UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2017

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

COMMISSION FILE NUMBER 000-26124

IXYS CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

DELAWARE

77-0140882

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification No.)

1590 BUCKEYE DRIVE

MILPITAS, CALIFORNIA 95035-7418

(Address of principal executive offices and Zip Code)

(408) 457-9000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every

Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the

preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock, $0.01 par value, outstanding as of October 26, 2017 was 32,769,103.

IXYS CORPORATION

FORM 10-Q

September 30, 2017

INDEX


	Page

PART I – Financial Information		3
Item 1. Financial Statements		3
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets		3
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations		4
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income		5
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows		6
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements		7
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		18
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk		27
Item 4. Controls and Procedures		27
PART II – Other Information		29
Item 1. Legal Proceedings		29
Item 1A. Risk Factors		29
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds		47
Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities		47
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures		47
Item 5. Other Information		47
Item 6. Exhibits		47

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

IXYS CORPORATION

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share data)


	September 30,			March 31,
	2017			2017
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	168,771		$	167,904
Restricted cash		1,470			1,330
Accounts receivable, net		41,745			41,167
Inventories		95,944			89,436
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		7,138			3,977

Total current assets		315,068			303,814
Property, plant and equipment, net		47,107			42,240
Intangible assets, net		1,789			2,984
Goodwill		43,993			42,227
Deferred income taxes		25,091			24,739
Other assets		29,930			17,975

Total assets	$	462,978		$	433,979

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Current portion of loans payable	$	1,148		$	1,058
Accounts payable		12,397			11,409
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		25,922			25,347

Total current liabilities		39,467			37,814
Long term loans, net of current portion		76,761			76,791
Pension liabilities		15,839			14,901
Other long term liabilities		6,579			6,618

Total liabilities		138,646			136,124

Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value:
Authorized: 5,000,000 shares; none issued and outstanding		—			—
Common stock, $0.01 par value:
Authorized: 80,000,000 shares; 38,383,751 issued and 32,764,103 outstanding at September 30, 2017 and 38,326,329 issued and 31,912,021 outstanding at March 31, 2017		384			383
Additional paid-in capital		218,286			217,355
Treasury stock, at cost: 5,619,648 common shares at September 30, 2017 and 6,414,308 common shares at March 31, 2017		(51,116	)		(58,347	)
Retained earnings		174,784			167,009
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(18,006	)		(28,545	)

Total stockholders’ equity		324,332			297,855

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	462,978		$	433,979

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

IXYS CORPORATION

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In thousands, except per share data)


	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016
Net revenues	$	87,684		$	78,629		$	171,226		$	159,267
Cost of goods sold		60,897			53,174			117,893			109,818

Gross profit		26,787			25,455			53,333			49,449

Operating expenses:
Research, development and engineering		8,231			7,848			15,804			15,758
Selling, general and administrative		12,891			10,140			22,897			20,178
Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets		597			696			1,193			1,713

Total operating expenses		21,719			18,684			39,894			37,649

Operating income		5,068			6,771			13,439			11,800
Other income (expense):
Interest income		89			53			168			115
Interest expense		(434	)		(615	)		(1,128	)		(1,250	)
Other income (expense), net		(190	)		586			(705	)		1,401

Income before income tax provision		4,533			6,795			11,774			12,066
Provision for income tax		(1,070	)		(2,860	)		(2,817	)		(5,112	)

Net income	$	3,463		$	3,935		$	8,957		$	6,954


Net income per share:
Basic	$	0.11		$	0.12		$	0.28		$	0.22

Diluted	$	0.10		$	0.12		$	0.27		$	0.22

Cash dividends per common share	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	0.040

Weighted average shares used in per share calculation:
Basic		32,642			31,490			32,364			31,447

Diluted		34,099			32,145			33,572			32,074

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

IXYS CORPORATION

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(In thousands)


	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016
Net income	$	3,463		$	3,935		$	8,957		$	6,954
Foreign currency translation adjustments		3,795			436			10,677			(2,388	)
Changes in market value of investments:
Changes in unrealized gains (losses), net of income taxes of $(84) and $(92) for the three and six months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and net of income taxes of $31 and $76 for the three and six months ended September 30, 2016, respectively		(125	)		47			(138	)		132
Reclassification adjustment for net losses realized in net income, net of income taxes of $(80) and $(19) for the three and six months ended September 30, 2016, respectively		—			(121	)		—			(31	)

Net change in market value of investments		(125	)		(74	)		(138	)		101

Total comprehensive income	$	7,133		$	4,297		$	19,496		$	4,667

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

IXYS CORPORATION

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)


	Six Months Ended
	September 30,
	2017			2016
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	8,957		$	6,954
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities, net of assets acquired and liabilities assumed:
Depreciation and amortization		5,046			5,367
Provision for receivable allowances		5,580			4,517
Net change in inventory provision		1,442			593
Stock-based compensation		2,005			1,729
Gain on investments		(744	)		(552	)
Foreign currency adjustments on intercompany amounts and other non-cash items		62			(79	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of business acquired:
Accounts receivable		(4,846	)		(5,242	)
Inventories		(3,378	)		(2,112	)
Prepaid expenses and other assets		(3,320	)		(326	)
Accounts payable		508			(86	)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		(4,504	)		3,021
Pension liabilities		(419	)		(386	)

Net cash provided by operating activities		6,389			13,398


Cash flows from investing activities:
Cash acquired on acquisition		69			—
Purchases of investments		(9,115	)		(2,000	)
Purchases of plant and equipment		(6,030	)		(5,156	)
Proceeds from sale of investments		—			805

Net cash used in investing activities		(15,076	)		(6,351	)


Cash flows from financing activities:
Repayments of loans and notes payable		(1,009	)		(8,229	)
Proceeds from employee equity plans		6,097			1,355
Payment of cash dividends to stockholders		—			(1,258	)

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		5,088			(8,132	)

Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash and cash equivalents		4,606			(920	)

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		1,007			(2,005	)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period (1)		169,234			156,083

Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period (2)	$	170,241		$	154,078

(1)	Includes restricted cash of $1.3 million and $277,000 as of March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

(2)	Includes restricted cash of $1.5 million and $274,000 as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The accompanying interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and do not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP, for complete financial statements. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of IXYS Corporation, or IXYS, and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Some of the accounting estimates that require significant judgments by management include, but are not limited to, revenue reserves, inventory valuation, accounting for investments, accounting for income taxes and allocation of purchase price in business combinations. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. All adjustments of a normal recurring nature that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods have been made. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2017 has been derived from our audited consolidated balance sheet as of that date. It is recommended that the interim financial statements be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017, or fiscal 2017, contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of the operating results expected for later quarters or the full fiscal year. Our fiscal year end is March 31. References to any numerically identified year preceded by the word “fiscal” are references to the year ending on March 31 of such numerically identified year.

Acquisition by Littelfuse, Inc.

On August 28, 2017, we announced the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated August 25, 2017, by and among IXYS Corporation, Littelfuse, Inc., or Littelfuse, and Iron Merger Co., Inc., or the merger agreement. Under the terms of the merger agreement, Littelfuse will acquire all of our outstanding shares in a cash and stock transaction and each of our stockholders will be entitled to elect to receive, per IXYS share, either $23.00 in cash or 0.1265 of a share of Littelfuse common stock, subject to proration. In total, 50% of IXYS common stock will be converted into cash and 50% into Littelfuse common stock.

The transaction has been approved by our Board of Directors and is expected to close in the first calendar quarter of 2018. The transaction is subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions, including regulatory approvals and approval by our stockholders. Littelfuse expects to finance the cash portion of the transaction consideration through a combination of existing cash and additional debt.

2. Recent Accounting Pronouncements and Accounting Changes

In May 2014, Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued a new standard on the recognition of revenue from contracts with customers, which includes a single set of rules and criteria for revenue recognition to be used across all industries. The revenue standard’s core principle is built on the contract between a vendor and a customer for the provision of goods and services. It attempts to depict the exchange of rights and obligations between the parties in the pattern of revenue recognition based on the consideration to which the vendor is entitled. To accomplish this objective, the standard requires five basic steps: identify the contract with the customer, identify the performance obligations in the contract, determine the transaction price, allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract and recognize revenue when or as the entity satisfies a performance obligation. For public companies, this standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods during the annual period. Early adoption is permitted for annual periods commencing after December 15, 2016. Two different transition methods are available: full retrospective and modified retrospective.

We expect to adopt this guidance on a modified retrospective basis. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of this standard on our financial position and results of operations. Based on our preliminary assessment, we believe the new standard will not have a material impact on our financial position and results of operations, as our revenue is primarily generated from the sale of finished, tangible products to customers. Sales predominantly contain a single delivery element and revenue is recognized at a single point in time when ownership, risks, and rewards transfer. We do not expect to change the manner or timing of recognizing revenue on a majority of our revenue transactions.

In January 2016, FASB issued authoritative guidance that modifies how entities measure equity investments and present changes in the fair value of financial liabilities. Under the new guidance, entities will have to measure equity investments that do not result in consolidation and are not accounted for under the equity method at fair value and recognize any changes in fair value in net income unless the investments qualify for the new practicality exception. A practicality exception will apply to those equity investments that do not have a readily determinable fair value and do not qualify for the practical expedient to estimate fair value under Accounting Standards Codification, Fair Value Measurements, or ASC 820, and as such these investments may be measured at cost. This guidance is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. We are currently evaluating the impact of this standard on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, FASB issued amended guidance for lease arrangements, which requires lessees to recognize the following for all leases with terms longer than 12 months: a lease liability, which is a lessee’s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and a right-of-use asset, or ROU asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. The amendment is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this amended guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, FASB issued amended guidance that provides clarification on cash flow classification related to eight specific issues, including debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, distributions received from equity method investees and proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims. The guidance will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim reporting periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The amended guidance should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented. If it is impracticable to apply the amendments retrospectively for some of the issues, the amendments for those issues would be applied prospectively as of the earliest date practicable. We do not expect this change to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, FASB issued amended guidance which narrows the existing definition of a business and provides a framework for evaluating whether a transaction should be accounted for as an acquisition (or disposal) of assets or a business. The definition of a business affects areas of accounting such as acquisitions, disposals and goodwill. The revised definition of a business under this guidance is expected to reduce the number of transactions that are accounted for as business combinations. The guidance is effective on a prospective basis for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The impact on our consolidated financial statements will depend on the facts and circumstances of any specific future transactions.

3. Fair Value

We account for certain assets and liabilities at fair value. In determining fair value, we consider its principal or most advantageous market and the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing, such as inherent risk, restrictions on sale and risk of non-performance. The fair value hierarchy is based upon the observability of inputs used in valuation techniques. Observable inputs (highest level) reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs (lowest level) reflect internally developed market assumptions. The fair value measurements are classified under the following hierarchy:


Level 1	—	Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

Level 2	—	Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs or significant value-drivers are observable in active markets.

Level 3	—	Model-derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value-drivers are unobservable.

Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, excluding accrued interest components, consisted of the following types of instruments as of September 30, 2017 and March 31, 2017 (in thousands):


	September 30, 2017 (1)						March 31, 2017 (1)
			Fair Value Measured at						Fair Value Measured at
			Reporting Date Using						Reporting Date Using
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Total		Level 1		Level 2
	(unaudited)						(unaudited)
Money market funds (2)	$	96,780	$	96,780	$	—	$	90,752	$	90,752	$	—
Marketable equity securities (3)		1,649		1,649		—		1,771		1,771		—
Auction rate preferred securities (3)		350		—		350		350		—		350

Total assets measured at fair value	$	98,779	$	98,429	$	350	$	92,873	$	92,523	$	350

(1)	We did not have any recurring fair value measurements of assets or liabilities whose fair value was measured using significant unobservable inputs.

(2)	Included in “Cash and cash equivalents” on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.

(3)	Included in “Other assets” on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.

We measure our marketable equity securities at fair value. Marketable equity securities are valued using the quoted market prices and are therefore classified as Level 1 estimates. All of the marketable equity securities are subject to a periodic impairment review. We review any impairment to determine whether it is other than temporarily impaired. This review is based on factors such as length

of time of impairment, extent to which the fair value is below the cost basis, financial conditions of the issuer of the security, our expectations of future recoveries and our ability and intent to hold or sell the securities. Based on our review, we concluded there was no other than temporary impairment loss in marketable equity securities during the three and six months ended September 30, 2017. During the three and six months ended September 30, 2016, we recognized other than temporary impairment losses of $0 and $151,000, respectively, in marketable equity securities.

Auction rate preferred securities, or ARPS, are stated at par value based upon observable inputs, including historical redemptions received from the ARPS issuers, and are therefore categorized as Level 2 estimates.

Cash and cash equivalents are recognized and measured at fair value in our consolidated financial statements. Accounts receivable, investments in convertible debts and prepaid expenses and other current assets are financial assets with carrying values that approximate fair value. Accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities are financial liabilities with carrying values that approximate fair value.

Our indebtedness for borrowed money and our installment payment obligations approximated fair value, as the interest rates either adjusted according to the market rates or the interest rates approximated the market rates. The estimated fair value of these items was approximately $77.9 million and $77.8 million as of September 30, 2017 and March 31, 2017, respectively.

Our equity method investments, cost method investments and non-financial assets, such as acquired intangible assets and property, plant and equipment, are recorded at fair value only if impairment is recognized. No impairment losses on the investments accounted for under the equity method or the cost method were recognized as of September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, as there have not been any events or changes in circumstances that we believe would have had a significant adverse effect on the fair value of those investments.

Our acquisition-related intangible assets were initially recorded at fair value. The valuation of the acquisition-related intangible assets was classified as a Level 3 measurement because the valuation was based on significant unobservable inputs and involved management judgement and assumptions about market participants and pricing. We review our intangible assets for impairment whenever events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset might not be recoverable, based upon estimated undiscounted future cash flows. When we are required to determine the fair value of intangible assets other than goodwill, we use the income approach. We start with a forecast of all the expected net cash flows associated with the asset and then we apply an asset-specific discount rate to arrive at a net present value amount. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions inherent in this approach include: the amount and timing of the projected net cash flows on the projections and the selection of a long-term growth rate and the discount rate. Based on our review, the intangible assets resulting from the RadioPulse acquisition were determined to be fully impaired and an impairment charge of $1.4 million was recognized during the quarter ended December 31, 2016.

4. Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2017			March 31, 2017
	(unaudited)
Accounts receivable, gross	$	45,929		$	45,856
Allowances		(4,184	)		(4,689	)

Accounts receivable, net	$	41,745		$	41,167

5. Other Assets

Other assets consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30,		March 31,
	2017		2017
	(unaudited)
Marketable equity securities	$	1,649	$	1,771
Investments in convertible debt		9,063		503
Long-term equity method investments		12,551		11,589
Cost method investments		4,270		3,103
Other items		2,397		1,009

Total	$	29,930	$	17,975

Available-for-Sale Investments

Marketable equity securities and auction rate preferred securities are designated as available-for-sale and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, net of income taxes, recorded in other comprehensive income (loss). Realized gains and losses (calculated as proceeds less specifically identified costs) and declines in value of these investments judged by management to be other than temporary, if any, are included in other income (expense), net.

Investments in Convertible Debt

We invested in convertible debt issued by certain public and privately-held companies. Those investments are accounted for as available-for-sale securities. The total costs of these investments of $9.1 million as of September 30, 2017 and $503,000 as of March 31, 2017 approximated the fair value of these investments on the respective dates.

During the quarter ended September 30, 2017, we loaned $4.4 million to North Texas Epitaxy, LLC, or NTE, an epitaxial wafer supplier, under a Secured Convertible Promissory Note. The note bears an interest rate of 3% and is repayable in 3 years. As part of this arrangement, we obtained security interests in the assets of NTE. Additionally, we have the option to convert the note into 95.0% ownership of NTE.

Equity Method Investments

We have equity interests in Powersem GmbH, or Powersem, a semiconductor manufacturer based in Germany, EB Tech Ltd., or EB Tech, a radiation services provider based in South Korea and Automated Technology, Inc., or ATEC, an assembly and test services provider in the Philippines. These investments are accounted for using the equity method. For the three and six months ended September 30, 2017 we recorded an immaterial amount of our proportionate share of the affiliates’ gains and losses under the equity method of accounting. The carrying values of our investments in Powersem, EB Tech and ATEC at September 30, 2017 were $2.8 million, $2.6 million and $7.1 million, respectively. The carrying values of our investments in Powersem, EB Tech and ATEC at March 31, 2017 were $2.5 million, $2.6 million and $6.5 million, respectively.

