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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

(Mark One)

☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended: December 31, 2025

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from [ ] to [ ]

Commission file number: 001-34211

GRAND CANYON EDUCATION, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	20-3356009
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

2600 W. Camelback Road, Phoenix, Arizona 85017

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (602) 247-4400

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock	LOPE	Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):


Large Accelerated Filer	☒	Accelerated Filer	☐

Non-accelerated Filer	☐	Smaller Reporting Company	☐

Emerging Growth Company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The total number of shares of common stock outstanding as of February 13, 2026 was 27,143,454.

As of June 30, 2025, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the registrant’s common stock was listed on the NASDAQ Global Market. As of June 30, 2025, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates was approximately $5.2 billion.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Certain portions of the registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (which is expected to be filed with the Commission within 120 days after the end of the registrant’s 2025 fiscal year) are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Report.

Table of Contents

GRAND CANYON EDUCATION, INC.

FORM 10-K

INDEX

		Page

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements		3

PART I		5

Item 1. Business		5

Item 1A. Risk Factors		28

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments		47

Item 1C. Cybersecurity		47

Item 2. Properties		48

Item 3. Legal Proceedings		49

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures		49

PART II		49

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities		49

Item 6. [Reserved]		51

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		52

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk		59

Item 8. Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data		60

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure		83

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures		83

Item 9B. Other Information		87

PART III		87

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance		87

Item 11. Executive Compensation		87

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters		87

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence		87

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services		88

PART IV		88

Item 15. Exhibits and Consolidated Financial Statement Schedules		88

Exhibit Index		88

SIGNATURES		92

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Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including Item 1, Business; Item 1A, Risk Factors; and Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, contains certain “forward-looking statements,” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements regarding: proposed new programs; statements as to whether regulatory developments or other matters may or may not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or liquidity; statements concerning projections, predictions, expectations, estimates, or forecasts as to our business, financial and operational results, and future economic performance; and statements of management’s goals and objectives and other similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts. Words such as “may,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “future,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “estimates” and similar expressions, as well as statements in future tense, identify forward-looking statements. You can also identify forward-looking statements by discussions of strategy, plans or intentions of management.

Forward-looking statements should not be read as a guarantee of future performance or results and will not necessarily be accurate indications of the times at, or by, which such performance or results will be achieved. Forward-looking statements are based on information available at the time those statements are made or management’s good faith belief as of that time with respect to future events and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause our actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements, include, but are not limited to:

●

legal and regulatory actions taken against us related to our services business, or against our university partners that impact their businesses and that directly or indirectly reduce the service revenue we can earn under our master services agreements;

●

the occurrence of any event, change or other circumstance that could give rise to the termination of any of the key university partner agreements;

●

our ability to properly manage risks and challenges associated with strategic initiatives, including potential acquisitions or divestitures of, or investments in, new businesses, acquisitions of new properties and new university partners, and expansion of services provided to our existing university partners;

●

our failure to comply with the extensive regulatory framework applicable to us either directly as a third-party service provider or indirectly through our university partners, including Title IV of the Higher Education Act and the regulations thereunder, state laws and regulatory requirements, and accrediting commission requirements, and the results of related legal and regulatory actions that arise from such failures;

●

the harm to our business, results of operations, and financial condition, and harm to our university partners resulting from epidemics, pandemics, or public health crises;

●

the harm to our business and our ability to retract and retain students resulting from capacity constraints, system disruptions, or security breaches in our online computer networks and phone systems:

●

the ability of our university partners’ students to obtain federal Title IV funds, state financial aid, and private financing;

●

potential damage to our reputation or other adverse effects as a result of negative publicity in the media, in the industry or in connection with governmental reports or investigations or otherwise, affecting us or other companies in the education services sector;

●

risks associated with changes in applicable federal and state laws and regulations and accrediting commission standards, including pending rulemaking by the United States Department of Education (“ED”) applicable to us directly or indirectly through our university partners;

●

competition from other education service companies in our geographic region and market sector, including competition for students, qualified executives and other personnel;

●

our expected tax payments and tax rate;

●

our ability to hire and train new, and develop and train existing employees;

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●

the pace of growth of our university partners’ enrollment and its effect on the pace of our own growth;

●

fluctuations in our revenues due to seasonality;

●

our ability to, on behalf of our university partners, convert prospective students to enrolled students and to retain active students to graduation;

●

our success in updating and expanding the content of existing programs and developing new programs in a cost-effective manner or on a timely basis for our university partners;

●

risks associated with the competitive environment for marketing the programs of our university partners;

●

failure on our part to keep up with advances in technology that could enhance the experience for our university partners’ students;

●

our ability to manage future growth effectively;

●

the impact of any natural disasters or public health emergencies;

●

general adverse economic conditions or other developments that affect the job prospects of our university partners’ students; and

●

other factors discussed under the headings “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Business,” and “Regulation.”

Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date the statements are made. You should not put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. We assume no obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect actual results, changes in assumptions, or changes in other factors affecting forward-looking information, except to the extent required by applicable securities laws. If we do update one or more forward-looking statements, no inference should be drawn that we will make additional updates with respect to those or other forward-looking statements.

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Part I

Item 1. Business

Overview

Grand Canyon Education, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“GCE” or the “Company”) is a publicly traded education services company dedicated to serving colleges and universities. GCE has developed significant technological solutions, infrastructure and operational processes to provide services to these institutions on a large scale. GCE’s most significant university partner is Grand Canyon University (“GCU”), an Arizona non-profit corporation that operates a comprehensive regionally accredited university that offers graduate and undergraduate degree programs, emphases and certificates across ten colleges both online and on ground at its campus in Phoenix, Arizona and at eleven off-campus classroom and laboratory sites. As of December 31, 2025, GCE provided education services and support to over 136,200 students with more than 131,800 students enrolled in GCU’s programs, emphases and certificates.

We also provide education services to numerous university partners across the United States. In the healthcare field, we work in partnership with universities and healthcare networks across the country, offering healthcare-related academic programs at off-campus classroom and laboratory sites located near healthcare providers and developing high-quality, career-ready graduates who enter the workforce ready to meet the demands of the healthcare industry. In addition, we have provided certain services to a university partner to assist them in expanding their online graduate programs. As of December 31, 2025, GCE provides education services to 20 university partners across the United States.

Our Business

GCE is an education services company with 20 university partners as of December 31, 2025. We have invested more than $350.0 million in the last 17 years in technology which includes the cost to develop systems that automate key processes and enable us to scale these processes to hundreds of thousands of students. GCE is capable of supporting not just core academic functions, technology and marketing but many additional key processes that surround those functions, such as faculty recruiting and training, admissions, financial aid, accounting, and technical support. We provide these services to our university partners pursuant to master services agreements that define the scope of our engagement, the types of services provided and other key terms of the engagement. Our investments also include the cost to build our off-site classroom and laboratory sites (including the specialized equipment) that are used by our university partners to educate healthcare students.

Suite of Services

The following describes the various services that we are capable of providing to university partners. Services actually provided to a given university partner depend upon the nature of programs supported by GCE, existing university infrastructure, and university partner preferences.

