving Credit Facility, and the indentures for our outstanding Senior Notes or other indebtedness we may incur in the future. We can give no assurance that dividends will be declared and paid in the future.

We also pay quarterly dividend equivalents to the holders of certain restricted stock units. Holders of performance shares are not paid a quarterly dividend equivalent, but instead are entitled to receive, in connection with the issuance of underlying shares of common stock for performance shares that ultimately vest, a one-time payment equal to the dividends such holder would have received if the number of such shares of common stock so issued had been held of record by such holder from the date of grant of such performance shares through the date of such issuance.

See our Statements of Consolidated Stockholders’ Equity and Note 19 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for information regarding dividends declared during 2025 and 2024 and subsequent to December 31, 2025.

Repurchases of Common Stock

We are not obligated to repurchase any specific number of shares under our stock repurchase program. We suspended share repurchases as of March 2020. We will continue to assess share repurchases as a part of our capital allocation priorities and strategic investment opportunities identified to support further growth in our business. At December 31, 2025, $93.1 million remained authorized and available for future repurchases of common stock under our stock repurchase program. See our Statements of Consolidated Stockholders’ Equity included in this Form 10-K for information regarding minimum statutory tax withholding obligations arising during 2025 and 2024 in connection with the vesting of non-vested shares, restricted stock units, and performance shares.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. In connection with the preparation of our financial statements, we are required to make assumptions and estimates about future events and apply judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses and the related disclosures. We base our assumptions, estimates and judgments on historical experience, current trends and other factors that management believes to be relevant at the time our consolidated financial statements are prepared. On a regular basis, management reviews the accounting policies, assumptions, estimates and judgments to ensure that our financial statements are presented fairly and in accordance with GAAP. However, because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results could differ from our assumptions and estimates, and such differences could be material.

In addition to the accounting estimates we discuss in Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K, management believes that the following accounting estimates are critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results and require management’s most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, resulting from the need to make estimates about the effects of matters that are inherently uncertain. Management has reviewed these critical accounting estimates and related disclosures with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors.

Revenue Recognition

We decide at the outset of entering into contracts with customers whether our performance obligations as specified in these contracts are satisfied over time or at a point in time. To recognize revenue over time means that we will need to synchronize revenue recognition with progress toward completion of the performance obligation. If we have determined that revenue will be recognized over time for a specific customer order, the earliest point in our production process that we will recognize revenue will be the point that the product cannot be directed to another customer. In most cases, this happens at the time we begin to mold the ingot or billet, either by flat rolling the ingot or by extruding the billet through a die. For custom alloys, we would begin recognizing revenue over time at the point the custom alloy billet is cast. Approximately 78% of our business is recognized at a point in time with the remaining 22% recognized over time.

We follow the input method of recognizing revenue over time. Under this approach, revenue is recognized for products in production based on the cost incurred to date plus a reasonable margin. Cost incurred to date is based on resources consumed, labor hours expended, and other costs incurred relative to the total inputs expected in order to satisfy a performance obligation. Reasonable margins are estimated using an average margin of the respective production facility producing the product. For purposes of recognizing revenue over time on products that are in work‑in-process as of the period end, we make the assumption that the average margins at the respective production facilities are reasonably close to the individual product margins that are in work‑in-process.

Although we believe that the judgments and estimates around recognizing revenue over time discussed herein are reasonable, actual results could differ and we may be exposed to losses or gains that could be material. For the portion of revenue recognized over time, a 5% change in our estimated average margins would have impacted Net income for the year ended December 31, 2025 by approximately $0.1 million.

Environmental Commitments and Contingencies

We are subject to environmental laws and regulations and may incur fines, penalties, or claims related to compliance. Based on our evaluation, we have recorded accruals primarily for solid waste disposal and soil and groundwater remediation. These accruals represent our best estimate of costs expected considering current laws, available information, and likely remediation actions.

Estimating environmental costs involves uncertainty, and actual results may differ. When a range of possible losses exists and no amount within the range is more likely, we record the minimum amount in accordance with ASC 450, Contingencies. Changes in facts, remediation plans, regulatory approvals, or technology could result in costs exceeding current accruals.