Cost Method Investments

Our investments in privately-held businesses over which we do not have the ability to exercise significant influence and for which there is not a readily determinable market value are accounted for under the cost method of accounting. We do not estimate the fair value of those cost method investments because determining the fair value is not practicable.

6. Inventories

Inventories consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30,		March 31,
	2017		2017
	(unaudited)
Raw materials	$	20,870	$	17,920
Work in process		50,389		45,634
Finished goods		24,685		25,882

Total	$	95,944	$	89,436

7. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2017		March 31, 2017
	(unaudited)
Uninvoiced goods and services	$	15,805	$	12,703
Compensation and benefits		8,304		6,707
Income taxes (1)		—		3,521
Commissions, royalties and other		1,813		2,416

Total	$	25,922	$	25,347

(1)	Prepaid income taxes of $1.3 million at September 30, 2017 were included in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2017.

8. Borrowing Arrangements

Revolving Credit Agreement

On November 20, 2015, we entered into a Revolving Credit Agreement with a syndicate of banks for a line of credit of $125.0 million. The agent for the banks is Bank of the West, or BOTW. The obligations are guaranteed by four of our subsidiaries. The loan is collateralized pursuant to a Contingent Collateral Agreement, under which the assets of the parent company and the four subsidiaries could be subject to security interests for the benefit of the banks in the event of a loan default.

The credit agreement provides different interest rate alternatives under which we may borrow funds. We may elect to borrow based on LIBOR plus a margin or an alternative base rate plus a margin. The margin can range from 0.75% to 2.5%, depending on interest rate alternatives and on our leverage of liabilities to effective tangible net worth. The applicable interest rate as of September 30, 2017 was 3.01%. An unused commitment fee is also payable. It ranges from 0.25% to 0.625% annually, depending on leverage.

The terms of the facility impose restrictions on our ability to undertake certain transactions, to create liens on assets and to incur subsidiary indebtedness. In addition, the credit agreement is subject to a set of financial covenants, including minimum effective tangible net worth, the ratio of cash, cash equivalents and accounts receivable to current liabilities, profitability, a leverage ratio and a minimum amount of U.S. domestic cash on hand.

In December 2016, we entered into an amendment to the Revolving Credit Agreement with the lenders under which the contractual term of the revolving loan was extended to November 20, 2019. The leverage ratio was increased to 2.50 to 1.00 from 2.00 to 1.00. No other terms of the Revolving Credit Agreement were affected by the amendment. At September 30, 2017, we complied with all of the financial covenants, including the leverage ratio.

In relation to the Revolving Credit Agreement and the amendment to the Revolving Credit Agreement, we incurred loan costs that were deferred and reduced our “Long term loans, net of current portion” on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Those costs are being amortized over the new life of the credit agreement. The unamortized balance at September 30, 2017 and March 31, 2017 was $324,000 and $399,000, respectively.

At September 30, 2017 and March 31, 2017, the outstanding balances, net of the loan costs, under the credit agreement were $72.7 million and $72.6 million, respectively.

The Revolving Credit Agreement also includes a $10.0 million letter of credit subfacility. Borrowing under this subfacility is limited to the extent of availability under the $125.0 million revolving line of credit.

IKB Deutsche Industriebank

In April 2015, we entered into a loan with IKB Deutsche Industriebank, or IKB. Under the agreement, we borrowed €6.5 million, or about $7.2 million at the time. The loan has a term ending March 31, 2022 and bears a fixed annual interest rate of 1.75%. Each fiscal quarter, a principal payment of €232,000, or about $274,000, and a payment of accrued interest are required. Financial covenants for a ratio of indebtedness to cash flow, a ratio of equity to total assets and a minimum stockholders’ equity for the German subsidiary must be satisfied for the loan to remain in good standing. Compliance with these covenants is required annually at March 31. We complied with all of these financial covenants at March 31, 2017. The loan may be repaid in whole or in part with a modest penalty. The loan is also collateralized by a security interest in the facility in Lampertheim, Germany, and a security deposit of €1.0 million. The security deposit will mature on December 29, 2017, so long as compliance occurs through that date. At September 30, 2017, the outstanding principal balance was €4.2 million, or about $4.9 million at that time. At March 31, 2017, the outstanding principal balance was €4.6 million, or about $5.0 million.

Merger Agreement

Pursuant to the merger agreement, the borrowing arrangements under the Revolving Credit Agreement with a syndicate of banks for a line of credit of $125.0 million and our agreement with IKB should be repaid prior to the closing of the Littelfuse transaction. We will pay early termination costs associated with repaying and cancelling these facilities.

9. Employee Equity Incentive Plans

Stock Purchase and Stock Option Plans

Equity Incentive Plans

On September 10, 2009, our stockholders approved the 2009 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2009 Plan, under which 900,000 shares of our common stock were reserved for the grant of stock options and other equity incentives. On September 16, 2011, our stockholders approved the 2011 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2011 Plan, under which 600,000 shares of our common stock were reserved for the grant of stock options and other equity incentives. On August 30, 2013, our stockholders approved the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2013 Plan, under which 2,000,000 shares of our common stock were reserved for the grant of stock options and other equity incentives. On August 26, 2016, our stockholders approved the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2016 Plan, under which 2,000,000 shares of the common stock were reserved for the grant of stock options and other equity incentives. The 2009 Plan, the 2011 Plan, the 2013 Plan and the 2016 Plan are referred to as the Plans.

Stock Options

Under the Plans, nonqualified and incentive stock options may be granted to employees, consultants and non-employee directors. Generally, the per share exercise price shall not be less than 100% of the fair market value of a share on the grant date. The Board of Directors has the full power to determine the provisions of each option issued under the Plans. While we may grant options that become exercisable at different times or within different periods, we have primarily granted options that vest over four years. The options, once granted, expire ten years from the date of grant.

Stock Awards

Stock awards, denominated restricted stock under the 2009 Plan and the 2011 Plan, may be granted to any employee, director or consultant under the Plans. Pursuant to a stock award, we will issue shares of common stock. Shares that are subject to the restriction will be released from restriction if certain requirements, including continued performance of services, are met.

Stock Appreciation Rights

Awards of stock appreciation rights, or SARs, may be granted to employees, consultants and non-employee directors pursuant to the Plans. A SAR is payable on the difference between the market price at the time of exercise and the exercise price at the date of grant. In any event, the exercise price of a SAR shall not be less than 100% of the fair market value of a share on the grant date and shall expire no later than ten years from the grant date. Upon exercise, the holder of a SAR shall be entitled to receive payment either in cash or a number of shares by dividing such cash amount by the fair market value of a share on the exercise date.

Restricted Stock Units

Restricted stock units, denominated performance units in the 2009 Plan, may be granted to employees, consultants and non-employee directors under the Plan. Each restricted stock unit shall have a value equal to the fair market value of one share. After the applicable performance period has ended, the holder will be entitled to receive a payment, either in cash or in the form of shares, based on the number of restricted stock units earned over the performance period, to be determined as a function of the extent to which the corresponding performance goals or other vesting provisions have been achieved.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Board of Directors has approved the Amended and Restated 1999 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the Purchase Plan, and reserved a total of 1,950,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the Purchase Plan. Under the Purchase Plan, all eligible employees may purchase our common stock at a price equal to 85% of the lower of the fair market value at the beginning of the offer period or the semi-annual purchase date. Stock purchases are limited to 15% of an employee’s eligible compensation. During the six months ended September 30, 2017, there were 57,422 shares purchased under the Purchase Plan, leaving approximately 470,648 shares available for purchase under the Purchase Plan in the future, including 400,000 shares approved by the stockholders on August 31, 2017.

Pursuant to the merger agreement, purchases after the November 30, 2017 purchase under the Amended and Restated 1999 Employee Stock Purchase Plan will be suspended pending closing.

Stock-Based Compensation

The following table summarizes the effects of stock-based compensation charges (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Six Months Ended September 30,
Statement of Operations Classifications	2017		2016		2017		2016
	(unaudited)				(unaudited)
Cost of goods sold	$	107	$	96	$	200	$	196
Research, development and engineering		416		283		741		586
Selling, general and administrative		575		495		1,064		947

Stock-based compensation effect in income before income tax provision		1,098		874		2,005		1,729
Provision for income tax (1)		439		350		802		692

Net stock-based compensation effects in net income	$	659	$	524	$	1,203	$	1,037

(1)	Calculated at the U.S. statutory income tax rate of 40% in fiscal 2018 and 2017.

During the six months ended September 30, 2017, the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and cash flows do not reflect any tax benefit for the tax deduction from option exercises and other awards. As of September 30, 2017, approximately $8.2 million in stock-based compensation is to be recognized for unvested stock options granted under our equity incentive plans. The unrecognized compensation cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.8 years.

The Black-Scholes option pricing model is used to estimate the fair value of options granted under our equity incentive plans and rights to acquire stock granted under our stock purchase plan. The weighted average estimated fair values of employee stock option grants and rights granted under the Purchase Plan, as well as the weighted average assumptions that were used in calculating such values during the three and six months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 were based on estimates at the date of grant as follows:


	Stock Options (1)											Purchase Plan (2)
	Three Months Ended September 30,					Six Months Ended September 30,						Six Months Ended September 30,
	2017		2016			2017			2016			2017			2016
	(unaudited)					(unaudited)						(unaudited)
Weighted average estimated fair value of grant per share	$	na	$	4.99		$	6.49		$	4.40		$	2.92		$	3.94
Risk-free interest rate		na		1.3	%		1.9	%		1.3	%		0.7	%		0.3	%
Expected term in years		na		6.41			6.63			6.41			0.75			1.00
Volatility		na		42.0	%		36.8	%		41.4	%		29.9	%		42.9	%
Dividend yield (3)		na		0.0	%		0.0	%		0.8	%		0.0	%		1.4	%

na = not applicable

(1)	No stock options were granted during the quarter ended September 30, 2017.

(2)	Under the stock purchase plan, rights to purchase shares are only granted during the first and third quarters of each fiscal year.

(3)	No dividends were declared for the six months ended September 30, 2017 and the three months ended September 30, 2016.

Activity with respect to outstanding stock options for the six months ended September 30, 2017 was as follows:


	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share		Intrinsic Value (1)
				(unaudited)		(000)
Balance at March 31, 2017		5,097,545		$	10.71
Options granted		549,000		$	16.05
Options exercised		(1,059,795	)	$	9.72	$	8,074
Options cancelled		(89,750	)	$	11.42
Options expired		(20,250	)	$	9.46

Balance at September 30, 2017		4,476,750		$	11.59

Exercisable at September 30, 2017		2,717,250		$	10.80
Exercisable at March 31, 2017		3,300,295		$	10.34

(1)	Represents the difference between the exercise price and the value of our common stock at the time of exercise.

10. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The components and the changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, for the six months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 were as follows (in thousands):


	Foreign Currency			Unrealized Losses on Securities			Defined Benefit Pension Plans			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
				(unaudited)
Balance as of March 31, 2017	$	(19,233	)	$	(219	)	$	(9,093	)	$	(28,545	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications		10,677			(138	)		—			10,539

Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)		10,677			(138	)		—			10,539

Balance as of September 30, 2017	$	(8,556	)	$	(357	)	$	(9,093	)	$	(18,006	)


	Foreign Currency			Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Securities			Defined Benefit Pension Plans			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
				(unaudited)
Balance as of March 31, 2016	$	(10,639	)	$	(82	)	$	(9,545	)	$	(20,266	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications		(2,388	)		132			—			(2,256	)
Net loss reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss		—			(31	)		—			(31	)

Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)		(2,388	)		101			—			(2,287	)

Balance as of September 30, 2016	$	(13,027	)	$	19		$	(9,545	)	$	(22,553	)

The amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive loss for the three and six months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 were as follows (in thousands):


Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Components	Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss										Impacted Line Item on Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
	Three Months Ended September 30,					Six Months Ended September 30,
	2017		2016			2017		2016
	(unaudited)					(unaudited)
Net gain on investments	$	—	$	201		$	—	$	201		Other income (expense), net
Impairment of marketable securities		—		—			—		(151	)	Other income (expense), net

Subtotal		—		201			—		50		Income before income tax provision
Tax impact		—		(80	)		—		(19	)	Provision for income tax

Total reclassifications for the period	$	—	$	121		$	—	$	31		Net income

11. Computation of Earnings per Share

Basic and diluted earnings per share are calculated as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Six Months Ended September 30,
	2017		2016		2017		2016
	(unaudited)				(unaudited)
Net income	$	3,463	$	3,935	$	8,957	$	6,954

Weighted average shares - basic		32,642		31,490		32,364		31,447

Weighted average shares - diluted		34,099		32,145		33,572		32,074

Net income per share - basic	$	0.11	$	0.12	$	0.28	$	0.22

Net income per share - diluted	$	0.10	$	0.12	$	0.27	$	0.22

Diluted weighted average shares included approximately 1,457,000 and 655,000 common equivalent shares from stock options for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and approximately 1,207,000 and 628,000 common equivalent shares from stock options for the six months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Basic net income available per common share is computed using net income and the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per common share is computed using net income and the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, assuming dilution, which includes potentially dilutive common shares outstanding during the period. Potentially dilutive common shares include the assumed exercise of stock options using the treasury stock method. During the three and six months ended September 30, 2017, there were outstanding options to purchase 558,000 and 339,224 shares, respectively, that were not included in the computation of diluted net income per share since their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. During the three and six months ended September 30, 2016, there were outstanding weighted average options to purchase 3,040,511 and 2,984,213 shares, respectively, that were not included in the computation of diluted net income per share since the exercise prices of the options exceeded the market price of the common stock and thus their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. These options could dilute earnings per share in future periods if the market price of the common stock increases.

12. Segment and Geographic Information

We have a single operating segment and reportable segment. We design, develop, manufacture and market high performance semiconductor products. Our two Chief Executive Officers, one of whom is also the Chief Financial Officer, have been identified as the chief operating decision makers. Our chief operating decision makers review financial information presented as one operating segment for the purpose of making decisions, allocating resources and assessing financial performance.

Our net revenues by major geographic area (based on destination) were as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Six Months Ended September 30,
	2017		2016		2017		2016
	(unaudited)				(unaudited)
United States	$	19,275	$	20,185	$	38,888	$	39,686
Europe and the Middle East:
France		2,010		2,121		3,945		5,571
Germany		10,922		8,960		20,980		17,559
Italy		1,195		915		2,173		1,991
Netherlands		1,420		941		2,816		2,081
United Kingdom		4,687		3,209		8,490		6,836
Other		6,585		5,429		12,439		11,382
Asia Pacific:
China		24,914		21,218		48,733		43,858
Japan		2,146		1,708		4,265		3,426
Malaysia		1,233		1,288		2,057		2,092
Singapore		3,102		3,577		6,121		6,584
South Korea		5,301		4,353		11,114		9,048
Thailand		937		1,040		1,744		1,851
Other		1,828		1,403		3,020		3,150
Rest of the World:
India		818		1,207		1,858		2,107
Other		1,311		1,075		2,583		2,045

Total	$	87,684	$	78,629	$	171,226	$	159,267

The following table sets forth net revenues for each of our product groups for the three and six months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Six Months Ended September 30,
	2017		2016		2017		2016
	(unaudited)				(unaudited)
Power semiconductors	$	62,027	$	53,537	$	119,655	$	110,016
Integrated circuits		21,295		20,553		42,467		40,935
Systems and radio frequency power semiconductors		4,362		4,539		9,104		8,316

Total	$	87,684	$	78,629	$	171,226	$	159,267

Net revenues from significant customers, those representing 10% or more of total revenue for the respective periods, are summarized as follows:


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Six Months Ended September 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016
	(unaudited)						(unaudited)
Net Revenues:
Distributor A		15.5	%		13.7	%		15.3	%		13.8	%
Distributor B		10.6	%		10.8	%		10.6	%		10.7	%

13. Income Taxes

For the three and six months ended September 30, 2017, we recorded income tax provisions of $1.1 million and $2.8 million, reflecting effective tax rates of 23.6% and 23.9%, respectively. For the three and six months ended September 30, 2016, we recorded income tax provisions of $2.9 million and $5.1 million, reflecting effective tax rates of 42.1% and 42.4%, respectively. Our effective tax rates for the three and six months ended September 30, 2017 were affected by the adoption of new accounting standards during the first quarter ended June 30, 2017. We adopted Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2016-09, which required the recognition of all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies in our statement of operations when the awards vested or were settled and ASU No. 2016-16, that eliminated the deferral of recognition of deferred tax attributes of certain intercompany transactions. In addition, the effective tax rates were affected by estimates of annual income in domestic and foreign jurisdictions. Our effective tax rates for the three and six months ended September 30, 2016 were affected by non-benefitted losses incurred in certain tax jurisdictions and estimates of annual income in domestic and foreign jurisdictions.