Technology and Academic Services

We provide technology and academic services that can include the ongoing maintenance of our university partners’ educational infrastructure, including online course delivery and management, student records, assessment, customer relations management and other internal administrative systems. These services can also include curriculum conversion, support for content development, support for faculty and related training and development, technical support, rent and occupancy costs for university partners’ simulation and skills labs, and assistance with state regulatory compliance. We have established secure, reliable and scalable technology systems that provide a high-quality educational environment and that give us the capability to grow our university partners’ programs and enrollment.

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Technology Services may include the following:

●

Learning Management System (“LMS”) - GCE designed and offers to its university partners its own proprietary LMS, called Halo. All of GCU’s students, online and ground use this LMS. The basic functionality includes an interactive course syllabus, discussion questions and forums, instruction interaction, class quizzes, group assignments, written assignment submission and rubrics, grading, participation, attendance and integration with our student information system. The functions in Halo have been reimagined to work more intuitively with new user interface design and more seamless ways of accomplishing the same tasks. Halo was designed as a “cloud native” application taking advantage of all the performance and reliability features of the cloud. Halo supports small classes that are instructor led, highly interactive and collaborative. Rich content that originates from a myriad of sources, including direct advisement from industry, is coupled with a robust discussion environment. Students most often respond to the content and discussion through written work. The writing assignments are designed to promote critical thinking which is often connected to solving real world problems. This platform can easily and reliably scale as student populations increase. The platform provides in-depth analytics that allow us to closely monitor student success and the quality of instructional resources. GCE also designed its previous learning management system, LoudCloud which GCU used prior to Halo.

●

Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) – GCE has developed a suite of AI tools, including its proprietary Mosaic platform, which provides centralized, secure, and permission-based access for students, faculty, and staff. These solutions aim to improve operational efficiency, enhance academic support, and include training resources to advance AI literacy.

●

Internal administration - We utilize a commercial customer relations management development platform to distribute, manage, track, and report on all interactions with prospective student leads as well as all active and inactive students. This software is scalable to capacity levels well in excess of current requirements. We also utilize a commercial software package to track Title IV funds, student records, grades, accounts receivable, accounts payable and general ledger. We have done significant internal software development around these systems to increase the productivity of our employees and provide students an exceptional educational experience.

●

Infrastructure - We operate two data centers, one at GCU’s campus and one at another Phoenix-area location. Our infrastructure supports IT for GCE and we can provide it for our customers. All of our servers are networked, and we have redundant data backup. We manage our technology environment internally. Our wide area network is fully redundant to ensure maximum uptime, bandwidth capacity and network performance. Student access is load balanced for optimal performance. Real-time monitoring provides current system status across network, server, and storage components. We provide cybersecurity services, support and incident response for all infrastructure and software that we utilize.

●

Support - We provide 18/7 technical support for students and faculty. There are two systems utilized by GCE to provide these services.

Academic Services may include the following:

●

Program and Curriculum – GCE has a curriculum content department that provides design and conversion services to our university partners. In collaboration with our university partners, we assist with the program and course design by providing curricular assistance and recommendations with respect to content and techniques that make use of the available technologies and methods embodied in the learning management system. GCE developed a proprietary system to support these services.

●

Faculty and Related Training and Development – GCE provides faculty support including recruitment, training and oversight services to its university partners. Under the direction of our university partners and their academic leadership, we recruit and screen candidates, and schedule faculty based on university partner-created requirements. We evaluate all faculty according to university partner standards and provide evaluation results, if requested. Many of the health sciences specific faculty development resources are accredited by the International Association for Continuing Education and Training and the American Nurses Credentialing Center allowing faculty to earn continuing education credits.

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●

Class Scheduling – GCE has a class scheduling department and has developed a proprietary system to provide these services to our university partners. Our scheduling software provides students the ability to set their class schedule and flexibility to make changes and create opportunities to complete courses in a myriad of online or onsite options. We optimize class size prior to course starts based on university partner standards, in order to maximize class resources and faculty utilization.

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Skills and Simulation Lab Sites – GCE secures, develops and finances off-campus classroom and laboratory sites for use in various programs offered by our university partners, including the accelerated Bachelor of Science in Nursing (ABSN). Off-campus classroom and laboratory sites are branded for specific university partners and all classrooms, faculty, counselors, staff and specialized equipment are centralized and made accessible to every university partner student. The laboratories contain the latest in skills and simulation learning technology; including computer-based scenarios, hands-on work with physical simulators and internally developed Mixed Reality with state-of-the-art technology, which help students gain unique experiences in an alternative clinical setting.

Counseling Services and Support

We provide counseling services and support including one-on-one admissions, schedule and financial counseling and other support for prospective and current students of our university partners. We offer financial aid processing as well.

Counseling Services and Support may include the following:

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Admissions Services – GCE provides prospective students with transparent information on program requirements, finance options, degree time to completion and net price calculator results in alignment with university partners’ standards. GCE has developed a robust proprietary system to efficiently evaluate transcripts and build schedules for prospective students. GCE processes applications in alignment with university partners’ admission standards and provides reports on those students selected for admission.

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Financial Aid – GCE provides financial aid services, including awarding, certifying, originating and disbursing Title IV program funds to students. We deliver Title IV program credit balance refunds to students, process return of Title IV program funds to the federal government when appropriate and provide financial aid counseling and entrance and exit loan counseling to students. Additionally, we prepare required reports, including but not limited to enrollment reporting to the National Student Loan Data system and the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System. Additionally, GCE has built a proprietary system called the Financial Transparent Degree Plan Calculator, which provides students the cost of their entire program.

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Counseling Services – GCE provides proactive services to our university partners’ students throughout their matriculation such as schedule building, and financial aid counseling. We provide students an assigned advisor who proactively works with students throughout their matriculation process. We assist students with program changes and communicate with those students throughout their program to help with retention. We provide students with the ability to access a variety of administrative services both telephonically and via the Internet. For example, students can apply for financial aid, pay their tuition, order their transcripts, and apply for graduation online. We believe this online accessibility provides the convenience and self-service capabilities that students value. GCE assesses levels of satisfaction using student surveys.

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Field Experience Counseling – For university partner students pursuing programs that lead to external credentials (e.g., teaching, nursing, counseling, social work, theology, etc.), GCE leverages a growing nationwide network of approved healthcare facilities, schools, preceptors, and supervisors to ensure that all students are able to meet program-specific requirements. Each student is assigned a counselor before or during their first course, and several prescribed appointments with their counselor are scheduled throughout the student’s program to ensure that all state-specific progression requirements are met well in advance of deadlines. GCE assists in gathering all required documentation, verifying it as official, and storing it as part of the student’s record.

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Marketing and Communication

We provide comprehensive marketing and communication services that support student acquisition, engagement, and brand growth. These services include lead acquisition, lifecycle-based digital communication strategies, brand and creative development, media planning and optimization, video production, business intelligence, market research, and other promotional and communication services.