We believe our estimates are reasonable; however, actual costs could be materially higher or lower. It is reasonably possible that undiscounted costs may exceed current accruals by up to approximately $14.1 million over the remediation period. See Note 10 for additional details.

Pension and Other Postretirement and Postemployment Benefits

Our liabilities and expenses for pension and other postretirement and postemployment benefits are determined using actuarial methods and significant assumptions, including the discount rate, expected long-term rate of return (“LTRR”) on plan assets, and workforce-related factors such as salary growth, health care cost trends, retirement age, and mortality. The discount rate and expected LTRR are the most significant assumptions.

Changes in assumptions or plan provisions can materially affect obligations and expense. For example, a lower discount rate increases the present value of obligations, while a higher expected return reduces future expense. We also make variable annual contributions to the Salaried VEBA based on cash flow; the VEBA’s funding status does not affect our contribution amount. We have no control over any aspect of the Salaried VEBA plan and rely on information provided by the VEBA administrator for plan details.

A 0.25% change in the weighted average discount rate would impact the combined pension and other postretirement obligations by approximately $3.4 million as of December 31, 2025 and impact pretax earnings in 2026 by approximately $0.3 million. A 0.25% change in the expected LTRR would impact pretax earnings by about $0.2 million in 2026. See Note 5 for additional information.

New Accounting Pronouncements

For a discussion of all recently adopted and recently issued but not yet adopted accounting pronouncements, see Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The following quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk should be read in conjunction with Note 8 and Note 11 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K. Our operating results are sensitive to changes in the prices of primary aluminum, certain alloying metals, natural gas, electricity, foreign currency, and also depend to a significant degree upon the volume and mix of products sold to customers. We have historically utilized hedging transactions to lock in a specified price or range of prices for certain products which we sell or consume in our production process, and to mitigate our exposure to changes in energy prices.

Aluminum

In 2025 and 2024, settlements of derivative contracts were for 126.7 million pounds and 154.9 million pounds, respectively, of hedged shipments sold on pricing terms that created aluminum price risk for us. At December 31, 2025, we had derivative contracts with respect to approximately 23.9 million pounds and 0.7 million pounds to hedge sales to be made in 2026 and 2027, respectively, on pricing terms that create aluminum price risk for us.

Based on the aluminum derivative positions held by us to hedge firm-price customer sales agreements, we estimate that a $0.10/lb decrease in the LME market price of aluminum as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, with all other variables held constant, would have resulted in an unrealized mark-to-market loss of $2.5 million and $4.7 million, respectively, with corresponding changes to the net fair value of our aluminum derivative positions. In addition, we estimate that a $0.05/lb decrease in the Midwest premium for aluminum as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, with all other variables held constant, would have resulted in an unrealized mark-to-market loss of $0.8 million and $2.0 million, respectively, with corresponding changes to the net fair value of our aluminum derivative positions.

Alloying Metals

We are exposed to the risk of fluctuating prices of certain alloying metals, especially copper, zinc, and magnesium, to the extent that changes in their prices do not highly correlate with price changes for aluminum. Copper, zinc, magnesium, and certain other metals are used in our remelt operations to cast rolling ingot and extrusion billet with the proper chemistry for our products. From time to time, we enter into forward contract swaps and/or physical delivery commitments with third parties to mitigate our risk from fluctuations in the prices of these alloys. As of December 31, 2025, we had forward swap contracts with settlement dates designed to align with the timing of scheduled purchases of copper and zinc by our manufacturing facilities. We estimate that a $0.10/lb decrease in the market price of zinc and copper as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, with all other variables held constant, would have resulted in an unrealized mark-to-market loss of $0.6 million and $0.9 million, respectively, with corresponding changes to the net fair value of our zinc and copper derivative positions.