14. Business Combinations

In the quarter ended September 30, 2017, we completed an acquisition qualifying as a business combination. The consideration for the acquisition was assuming the net liabilities of the business. We recorded $1.5 million of goodwill and assumed liabilities of $2.8 million. This acquisition was not significant to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the current period.

As of September 30, 2017, we had not yet finalized the valuation of the deferred tax assets in connection with this acquisition. The finalization of these amounts is not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial position.

15. Commitments and Contingencies

Revolving Credit Agreement

See Note 8, “Borrowing Arrangements” for information regarding the terms of the credit agreement.

Other Commitments and Contingencies

On occasion, we provide limited indemnification to customers against intellectual property infringement claims related to our products. To date, we have not experienced significant activity or claims related to such indemnifications. We also provide in the normal course of business indemnification to our officers, directors and selected parties. We are unable to estimate potential future liability, if any. Therefore, no liability for these indemnification agreements has been recorded as of September 30, 2017 and March 31, 2017.

We make strategic investments in other companies from time to time. These investments include commitments in certain instances to provide additional financing up to the contracted amount. These commitments are insignificant individually or in aggregate.

We have ongoing income tax audits of our subsidiary in the Philippines for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2010 and 2011. The Philippine Bureau of Internal Revenue, or BIR, has made an assessment for a deficiency of income taxes, inclusive of interest and penalties, of approximately $2.5 million and $156,000, respectively, for the fiscal years 2010 and 2011. We are vigorously contesting the assessments of both years. While there are no assurances that we will prevail, we believe that we have valid legal reasons to challenge the BIR’s decision and that our appeals will merit a favorable resolution. Accordingly, we have not accrued any amount for this matter.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This discussion contains forward-looking statements, which are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including, without limitation, those described elsewhere in this Form 10-Q and, in particular, in Item 1A of Part II hereof. Actual results may differ materially from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. For a discussion of risks that could affect future results, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” All forward-looking statements included in this document are made as of the date hereof, based on the information available to us as of the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statement, except as may be required by law.

Overview

We are a multi-market integrated semiconductor company. Our three principal product groups are: power semiconductors; integrated circuits, or ICs; and systems and radio frequency, or RF, power semiconductors.

Our power semiconductors improve system efficiency and reliability by converting electricity at relatively high voltage and current levels into the finely regulated power required by electronic products. We focus on the market for power semiconductors that are capable of processing greater than 200 watts of power.

We also design, manufacture and sell integrated circuits for a variety of applications. Our microcontrollers provide application-specific, embedded system-on-chip, solutions for the industrial and consumer markets. Our analog and mixed-signal ICs are principally used in telecommunications applications. Our mixed-signal application-specific ICs, or ASICs, address the requirements of the medical imaging equipment and display markets. Our power management and control ICs are used in conjunction with our power semiconductors.

Our systems include laser diode drivers, high voltage pulse generators and modulators, and high power subsystems, sometimes known as stacks, that are principally based on our high power semiconductor devices. Our RF power semiconductors enable circuitry that amplifies or receives radio frequencies in wireless and other microwave communication applications, medical imaging applications and defense and space applications.

Since the quarter ended September 30, 2016, our quarterly net revenues have increased sequentially. Our net revenues from sales of power semiconductors have increased sequentially since that quarter and our net revenues from sales of ICs have increased sequentially since the quarter ended December 31, 2016, while our net revenues from systems and RF power semiconductors fluctuated modestly during those periods. Since the quarter ended September 30, 2016, sales to the industrial and commercial market and the communication infrastructure market notably increased, while sales to other major application markets changed modestly from quarter to quarter with a slightly decreasing trend. Geographically, sales in all major areas fluctuated from quarter to quarter, except the Asia Pacific region where sales have sequentially increased since the quarter ended December 31, 2016. Over the past three quarters, our net revenues from original equipment manufacturers have increased while our net revenues from distribution have fluctuated. Over the past five quarters, our selling, general and administrative, or SG&A, expenses have been relatively stable, except for a $2.9 million increase in finance and administration expenses during the current quarter as compared to the previous quarter. This increase was mainly due to a $2.3 million of legal, investment banking and accounting costs incurred in relation to the merger agreement. During the same periods, our research, development and engineering expenses, or R&D expenses, have changed insignificantly, largely due to timing effects. In future periods, we expect our SG&A expenses to remain fairly consistent, except to the extent that selling expenses vary with changing revenue and we incur additional expenses in connection with the merger agreement. We expect our R&D expenses to fluctuate modestly in the upcoming quarters.

Acquisition by Littelfuse, Inc.

On August 28, 2018, we announced a definitive merger agreement signed with Littelfuse, under which Littelfuse will acquire all of our outstanding shares in a cash and stock transaction. Under the terms of the merger agreement, each of our stockholders will be entitled to elect to receive, per IXYS share, either $23.00 in cash or 0.1265 of a share of Littelfuse common stock, subject to proration. In total, 50% of IXYS common stock will be converted into cash and 50% into Littelfuse common stock.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Management Estimates

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates the reasonableness of its estimates. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily available from other sources. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We believe the following critical accounting policies require that we make significant judgments and estimates in preparing our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue recognition. Revenue is recognized when there is persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists, when delivery has occurred, when the price to the buyer is fixed or determinable and when collectability of the receivable is reasonably assured. These elements are typically met when title to the products is passed to the buyer, which is generally when product is shipped to the customer with sales terms ex-works, or when product is delivered to the customer with sales terms delivered duty paid.

We sell to distributors and original equipment manufacturers. Approximately 58.2% of our net revenues in the six months ended September 30, 2017 and 58.6% of our net revenues in the six months ended September 30, 2016 were from distributors. We provide some of our distributors with the following programs: stock rotation and ship and debit.

Reserves for sales returns and allowances, including allowances for so called “ship and debit” and “stock rotation” transactions, are recorded at the time of shipment, and are based on historical levels of returns and current economic trends and changes in customer demand.

Accounts receivable from distributors are recognized and inventory is relieved when title to inventories transfer, typically upon shipment from us, at which point we have a legally enforceable right to collection under normal payment terms. Under certain circumstances, where we are not able to reasonably and reliably estimate the actual returns, revenues and costs relating to distributor sales are deferred until products are sold by the distributors to the distributors’ end customers. Deferred amounts are presented net and included on the balance sheet as part of “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities.” In the three and six months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, we were able to reasonably estimate the actual returns; therefore, no revenues and costs relating to distributors were deferred.

We state our revenues net of any taxes collected from customers that are required to be remitted to various government agencies. The amount of taxes collected from customers and payable to governmental entities is included under “Accrued expenses and other liabilities.”

Allowance for sales returns. We maintain an allowance for sales returns based on estimated product returns by our customers. We estimate our allowance for sales returns based on our historical return experience, current economic trends, changes in customer demand, known returns we have not received and other assumptions. If we were to make different judgments or utilize different estimates, the amount and timing of our revenue could be materially different. Given that our revenues consist of a high volume of relatively similar products, to date our actual returns and allowances have not fluctuated significantly from period to period, and our returns provisions have historically been reasonably accurate. This allowance is included as part of “Accounts receivable, net” on the balance sheet and as a reduction of revenues in the statement of operations.

Allowance for stock rotation. We also provide “stock rotation” to select distributors. The rotation allows distributors to return a percentage of the previous six months’ sales in exchange for orders of an equal or greater amount. Under the program, approximately $162,000 and $488,000 of products were returned to us in the six months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We establish the allowance for sales to distributors except in cases where the revenue recognition is deferred and recognized upon sale by the distributor of products to the end-customer. The allowance, which is management’s best estimate of future returns, is based upon the historical experience of returns and inventory levels at the distributors. This allowance is included as part of “Accounts receivable, net” on the balance sheet and as a reduction of revenues in the statement of operations. Should distributors increase stock rotations beyond our estimates, these statements would be adversely affected.

Allowance for ship and debit. Ship and debit is a program designed to assist distributors in meeting competitive prices in the marketplace on sales to their end-customers. Ship and debit requires a request from the distributor for a pricing adjustment for a specific part for a customer sale to be shipped from the distributor’s stock. We have no obligation to accept this request. However, it is our historical practice to allow some distributors to obtain pricing adjustments for inventory held. We receive periodic statements regarding our products held by our distributors. Ship and debit authorizations may cover current and future distributor activity for a specific part for sale to a distributor’s customer. At the time we record sales to distributors, we provide an allowance for the estimated

future distributor activity related to such sales since it is probable that such sales to distributors will result in ship and debit activity. The sales allowance requirement is based on sales during the period, credits issued to distributors, distributor inventory levels, historical trends, market conditions, pricing trends we see in our direct sales activity with original equipment manufacturers and other customers, and input from sales, marketing and other key management. We believe that the analysis of these inputs enables us to make reliable estimates of future credits under the ship and debit program. This analysis requires the exercise of significant judgments. Our actual results to date have approximated our estimates. At the time the distributor ships the part from stock, the distributor debits us for the authorized pricing adjustment. This allowance is included as part of “Accounts receivable, net” on the balance sheet and as a reduction of revenues in the statement of operations. If competitive pricing were to decrease sharply and unexpectedly, our estimates might be insufficient, which could adversely affect our operating results.

Additions to the ship and debit allowance are estimates of the amount of expected future ship and debit activity related to sales during the period. Additions to the allowance reduce revenues and gross profit in the period. The following table sets forth the beginning and ending balances of, additions to, and deductions from, our allowance for ship and debit during the six months ended September 30, 2017 (in thousands):


	(unaudited)
Balance at March 31, 2017	$	1,549
Additions		1,878
Deductions		(1,984	)

Balance at June 30, 2017		1,443
Additions		2,220
Deductions		(2,055	)

Balance at September 30, 2017	$	1,608

Trade accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts. Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The allowance for doubtful accounts is our best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in the existing accounts receivable. We determine the allowance based on the aging of our accounts receivable, the financial condition of our customers and their payment history, our historical write-off experience and other assumptions. Past due balances and other specified accounts as necessary are reviewed individually. If we were to make different judgements of the financial condition of our customers or the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. Actual write-offs may be in excess of the recorded allowance. This allowance is reported on the balance sheet as part of “Accounts receivable, net” and is included on the statement of operations as part of SG&A expenses.

Inventories. Inventories are recorded at the lower of standard cost, which approximates actual cost on a first-in-first-out basis, and net realizable value. Our accounting for inventory costing is based on the applicable expenditure incurred, directly or indirectly, in bringing the inventory to its existing condition. Such expenditures include acquisition costs, production costs and other costs incurred to bring the inventory to its use. As it is impractical to track inventory from the time of purchase to the time of sale for the purpose of specifically identifying inventory cost, our inventory is, therefore, valued based on a standard cost, given that the materials purchased are identical and interchangeable at various production processes. We review our standard costs on an as-needed basis but in any event at least once a year, and update them as appropriate to approximate actual costs. The authoritative guidance provided by FASB requires certain abnormal expenditures to be recognized as expenses in the current period instead of capitalized in inventory. It also requires that the amount of fixed production overhead allocated to inventory be based on the normal capacity of the production facilities.

We typically plan our production and inventory levels based on internal forecasts of customer demand, which are highly unpredictable and can fluctuate substantially. The value of our inventories is dependent on our estimate of future demand as it relates to historical sales. If our projected demand is overestimated, we may be required to reduce the valuation of our inventories below cost. We regularly review inventory quantities on hand and record an estimated provision for excess inventory based primarily on our historical sales and expectations for future use. We also recognize a reserve based on known technological obsolescence, when appropriate. Actual demand and market conditions may be different from those projected by our management. This could have a material effect on our operating results and financial position. If we were to make different judgments or utilize different estimates, the amount and timing of our write-down of inventories could be materially different.

Excess inventory frequently remains saleable. When excess inventory is sold, it yields a gross profit margin of up to 100%. Sales of excess inventory have the effect of increasing the gross profit margin beyond that which would otherwise occur, because of previous write-downs. Once we have written down inventory below cost, we do not write it up when it is subsequently utilized, sold or scrapped. We do not physically segregate excess inventory nor do we assign unique tracking numbers to it in our accounting systems. Consequently, we cannot isolate the sales prices of excess inventory from the sales prices of non-excess inventory. Therefore, we are unable to report the amount of gross profit resulting from the sale of excess inventory or quantify the favorable impact of such gross profit on our gross profit margin.

The following table provides information on our excess and obsolete inventory reserve charged against inventory at cost (in thousands):


	(unaudited)
Balance at March 31, 2017	$	19,298
Utilization or sale		(339	)
Scrap		(519	)
Additional accrual		556
Foreign currency translation adjustments		311

Balance at June 30, 2017		19,307
Utilization or sale		(244	)
Scrap		(235	)
Additional accrual		1,265
Foreign currency translation adjustments		131

Balance at September 30, 2017	$	20,224

The practical efficiencies of wafer fabrication require the manufacture of semiconductor wafers in minimum lot sizes. Often, when manufactured, we do not know whether or when all the semiconductors resulting from a lot of wafers will sell. With more than 10,000 different part numbers for semiconductors, excess inventory resulting from the manufacture of some of those semiconductors will be continual and ordinary. Because the cost of storage is minimal when compared to the potential value and because our products do not quickly become obsolete, we expect to hold excess inventory for potential future sale for years. Consequently, we have no set time line for the utilization, sale or scrapping of excess inventory.

In addition, our inventory is also being written down to the lower of cost or market. We review our inventory listing on a quarterly basis for an indication of losses being sustained for costs that exceed selling prices less direct costs to sell. When it is evident that our selling price is lower than current cost, inventory is marked down accordingly. Our lower of cost or market reserve were $798,000 and $384,000, respectively, as of September 30, 2017 and March 31, 2017.

Furthermore, we perform an annual inventory count or periodic cycle counts for specific parts that have a high turnover. We also periodically identify any inventory that is no longer usable and write it off.

Goodwill and intangible assets. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired. The costs of acquired intangible assets are recorded at fair value at acquisition. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized using the straight-line method or accelerated method over their estimated useful lives and evaluated for impairment in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other.

Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives are reviewed at least annually for impairment charges during the quarter ending March 31, or more frequently if events and circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired in accordance with ASC 350. We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the two-step fair value-based impairment test described below. If we believe that, as a result of the qualitative assessment, it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test is required. Otherwise, no further testing is required.

During the quarter ended March 31, 2017, we early adopted ASU 2017-04, which simplified the test for goodwill impairment. Under the quantitative approach effective prior to January 2017, there were two steps in the determination of the impairment of goodwill. The first step compared the carrying amount of the net assets to the fair value of the reporting unit. The second step, if necessary, recognized an impairment loss to the extent the carrying value of the reporting unit’s net assets exceeds the implied fair value of goodwill. An impairment loss was recognized to the extent that the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. In January 2017, FASB issued amended guidance which eliminated the second step in goodwill impairment testing. Under the new guidance, goodwill impairment is measured as the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying value of goodwill. The new guidance no longer requires us to determine goodwill impairment by calculating the implied fair value of goodwill by assigning the fair value of a reporting unit to all of its assets and liabilities as if that reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination. We operate our business as one reporting unit.

We assess the recoverability of the finite-lived intangible assets by examining the occurrences of certain events or changes of circumstances that indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. After our initial assessment, if it is necessary, we perform the impairment test by determining whether the estimated undiscounted cash flows attributable to the assets in question are less than their carrying values. Impairment losses, if any, are measured as the amount by which the carrying values of the assets exceed their fair value and are recognized in operating results. If a useful life is determined to be shorter than originally estimated, we accelerate the rate of amortization and amortize the remaining carrying value over the new shorter useful life.