GCE’s marketing leadership team approaches the marketplace with a data-driven, integrated marketing strategy that incorporates advanced analytics, AI, and emerging technologies, while leveraging GCE’s scale, institutional knowledge, and media buying power. This methodology combines proven traditional and digital solutions with continuously evolving technologies and privacy-conscious practices, developed in close collaboration with our university partners to support sustainable growth and long-term brand equity.

Marketing and Communication services may include the following:

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Lead Acquisition – GCE’s marketing team employs specialists across a broad range of digital marketing channels, supported by advanced analytics and AI-enabled optimization tools. These channels include search engine optimization, paid search, social and programmatic media, organic content, and strategically designed acquisition funnels across desktop and mobile platforms. Search engine optimization efforts increasingly incorporate optimization for emerging search and discovery experiences, including generative and answer-based search environments, by aligning structured content, authoritative signals, and user-intent–focused information with evolving search technologies. Campaigns are continuously optimized using performance data, audience modeling, and attribution insights to improve efficiency and lead quality.

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Digital Communications Strategy – GCE’s subject matter experts design and execute lifecycle-based communication strategies that support prospective students, active students, and alumni. These strategies leverage integrated marketing automation platforms, email, SMS text messaging, in-app and web personalization, and social media. AI-assisted segmentation, content testing, and timing optimization are used to enhance relevance, engagement, and responsiveness across the student lifecycle.

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Brand Identity and Creative Strategy – GCE’s creative and brand teams develop and steward strong, differentiated brands through data-informed storytelling and creative excellence. Capabilities include brand positioning, visual identity systems, campaign and content development, logo and tagline creation, custom music and sonic branding, and multi-channel creative execution. Insights from consumer research, performance analytics, and AI-assisted creative testing are used to refine messaging and improve brand effectiveness.

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Media Planning and Strategy – GCE provides full-service media planning, buying, and optimization across traditional and digital platforms. Media strategies are designed to efficiently reach and engage target audiences while adapting to changes in consumer behavior and media consumption. Advanced measurement frameworks, audience modeling, and AI-supported optimization are used to improve performance, manage spend, and drive measurable outcomes.

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Video and Content Production – GCE’s in-house video and content teams produce high-quality, scalable content across a wide variety of marketing channels. Capabilities include broadcast-quality commercials, explainer and instructional videos, short- and long-form documentaries, original programming, animation, motion graphics, and modular video content designed for social and digital platforms. Production is enhanced through standardized workflows, emerging production technologies, and preferred external partners to support scalability and efficiency.

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Business Intelligence, Analytics, and Data Science – GCE employs teams of analytics and data science professionals who apply descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive analytics to support strategic and operational decision-making. Capabilities include performance measurement, forecasting, audience modeling, attribution, data visualization, and AI-assisted analysis. These insights support marketing optimization, enrollment strategies, and broader business initiatives in a privacy-aware and compliant manner.

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Market Research and Insights – GCE’s market research professionals analyze market, population, workforce, and employment data across geographic regions to inform decisions related to new sites, partnerships, program offerings, and marketing strategies. Research methodologies incorporate both traditional and advanced analytical techniques to provide data-driven recommendations that align educational offerings with market demand and workforce needs.

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Back-Office Services

In addition, we currently provide certain requested back-office services to GCU that include finance, human resources, audit, and other corporate functions.

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Finance and accounting - Finance and accounting services include administration of payroll, accounts payable, general ledger, student accounting, financial reporting, budgeting and taxes at the direction of GCU.

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Human Resources - Human resources services include administration of performance management, personnel policies, recruitment and onboarding of new personnel, and benefit plan design and procurement, among others.

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Audit - Audit services include development and administration of a GCU approved annual internal audit plan and execution of the audit plan for the service period.

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Procurement - Procurement services include management of purchasing and vendor relationships, including travel services, review of vendor contracts, and maintenance of contracts in the procurement system.

Focus on Education and Human Capital Development

Social responsibility and human capital development are a significant focus of the Company. Our efforts are led by our Chief Executive Officer and a portion of his compensation is tied to our success in these areas. To this end, our business was created and continues to evolve to meet the needs of the local community in which we operate as well as those outside our community. We started by identifying what we believe to be the educational challenges that our country is facing and then worked to find solutions to these challenges. We believe these challenges include:

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University education is too expensive;

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Students are taking on too much debt;

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Bachelor’s degrees are taking too long to complete;

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Programs are not targeted enough toward careers. Recent surveys show that a large percentage of college students would change majors if starting over, and a significant number of recent graduates are under employed or are in jobs that don’t required degrees;

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As tuition increases, diversity decreases;

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Universities have inadequate counseling and support services, especially for distance learners;

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Most university professors have no formal training in teaching, learning or course design;

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Universities are under significant financial pressure, which has only been enhanced due to the pandemic and a declining number of high school graduates attending college.

We provide the capital, technology and expertise to our university partners to lessen the challenges in each of the areas listed above (see Item 1. Business – Suite of Services). We work with these university partners to develop educational models that allow them the ability to decrease tuition or increase scholarships to their students which will often lower the debt their students incur. We work with our university partners and thousands of high schools across the country on dual credit, online prerequisite courses and other programs that shorten the time to completion thereby lowering cost and debt levels. We focus with our university partners and their local communities to develop programs where there are skills shortages such as healthcare, teacher education, science, technology, engineering and math. GCE provides expanded academic counseling services and support to the students of our university partners which has proven to increase retention and completion. Our faculty services and curriculum development teams assist not only our university partners but other universities and K12 schools in improving their online education pedagogy. And our business model has helped our university partners as changes in the educational landscape has put pressure on their financial condition.

GCE is committed to hiring policies and practices that identify the most qualified candidate for a given position. We believe that we must have the best talent, including employees who possess a diverse range of experiences, backgrounds and skills, in order to anticipate and meet the needs of our business and those of our university partners. We provide employees with training, development, and educational resources that promote learning and lead to real career advancement opportunities. We believe that our success in attracting, retaining, and developing human capital is directly correlated to our ability to provide employees both an interesting and engaging work experience as well as opportunities for meaningful involvement in the surrounding community. Our employees take advantage of these

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opportunities and share our commitment to and enthusiasm for community service projects, as well as charitable organizations throughout the Phoenix area. Through these activities, our employees have the opportunity to volunteer and provide servant leadership that benefits the surrounding neighborhoods and West Phoenix community.

Employee Learning and Development (ELD) Services – We provide learning and development support to our employees through numerous ELD initiatives. Onboarding Programs provide new employees a foundation from which one can progress in his or her career at GCE. Leadership Development, Team Development, Advanced Skills, and Self-Development Programs help employees improve their skills, assist management in identifying potential talent for leadership roles, and support those employees already in leadership roles. Finally, our Compliance Curriculum ensures that employee stays current with regulatory and other compliance requirements. These programs and curricula are offered virtually as both synchronous and self-paced.

Employee Tuition Benefit – GCE promotes the concept of lifelong learning and supports this concept by offering its employees a generous Tuition Benefit program through its university partner, GCU. After 3 months of continuous service, fulltime employees admitted to GCU receive a 100% tuition reduction on undergraduate and graduate programs. Additionally, the tuition benefit is available for an eligible employee’s spouse or up to two children with no more than two participants receiving the benefits at any one time. An eligible employee’s spouse or child admitted to GCU receives a 100% tuition reduction on undergraduate programs and a 50% tuition reduction on graduate programs.