Energy

We are exposed to the risk of fluctuating prices for natural gas and electricity. We, from time to time, in the ordinary course of business, enter into hedging transactions and/or physical delivery commitments with firm prices with third parties to mitigate our risk from fluctuations in natural gas and electricity prices. We estimate that a $1.00 per mmbtu decrease in natural gas prices would have resulted in an unrealized mark-to-market loss of $3.1 million and $2.8 million as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, with corresponding changes to the net fair value of our natural gas derivative positions. We had no outstanding electricity derivative positions as of December 31, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

Foreign Currency

As of December 31, 2025, we hedged the foreign currency exchange rate risk related to certain lease transactions and equipment purchases denominated in Euros using forward swap contracts with settlement dates through July 2027. We estimate that a 10% decrease in the exchange rate of our hedged foreign currencies to U.S. dollars would have resulted in an unrealized mark-to-market loss of $0.1 million and $0.8 million as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, with corresponding changes to the net fair value of our foreign currency derivative positions.

Our primary foreign exchange exposure is the operating costs of our London, Ontario facility. We estimate that a 10% change in the Canadian dollar exchange rate as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 would have resulted in an annual operating cost impact of $2.9 million and $2.8 million, respectively.

KAISER ALUMINUM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data


Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID:34)	42

Consolidated Balance Sheets	44

Statements of Consolidated Income	45

Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income	46

Statements of Consolidated Stockholders’ Equity	47

Statements of Consolidated Cash Flows	48

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	49

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Kaiser Aluminum Corporation

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Kaiser Aluminum Corporation and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

Change in Accounting Principle

As discussed in Note 18 to the financial statements, in 2025 the Company elected to change its method of accounting for determining the cost of inventory for finished goods, work in process, and raw materials from the last-in, first-out (LIFO) inventory accounting method to the weighted average cost (WAC) inventory accounting method. All periods presented in the financial statements have been adjusted to reflect this change.

Basis for Opinions

The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures to respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM (CONTINUED)

prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Revenue Recognition - Refer to Notes 1 and 17 to the financial statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

The Company recognizes revenue as it satisfies its performance obligations and transfers control of products to its customers. For products that have an alternative use and/or for which the Company does not have an enforceable right to payment (including a reasonable profit) during the production process, revenue is recognized at a point in time. For revenue recognized at a point in time, transfer of control usually occurs upon shipment or upon customer receipt of the product, depending on the shipping terms. For certain products with no alternative use and for which the Company has an enforceable right to payment (including a reasonable profit), revenue is recognized over time. For contracts recognized over time, control transfer occurs incrementally during the Company’s production process, as progress is made on fulfilling the performance obligation. The Company uses the input method of determining the progress, capturing direct costs beginning at the point that billet or cast ingot is introduced into production at either the extrusion phase or the rolling phase, respectively. For products in production, the Company recognizes revenue using estimates of the cost incurred to date plus a reasonable margin.

Contract assets represent amounts for work performed but not yet billed, including amounts related to finished goods in transit at period end.

Given the volume of contracts that are recognized over time and the complexity of the determination of over time revenue, we identified revenue for over time contracts as a critical audit matter.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to revenue recognized over time included the following, among others:

•

We tested management’s controls over revenue recognized over time, including those over cost incurred to date and estimates of reasonable margin.

•

We tested the mathematical accuracy of management’s calculation of revenue recognized over time and the related contract asset.

•

We selected a sample of invoices with customers and performed the following:

- We evaluated whether revenue was properly recognized as over time according to the contract terms with the customer.

- We tested that the revenue associated with work-in-process and finished goods inventory was properly recognized at December 31, 2025.

/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

Nashville, Tennessee

February 19, 2026

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2002.