Income tax. In preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. This process involves estimating our actual current tax exposure together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included within our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. We then assess the likelihood that our deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent we believe that recovery is not likely, we establish a valuation allowance. A valuation allowance reduces our deferred tax assets to the amount that management estimates is more likely than not to be realized. In determining the amount of the valuation allowance, we consider income over recent years, estimated future taxable income, feasible tax planning strategies and other factors in each taxing jurisdiction in which we operate. If we determine that it is more likely than not that we will not realize all or a portion of our remaining deferred tax assets, then we will increase our valuation allowance with a charge to income tax expense. Conversely, if we determine that it is likely that we will ultimately be able to utilize all or a portion of the deferred tax assets for which a valuation allowance has been provided, then the related portion of the valuation allowance will reduce income tax expense. Significant management judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes and potential tax exposures, our deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against our net deferred tax assets. In the event that actual results differ from these estimates or we adjust these estimates in future periods, we may need to establish a valuation allowance, which could materially impact our financial position and results of operations. Our ability to utilize our deferred tax assets and the need for a related valuation allowance are monitored on an ongoing basis.

Furthermore, computation of our tax liabilities involves examining uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations. We recognize liabilities for uncertain tax positions based on the two-step process as prescribed by the authoritative guidance provided by FASB. The first step is to evaluate the tax position to determine whether there is sufficient available evidence to indicate if it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. The second step requires us to measure and determine the approximate amount of the tax benefit at the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the tax authorities. It is inherently difficult and requires significant judgment to estimate such amounts, as this requires us to determine the probability of various possible outcomes. We reexamine these uncertain tax positions on a quarterly basis. This reassessment is based on various factors during the period including, but not limited to, changes in worldwide tax laws and treaties, changes in facts or circumstances, effectively settled issues under audit and any new audit activity. A change in recognition or measurement would result in the recognition of a tax benefit or an additional charge to the tax provision in the period.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements and Accounting Changes

For a description of accounting changes and recent accounting pronouncements, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects, if any, on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, see Note 2, “Recent Accounting Pronouncements and Accounting Changes” in the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-Q.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth selected consolidated statements of operations data for the fiscal periods indicated and the percentage change in such data from period to period. These historical operating results may not be indicative of the results for any future periods.


	Three Months Ended							Six Months Ended
	September 30,							September 30,
	2017		% Change			2016		2017		% Change			2016
	(000)		(unaudited)			(000)		(000)		(unaudited)			(000)
Net revenues	$	87,684		11.5		$	78,629	$	171,226		7.5		$	159,267
Cost of goods sold		60,897		14.5			53,174		117,893		7.4			109,818

Gross profit	$	26,787		5.2		$	25,455	$	53,333		7.9		$	49,449

Operating expenses:
Research, development and engineering	$	8,231		4.9		$	7,848	$	15,804		0.3		$	15,758
Selling, general and administrative		12,891		27.1			10,140		22,897		13.5			20,178
Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets		597		(14.2	)		696		1,193		(30.4	)		1,713

Total operating expenses	$	21,719		16.2		$	18,684	$	39,894		6.0		$	37,649

The following table sets forth selected statements of operations data as a percentage of net revenues for the fiscal periods indicated. These historical operating results may not be indicative of the results for any future periods.


	% of Net Revenues						% of Net Revenues
	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016
	(unaudited)						(unaudited)
Net revenues		100.0			100.0			100.0			100.0
Cost of goods sold		69.5			67.6			68.9			69.0

Gross profit		30.5			32.4			31.1			31.0

Operating expenses:
Research, development and engineering		9.4			10.0			9.2			9.9
Selling, general and administrative		14.7			12.9			13.4			12.7
Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets		0.7			0.9			0.7			1.0

Total operating expenses		24.8			23.8			23.3			23.6

Operating income		5.7			8.6			7.8			7.4
Other income (expense), net		(0.6	)		—			(1.0	)		0.2

Income before income tax provision		5.1			8.6			6.8			7.6
Provision for income tax		(1.2	)		(3.6	)		(1.6	)		(3.2	)

Net income		3.9			5.0			5.2			4.4

Revenues

The following table sets forth the net revenues for each of our product groups for the fiscal periods indicated:

Net Revenues (1)


	Three Months Ended September 30,							Six Months Ended September 30,
	2017		% Change			2016		2017		% Change		2016
	(unaudited)							(unaudited)
	(000)					(000)		(000)				(000)
Power semiconductors	$	62,027		15.9		$	53,537	$	119,655		8.8	$	110,016
Integrated circuits		21,295		3.6			20,553		42,467		3.7		40,935
Systems and RF power semiconductors		4,362		(3.9	)		4,539		9,104		9.5		8,316

Total	$	87,684		11.5		$	78,629	$	171,226		7.5	$	159,267

(1)	Revenue information includes intellectual property revenues that are not included in average selling prices.

The following tables set forth the average selling prices, or ASPs, and units for the fiscal periods indicated:

Average Selling Prices


	Three Months Ended September 30,							Six Months Ended September 30,
	2017		% Change			2016		2017		% Change			2016
Power semiconductors	$	1.54		(14.9	)	$	1.81	$	1.56		(10.3	)	$	1.74
Integrated circuits	$	0.46		2.2		$	0.45	$	0.46		2.2		$	0.45
Systems and RF power semiconductors	$	40.02		37.5		$	29.10	$	28.63		13.6		$	25.20

Units


	Three Months Ended September 30,							Six Months Ended September 30,
	2017		% Change			2016		2017		% Change			2016
	(000)					(000)		(000)					(000)
Power semiconductors		40,406		36.2			29,659		76,567		21.1			63,213
Integrated circuits		46,353		1.6			45,644		92,128		2.0			90,338
Systems and RF power semiconductors		109		(30.1	)		156		318		(3.6	)		330

Total		86,868		15.1			75,459		169,013		9.8			153,881

The following table sets forth the net revenues by geographic region for the fiscal periods indicated:


	Three Months Ended September 30,								Six Months Ended September 30,
	2017				2016				2017				2016
	Net Revenues		% of Net Revenues		Net Revenues		% of Net Revenues		Net Revenues		% of Net Revenues		Net Revenues		% of Net Revenues
	(unaudited)								(unaudited)
	(000)				(000)				(000)				(000)
Europe and the Middle East	$	26,819		30.6	$	21,575		27.4		50,843		29.7	$	45,420		28.5
Asia Pacific		39,461		45.0		34,587		44.0		77,054		45.0		70,009		44.0
Rest of the World		2,129		2.4		2,282		2.9		4,441		2.6		4,152		2.6

International revenues	$	68,409		78.0	$	58,444		74.3		132,338		77.3	$	119,581		75.1
USA		19,275		22.0		20,185		25.7		38,888		22.7		39,686		24.9

Total	$	87,684		100.0	$	78,629		100.0		171,226		100.0	$	159,267		100.0

The 11.5% increase in net revenues in the three months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2016 reflected an increase of $8.5 million, or 15.9%, in the sale of power semiconductors and an increase of $742,000, or 3.6%, in the sale of ICs, offset by a decrease of $177,000, or 3.9%, in the sale of systems and RF power semiconductors. The increase in the net revenues from power semiconductors was largely the result of a $6.5 million increase in the sale of bipolar devices, principally to the industrial and commercial market and the communication infrastructure market, and a $2.0 million increase in the sale of metal-oxide-silicon, or MOS, transistors and related products primarily to the industrial and commercial market. The increase in net revenues from ICs was mainly due to a $1.2 million increase in the sales of IC drivers and a $722,000 increase in the sale of solid-state relays, or SSRs, primarily to the industrial and commercial market, partially offset by a $1.3 million decrease in the sale of microcontrollers principally in the consumer products market. The decrease in revenues from the sale of systems and RF power semiconductor devices was primarily due to a decrease in the sale of subassemblies primarily in the automotive and traction market, partially offset by an increase of in the sale of RF power semiconductor products primarily to the communication infrastructure market.

The 7.5% increase in net revenues in the six months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the six months ended September 30, 2016, reflected an increase of $9.6 million, or 8.8%, in the sale of power semiconductors, an increase of $1.5 million, or 3.7%, in the sale of ICs and an increase of $788,000, or 9.5%, in the sale of systems and RF power semiconductors. The increase in the net revenues from power semiconductors was largely the result of a $7.0 million increase in the sale of bipolar devices, principally to the industrial and commercial market and the communication infrastructure market, and a $2.6 million increase in the sale of MOS transistors and related products primarily to the industrial and commercial market. The increase in net revenues from ICs was mainly due to a $1.9 million increase in the sale of SSRs and a $1.9 million increase in the sales of IC drivers primarily to the industrial and commercial market, partially offset by a $1.9 million decrease in the sale of microcontrollers principally in the consumer products market. The increase in net revenues from the sale of systems and RF power semiconductor devices was primarily due to a $1.4 million increase in the sale of RF power semiconductor products primarily to the communication infrastructure market, partially offset by a decrease in the sale of subassemblies primarily in the industrial and commercial market and the automotive and traction market.

For the three and six months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the same periods of the previous fiscal year, the decreases in the ASPs of power semiconductors were primarily related to increased sales of lower-margin products to Asia and changes in product mix. The increases in the ASPs of ICs in the three and six months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the same periods of the prior year were mainly due to a shift in product mix toward higher-priced SSRs. The increases in the ASPs of systems and RF power semiconductors in the three and six months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the same periods of the prior year were due to shifts toward higher-priced products in both subassemblies and RF power semiconductors.

For the three and six months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the three and six months ended September 30, 2016, the increases in unit shipments of our power semiconductors were caused by an increased demand in Asia. The increase in IC units in the three months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the same period of the prior year was principally caused by higher shipments of IC drivers and ASICs, partially offset by lower shipments of microcontrollers. The increase in IC units in the six months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the same period of the prior year was principally caused by higher shipments of IC drivers, partially offset by lower shipments of microcontrollers and SSRs. The decreases in systems and RF power semiconductor units in the three and six months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the same periods in the prior year were caused by lower shipments of subassemblies, partially offset by higher shipments of RF power semiconductors.

For the three and six months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, our sales increased in the Europe and the Middle East region and the Asia Pacific region while our sales decreased in the North America region. Comparing the same periods, our sales increased to the industrial and commercial market and the communication infrastructure market while our sales to our other major application markets slightly decreased.

For the three and six months ended September 30, 2017, one distributor accounted for 15.5% and 15.3% of our net revenues, respectively, and another distributor accounted for 10.6% and 10.6% of our net revenues. For the three and six months ended September 30, 2016, one distributor accounted for 13.7% and 13.8% of our net revenues, respectively, and another distributor accounted for 10.8% and 10.7% of our net revenues.

Our net revenues were reduced by allowances for sales returns, stock rotations and ship and debit. See “Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Management Estimates” elsewhere in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Gross Profit

Gross profit increased by $1.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2016. Gross profit margin was 30.5% in the three months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to 32.4% in the three months ended September 30, 2016.

Gross profit increased by $3.9 million in the six months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the same period ended September 30, 2016. Gross profit margin was 31.1% in the six months ended September 30, 2017 and 31.0% in the six months ended September 30, 2016.

The gross profit margins in the three and six month periods as compared to the same periods in the prior year were adversely impacted by increased sales of lower-margin products to Asia. The gross margin in the six month period was favorably impacted by lower unabsorbed variances due to improved utilization of our manufacturing facilities.

Our gross profit and gross profit margin were positively affected by the sale or utilization of excess inventories, which had previously been written down. See “Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Management Estimates—Inventories” elsewhere in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Research, Development and Engineering

R&D expenses typically consist of internal engineering efforts for product design, process improvement and development. As a percentage of net revenues, our R&D expenses for the three and six months ended September 30, 2017 were 9.4% and 9.2%, respectively, as compared to 10.0% and 9.9% for the three and six months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. The decreases in the percentages from one year to the next primarily resulted from higher net revenues.

Expressed in dollars, for the three and six months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the same periods of the prior year, our R&D expenses slightly increased by approximately $383,000 and $46,000, respectively.

Selling, General and Administrative

As a percentage of net revenues, our SG&A expenses for the three and six months ended September 30, 2017 were 14.7% and 13.4% as compared to 12.9% and 12.7% for the three and six months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. Expressed in dollars, for the three and six months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the same periods of the prior year, our SG&A expenses increased by approximately $2.8 million and $2.7 million, respectively, largely because of $2.3 million of legal, investment banking and accounting costs incurred in relation to the merger agreement during the quarter ended September 30, 2017.

Amortization of Acquisition-Related Intangible Assets

For the three and six months ended September 30, 2017, we recorded amortization expenses on acquired intangible assets of $597,000 and $1.2 million as compared to the amortization expenses of $696,000 and $1.7 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended September 30, 2016.

Interest Expense

During the three and six months ended September 30, 2017, our interest expenses were $434,000 and $1.1 million, respectively, as compared to $615,000 and $1.3 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended September 30, 2016.

Other Income (Expense)

In the three months ended September 30, 2017, other expense, net, was $190,000 as compared to other income, net, of $586,000 in the three months ended September 30, 2016. In the six months ended September 30, 2017, other expense, net, was $705,000 as compared to other income, net, of $1.4 million in the six months ended September 30, 2016. The shifts from other income, net, in the three and six month periods ended September 30, 2016 to other expense, net, in the comparable periods of fiscal 2018 were primarily caused by losses associated with changes in exchange rates for foreign currency transactions during the two quarters ended September 30, 2017, partially offset by gains from equity method investments.

Income Taxes

For the three and six months ended September 30, 2017, we recorded income tax provisions of $1.1 million and $2.8 million, reflecting effective tax rates of 23.6% and 23.9%, respectively. For the three and six months ended September 30, 2016, we recorded income tax provisions of $2.9 million and $5.1 million, reflecting effective tax rates of 42.1% and 42.4%, respectively. Our effective tax rates for the three and six months ended September 30, 2017 were affected by the adoption of new accounting standards during the first quarter ended June 30, 2017. We adopted ASU No. 2016-09, which required the recognition of all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies in our statement of operations when the awards vested or were settled and ASU No. 2016-16, that eliminated the deferral of recognition of deferred tax attributes of certain intercompany transactions. In addition, the effective tax rates were affected by estimates of annual income in domestic and foreign jurisdictions. Our effective tax rates for the three and six months ended September 30, 2016 were affected by non-benefitted losses incurred in certain tax jurisdictions and estimates of annual income in domestic and foreign jurisdictions.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

At September 30, 2017, cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash were $170.2 million as compared to $169.2 million at March 31, 2017.

Our cash provided by operating activities for the six months ended September 30, 2017 was $6.4 million, principally caused by $9.0 million of net income, $7.0 million in receivables and inventory allowances, $5.0 million for depreciation and amortization and $2.0 million for stock compensation, partially offset by $11.5 million increase in assets resulting from the growth of revenues and $4.4 million decrease in liabilities mainly, from the timing of the payment of taxes. Our cash provided by operating activities in the six months ended September 30, 2016 was $13.4 million, primarily due to $7.0 million of net income, $5.4 million for depreciation and amortization and $5.1 million in receivables and inventory allowances. These were partially offset by a net decrease of $5.1 million in operating assets and liabilities.

Our net cash used in investing activities for the six months ended September 30, 2017 was $15.1 million as compared to net cash used in investing activities of $6.4 million during the six months ended September 30, 2016. During the six months ended September 30, 2017, we spent $9.1 million on the purchase of investments and $6.0 million on the purchase of property and equipment. During the six months ended September 30, 2016, we spent $5.2 million on the purchase of property and equipment and $2.0 million on the purchase of investments.

For the six months ended September 30, 2017, net cash provided by financing activities was $5.1 million as compared to net cash used in financing activities of $8.1 million in the six months ended September 30, 2016. During the six months ended September 30, 2017, we received proceeds from employee equity plans of $6.1 million, partially offset by $1.0 million of principal repayments on loan obligations. During the six months ended September 30, 2016, we used $8.2 million for principal repayments on loan obligations and $1.3 million for cash dividends, offset by proceeds from employee equity plans of $1.4 million.