Monitoring employee engagement and satisfaction – GCE periodically administers a survey of all of its employees to assess employee engagement and satisfaction. GCE received responses from 1,330 employees on the 2024 survey. The survey asked a number of questions regarding employee engagement and satisfaction including whether they are actively engaged with their work, whether they have a sense of pride in what they do and whether they enjoy the type of work assigned to them. The responses to each question were overwhelmingly positive. To the prompt, “I plan to continue my career at GCE for at least two more years”; “I would recommend employment at GCE to a friend”; “I am actively engaged with my work at GCE”; and “Overall I am satisfied with GCE as an employer,” less than 12% of the responders disagreed with any of these statements. This survey also inquired about the importance of Environmental, Social and Governance topics that employees felt are important to GCE’s business performance and financial success both internal and external impacts. Highlights from the survey by employees and the percentage of the responders that selected that topic were Employee Health and Wellbeing (59%), Professional Integrity (47%), Human Capital Management (41%), Community Engagement (36%) and Workforce Diversity and Engagement (20%). 92% of those that responded to the survey confirmed GCE enables a culture of diversity.

Whistleblower hotline – GCE has a whistleblower hotline available to both internal and external parties. The whistleblower policy is disclosed on the GCE intranet for employees and disclosed on the GCE investor relations website for external parties. Hotline activity is managed by a third party and all claims are reviewed and monitored by the Chief Risk Officer and General Counsel. All claims are discussed at the quarterly Audit Committee meetings.

Community Involvement by GCE and its Employees. Examples of activities in which we and our employees participate include:

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Improving Our Neighborhood and Increased Home Values - Together with Habitat for Humanity and in concert with our largest university partner, we are participating in the largest home renovation project in the country in the West Phoenix area surrounding GCU’s campus. As of December 31, 2025, 1,535 projects have been completed in which 39,155 hours have been logged by volunteers. These efforts, combined with GCE and GCU’s expanded presence in the community, have contributed to a significant increase in home values since 2011 in the 85017 zip code.

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Furthering Job Creation - We, along with GCU have launched a number of new business enterprises that have reduced costs, provided management opportunities for recent graduates and employment opportunities for students and neighborhood residents, while spurring economic growth in the area.

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GCE also invests in the following activities that benefit the community.

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Funding of Student Tuition Organizations - GCE contributes to private school tuition organizations, which are entities that allocate financial contributions toward tuition assistance and scholarships for disadvantaged students to attend Arizona private schools. In 2025 and 2024, we contributed $5.0 million and $4.5 million, respectively, to these organizations.

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Encouraging Employee Giving - We participate in Donate to Elevate, a program that encourages employees to participate in the Arizona individual tax credit program, which allows individual taxpayers to contribute money in lieu of state income tax payments to benefit private schools and other non-profit entities in Arizona, as well as local public schools and public charter schools. Employees are encouraged to designate tax dollars to the school or program of their choice.

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Sponsoring K-12 Educational Development - GCE supports GCU’s K-12 Educational Development Department through sponsorship of GCU’s Canyon Professional Development and K-12 Targeted School Assistance programs. Canyon Professional Development offers professional development opportunities for educators and administrators, and their student/parent engagement programs aim to help students become college ready. K-12 Targeted School Assistance programs also offer tutoring and mentorship and more to community schools to improve learning environments and outcomes. Both initiatives elevate public, private, charter and home schools in the form of scholarships, program discounts, professional development, events, and more.

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Continuing Community Involvement - GCE and our employees partner in countless other community events and projects throughout the year. We offer our full-time employees a maximum of 16 hours of PTO annually for community service. This time is used to volunteer at an approved charitable organization. Over 40 organizations are approved for employee volunteerism, including Habitat for Humanity.

In addition, GCE has historically partnered in countless community events and projects throughout the year, helping organizations such as the Phoenix Rescue Mission, Feed My Starving Children, Arizona Foster Care, Boy/Girl Scouts, Goodwill Arizona, St. Vincent de Paul, Young Life, Elevate Phoenix, Back to School Clothing Drive and St. Mary’s Food Bank. Our employees also went out into our surrounding neighborhoods to participate in programs such as Serve the City, Canyon Kids, Salute Our Troops, Colter Commons senior home visits and the Run to Fight Children’s Cancer.

Our Commitment to Diversity. A growing body of evidence suggests that diverse teams improve financial outcomes and support innovation, resiliency, and productivity. GCE’s commitment to fostering diversity in its community is evident in the following:

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Our Diversity Statement - Grand Canyon Education is a faith-friendly shared services provider that embraces a worldview which outlines a responsibility to both charity and stewardship which simply stated is, ‘to love others as yourself’. We are a community of people who value the pursuit of truth and find great understanding in the convergence of differing viewpoints, backgrounds and ideas. We welcome employees from all walks of life which has contributed to a growing diversity within our population. Our diversity encompasses a multitude of dimensions, including age, disability, national origin, race, color, religion, gender, veteran status and more. Our Christian perspective compels us to treat every individual equally with respect and compassion. All community members deserve a comfortable space to express their feelings, so that every voice is heard. All members of the Company will be welcomed, valued, and provided safety in this community. Finally, diversity not only enriches the workplace and the educational endeavors of our partners it is critical to it. Maintaining a diverse environment requires a measure of tolerance and understanding commensurate with the dignity and value of all human life. In sum, GCE values diversity because it values every employee and university partners’ students entrusted to its care.

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Our Hiring Practices and Policies - Our hiring policies and practices include an Equal Employment Opportunity Policy, Nondiscrimination and Anti-Harassment Policy and Complaint Procedure, and the Disability Accommodation Policy. We post all open positions to a variety of job boards to ensure we attract diverse candidates. We also collect and analyze employee demographic data to identify current trends.

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Training - We provide employees and management with regular training. New hires all complete anti-discrimination and harassment training within 3 months of starting at GCE. Thereafter, all employees complete the training every other year, while management undertakes it annually.

Environmental Awareness

Online education is inherently more environmentally friendly than traditional campus education with a reduction in greenhouse gas (“GHG”) production caused by traveling to and from a brick-and-mortar campus. It also increases student capacity while eliminating the need for construction of a physical campus. A majority of our university partners’ students are enrolled in hybrid or online educational models. In addition, a significant number of our university partners’ students utilize an ebook format versus paper textbooks, which is more environmentally friendly in that it saves paper and other materials and there is no shipment required.

GCE owns a four-story 325,000 square foot administrative building, which includes office space for approximately 2,700 employees, and a parking garage at our headquarters in Phoenix, Arizona. We constructed these facilities in 2016 and, as with every one of our projects over the past 16 years, we designed them to maximize energy efficiency and minimize electricity usage and environmental impact, which ultimately lowers our operating costs. Our headquarters building includes the following design features:

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North/South Building Orientation - GCE’s office building is orientated with north/south exposure in order to minimize direct sun and thereby reduce power usage. Exterior courtyards were arranged to ensure summer shade thus creating outdoor areas that can be used by our employees throughout the year.