KAISER ALUMINUM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS


	As of December 31,
	2025			2024 As Adjusted1
	(In millions of dollars, except share and per share amounts)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	7.0		$	18.4
Receivables:
Trade receivables, net		395.2			319.7
Other		28.1			22.2
Contract assets		63.4			73.4
Inventories		725.2			601.9
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		42.6			39.0
Total current assets		1,261.5			1,074.6
Property, plant and equipment, net		1,145.2			1,161.2
Operating lease assets		22.4			27.2
Deferred tax assets, net		0.2			4.0
Intangible assets, net		41.0			45.5
Goodwill		18.8			18.8
Other assets		75.7			78.6
Total assets	$	2,564.8		$	2,409.9
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	274.6		$	266.9
Accrued salaries, wages and related expenses		61.3			54.3
Other accrued liabilities		91.3			79.3
Total current liabilities		427.2			400.5
Long-term portion of operating lease liabilities		21.7			25.2
Pension and OPEB		73.4			71.4
Deferred tax liabilities		75.4			44.1
Long-term liabilities		81.4			84.0
Long-term debt, net		1,059.6			1,041.6
Total liabilities		1,738.7			1,666.8
Commitments and contingencies – Note 10
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, 5,000,000 shares authorized at both December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024; no shares were issued and outstanding at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024		—			—
Common stock, par value $0.01, 90,000,000 shares authorized at both December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024; 23,045,729 shares issued and 16,210,443 shares outstanding at December 31, 2025; 22,931,184 shares issued and 16,095,898 shares outstanding at December 31, 2024		0.2			0.2
Additional paid in capital		1,132.5			1,117.0
Retained earnings		142.5			81.3
Treasury stock, at cost, 6,835,286 shares at both December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024		(475.9	)		(475.9	)
Accumulated other comprehensive income		26.8			20.5
Total stockholders’ equity		826.1			743.1
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	2,564.8		$	2,409.9

Adjusted to reflect the retrospective change in inventory valuation methodology from LIFO to WAC. See Note 18 for further discussion.

The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

KAISER ALUMINUM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED INCOME


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025			2024 As Adjusted1			2023 As Adjusted1
	(In millions of dollars, except share and per share amounts)
Net sales	$	3,373.0		$	3,024.0		$	3,087.0
Costs and expenses:
Cost of products sold, excluding depreciation and amortization		2,930.6			2,666.6			2,728.2
Depreciation and amortization		122.5			116.4			108.6
Selling, general, administrative, research and development		129.2			120.8			122.7
Restructuring costs		1.9			7.6			5.0
Other operating charges, net		—			0.4			—
Total costs and expenses		3,184.2			2,911.8			2,964.5
Operating income		188.8			112.2			122.5
Other (expense) income:
Interest expense		(50.1	)		(43.7	)		(46.9	)
Other income, net – Note 13		11.3			19.5			7.4
Income before income taxes		150.0			88.0			83.0
Income tax provision		(37.5	)		(22.3	)		(15.2	)
Net income	$	112.5		$	65.7		$	67.8

Net income per common share:
Basic	$	6.96		$	4.08		$	4.25
Diluted	$	6.77		$	4.02		$	4.21
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (in thousands):
Basic		16,169			16,069			15,991
Diluted		16,622			16,319			16,131

Adjusted to reflect the retrospective change in inventory valuation methodology from LIFO to WAC. See Note 18 for further discussion.

The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

KAISER ALUMINUM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED COMPREHENSIVE INCOME


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025		2024 As Adjusted1			2023 As Adjusted1
	(In millions of dollars)
Net income	$	112.5	$	65.7		$	67.8
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax – Note 11:
Defined benefit plans		3.4		8.1			8.2
Cash flow hedges		2.9		(0.7	)		1.7
Other comprehensive income, net of tax		6.3		7.4			9.9
Comprehensive income	$	118.8	$	73.1		$	77.7

Adjusted to reflect the retrospective change in inventory valuation methodology from LIFO to WAC. See Note 18 for further discussion.

The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

KAISER ALUMINUM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY


	Common Shares Outstanding		Common Stock		Additional Paid In Capital		Retained Earnings As Adjusted1		Treasury Stock			AOCI		Total As Adjusted1
	(In millions of dollars, except share and per share amounts)
BALANCE, December 31, 2022		15,940,756	$	0.2	$	1,090.4	$	13.3	$	(475.9	)	$	3.2	$	631.2
Cumulative effect of change in inventory valuation methodology, net of tax		—		—		—		35.6		—			—		35.6
Net income		—		—

Large accelerated filer

Accelerated filer

Non-accelerated filer

Smaller reporting company

Emerging growth company

KAISER ALUMINUM CORP 10-K