At September 30, 2017, loans payable totaled $77.9 million, consisting of an outstanding loan balance of $4.9 million from IKB, a revolving loan of $72.7 million, net of debt issuance costs, under a Revolving Credit Agreement, and $294,000 of loans assumed upon business acquisitions. Of the loans payable, $1.1 million is classified as a short-term loan and included in “Current portion of loans payable” in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2017. The loans payable of $77.9 million represented 45.8% of our cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and 24.0% of our stockholders’ equity.

In April 2015, we borrowed €6.5 million or about $7.2 million at the time, from IKB. The loan has a term ending March 31, 2022 and bears a fixed annual interest rate of 1.75%. Each fiscal quarter, a principal payment of €232,000, or about $274,000, and a payment of accrued interest are required. See Note 8, “Borrowing Arrangements” in the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-Q for further information regarding the loan.

On November 20, 2015, we entered into a Revolving Credit Agreement with a syndicate of banks for a line of credit of $125.0 million. In December 2016, the term of the loan was extended to November 20, 2019. As of September 30, 2017, the outstanding principal balance was $73.0 million. The credit agreement also includes a $10.0 million letter of credit subfacility. See Note 8, “Borrowing Arrangements” in the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-Q for further information regarding the terms of our credit agreement.

Under the merger agreement, we are obligated to repay amounts drawn under these BOTW and IKB facilities and cancel the credit agreements prior to closing. We will incur early termination fees with respect to the cancellation of these agreements. Under the merger agreement, we have agreed to pay a termination fee of $28.5 million to Littelfuse under certain circumstances. In addition, we will be required to pay approximately $8.0 million to the investment banking firm upon the consummation of the merger agreement.

No dividends were declared for the two quarters ended September 30, 2017 and the quarter ended September 30, 2016. During the six months ended September 30, 2016, we paid $1.3 million in cash dividends, consisting of a dividend of $0.040 per share for the first quarter ended June 30, 2016. The quarterly dividend is at the discretion of the Board of Directors.

Additionally, we maintain three defined benefit pension plans: one in the United Kingdom, or UK, one in Germany and one in the Philippines. Benefits are based on years of service and the employees’ compensation. We either deposit funds for these plans with financial institutions, consistent with the requirements of local law, or accrue for the unfunded portion of the obligations. The UK and German plans have been curtailed. As such, the plans are closed to new entrants and no credit is provided for additional periods of service. The total pension liabilities accrued for the three plans as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 were $15.8 million and $15.4 million, respectively.

We believe that our cash and cash equivalents, together with cash generated from operations, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements for the next 12 months. Our liquidity could be negatively affected by a decline in demand for our products, increases in the cost of materials or labor, investments in new product development, or one or more acquisitions. From time to time, we use derivative contracts in the normal course of business to manage our foreign currency exchange and interest rate risks. We did not have any open derivative contracts at September 30, 2017 and 2016. There can be no assurance that additional debt or equity financing will be available when required or, if available, can be secured on terms satisfactory to us.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Our market risk has not changed materially from the market risk disclosed in Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk,” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Based on their evaluation as of September 30, 2017, our Chief Executive Officers, one of whom is also the Chief Financial Officer, have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) were effective to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q was recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. Furthermore, these controls and procedures were also effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q was accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officers, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officers, does not expect that our procedures or our internal controls will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. An internal control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of our controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues, errors and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected.

Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting

During the quarter ended September 30, 2017, there were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

On July 7, 2017, we entered into a license agreement with North Plate Semiconductor, LLC. The license agreement covered the patents that were the subject of an action for patent infringement filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. Pursuant to the license agreement, the action was dismissed with prejudice.

We are involved in a variety of other legal matters that arise in the normal course of business. Based on information currently available, management does not believe that the ultimate resolution of these matters will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Were an unfavorable ruling to occur, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on the results of operations of the period in which the ruling occurs.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

In addition to the other information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the following risk factors should be considered carefully in evaluating our company and business. You should also read and consider the risk factors associated with the business of Littelfuse because these risk factors will relate to the combined company following the completion of the merger. These risk factors may be found in Littelfuse’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016. Such risk factors may be updated or supplemented in each company’s subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q or Current Reports on Form 8-K.

References to the merger constitute a reference to the merger of a subsidiary of Littelfuse with and into IXYS (“the initial merger”), followed by a merger of IXYS with and into another subsidiary of Littelfuse. The merger agreement was filed with the SEC on August 28, 2017 as Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 000-26124) and is incorporated herein by reference.

Risks Related to the Merger

Because the share-election exchange ratio of the merger is fixed and will not be adjusted for stock price changes and the market price of Littelfuse common stock has fluctuated and will continue to fluctuate, our stockholders cannot be sure of the value of the consideration they will receive.

Upon completion of the initial merger, each issued and outstanding share of our common stock (other than (i) cancelled shares or (ii) dissenting shares) will be converted into the right to receive, at the election of the stockholder and subject to proration, $23.00 in cash, without interest, less any applicable withholding taxes or 0.1265 of a share of Littelfuse common stock.

The share-election ratio will not change to reflect changes in the market prices of our common stock and Littelfuse common stock. The market price of Littelfuse common stock at the time of completion of the merger may vary significantly from the market price of Littelfuse common stock on the date the merger agreement was executed, the date of this Form 10-Q and the date of the special meeting of stockholders to consider the merger, or the IXYS special meeting. In addition, as discussed below, the merger consideration will be subject to proration. Accordingly, our stockholders will not know or be able to calculate at the time of the IXYS special meeting the market value of the stock consideration they will receive upon completion of the merger.

In addition, the merger might not be completed until a significant period of time has passed after the IXYS special meeting. Because the share-election exchange ratio will not be adjusted to reflect any changes in the market values of Littelfuse common stock and our common stock, the market value of the Littelfuse common stock issued in connection with the merger and our common stock surrendered in connection with the merger may be higher or lower than the value of those shares on earlier dates. Stock price changes may result from a variety of factors, including, among others, general market and economic conditions, changes in our and Littelfuse’s respective businesses, operations and prospects, market assessments of the likelihood that the merger will be completed, the timing of the merger, regulatory considerations and other risk factors included or otherwise referenced herein. Many of these factors are beyond IXYS’ and Littelfuse’s control.

Our common stockholders may not receive all consideration in the form elected.

Our common stockholders electing to receive either the all-cash consideration or the all-stock consideration in the merger will be subject to proration so that 50% of our common stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the effective time will be converted into cash consideration and the remaining common stock will be converted into stock consideration. Accordingly, some of the merger consideration an IXYS common stockholder receives may differ from the type of consideration selected and such difference may be significant. This may result in, among other things, tax consequences that differ from those that would have resulted if the IXYS common stockholder had received solely the form of consideration elected.

The market price of Littelfuse common stock after the initial merger will continue to fluctuate and may be affected by factors different from those affecting shares of our common stock currently.

Upon completion of the initial merger, certain holders of our common stock will become holders of Littelfuse common stock. The market price of Littelfuse common stock may fluctuate significantly following completion of the initial merger and holders of our common stock could lose the value of their investment in Littelfuse common stock. In addition, any significant price and volume fluctuations of the stock markets could have a material adverse effect on the market for, or liquidity of, the Littelfuse common stock, regardless of Littelfuse’s actual operating performance. In addition, Littelfuse’s business differs in important respects from our business, and accordingly, the results of operations of the combined company and the market price of Littelfuse common stock after the completion of the merger may be affected by factors different from those currently affecting the independent results of our operations and the operations of Littelfuse.

Sales of shares of Littelfuse common stock after the completion of the merger may cause the market price of Littelfuse common stock to fall.

Many of our stockholders may decide not to hold the shares of Littelfuse common stock they will receive in the initial merger. Other stockholders, such as funds with limitations on their permitted holdings of stock in individual issuers, may be required to sell the shares of Littelfuse common stock that they receive in the initial merger. Such sales of Littelfuse common stock could have the effect of depressing the market price for Littelfuse common stock and may take place promptly following the initial merger.

Completion of the merger is subject to the conditions contained in the merger agreement and if these conditions are not satisfied or waived, the merger will not be completed.

The obligations of both of the companies to complete the merger are subject to the satisfaction or waiver of a number of conditions, including the approval of the merger proposal by our stockholders.

Many of the conditions to the closing of the merger are not within our or Littelfuse’s control, and neither company can predict when or if these conditions will be satisfied. If any of these conditions are not satisfied or waived prior to February 28, 2018, which deadline may be extended to May 28, 2018 under certain circumstances, it is possible that the merger agreement will be terminated. Although we have agreed with Littelfuse in the merger agreement to use reasonable best efforts to complete the merger as soon as practicable, these and other conditions to the completion of the merger may not be satisfied. The failure to satisfy all of the required conditions could delay the completion of the merger for a significant period of time or prevent it from occurring. Any delay in completing the merger could cause Littelfuse not to realize some or all of the benefits that Littelfuse expects to achieve if the merger is successfully completed within its expected timeframe. There can be no assurance that the conditions to the closing of the merger will be satisfied or waived or that the merger will be completed. See the risk factor titled “—Failure to complete the merger could negatively affect our stock price and our future business and financial results,” below.

The merger was subject to the expiration of applicable waiting periods and the receipt of approvals, consents or clearances from regulatory authorities in the United States and Germany. Those clearances have been received, but the merger may still be reviewed under antitrust statutes of other governmental authorities.

IXYS and Littelfuse received early termination of the applicable waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976 in the United States on October 2, 2017, and, on October 6, 2017, both companies received the requisite clearance under the antitrust/merger control laws of Germany. The merger may still be reviewed under antitrust statutes of other governmental authorities, including U.S. state laws. In deciding whether to grant the required regulatory approval, consent or clearance, the relevant governmental entities will consider the effect of the merger on competition within their relevant jurisdiction. The terms and conditions of the approvals, consents and clearances that are granted may impose requirements, limitations or costs or place restrictions on the conduct of the combined company’s business. Under the merger agreement, we have agreed with Littelfuse to use reasonable best efforts to obtain such approvals, consents and clearances and therefore may be required to comply with conditions or limitations imposed by governmental authorities. There can be no assurance that other regulators will not impose conditions, terms, obligations or restrictions and that such conditions, terms, obligations or restrictions will not have the effect of delaying completion of the merger or imposing additional material costs on or materially limiting the revenues of the combined company following the completion of the merger. In addition, neither company can provide assurance that any such conditions, terms, obligations or restrictions will not result in the delay or abandonment of the merger.

Combining the two companies may be more difficult, costly or time consuming than expected and the anticipated benefits and cost savings of the merger may not be realized.

IXYS and Littelfuse have operated and, until the completion of the merger, will continue to operate, independently. The success of the merger, including anticipated benefits and cost savings, will depend, in part, on Littelfuse’s ability to successfully combine and integrate the businesses of Littelfuse and IXYS. It is possible that the pendency of the merger and/or the integration process could result in the loss of key employees, higher than expected costs, diversion of management attention of both companies, the disruption

of either company’s ongoing businesses or inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies that adversely affect the combined company’s ability to maintain relationships with customers, vendors and employees or to achieve the anticipated benefits and cost savings of the merger. As part of the integration process, Littelfuse may also attempt to divest certain assets of the combined company, which may not be possible on favorable terms, or at all, or if successful, may change the profile of the combined company. If Littelfuse experiences difficulties with the integration process, the anticipated benefits of the merger may not be realized fully or at all, or may take longer to realize than expected. Littelfuse’s management continues to refine its integration plan. These integration matters could have an adverse effect on (i) each of Littelfuse and IXYS during this transition period and (ii) the combined company for an undetermined period after completion of the merger. In addition, the actual cost savings of the merger could be less than anticipated.

Our directors and executive officers have interests in the merger that may be different from, or in addition to, the interests of stockholders of IXYS more generally.

When considering the recommendation of our board of directors that our stockholders approve the merger proposal and the merger-related compensation proposal, our stockholders should be aware that our directors and executive officers have certain interests in the merger that may be different from, or in addition to, the interests of our stockholders more generally. These interests generally include, among others, rights to accelerated vesting of stock options and certain payments and benefits in connection with the merger and/or a qualifying termination of employment following the merger. Our board of directors was aware of these interests during its deliberations on the merits of the merger and considered them in deciding to recommend that our stockholders vote in favor of the merger proposal and the merger-related compensation proposal.

The merger agreement limits our ability to pursue alternatives to the merger and may discourage other companies from trying to acquire us.

The merger agreement contains provisions that make it more difficult for IXYS to sell its business to a party other than Littelfuse. These provisions include a general prohibition on IXYS soliciting any company takeover proposal or offer for a competing transaction. Further, there are only limited exceptions to (i) IXYS’ agreement that our board of directors will not withdraw or modify in a manner adverse to Littelfuse the recommendation of our board of directors that our stockholders vote in favor of the merger proposal and (ii) IXYS’ agreement not to enter into an agreement with respect to a competing company takeover proposal. In addition, upon termination of the merger agreement, we are required to pay Littelfuse a termination fee of $28.5 million if the merger agreement is terminated in certain circumstances involving a company takeover proposal, an adverse recommendation change or a willful breach of our non-solicitation obligations under the merger agreement.

These provisions could discourage a third party that might have an interest in acquiring all or a significant part of IXYS from considering or proposing that acquisition, even if that party were prepared to pay consideration with a higher per share value than the value proposed to be received or realized in the merger. These provisions might also result in a potential competing acquirer proposing to pay a lower price than it might otherwise have proposed to pay because of the added expense of the termination fee that may become payable in certain circumstances.

The merger agreement subjects IXYS to restrictions on its business activities.

The merger agreement subjects IXYS to restrictions on its business activities and obligates IXYS to generally operate its businesses in all material respects in the ordinary course. These restrictions could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows and financial position.

The business relationships of Littelfuse and IXYS and their respective subsidiaries may be subject to disruption due to uncertainty associated with the merger, which could have an adverse effect on the results of operations, cash flows and financial position of Littelfuse, IXYS and, following the completion of the merger, the combined company.

Parties with which Littelfuse and IXYS, or their respective subsidiaries, do business may be uncertain as to the effects on them of the merger and related transactions, including with respect to current or future business relationships with Littelfuse, IXYS, their respective subsidiaries or the combined company. These relationships may be subject to disruption as customers, suppliers and other persons with whom Littelfuse and IXYS have a business relationship may delay or defer certain business decisions or might decide to terminate, change or renegotiate their relationships with Littelfuse or IXYS, as applicable, or consider entering into business relationships with parties other than Littelfuse, IXYS, their respective subsidiaries or the combined company. These disruptions could have an adverse effect on the results of operations, cash flows and financial position of IXYS, Littelfuse or the combined company following the completion of the merger, including an adverse effect on Littelfuse’s ability to realize the expected synergies and other benefits of the merger. The risk, and adverse effect, of any disruption could be exacerbated by a delay in completion of the merger or termination of the merger agreement.

Failure to complete the merger could negatively affect our stock price and our future business and financial results.

If the merger is not completed for any reason, including as a result of our stockholders failing to approve the merger, our ongoing business may be adversely affected and, without realizing any of the benefits of having completed the merger, we could be subject to a number of negative consequences, including the following:

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we may experience negative reactions from the financial markets, including negative impacts on our stock price;

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we may experience negative reactions from our customers and suppliers;

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we may experience negative reactions from our employees and may not be able to retain key management personnel and other key employees;

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we will have incurred, and will continue to incur, significant non-recurring costs in connection with the merger that we may be unable to recover;

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the merger agreement places certain restrictions on the conduct of our business prior to completion of the merger, the waiver of which is subject to the consent of Littelfuse (not to be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed in certain circumstances), which may prevent us from making certain acquisitions, taking certain other specified actions or otherwise pursuing business opportunities during the pendency of the merger that may be beneficial to us; and

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matters relating to the merger (including integration planning) will require substantial commitments of time and resources by our management, which could otherwise be devoted to day-to-day operations and other opportunities that may be beneficial to us as an independent company.

In addition, upon termination of the merger agreement, we are required to pay Littelfuse a termination fee of $28.5 million if the merger agreement is terminated in certain circumstances involving a company takeover proposal, an adverse recommendation change or a willful breach of our non-solicitation obligations under the merger agreement. Finally, we could be subject to litigation related to any failure to complete the merger or related to any enforcement proceeding commenced against us to perform our obligations under the merger agreement. If the merger is not completed, any of these risks may materialize and may adversely affect our businesses, financial condition, financial results and stock price.