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Use of Window Glazing - Our building utilizes significant window glazing to allow for daylighting thus reducing the need for supplemental electrical lighting. As a result, the building is designed to use just .41 watts per square foot of electrical energy for lighting, which is half of what a typical environmentally efficient building uses.

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Reducing Water Consumption - Water usage is another environmental factor for office space that is magnified by the Arizona weather. GCE’s office building utilizes numerous water conservation methods including push-tap faucets, waterless urinals, and a rooftop rainwater collection system for irrigating the landscaping below, which significantly reduces our water consumption.

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Other Design Features - Additional environment-friendly design features include low VOC paints, use of recycled building materials, interior and exterior LED light bulbs, motion sensor lighting and implementation of an energy-efficient VRF mechanical system.

In addition to our efficient facilities, we have undertaken other measures to minimize our environmental impact, including, among others:

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implementing a Trip Reduction Program, which provides incentives to employees who participate in carpooling or take public transportation to work;

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providing a telecommute option for a significant number of positions; and

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participating in a recycling program aimed at minimizing the volume of waste products generated by GCE.

Due to our significant investment in infrastructure, since March 2020, when the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 a global pandemic, a significant portion of our diverse workforce is continuing to work remotely. This has not only increased employee satisfaction but has also resulted in savings in the areas of waste, janitorial costs, and travel costs related to business travel and commuting.

Our off-campus classroom and laboratory sites are all designed with the same efficient footprint in the 47 sites opened as of December 31, 2025.

Climate Disclosures

We do not operate in a high-risk industry for climate risks. We believe that we have low climate risk with respect to our physical environment (e.g., fires, drought, hailstorms, increasing weather pattern changes). A significant percentage of our workforce is continuing to work remotely. We have insurance policies in place to cover any damage for our property, plant and equipment. Our Audit Committee is tasked with oversight of climate-related risks for the Company.

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We are evaluating emissions reduction requirements with key suppliers for costs such as information security systems, communication and marketing costs, travel costs, and continued expansion of our off-campus classroom and laboratory sites. We currently do not have any regulatory emissions reporting obligations.

We do not have significant risk from a transition to a low-carbon economy, which could result in changing customer behavior. Our customers are university partners located in the United States.

Corporate Governance

We believe that effective corporate governance is critical to our ability to create long term value for our stockholders. The following highlights certain key aspects of our corporate governance framework:

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We Have an Independent Board - Five of our six directors are independent.

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We Have Majority Voting for Directors - We have adopted majority voting for directors pursuant to which nominees who fail to achieve an affirmative majority of votes cast must submit their resignation.

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We Hold Annual Elections for Directors - We do not have a staggered board.

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We Assess Board Performance - We conduct regular evaluations of our Board of Directors and Committees.

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Our Independent Directors Meet Without Management - Our independent directors meet regularly in executive sessions without management present.

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We Have a Stock Ownership Policy - We require both our named executive officers and our directors to maintain a meaningful ownership stake at levels specified in our stock ownership policy.

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Our Key Committees are Independent - We have fully independent Audit, Compensation and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees.

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We Do Not Have a “Poison Pill” - We do not maintain a stockholder rights plan.

Seasonality

Our service revenue normally fluctuates due to changes in our university partners’ enrollment which tends to be higher in the Spring and Fall periods and lower in the Summer. Our expenses do not normally fluctuate significantly during the year which results in fluctuations in operating income between quarters. See “Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Seasonality.”

Competition

There are dozens of companies that seek to partner with non-profit schools and state universities to assist in the development and operation of their educational programs. These companies provide various services that traditional institutions historically have not had the experience or organizational capability to fully support. These services include marketing and recruitment, enrollment management, curriculum development, online course design, student retention support, technology infrastructure, and student and faculty call center support. The largest companies in this sector have historically been Pearson Online Learning Services, Academic Partnerships and 2U, Inc.

The education services market, particularly with regard to those companies that help traditional universities develop new degree programs often delivered online, has historically been characterized by a full-service, revenue-sharing model, based on the premise that most traditional institutions are not only operationally unprepared to offer these programs at scale but also are not equipped to make the significant upfront investments necessary to develop these programs organically. In recent years, an alternative unbundled fee-for-service model has emerged, in which the companies offer the same services, or some subset of services, for the market price of those services. Finally, other industry providers affiliate with university partners to offer massive open online courses, which are aimed at unlimited participation and open access via the web at little or no cost to the student.

The education services market is changing and expanding. It is highly fragmented and subject to evolving technology, shifting needs of students and educators and introductions of new delivery modalities. We believe that the competitive factors in the education services market include:

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reputation and brand awareness;

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quality of university partner base and performance track record;

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the effectiveness of marketing and sales efforts;

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robustness and evolution of technology solutions;

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breadth and depth of services offerings;

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convenient, flexible and dependable access to programs and classes;

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level of student support services;

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quality of student and faculty experience;

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cost of programs; and

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the time necessary to earn a degree.

Proprietary Rights

We have developed and own, or are licensed to use, intellectual property that is or will be the subject of copyright, trademark, service mark, patent, trade secret, or other protections. This intellectual property includes but is not limited to technology, courseware materials and business know-how and internal processes and procedures developed to respond to the requirements of operating a post-secondary educational institution with a significant online campus and to comply with the rules and regulations of various education regulatory agencies. We rely on a combination of copyrights, trademarks, service marks, trade secrets, domain names, and agreements to protect our intellectual property. We protect our intellectual property by signing agreements with employees, independent contractors, consultants, companies, and any other third party that creates intellectual property for us that assign any intellectual property rights to us. In addition, we seek to maintain the confidentiality of our proprietary information through the use of confidentiality agreements with employees, independent contractors, consultants and companies with which we conduct business. While our intellectual property rights are important to us, we do not believe that the loss of any individual property right or group of related rights would have a material adverse effect on our overall business.

Available Information

We were incorporated as a Delaware corporation in 2008 and completed our initial public offering in November 2008. Our principal executive offices are located at 2600 West Camelback Road, Phoenix, Arizona 85017, our telephone number is (602) 247-4400 and our Internet address is www.gce.com.

We make available free of charge on our website our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, Forms 3, 4, and 5 filed on behalf of directors and executive officers, and all amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). In addition, our earnings conference calls are web cast live via our website. In addition to visiting our website, you may obtain any document we file with the SEC at www.sec.gov. The contents of these websites are not incorporated into this filing and our references to the URLs for these websites are intended to be inactive textual references only.

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REGULATION OF OUR EDUCATION SERVICES BUSINESS

Prior to July 1, 2018, GCE, owned and operated GCU. On July 1, 2018, GCE sold GCU to an independent, Arizona non-profit corporation (the “Transaction”). As a result of the Transaction, we no longer own and operate an institution of higher education, nor do we directly participate in Title IV programs regulated and overseen by ED under the Higher Education Act (“HEA”). Instead, we operate as an education service company to institutions of higher education that do participate in Title IV programs. Nevertheless, we are required to comply with certain regulations promulgated by ED for the following reasons:

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Our operations are subject to regulation by ED due to our university partners’ participation in the federal student financial aid programs under Title IV of the HEA. Those Title IV programs include educational loans with below-market interest rates that are issued by the federal government under the Federal Direct Loan program (the “FDL Program”), as well as grant programs for students with demonstrated financial need. To participate in the Title IV programs, a school must receive and maintain authorization by the appropriate state agency or agencies, be accredited by an accrediting commission recognized by ED, and be certified as an eligible institution by ED.

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As a third-party servicer under the HEA and the related regulations, we also have a direct relationship with ED. ED regulates our operations insofar as we are performing certain functions classified as third-party servicer functions under relevant regulations and sub-regulatory guidance. A “third-party servicer” is any person or entity used by “any eligible institution of higher education to administer, through either manual or automated processing, any aspect of such institution’s student assistance programs.” Third-party servicers must comply with a number of regulatory requirements. For example, they must conduct and submit to ED compliance audits under 34 C.F.R. § 668.23. In addition, they must comply with the requirements of 34 C.F.R. § 668.25, which among other things, requires third-party servicers, in their contracts with institutions, to be contractually obligated to, among other things:

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Comply with all statutory provisions of or applicable to Title IV of the HEA, including the requirement to use any funds that the servicer administers under any Title IV program and any interest or other earnings thereon solely for the purposes specified in and in accordance with that program;

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Refer to the Office of Inspector General of ED for investigation any information indicating there is reasonable cause to believe that the institution might have engaged in fraud or other criminal misconduct in connection with the institution’s administration of any Title IV program or an applicant for Title IV program assistance might have engaged in fraud or other criminal misconduct in connection with his or her application; and

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Be jointly and severally liable with the institution to the Secretary for any violation by the servicer of any statutory provision of or applicable to Title IV of the HEA, any regulatory provision prescribed under that statutory authority, and any applicable special arrangement, agreement, or limitation entered into under the authority of statutes applicable to Title IV of the HEA.

ED has also indicated that it may continue to evaluate the scope of activities treated as third-party servicer functions through future rulemaking or guidance, and additional changes to the definition of, or requirements applicable to, third-party servicers remain possible.

We are also subject to a number of data security and privacy regulations given our role as a third-party service provider, the compliance with which can materially impact our business model, including through future guidance, enforcement activity, or regulatory action applicable to institutions and their third-party service providers. In addition, as more fully described below, we are subject to some of the regulations imposed on our university partners by virtue of the nature of the services we provide.

The HEA and the regulations promulgated thereunder are frequently revised, repealed or expanded and the scope of services covered by regulations may evolve and change over time. Congress historically has reauthorized and amended the HEA in regular intervals, approximately every five to seven years. Congress periodically considers reauthorization of the HEA, although the timing and scope of any such reauthorization remain uncertain. The re-authorization of the HEA could alter the regulatory landscape of the higher education industry, and thereby impact the

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manner in which we conduct business and serve our university partners. In addition, ED is independently conducting an ongoing series of rulemakings intended to assure the integrity of the Title IV programs. ED also frequently issues formal and informal guidance instructing institutions of higher education and other covered entities how to comply with various federal laws and regulations. For example, in February 2023, ED released DCL 23-03, a guidance document expanding the definition of what activities are considered as third-party servicer activities. After substantial community outreach to ED, and a number of notices that the guidance would be delayed, on November 14, 2024, ED formally rescinded DCL 23-03. Previously issued guidance on this topic (Dear Colleague Letters GEN 12-08, GEN 15-01, GEN 16-15 (as modified by the March 8, 2017 electronic announcement), and GEN-23-08) remains in effect.

Regarding data security matters, in Electronic Announcement GEN 23-09, ED stated that “[t]he Department will issue guidance on NIST 800-171 compliance in a future Electronic Announcement.” While it does not appear ED has addressed this issue in 2024 through rulemaking or otherwise, we believe data security is an area of importance and, like all ED guidance, is subject to change and may impact our business model.

We are also regulated (depending upon the applicable activity being regulated) by other federal agencies or departments including the SEC, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”), and the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”).

REGULATION OF OUR UNIVERSITY PARTNERS

Institutions of higher education in America are subject to extensive regulation by state post-secondary, licensure and certification agencies, accrediting commissions, and the federal government through ED under the HEA, as well as (depending upon the applicable activity being regulated) other federal agencies and departments including the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, the FTC, the IRS, and for institutions who issue bonds, the SEC. The regulations, standards, and policies of these agencies cover the vast majority of operations of colleges and universities, including educational programs, facilities, instructional and administrative staff, administrative procedures, marketing, recruiting, financing and financial operations, athletics and financial condition.

Our current university partners and all likely future university partners are required to be authorized by appropriate state post-secondary, licensure, and certification authorities. In addition, in order to participate in the federal student financial aid programs, our university partners will need to be accredited by an accrediting commission recognized by ED. Accreditation is a private, non-governmental process for evaluating the quality of educational institutions and their programs in areas including student performance, governance, integrity, educational quality, faculty, physical resources, administrative capability and resources, and financial stability. The HEA requires accrediting commissions recognized by ED to review and monitor many aspects of an institution’s operations and to take appropriate action if the institution fails to meet the accrediting commission’s standards.

Although we no longer own and operate an institution of higher education, nor do we directly participate in Title IV programs, regulatory matters that materially affect GCU and our other university partners will, necessarily, have a material impact on us. The following section describes regulatory matters that affect our university partners and that may affect us as an education services provider to institutions of higher education generally.

State Post-Secondary Education Regulation

Our university partners are authorized to offer education by the relevant state authorizing agencies for the state in which such university partner is located. For example, GCU, our most significant university partner, is authorized to offer programs by the Arizona State Board for Private Postsecondary Education, the regulatory agency governing private post-secondary educational institutions in the State of Arizona, where it is located. State authorization is very important to our university partners and, as a result, to our business. To maintain their state authorization, our university partners must continuously meet standards relating to, among other things, educational programs, facilities, instructional and administrative staff, marketing and recruitment, financial operations, addition of new locations and educational programs, and various operational and administrative procedures. Our university partners’ failure to comply with the requirements of a state regulatory agency could result in our university partners’ losing their ability to offer educational programs, which would cause our university partners to lose their eligibility to participate in the Title IV programs and could force them, and us, to cease operations. Alternatively, a state regulatory body could restrict our university partners’ ability to offer new or certain degree and non-degree programs, which may impair our ability to grow.

State regulatory requirements for online education have historically varied among the states. To address this issue and to meet ED requirements many schools have applied and been approved to be institutional participants in the

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State Authorization Reciprocity Agreement (“SARA”). SARA is an agreement among member states, districts and territories that establishes comparable national standards for interstate offering of post-secondary distance education courses and programs. It is intended to make it easier for students to take online courses offered by post-secondary institutions based in another state. SARA is overseen by a national council (NC-SARA) and administered by four regional education compacts. GCU, for example, is a member of SARA in Arizona (AZ-SARA), which is administered by the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (referred to as W-SARA). There is a yearly renewal for participating in NC-SARA and AZ-SARA and institutions must agree to meet certain requirements to participate. As of December 31, 2025, all states other than California are members of SARA.