The shares of Littelfuse common stock to be received by IXYS stockholders as a result of the merger will have rights different from the shares of IXYS common stock.

Upon completion of the initial merger, our stockholders will no longer be stockholders of IXYS. Former stockholders who receive stock consideration in the initial merger will become Littelfuse stockholders, and their rights as stockholders will be governed by the terms of the Littelfuse certificate of incorporation and bylaws and by the Delaware General Corporation Law.

After the initial merger, IXYS stockholders will have a significantly lower ownership and voting interest in Littelfuse than they currently have in IXYS and will exercise less influence over management.

Based on the number of shares of IXYS common stock outstanding as of October 16, 2017, and the number of shares of Littelfuse common stock outstanding as of October 16, 2017, it is expected that, immediately after completion of the initial merger, former IXYS stockholders will own approximately 8% of the outstanding shares of Littelfuse common stock. Consequently, former IXYS stockholders will have less influence over the management and policies of Littelfuse than they currently have over the management and policies of IXYS.

In connection with the merger, Littelfuse will incur new indebtedness, which could adversely affect Littelfuse, including by decreasing Littelfuse’s business flexibility, and will increase its interest expense.

Littelfuse’s consolidated indebtedness as of July 1, 2017 was approximately $482 million. Littelfuse will have substantially increased indebtedness following completion of the merger in comparison to Littelfuse’s indebtedness on a recent historical basis. In particular, in order to consummate the merger, Littelfuse expects to incur up to $150 million new debt.

This indebtedness could have the effect, among other things, of reducing Littelfuse’s flexibility to respond to changing business and economic conditions and increasing Littelfuse’s interest expense. The amount of cash required to pay interest on Littelfuse’s increased indebtedness levels following completion of the merger, and thus the demands on Littelfuse’s cash resources, will be greater than the amount of cash flows required to service the indebtedness of Littelfuse prior to the transaction. The cash resources required to service the increased levels of indebtedness following completion of the merger could also reduce funds available for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes and may create competitive disadvantages for Littelfuse relative to other companies with lower debt levels. If Littelfuse does not achieve the expected benefits and cost savings from the merger, or if the financial performance of the combined company does not meet current expectations, then Littelfuse’s ability to service its indebtedness may be adversely impacted.

Certain of the indebtedness to be incurred in connection with the merger may bear interest at variable interest rates. If interest rates increase, variable rate debt will create higher debt service requirements, which could adversely affect Littelfuse’s cash flows.

Moreover, Littelfuse may be required to raise substantial additional financing to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other general corporate requirements. Littelfuse’s ability to arrange additional financing or refinancing will depend on, among other factors, Littelfuse’s financial position and performance, as well as prevailing market conditions and other factors beyond Littelfuse’s control. Littelfuse cannot assure you that it will be able to obtain additional financing or refinancing on terms acceptable to Littelfuse or at all.

The merger will involve substantial costs.

IXYS and Littelfuse have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, a number of non-recurring costs associated with the merger and combining the operations of the two companies. The substantial majority of non-recurring expenses will be comprised of transaction costs related to the merger.

Littelfuse also will incur transaction fees and costs related to formulating and implementing integration plans, including facilities and systems consolidation costs and employment-related costs. Littelfuse continues to assess the magnitude of these costs, and additional unanticipated costs may be incurred in the merger and the integration of the two companies’ businesses. Although Littelfuse expects that the elimination of duplicative costs, as well as the realization of other efficiencies related to the integration of the businesses, should allow Littelfuse to offset integration-related costs over time, this net benefit may not be achieved in the near term, or at all. See the risk factor titled “—Combining the two companies may be more difficult, costly or time consuming than expected and the anticipated benefits and cost savings of the merger may not be realized” above.

Lawsuits may in the future be filed against IXYS, our directors and Littelfuse challenging the merger, and an adverse ruling in any such lawsuit may prevent the merger from becoming effective or from becoming effective within the expected timeframe.

Transactions like the merger are frequently the subject to litigation or other legal proceedings, including actions alleging that the board of directors of either IXYS or Littelfuse breached their respective fiduciary duties to their stockholders by entering into the merger agreement, by failing to obtain a greater value in the transaction for their stockholders or otherwise. Both IXYS and Littelfuse believe that any such litigation or proceedings would be without merit, but there can be no assurance that they will not be brought. If litigation or other legal proceedings are in fact brought against either IXYS or Littelfuse or against the board of directors of either company, they will defend against it, but they might not be successful in doing so. An adverse outcome in such matters, as well as the costs and efforts of a defense even if successful, could have a material adverse effect on the business, results of operation or financial position of IXYS, Littelfuse or the combined company, including through the possible diversion of either company’s resources or distraction of key personnel.

Further, one of the conditions to the completion of the merger is that no injunction by any court or other tribunal of competent jurisdiction will be in effect that temporarily or permanently prohibits, enjoins or makes illegal the consummation of the merger. As such, if any of the plaintiffs are successful in obtaining an injunction prohibiting the consummation of the merger, that injunction may prevent the merger from becoming effective or from becoming effective within the expected timeframe.

Uncertainties associated with the merger may cause a loss of management personnel and other key employees of IXYS or Littelfuse, which could adversely affect the future business and operations of the combined company following the merger.

IXYS and Littelfuse are dependent on the experience and industry knowledge of their officers and other key employees to execute their business plans. The combined company’s success after the merger will depend in part upon its ability to retain key management personnel and other key employees of IXYS and Littelfuse. Current and prospective employees of IXYS and Littelfuse may experience uncertainty about their future roles with the combined company following the merger, which may materially adversely affect the ability of each of IXYS and Littelfuse to attract and retain key personnel during the pendency of the merger. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the combined company will be able to retain key management personnel and other key employees of IXYS and Littelfuse.

Risks Related to Our Business

Our operating results fluctuate significantly because of a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control.

Given the nature of the markets in which we participate, as well as macroeconomic uncertainties, we cannot reliably predict future revenues and profitability and unexpected changes may cause us to adjust our operations. Large portions of our costs are fixed, due in part to our significant sales, research and development and manufacturing costs. Thus, small declines in revenues could seriously negatively affect our operating results in any given quarter. Our operating results may fluctuate significantly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year. For example, from fiscal 2008 to fiscal 2009, net income in one year shifted to net loss in the next year. Some of the factors that may affect our quarterly and annual results are:

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changes in business and economic conditions, including a downturn in demand or decrease in the rate of growth in demand, whether in the global economy, a regional economy or the semiconductor industry;

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changes in market conditions, potentially including changes in the credit markets, currency exchange rates, expectations for inflation or energy prices;

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the reduction, rescheduling or cancellation of orders by customers;

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fluctuations in timing and amount of customer requests for product shipments;

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changes in the mix of products that our customers purchase;

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changes in the level of customers’ component inventories;

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loss of key customers or employees;

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the availability of production capacity, whether internally or from external suppliers;

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the cyclical nature of the semiconductor industry;

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competitive pressures on selling prices;

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strategic actions taken by our competitors;

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market acceptance of our products and the products of our customers;

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fluctuations in our manufacturing yields and significant yield losses;

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difficulties in forecasting demand for our products and the planning and managing of inventory levels;

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the availability of raw materials, supplies and manufacturing services from third parties;

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the amount and timing of investments in research and development;

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damage awards or injunctions as the result of litigation;

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changes in our product distribution channels and the timeliness of receipt of distributor resale information;

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the impact of vacation schedules and holidays, largely during the second and third quarters of our fiscal year; and

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the amount and timing of costs associated with product returns.

As a result of these factors, many of which are difficult to control or predict, as well as the other risk factors discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we may experience materially adverse fluctuations in our future operating results on a quarterly or annual basis. Changes in demand for our products and in our customers’ product needs could have a variety of negative effects on our competitive position and our financial results, and, in certain cases, may reduce our revenues, increase our costs, lower our gross margin percentage or require us to recognize impairments of our assets. If product demand declines, our manufacturing or assembly and test capacity could be underutilized and we may be required to record an impairment on our long-lived assets, including facilities and equipment as well as intangible assets and goodwill, which would increase our expenses. Factory planning decisions may also shorten the useful lives of long-lived assets, including facilities and equipment, and cause us to accelerate depreciation. In addition, if product demand declines or we fail to forecast demand accurately, we could be required to write off inventory or record underutilization charges, which would have a negative impact on our gross margin.

Our backlog may not result in future revenues.

Customer orders typically can be cancelled or rescheduled by the customer without penalty to the customer. Cancellations or reschedulings are common in periods of decreasing demand. Further, in periods of increasing demand, particularly when production is allocated or delivery delayed, customers of semiconductor companies have on occasion placed orders without expectation of accepting delivery to increase their share of allocated product or in an effort to improve the timeliness of delivery. While we are attuned to the potential for such behavior and attempt to identify such orders, we could accept orders of this nature and subsequently experience order cancellation unexpectedly.

Our backlog at any particular date is not necessarily indicative of actual revenues for any succeeding period. A reduction of backlog during any particular period, or the failure of our backlog to result in future revenues, could harm our results of operations.

Fluctuations in the mix of products sold may adversely affect our financial results.

Changes in the mix and types of products sold may have a substantial impact on our revenues and gross profit margins. In addition, more recently introduced products tend to have higher associated costs because of initial overall development costs and higher start-up costs. Fluctuations in the mix and types of our products may also affect the extent to which we are able to recover our fixed costs and investments that are associated with a particular product or wafer foundry, and, as a result, can negatively impact our financial results.

Our international operations expose us to material risks.

For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017, our net revenues by region were approximately 25.3% in the United States, approximately 29.1% in Europe and the Middle East, approximately 42.9% in the Asia Pacific region and approximately 2.7% in India and the rest of the world. We expect net revenues from foreign markets to continue to represent a majority of total net revenues. We maintain significant business operations in Germany, the UK, the Philippines and South Korea and work with subcontractors, suppliers and manufacturers in South Korea, Japan, the Philippines and elsewhere in Europe and the Asia Pacific region. Some of the risks inherent in doing business internationally are:

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foreign currency fluctuations, particularly in the Euro and the British pound;

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longer payment cycles;

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challenges in collecting accounts receivable;

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changes in the laws, regulations or policies of the countries in which we manufacture or sell our products, including the present or future impact of the departure of the UK from the European Union;

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trade restrictions, tariffs, customs, sanctions, embargoes and other barriers to importing/exporting materials and products in a cost effective and timely manner, or changes in applicable tariffs or custom rules;

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cultural and language differences;

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employment regulations;

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limited infrastructure in emerging markets;

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transportation delays;

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seasonal reduction in business activities;

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work stoppages;

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labor and union disputes;

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electrical outages;

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terrorist attack or war; and

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economic or political instability.

Our sales of products manufactured in our Lampertheim, Germany facility and our costs at that facility are primarily denominated in Euros, and sales of products manufactured in our Chippenham, UK facility and our costs at that facility are primarily denominated in British pounds. Fluctuations in the value of the Euro and the British pound against the U.S. dollar could have a significant adverse impact on our balance sheet and results of operations. “Brexit,” the expected exit by the UK from the European Union, has, and in the future may, affect the value of the British pound and the Euro relative to one another and to the U.S. dollar. We generally do not enter into foreign currency hedging transactions to control or minimize currency fluctuation risks. Reductions in the value of the Euro or British pound would reduce our revenues recognized in U.S. dollars, all other things being equal. Changes in the value of the Euro or the British pound could cause or increase losses associated with foreign currency transactions. Fluctuations in currency exchange rates could cause our products to become more expensive to customers in a particular country, leading to a reduction in sales or profitability in that country. Alternatively, fluctuations in currency exchange rates in the face of competitive pricing pressures could lead to lower gross profit margins, as customer prices in one currency fall relative to costs of production experienced in a different currency. If we expand our international operations or change our pricing practices to denominate prices in other foreign currencies, we could be exposed to even greater risks of currency fluctuations.

Our financial performance is dependent on economic stability and credit availability in international markets. Actions by governments to address deficits or sovereign or bank debt issues, particularly in Europe, could adversely affect gross domestic product or currency exchange rates in countries where we operate, which in turn could adversely affect our financial results. If our customers or suppliers are unable to obtain the credit necessary to fund their operations, we could experience increased bad debts, reduced product orders and interruptions in supplier deliveries leading to delays or stoppages in our production. Alternatively, governmental actions in China or other emerging markets to address economic problems, such as inflation, asset or other “bubbles” or the transfer of capital out of the country, could also adversely affect gross domestic product or the growth thereof and result in reduced product orders or increased bad debt expense for us. Brexit may result in additional tariffs on our products manufactured in the UK and sold elsewhere, resulting in competitive pricing pressures that may adversely affect our results of operations.

In addition, the laws and courts of certain foreign countries may not protect our products or intellectual property rights to the same extent as do U.S. laws and courts. Therefore, the risk of piracy of our technology and products may be greater when we manufacture or sell our products in certain foreign countries.

Our dependence on subcontractors to assemble and test our products subjects us to a number of risks, including an inadequate supply of products and higher materials costs.

We depend on subcontractors for the assembly and testing of our products. The substantial majority of our products are assembled by subcontractors located outside of the United States. Assembly subcontractors generally work on narrow margins and have limited capital. We have encountered assembly subcontractors who have ceased or reduced production because of financial problems. We engage assembly subcontractors who operate while in insolvency proceedings or whose financial stability is uncertain. The unexpected cessation of production or reduction in production by one or more of our assembly subcontractors could adversely affect our production, our customer relations, our revenues and our financial condition. Our reliance on these subcontractors also involves the following significant risks:

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reduced control over delivery schedules and quality;

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the potential lack of adequate capacity during periods of excess demand;

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difficulties selecting and integrating new subcontractors;

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limited or no warranties by subcontractors or other vendors on products supplied to us;

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potential increases in prices due to capacity shortages and other factors;

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potential misappropriation of our intellectual property; and

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economic or political instability in foreign countries.

These risks may lead to delayed product delivery or increased costs, which would harm our profitability and customer relationships.

Further, we use only a limited number of subcontractors to assemble most of our products. If one or more of these key subcontractors experience financial, operational, production or quality assurance difficulties, we could experience a significant reduction or interruption in supply. Although we believe alternative subcontractors are available, our operating results could temporarily suffer until we engage one or more of those alternative subcontractors. Moreover, in engaging alternative subcontractors in exigent circumstances, our production costs could increase markedly.

We depend on external foundries to manufacture many of our products.

Of our net revenues for our fiscal year ended March 31, 2017, 47.4% came from wafers manufactured for us by a number of external foundries. In particular, the wafers for all of our microcontrollers are fabricated at external foundries. Our dependence on external foundries may grow.

Our relationships with our external foundries do not guarantee prices, delivery or lead times or wafer or product quantities sufficient to satisfy current or expected demand. Generally, these foundries manufacture our products on a purchase order basis. We provide these foundries with rolling forecasts of our production requirements. However, the ability of each foundry to provide wafers to us is limited by the foundry’s available capacity. At any given time, these foundries could choose to prioritize capacity for their own use or other customers or reduce or eliminate deliveries to us. If growth in demand for our products occurs, our external foundries may be unable or unwilling to allocate additional capacity to our needs, thereby limiting our revenue growth. Accordingly, we cannot be certain that these foundries will allocate sufficient capacity to satisfy our requirements. In addition, we cannot be certain that we will continue to do business with these or other foundries on terms as favorable as our current terms. If we are not able to obtain foundry capacity as required, our relationships with our customers could be harmed, we could be unable to fulfill contractual requirements and our revenues could be reduced or our growth limited. Moreover, even if we are able to secure foundry capacity, we may be required, either contractually or as a practical business matter, to utilize all of that capacity or incur penalties or an adverse effect to the business relationship. The costs related to maintaining foundry capacity could be expensive and could harm our operating results. Other risks associated with our reliance on external foundries include:

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the lack of control over delivery schedules;

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the unavailability of, or delays in obtaining access to, key process technologies;

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limited control over quality assurance, manufacturing yields and production costs; and

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potential misappropriation of our intellectual property.