Any state that does not participate in SARA may impose regulatory requirements on out-of-state post-secondary institutions operating within its boundaries, such as those having a physical facility or conducting certain academic activities within the state. GCU, for example, enrolls students in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Although it is currently licensed, authorized, in-process, or exempt in all non-SARA jurisdictions in which it operates, if GCU fails to comply with state licensing or authorization requirements for a non-SARA jurisdiction, or fails to obtain licenses or authorizations when required, it could lose its license or authorization by that jurisdiction or be subject to other sanctions, including restrictions on its activities in, and fines and penalties imposed by, that jurisdiction, as well as fines, penalties, and sanctions imposed by ED. The loss of licensure or authorization in any non-SARA jurisdiction by a university partner institution could prohibit us from recruiting prospective students or offering services to current students in that jurisdiction, which could significantly reduce such university partner’s enrollments.

Individual state laws establish standards in areas such as instruction, qualifications of faculty, administrative procedures, marketing, recruiting, financial operations, and other operational matters. To the extent required with respect to an educational service category covered by our contractual relationship, we expect to assist our university partners in meeting these requirements. Some states limit schools’ ability to offer educational programs and award degrees to residents of those states. Some states also prescribe financial regulations that are different from those of ED and may require the posting of surety bonds. While we are not directly subject to those laws, those laws may inhibit our university partners from expanding or operating in those states, limiting our ability to serve our university partners, which could significantly affect our business. In addition, state laws can indirectly regulate how we provide its services to its university partners. For example, some states have considered new requirements that would dictate what information we must convey to students and prospective students and impose reporting requirements related to the nature of our services. To the extent such requirements were ultimately enacted into law, they could significantly affect our business.

State Professional Licensure

Many states have specific requirements that an individual must satisfy in order to be licensed as a professional in specified fields, including fields such as healthcare, education, and counseling. These requirements vary by state and by field. A student’s success in obtaining licensure following graduation typically depends on several factors, including the background and qualifications of the individual graduate, as well as the following factors, among others:

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whether the institution and the program were approved by the state in which the graduate seeks licensure, or by a professional association;

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whether the program from which the student graduated meets all requirements for professional licensure in that state;

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whether the institution and the program are accredited and, if so, by what accrediting commissions; and

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whether the institution’s degrees are recognized by other states in which a student may seek to work.

Many states also require that graduates pass a state test or examination as a prerequisite to becoming certified in certain fields, such as nursing and teaching. Many states will certify individuals if they have already been certified in another state.

Prior to opening a new off-campus classroom and laboratory site, university partners often require approval from the applicable state board to offer its programs at that location. This can delay the site opening and timing can vary based on the state and the university partner.

Although not directly regulated by these entities, we must be mindful of the requirements placed by state professional licensure bodies on our university partner institutions to ensure those institutions maintain that licensure.

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Accreditation

Accreditation is a private, non-governmental process for evaluating the quality of educational institutions and their programs in areas including student performance, governance, integrity, educational quality, faculty, physical resources, administrative capability and resources, and financial stability. To be recognized by ED, accrediting commissions must adopt specific standards for their review of educational institutions, conduct peer-review evaluations of institutions, and publicly designate those institutions that meet their criteria. An accredited school is subject to periodic review by its accrediting commissions to determine whether it continues to meet the performance, integrity and quality required for accreditation.

In recent years, ED has indicated an increased focus on accreditor accountability and oversight, which could result in changes to accrediting standards, review practices, or recognition requirements applicable to our university partners.

Our most significant university partner, GCU has been regionally accredited by the HLC and its predecessor since 1968, most recently obtaining reaccreditation in 2017 for the ten-year period through 2027. The HLC is an accrediting agency recognized by the Secretary of Education and accredits entire institutions of higher education. The HLC has historically been categorized as a regional accreditor. Institutional accreditation by a recognized accreditation agency is one of the prerequisites for an institution of higher education to be eligible to disburse Title IV aid to students. In addition, GCU holds a number of programmatic accreditations related to the conduct of specific programs of the university. Other colleges and universities depend, in part, on an institution’s accreditation (institutional, and, in some cases, programmatic) in evaluating transfers of credit and applications to graduate schools. Employers rely on the accredited status of institutions when evaluating candidates’ credentials, and students and corporate and government sponsors under tuition reimbursement programs look to accreditation for assurance that an institution maintains quality educational standards.

University partners other than GCU may be accredited by different accrediting bodies that are likely to have standards that are different from those of the HLC. Moreover, our other university partners hold various programmatic accreditations that set additional requirements related to specific programs, including for their nursing programs. As we work with university partners in different regions we will need to work with those accrediting bodies and tailor our services to meet the requirements of those accreditors.

Regulation of Federal Student Financial Aid Programs

To be eligible to participate in the Title IV programs, an institution must comply with specific requirements contained in the HEA and the regulations issued thereunder by ED. An institution must, among other things, be licensed or authorized to offer its educational programs by the state in which it is physically located and maintain institutional accreditation by an accrediting commission recognized by ED.

The substantial amount of federal funds disbursed to schools through the Title IV programs and the large number of students and institutions participating in these programs have caused Congress to require ED to exercise considerable regulatory oversight over educational institutions. As a result, our university partners are subject to extensive oversight and review. Because ED periodically revises its regulations and changes its interpretations of existing laws and regulations, we cannot predict with certainty how the Title IV program requirements will be applied in all circumstances to our university partners or to us directly.

Additionally, ED’s final regulations addressing, among other things, financial responsibility, administrative capability, certification procedures, and Ability-to-Benefit became effective on July 1, 2024. These regulations expand the circumstances under which ED may require financial protection, impose additional and more prescriptive administrative capability standards, and provide ED with broader authority to impose conditions during initial or continuing certification. These changes increase compliance obligations for institutions participating in Title IV programs and may affect our business to the extent that we support functions implicated by these enhanced regulatory expectations.

Significant regulations and other factors relating to the Title IV programs that could adversely affect us include the following:

Congressional action. Congress must reauthorize the HEA on a periodic basis, usually every five to six years, and the most recent reauthorization through September 30, 2013, occurred in August 2008. The reauthorized HEA

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reauthorized all of the Title IV programs in which institutions participate but made numerous revisions to the requirements governing the Title IV programs, including provisions relating to student loan default rates and the formula for determining the maximum amount of revenue that institutions are permitted to derive from the Title IV programs. In addition, members of Congress periodically introduce legislation that would impact Title IV programs and the higher education industry generally. Because a significant percentage of our revenue is indirectly derived from the Title IV programs, any action by Congress that significantly reduces Title IV program funding or the ability of our university partners to participate in the Title IV programs could reduce the ability of some students to finance their education at our university partner institutions and materially decrease their student enrollment.