Our requirements typically represent a small portion of the total production of the external foundries that manufacture our wafers and products. One or more of these external foundries may not continue to produce wafers for us or continue to advance the process design technologies on which the manufacturing of our products is based. If we are required to transition production from one foundry to another, we may make large last-time buys of product at the foundry that we are exiting, which could eventually result in substantial inventory write-offs if semiconductors are not sold or utilized. These circumstances could harm our ability to deliver our products or increase our costs.

Our gross margin is dependent on a number of factors, including our level of capacity utilization.

Semiconductor manufacturing requires significant capital investment, leading to high fixed costs, including depreciation expense. We are limited in our ability to reduce fixed costs quickly in response to any shortfall in revenues. If we are unable to utilize our manufacturing, assembly and testing facilities at a high level, the fixed costs associated with these facilities will not be fully absorbed, resulting in lower gross margins. Increased competition and other factors may lead to price erosion, lower revenues and lower gross margins for us in the future.

We may not be successful in our acquisitions.

We have in the past made, and may in the future make, acquisitions of other technologies and companies. These acquisitions involve numerous risks, including:

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failure to retain key personnel of the acquired business;

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diversion of management’s attention during the acquisition process;

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disruption of our ongoing business;

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the potential strain on our financial and managerial controls and reporting systems and procedures;

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unanticipated expenses and potential delays related to integration of an acquired business;

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the risk that we will be unable to develop or exploit acquired technologies;

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the engineering risks inherent in transferring products from one wafer fabrication facility to another;

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failure to successfully integrate the operations of an acquired business with our own;

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the challenges in achieving strategic objectives, cost savings and other benefits from acquisitions;

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the risk that our markets do not evolve as anticipated and that the technologies acquired do not prove to be those needed to be successful in those markets;

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the risks of entering new markets in which we have limited experience;

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difficulties in expanding our information technology systems or integrating disparate information technology systems to accommodate the acquired businesses;

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the challenges inherent in managing an increased number of employees and facilities and the need to implement appropriate policies, benefits and compliance programs;

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customer dissatisfaction or performance problems with an acquired company’s products or personnel or with altered sales terms or a changed distribution channel;

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adverse effects on our relationships with suppliers;

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the reduction in financial stability associated with the incurrence of debt or the use of a substantial portion of our available cash;

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the costs associated with acquisitions, including amortization expenses related to intangible assets, and the integration of acquired operations;

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assumption of known or unknown liabilities or other unanticipated events or circumstances; and

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failure or fraud in pre-acquisition due diligence.

We cannot assure that we will be able to successfully acquire other businesses or product lines or integrate them into our operations without substantial expense, delay in implementation or other operational or financial problems.

As a result of an acquisition, our financial results may differ from the investment community’s expectations in a given quarter. Further, if one or more of the foregoing risks materialize or market conditions or other factors lead us to change our strategic direction, we may not realize the expected value from such transactions. If we do not realize the expected benefits or synergies of such transactions, our consolidated financial position, results of operations, cash flows or stock price could be negatively impacted.

Our success depends on our ability to manufacture our products efficiently.

We manufacture our products in facilities that are owned and operated by us, as well as in external wafer foundries and subcontract assembly facilities. The fabrication of semiconductors is a highly complex and precise process, and a substantial percentage of wafers could be rejected or numerous dice on each wafer could be nonfunctional as a result of, among other factors:

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contaminants in the manufacturing environment;

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defects in the masks used to print circuits on a wafer;

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manufacturing equipment failure; or

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wafer breakage.

For these and other reasons, we could experience a decrease in manufacturing yields. Additionally, if we increase our manufacturing output, the additional demands placed on existing equipment and personnel or the addition of new equipment or personnel may lead to a decrease in manufacturing yields. As a result, we may not be able to cost-effectively expand our production capacity in a timely manner.

We order materials and commence production in advance of anticipated customer demand. Therefore, revenue shortfalls may also result in inventory write-downs.

We typically plan our production and inventory levels based on our own expectations for customer demand. Actual customer demand, however, can be highly unpredictable and can fluctuate significantly. In response to anticipated long lead times to obtain inventory and materials, we order materials and production in advance of customer demand. This advance ordering and production may result in excess inventory levels or unanticipated inventory write-downs if expected orders fail to materialize.

The semiconductor industry is cyclical, and an industry downturn could adversely affect our operating results.

Business conditions in the semiconductor industry may rapidly change from periods of strong demand and insufficient production to periods of weakened demand and overcapacity. The industry in general is characterized by:

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changes in product mix in response to changes in demand;

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alternating periods of overcapacity and production shortages, including shortages of raw materials supplies and manufacturing services;

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cyclical demand for semiconductors;

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significant price erosion;

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variations in manufacturing costs and yields;

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rapid technological change and the introduction of new products; and

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significant expenditures for capital equipment and product development.

These factors could harm our business and cause our operating results to suffer.

If our goodwill, acquired intangible assets or long-lived assets become impaired, we may be required to record a significant charge to earnings.

Under generally accepted accounting principles, goodwill is required to be tested for impairment at least annually and we review our acquired intangible assets and long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Factors that may be considered a change in circumstances indicating that the carrying value of our goodwill, acquired intangible assets or long-lived assets may not be recoverable include a decline in stock price and market capitalization, reduced future cash flows and slower growth rates in our industry. From time to time, we have recorded impairment charges and written down the value of goodwill or acquired intangible assets. For example, in the quarter ended December 31, 2016, we recorded a $1.4 million impairment charge relating to intangible assets acquired in the acquisition of RadioPulse.

Costs related to product defects and errata may harm our results of operations and business.

Costs associated with unexpected product defects and errata (deviations from published specifications) due to, for example, unanticipated problems in our manufacturing processes, include the costs of:

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writing off the value of inventory of defective products;

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disposing of defective products;

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recalling defective products that have been shipped to customers;

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providing product replacements for, or modifications to, defective products; and/or

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defending against litigation related to defective products.

These costs could be substantial and may, therefore, increase our expenses and lower our gross margin. In addition, our reputation with our customers or users of our products could be damaged as a result of such product defects and errata, and the demand for our products could be reduced. These factors could harm our financial results and the prospects for our business.

Semiconductors for inclusion in consumer products have shorter product life cycles.

We believe that consumer products are subject to shorter product life cycles, because of technological change, consumer preferences, trendiness and other factors, than other types of products sold by our customers. Shorter product life cycles result in more frequent design competitions for the inclusion of semiconductors in next generation consumer products, which may not result in design wins for us. Shorter product life cycles may lead to more frequent circumstances where sales of existing products are reduced or ended.

Uncertain global macroeconomic conditions could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Uncertain global macroeconomic conditions that affect the economy and the economic outlook of the United States, Europe, China and other parts of the world could adversely affect our customers and vendors, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. These uncertainties, including, among other things, the impact of “Brexit” on the UK and the European Union, sovereign and foreign bank debt levels, the inability of national or international political institutions to effectively resolve economic or budgetary crises or issues, trade disputes or changes in trading rules and tariffs between nations, consumer confidence, unemployment levels, interest rates, availability of capital, fuel and energy costs, tax rates, and the threat or outbreak of terrorism or public unrest, could adversely impact our customers and vendors, which could adversely affect us. Recessionary conditions and depressed levels of consumer and commercial spending may cause customers to reduce, modify, delay or cancel plans to purchase our products and may cause vendors to reduce their output or change their terms of sales. We generally sell products to customers with credit payment terms. If customers’ cash flow or operating or financial performance deteriorates, or if they are unable to make scheduled payments or obtain credit, they may not be able to pay, or may delay payment to us. Likewise, for similar reasons vendors may restrict credit or impose different payment terms. Any inability of current or potential customers to pay us for our products or any demands by vendors for different payment terms may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Economic conditions and regulatory changes leading up to and following the United Kingdom’s expected exit from the European Union could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The UK government has initiated a process to leave the European Union and to negotiate the terms of the UK’s future relationship with the European Union. We face uncertainty regarding the impact of the expected exit of the UK from the European Union. Adverse consequences such as deterioration in global economic conditions, stability in global financial markets, volatility in currency exchange rates, new or increased tariffs or adverse changes in regulation of the cross-border agreements could have a negative impact on our operations, financial condition and results of operations.

Our debt agreements contain certain restrictions that may limit our ability to operate our business.

The agreements governing our debt contain, and any other future debt agreement we enter into may contain, restrictive covenants that limit our ability to operate our business, including, in each case subject to certain exceptions, restrictions on our ability to:

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incur additional indebtedness;

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grant liens;

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consolidate, merge or sell our assets, unless specified conditions are met;

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acquire other business organizations;

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make investments;

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redeem or repurchase our stock; and

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change the nature of our business.

In addition, our debt agreements contain financial covenants and additional affirmative and negative covenants. Our ability to comply with these covenants is dependent on our future performance, which will be subject to many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including prevailing economic conditions. If we are not able to comply with all of these covenants for any reason, some or all of our outstanding debt could become immediately due and payable and the incurrence of additional debt under the credit facilities provided by the debt agreements would not be allowed. If our cash is utilized to repay any outstanding debt, depending on the amount of debt outstanding, we could experience an immediate and significant reduction in working capital available to operate our business. Related to these risks, our lenders waived a default under our existing Revolving Credit Agreement caused by the leverage ratio, which compared total funded indebtedness as of March 31, 2016 to EBITDA for the four fiscal quarters ended March 31, 2016. The leverage ratio minimally exceeded the contractually agreed ratio that was effective at the time. As of September 30, 2017, we complied with all of the financial covenants.

As a result of these covenants, our ability to respond to changes in business and economic conditions and to obtain additional financing, if needed, may be significantly restricted, and we may be prevented from engaging in transactions that might otherwise be beneficial to us, such as strategic acquisitions or joint ventures.

If we default on our Revolving Credit Agreement, most of our assets may become subject to security interests, which could lead to our lenders taking possession, selling or otherwise disposing of such assets, or to bankruptcy to forestall such actions.

We estimate tax liabilities, the final determination of which is subject to review by domestic and international taxation authorities.

We are subject to income taxes and other taxes in both the United States and foreign jurisdictions in which we currently operate or have historically operated. We are also subject to review and audit by both domestic and foreign taxation authorities. The determination of our worldwide provision for income taxes and current and deferred tax assets and liabilities requires significant judgment and estimation. The provision for income taxes can be adversely affected by a variety of factors, including but not limited to changes in tax laws, regulations and accounting principles, including accounting for uncertain tax positions, or interpretation of those changes. Significant judgment is required to determine the recognition and measurement attributes prescribed in the authoritative guidance issued by FASB in connection with accounting for income taxes. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the ultimate tax outcome may materially differ from the tax amounts recorded in our consolidated financial statements and may materially affect our income tax provision, net income, goodwill or cash flows in the period or periods for which such determination is made.

Our intellectual property revenues are uncertain and unpredictable in timing and amount.

We are unable to discern a pattern in or otherwise predict the amount of any payments for the sale or licensing of intellectual property that we may receive. Consequently, we are unable to plan on the timing of intellectual property revenues and our results of operations may be adversely affected by a reduction in future estimated intellectual property revenues.

Our markets are subject to technological change and our success depends on our ability to develop and introduce new products.

The markets for our products are characterized by:

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changing technologies;

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changing customer needs;

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frequent new product introductions and enhancements;

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increased integration with other functions; and

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product obsolescence.

To develop new products for our target markets, we must develop, gain access to and use leading technologies in a cost-effective and timely manner and continue to expand our technical and design expertise. Failure to do so could cause us to lose our competitive position and seriously impact our future revenues.

Products or technologies developed by others may render our products or technologies obsolete or non-competitive. A fundamental shift in technologies in our product markets would have a material adverse effect on our competitive position within the industry.

Our revenues are dependent upon our products being designed into our customers’ products.

Many of our products are incorporated into customers’ products or systems at the design stage. The value of any design win largely depends upon the customer’s decision to manufacture the designed product in production quantities, the commercial success of the customer’s product and the extent to which the design of the customer’s electronic system also accommodates incorporation of components manufactured by our competitors. In addition, our customers could subsequently redesign their products or systems so that they no longer require our products. The development of the next generation of products by our customers generally results in new design competitions for semiconductors, which may not result in design wins for us, potentially leading to reduced revenues and profitability. We may not achieve design wins or our design wins may not result in future revenues.

We could be harmed by intellectual property litigation.

As a general matter, the semiconductor industry is characterized by substantial litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. We have been sued for purported patent infringement and have been accused of infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties. We also have certain indemnification obligations to customers and suppliers with respect to the infringement of third party intellectual property rights by our products. We could incur substantial costs defending ourselves and our customers and suppliers from any such claim. Infringement claims or claims for indemnification, whether or not proven to be true, may divert the efforts and attention of our management and technical personnel from our core business operations and could otherwise harm our business. For example, in June 2000, we were sued for patent infringement by International Rectifier Corporation. The case was ultimately resolved in our favor, but not until October 2008. In the interim, the U.S. District Court entered multimillion dollar judgments against us on two different occasions, each of which was subsequently vacated.

In the event of an adverse outcome in any intellectual property litigation, we could be required to pay substantial damages, cease the development, manufacturing, use and sale of infringing products, discontinue the use of certain processes or obtain a license from the third party claiming infringement with royalty payment obligations upon us. An adverse outcome in an infringement action could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights adequately.

Our ability to compete is affected by our ability to protect our intellectual property rights. We rely on a combination of patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, confidentiality procedures and non-disclosure and licensing arrangements to protect our intellectual property rights. Despite these efforts, we cannot be certain that the steps we take to protect our proprietary information will be adequate to prevent misappropriation of our technology, or that our competitors will not independently develop technology that is substantially similar or superior to our technology. More specifically, we cannot assure that our pending patent applications or any future applications will be approved, or that any issued patents will provide us with competitive advantages or will not be challenged by third parties. Nor can we assure that, if challenged, our patents will be found to be valid or enforceable, or that the patents of others will not have an adverse effect on our ability to do business. We may also become subject to or initiate patentability or interference proceedings in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, which can demand significant financial and management resources and could harm our financial results. Also, others may independently develop similar products or processes, duplicate our products or processes or design their products around any patents that may be issued to us.

Because our products typically have lengthy sales cycles, we may experience substantial delays between incurring expenses related to research and development and the generation of revenues.

The time from initiation of design to volume production of new semiconductors often takes 18 months or longer. We first work with customers to achieve a design win, which may take nine months or longer. Our customers then complete the design, testing and evaluation process and begin to ramp up production, a period that may last an additional nine months or longer. As a result, a significant period of time may elapse between our research and development efforts and our realization of revenues, if any, from volume purchasing of our products by our customers.

The markets in which we participate are intensely competitive.

Many of our target markets are intensely competitive. Our ability to compete successfully in our target markets depends on the following factors:

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proper new product definition;

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product quality, reliability and performance;

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product features;

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price;

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timely delivery of products;

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technical support and service;

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design and introduction of new products;

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market acceptance of our products and those of our customers; and

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breadth of product line.

In addition, our competitors or customers may offer new products based on new technologies, industry standards or end-user or customer requirements, including products that have the potential to replace our products or provide lower cost or higher performance alternatives to our products. The introduction of new products by our competitors or customers could render our existing and future products obsolete or unmarketable.

Our primary power semiconductor competitors include Fuji, Hitachi, Infineon, Microsemi, Mitsubishi, On Semiconductor, Powerex, Renesas Electronics, Semikron International, STMicroelectronics, Toshiba and Vishay Intertechnology. Our IC products compete principally with those of Cypress Semiconductor, NXP Semiconductors, Microchip Technology, NEC, Renesas Electronics and Silicon Labs. Our RF power semiconductor competitors include Microsemi and Qorvo. Many of our competitors have greater financial, technical, marketing and management resources than we have. Some of these competitors may be able to sell their products at prices at which it would be unprofitable for us to sell our products or benefit from established customer relationships that provide them with a competitive advantage. We cannot assure that we will be able to compete successfully in the future against existing or new competitors or that our operating results will not be adversely affected by increased price competition.

We rely on our distributors and sales representatives to sell many of our products.

Most of our products are sold to distributors or through sales representatives. Our distributors and sales representatives could reduce or discontinue sales of our products. They may not devote the resources necessary to sell our products in the volumes and within the time frames that we expect. In addition, we depend upon the continued viability and financial resources of these distributors and sales representatives, some of which are small organizations with limited working capital. These distributors and sales representatives, in turn, depend substantially on general economic conditions and conditions within the semiconductor industry. We believe that our success will continue to depend upon these distributors and sales representatives. Foreign distributors are typically granted longer payment terms, resulting in higher accounts receivable balances for a given level of sales than domestic distributors. Our risk of loss from the financial insolvency of distributors is, therefore, disproportionally weighted to foreign distributors. If any significant distributor or sales representative experiences financial difficulties, or otherwise becomes unable or unwilling to promote and sell our products, our business could be harmed. For example, All American Semiconductor, Inc., one of our former distributors, filed for bankruptcy in April 2007.

Our future success depends on the continued service of management and key engineering personnel and our ability to identify, hire and retain additional personnel.

Our success depends upon our ability to attract and retain highly skilled technical, managerial, marketing and finance personnel, and, to a significant extent, upon the efforts and abilities of Nathan Zommer, Ph.D. and Uzi Sasson, our Chief Executive Officers, and other members of senior management. The loss of the services of one or more of our senior management or other key employees could adversely affect our business. We do not maintain key person life insurance on any of our officers, employees or consultants. There is intense competition for qualified employees in the semiconductor industry, particularly for highly skilled design, application and test engineers. We may not be able to continue to attract and retain engineers or other qualified personnel necessary for the development of our business or to replace engineers or other qualified individuals who could leave us at any time in the future. If we grow, we expect increased demands on our resources, and growth would likely require the addition of new management and engineering staff as well as the development of additional expertise by existing management. If we lose the services of or fail to recruit key engineers or other technical and management personnel, our business could be harmed.

Acquisitions, expansion, technological and administrative changes and software conversions and updates place a significant strain on our information systems.

Presently, because of our acquisitions, we are operating a number of different information systems that are not integrated, some of which are no longer supported by software vendors. As a consequence, we use spreadsheets, which are prepared by individuals rather than automated systems, in our accounting. We perform many manual reconciliations and other manual steps, which result in a high risk of errors. Manual steps also increase the possibility of control deficiencies and material weaknesses.

If we do not adequately manage and evolve our financial reporting and managerial systems and processes, our ability to manage or grow our business may be harmed. Our ability to successfully implement our goals and comply with regulations requires an effective planning and management system and process. We will need to continue to improve existing, and implement new, operational and financial systems, procedures and controls to manage our business effectively in the future.

In improving, consolidating, changing or updating our operational and financial systems, procedures and controls, we would expect to periodically implement new or different software and other systems that will affect our internal operations regionally or globally. The conversion process from one system to another is complex and could require, among other things, that data from the existing system be made compatible with the upgraded or different system.

In connection with any of the foregoing, we could experience errors, interruptions, delays, cessations of service and other inefficiencies, which could adversely affect our business. Any error, delay, disruption, interruption or cessation, including with respect to any new or different systems, software programs, procedures or controls, could harm our ability to forecast sales demand, manage our supply chain, achieve accuracy in the conversion of electronic data and record and report financial and management information on a timely and accurate basis. In addition, as we add or change functionality, transition or convert to different systems or programs or integrate additional data in connection with an acquisition, problems could arise that we have not foreseen. Such problems could adversely impact our ability to do the following in a timely manner: provide quotes; take customer orders; ship products; provide services and support to our customers; bill and track our customers; fulfill contractual obligations; and otherwise run our business. Failure to properly or adequately address these issues could result in the diversion of management’s attention and resources, adversely affect our ability to manage our business, increase expenses, or adversely affect our results of operations, cash flows, stock price or reputation.

System security risks, data protection breaches and cyber-attacks could disrupt our operations and any such disruption could reduce our expected revenues, increase our expenses, damage our reputation or adversely affect our stock price.

Computer programmers and hackers may be able to penetrate our security controls and misappropriate or compromise our intellectual property or other confidential information or that of third parties, create system disruptions or cause shutdowns. Computer programmers and hackers also may be able to develop and deploy viruses, worms and other malicious software programs that attack our products or otherwise exploit any security vulnerabilities of our products. The costs to us to eliminate or alleviate cyber or other security problems, bugs, viruses, worms, malicious software programs and security vulnerabilities could be significant, and our efforts to address these problems may not be successful and could result in interruptions, delays, cessation of service and loss of existing or potential customers that may impede our sales, manufacturing, distribution or other critical functions.

We manage and store proprietary information and sensitive or confidential data relating to our business and the businesses of third parties. Breaches of our security measures or the accidental loss, inadvertent disclosure or unapproved dissemination of proprietary information or sensitive or confidential data about us or our partners or customers, including the potential loss or disclosure of such information or data as a result of fraud, trickery or other forms of deception, could expose us, our partners and customers to a risk of loss or misuse of this information; result in regulatory investigations, fines, litigation and potential liability for us; damage our brand and reputation; or otherwise harm our business. In addition, the cost and operational consequences of implementing further data protection measures could be significant. Delayed sales, lower margins or lost customers resulting from these disruptions could adversely affect our financial results, stock price and reputation.

Regulations related to conflict minerals create additional compliance risks and force us to incur additional expenses.

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act contains provisions to improve transparency and accountability concerning the supply of minerals originating from the conflict zones of the Democratic Republic of Congo, or DRC, and adjoining countries. As a result, the SEC established annual disclosure and reporting requirements for those companies who use “conflict” minerals mined from the DRC and adjoining countries in their products. These requirements could affect the sourcing and availability of minerals used in the manufacture of our products. As a result, we cannot ensure that we will be able to obtain minerals at competitive prices. Moreover, there are additional costs associated with complying with the extensive due diligence and audit procedures required by the SEC. In addition, we may face reputational challenges with our customers and other stakeholders as we have in the past and may in the future be unable to sufficiently verify the origins of all minerals used in our products. Finally, these rules bring implementation challenges. We may not successfully implement effective procedures to timely or adequately comply with these rules.

We depend on a limited number of suppliers for our substrates, most of whom we do not have long term agreements with.

We purchase the bulk of our silicon substrates from a limited number of vendors, most of whom we do not have long term supply agreements with. Any of these suppliers could reduce or terminate our supply of silicon substrates at any time. Our reliance on a limited number of suppliers involves several risks, including potential inability to obtain an adequate supply of silicon substrates and reduced control over the price, timely delivery, reliability and quality of the silicon substrates. We cannot assure that problems will not occur in the future with suppliers.

Increasing raw material prices could impact our profitability.

Our products use large amounts of silicon, metals and other materials. From time to time, we have experienced price increases for many of these items. If we are unable to pass price increases for raw materials onto our customers, our gross margins and profitability could be adversely affected.

We may not be able to increase production capacity to meet the present and future demand for our products.

The semiconductor industry has been characterized by periodic limitations on production capacity. These limitations may result in longer lead times for product delivery than desired by many of our customers. If we are unable to increase our production capacity to meet future demand, some of our customers may seek other sources of supply, our future growth may be limited or our results of operations may be adversely affected.

We face the risk of financial exposure to product liability claims alleging that the use of products that incorporate our semiconductors resulted in adverse effects.

Approximately 10.2% of our net revenues for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 were derived from sales of products used in medical devices, such as defibrillators. Product liability risks may exist even for those medical devices that have received regulatory approval for commercial sale. We cannot be sure that the insurance that we maintain against product liability will be adequate to cover our losses. Any defects in our semiconductors used in these devices, or in any other product, could result in significant product liability costs to us.

Our results of operations could vary as a result of the methods, estimates, and judgments that we use in applying our accounting policies.

The methods, estimates, and judgments that we use in applying our accounting policies have a significant impact on our results of operations (see “Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Management Estimates” in Part I, Item 2 of this Form 10-Q). Such methods, estimates, and judgments are, by their nature, subject to substantial risks, uncertainties and assumptions, and factors may arise over time that lead us to change our methods, estimates, and judgments. Changes in those methods, estimates and judgments could significantly affect our results of operations.

We are exposed to various risks related to the regulatory environment.

We are subject to various risks related to new, different, inconsistent or even conflicting laws, rules and regulations that may be enacted by legislative bodies and/or regulatory agencies in the countries in which we operate; disagreements or disputes between national or regional regulatory agencies; and the interpretation and application of laws, rules and regulations. If we are found by a court or regulatory agency not to be in compliance with applicable laws, rules or regulations, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, approximately 10.2% of our net revenues for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 were derived from the sale of products included in medical devices that are subject to extensive regulation by numerous governmental authorities in the United States and internationally, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA. The FDA and certain foreign regulatory authorities impose numerous requirements for medical device manufacturers to meet, including adherence to Good Manufacturing Practices, or GMP, regulations and similar regulations in other countries, which include testing, control and documentation requirements. Ongoing compliance with GMP and other applicable regulatory requirements is monitored through periodic inspections by federal and state agencies, including the FDA, and by comparable agencies in other countries. Our failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements could prevent our products from being included in approved medical devices or result in damages or other compensation payable to medical device manufacturers.

Our business could also be harmed by delays in receiving or the failure to receive required approvals or clearances, the loss of obtained approvals or clearances or the failure to comply with existing or future regulatory requirements.

We invest in companies for strategic reasons and may need to record impairments in the value of the investments.

We make investments in companies to further our strategic objectives and support our key business initiatives. Such investments include investments in equity securities of public companies and investments in non-marketable equity securities of private companies, which range from early-stage companies that are often still defining their strategic direction to more mature companies whose products or technologies may directly support a product or initiative. The success of these companies is dependent on product development, market acceptance, operational efficiency and other key business success factors. The private companies in which we invest may fail for operational reasons or because they may not be able to secure additional funding, obtain favorable investment terms for future financings or take advantage of liquidity events such as initial public offerings, mergers and private sales. If any of these private companies fail, we could lose all or part of our investment in that company. If we determine that an other-than-temporary decline in the fair value exists for the equity securities of the public and private companies in which we invest, we write down the investment to its fair value and recognize the related write-down as an investment loss. Furthermore, when the strategic objectives of an investment have been achieved, or if the investment or business diverges from our strategic objectives, we may decide to dispose of the investment, even at a loss. Our investments in non-marketable equity securities of private companies are not liquid, and we may not be able to dispose of these investments on favorable terms or at all. The occurrence of any of these events could negatively affect our results of operations.

Our ability to access capital markets could be limited.

From time to time, we may need to access the capital markets to obtain long-term financing. Although we believe that we can continue to access the capital markets on acceptable terms and conditions, our flexibility with regard to long-term financing activity could be limited by our existing capital structure, our credit ratings and the health of the semiconductor industry. In addition, many of the factors that affect our ability to access the capital markets, such as the liquidity of the overall capital markets and the current state of the economy, are outside of our control. There can be no assurance that we will continue to have access to the capital markets on favorable terms.

Geopolitical instability, war, terrorist attacks and terrorist threats, and government responses thereto, may negatively affect many aspects of our operations, revenues, costs and stock price.

Any such event may disrupt our operations or those of our customers or suppliers. Our markets currently include South Korea, Taiwan, Russia and Israel, which are currently experiencing political instability. Additionally, we have accounting and administrative operations in the Philippines, an external foundry and some of our design and sales operations are located in South Korea and assembly subcontractors are located in Indonesia, the Philippines and South Korea.

Business interruptions may damage our facilities or those of our suppliers.

Our operations and those of our suppliers are vulnerable to interruption by fire, earthquake, flood and other natural disasters, as well as power loss, telecommunications failure and other events beyond our control. We do not have a detailed disaster recovery plan and our backup power sources have only a limited amount of time for the support of critical systems. Our facilities in California are located near major earthquake fault lines and have experienced earthquakes in the past. Globally, for example, the March 2011 earthquake in Japan adversely affected the operations of some of our Japanese suppliers, which limited the availability of certain production inputs to us for a period of time. If a natural disaster occurs, our ability to conduct our operations could be seriously impaired, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations and cash flows. We cannot be sure that the insurance we maintain against general business interruptions will be adequate to cover all our losses.

We may be affected by environmental laws and regulations.

We are subject to a variety of laws, rules and regulations related to the use, storage, handling, discharge and disposal of certain chemicals and gases used in our manufacturing process. Any of those regulations could require us to acquire expensive equipment or to incur substantial other expenses to comply with them. If we incur substantial additional expenses, product costs could significantly increase. Failure to comply with present or future environmental laws, rules and regulations could result in fines, suspension of production or cessation of operations.

Nathan Zommer, Ph.D. owns a significant interest in our common stock.

Nathan Zommer, Ph.D., our Chief Executive Officer, beneficially owned, as of October 26, 2017, approximately 20.6% of the outstanding shares of our common stock. As a result, Dr. Zommer can exercise significant control over all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of the Board of Directors. His holdings could result in a delay of, or serve as a deterrent to, any change in control of our company, which may reduce the market price of our common stock.

Our stock price is volatile.

The market price of our common stock has fluctuated significantly to date. The future market price of our common stock may also fluctuate significantly in the event of:

•

variations in our actual or expected quarterly operating results;

•

announcements or introductions of new products;

•

technological innovations by our competitors or development setbacks by us;

•

conditions in semiconductor markets;

•

the commencement or adverse outcome of litigation;

•

changes in analysts’ estimates of our performance or changes in analysts’ forecasts regarding our industry, competitors or customers;

•

announcements of merger or acquisition transactions or a failure to achieve the expected benefits of an acquisition as rapidly or to the extent anticipated by participants in the stock market;

•

terrorist attack or war;

•

sales of our common stock by one or more members of management, including Nathan Zommer, Ph.D., Chief Executive Officer; or

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general economic and market conditions.

In addition, the stock market in recent years has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected the market prices of many high technology companies, including semiconductor companies. These fluctuations have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of companies in our industry, and could harm the market price of our common stock.

The anti-takeover provisions of our certificate of incorporation and of the Delaware General Corporation Law may delay, defer or prevent a change of control.

Our Board of Directors has the authority to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock and to determine the price, rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions, including voting rights, of those shares without any further vote or action by our stockholders. The rights of the holders of common stock will be subject to, and may be harmed by, the rights of the holders of any shares of preferred stock that may be issued in the future. The issuance of preferred stock may delay, defer or prevent a change in control because the terms of any issued preferred stock could potentially prohibit our consummation of any merger, reorganization, sale of substantially all of our assets, liquidation or other extraordinary corporate transaction, without the approval of the holders of the outstanding shares of preferred stock. In addition, the issuance of preferred stock could have a dilutive effect on our stockholders.

Our stockholders must give substantial advance notice prior to the relevant meeting to nominate a candidate for director or present a proposal to our stockholders at a meeting. These notice requirements could inhibit a takeover by delaying stockholder action. The Delaware anti-takeover law restricts business combinations with some stockholders once the stockholder acquires 15% or more of our common stock. The Delaware statute makes it more difficult for us to be acquired without the consent of our Board of Directors and management.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Pursuant to the merger agreement, our stock repurchase plan has been suspended pending any completion of the merger.

Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

Not applicable.

Item 6. Exhibits

See the Index to Exhibits, which is incorporated by reference herein.

EXHIBIT INDEX


Exhibit No.		Description

2.1		Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated August 25, 2017, by and among IXYS Corporation, Littelfuse, Inc. and Iron Merger Co., Inc. (filed on August 28, 2017 as Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 000-26124) and incorporated herein by reference). (1)

10.1		Seventh Amended Executive Employment Agreement, dated August 25, 2017, by and between IXYS Corporation and Nathan Zommer (filed on August 28, 2017 as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 000-26124) and incorporated herein by reference).

10.2		Fourth Amended Executive Employment Agreement, dated August 25, 2017, by and between IXYS Corporation and Uzi Sasson (filed on August 28, 2017 as Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 000-26124) and incorporated herein by reference).

31.1		Certificate of Chief Executive Officer required under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2		Certificate of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer required under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1		Certification required under Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. (2)

101.INS		XBRL Instance Document.

101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.

101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.

101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

(1)	Certain schedules and exhibits omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC. IXYS agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit to the SEC upon request.

(2)

This exhibit is furnished and shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1933, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1993, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such a filing.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


IXYS CORPORATION

By:		/s/ Uzi Sasson
Uzi Sasson, President, Chief Executive Officer and
Chief Financial Officer (Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer)

Date: November 3, 2017

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IXYS CORP /DE/ 10-Q