One Big Beautiful Bill Act

On July 4, 2025, President Trump signed the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA), which includes, among other things, amendments to portions of the Higher Education Act of 1965. Various portions of the bill have already gone through negotiated rulemaking (discussed later), and it is impossible to predict the outcome of those negotiations or the rulemaking process. OBBBA makes a variety of changes to federal student aid programs, including loan limits, accountability measures for programs based on low earning outcomes, loan repayment, Pell Grant eligibility, and regulatory changes.

OBBBA sets, effective July 2026, new annual and aggregate loan limits for graduate and professional students, with some limited grandfathering for current graduate and professional student borrowers. For graduate students who are not and have not been professional students, the new aggregate graduate loan limit is $100,000, irrespective of any undergraduate borrowing. With respect to graduate students who are or have been professional students, the aggregate graduate loan limit is $200,000 minus the amounts borrowed for the professional degree program. OBBBA also created a lifetime maximum aggregate amount for Title IV loans that a student may borrow of $257,500 (other than a loan made to the student as a parent borrower on behalf of a dependent student). OBBBA provides institutions the opportunity to limit the amount of loans a student may borrow in an academic year as long as any such limit is applied consistently to all students enrolled in such program of study. Additionally, OBBBA requires that the amount of loan funds available under a student’s annual loan eligibility must be reduced in direct proportion to the degree to which that student is not enrolled on a full-time basis during an academic year; ED plans to release a schedule of reductions for public comment later this year, which institutions will be required to use for students who enrolled less than full-time for academic years 2026-27 and beyond.

OBBBA creates the “Do No Harm” accountability framework, effective July 2026, that institutions must satisfy at the program level in order for students to continue to receive Federal Direct Loans for such programs. OBBBA requires that an undergraduate program become ineligible for Federal Direct Loans if, in two out of three consecutive years, the median earnings of a cohort of program completers are less than the median earnings of working adults aged 25-34 with only a high school diploma, either in the state where the institution is located or, if fewer than 50% of students at the institution reside in the institution’s state, the national average. OBBBA requires that a graduate or professional program become ineligible for Federal Direct Loans if, in two out of three consecutive years, the median earnings of a cohort of program completers are less than the median earnings of working adults aged 25–34 with only a bachelor’s degree. Comparator median earnings for graduate or professional programs will be calculated based on Bureau of the Census data for working adults aged 25-34 with only a bachelor’s degree, and will be the lesser of: (i) working adults in the same field of study in the state where the institution is located, (ii) working adults in the same field of study in the United States, or (iii) all working adults in the state where the institution is located. If fewer than 50% of students at the institution reside in the institution’s state, then the median earnings will be calculated based on the lesser of the national average for (i) all working adults or (ii) working adults in the same field of study. Both the undergraduate and graduate/professional accountability provisions apply to the cohort of students who completed the program four years prior, are working, are not enrolled at any institution, and who received Federal Direct Loan funds for enrollment in the program. If a cohort is less than 30 students, the Secretary of Education may aggregate additional years of programmatic data. If a program fails the earnings test for one year, institutions must notify students that the program is at risk of losing Federal Direct Loan eligibility. OBBBA requires that an institutional appeals process be established by the Secretary of Education, and a program’s Federal Direct Loan eligibility will continue during such appeal. Programs that lose eligibility under the accountability framework may reapply for eligibility after two years, consistent with requirements that will be established by the Secretary of Education. Based on data provided by the ED for students that graduated in 2015-2016, all of the programs that we provide services to our university partners passed this metric except GCU’s Masters in Mental and Social Health programs. GCU is currently analyzing the data related to these programs

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and it appears most universities that provide these programs online to working adult students fail this metric. This is a brief summary of the rule and does not cover all elements of the proposed rule.

Among other things related to loan repayment plans, OBBBA requires that for new loans issued on or after July 2026, borrowers choose between two plans: a Standard Repayment Plan (with fixed monthly payments and fixed terms ranging from 10-25 years) or a new Income-Based Repayment Assistance Plan (RAP). Current borrowers repaying loans under existing repayment options may, depending on the loan repayment type: (i) continue to repay under the selected plan or choose a new plan within a prescribed period; or (ii) be required to select from a limited set of plans as of a date certain. For example, borrowers currently on an Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR) plan must transition to a different plan by July 1, 2028. OBBBA also eliminates unemployment and economic hardship deferments for loans issued on or after July 1, 2027, and reduces the permitted forbearance period to 9 months per 24-month period. Additionally, borrowers will be permitted to rehabilitate defaulted loans twice beginning July 2027, rather than only once under the current rule.

Effective July 1, 2026, students with a Student Aid Index that equals or exceeds twice the maximum Pell Grant amount will be ineligible for Pell Grants. A student will also be ineligible for a Federal Pell Grant during any period for which the student receives grant aid from a non-federal source (including states, institutional aid, or private sources) in an amount that equals or exceeds the student’s cost of attendance. Additionally, OBBBA creates Workforce Pell Grants effective July 2026 for students enrolled in eligible workforce programs. Eligible workforce programs must meet a specific definition, including that they are accredited, short-term, career-focused programs (150 to 600 clock hours of instruction over 8 to 15 weeks), which prepare students to pursue one or more certificate or degree programs. In addition, they must be approved by the state governor, aligned with high-demand, high-skill or high-wage jobs, have at least 70% completion and job placement rates, and tuition must be less than the value-added earnings of graduates who received the Workforce Pell Grant. Workforce Pell Grants may not be combined with a regular Pell grant.

OBBBA amends the Higher Education Act to delay the effective date of the 2022 borrower defense to repayment rules, including the closed school discharge provisions, until July 1, 2035. The 2019 version of those rules, which took effect July 1, 2020, is instead reinstated.

Both negotiated rulemaking committees empaneled by ED to meet to consider regulations to implement provisions of OBBBA and related Trump administration priorities, have concluded work. The Company is unable to predict the outcomes of those processes or what guidance ED may issue regarding how schools are to implement the legislation.

Eligibility and certification procedures. Each institution must apply periodically to ED for continued certification to participate in the Title IV programs. Such recertification generally is required every six years, but may be required earlier, including when an institution undergoes a change in control. To the extent ED suspends, limits, modifies, conditions, or terminates any university partner institution’s eligibility to participate in the Title IV, including by disallowing the institution from adding new programs or terminating the institution from Title IV eligibility programs, that action is likely to have a negative impact on our business.

ED may also grant an institution the ability to participate in Title IV programs on a provisional basis while it completes its review of the institution’s application. For an institution that is certified on a provisional basis, ED may revoke the institution’s certification without advance notice or advance opportunity for the institution to challenge that action. For an institution that is certified on a month-to-month basis, ED may allow the institution’s certification to expire at the end of any month without advance notice, and without any formal procedure for review of such action. To our knowledge, either such action is very rare and has only occurred upon a determination that an institution is in substantial violation of material Title IV requirements. Our primary university partner, GCU, currently operates under a provisional program participation agreement that expires on June 30, 2026.

Administrative capability. ED regulations specify extensive criteria by which an institution must establish that it has the requisite “administrative capability” to participate in the Title IV programs. To meet the administrative capability standards, an institution must, among other things:

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comply with all applicable Title IV program requirements;

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have an adequate number of qualified personnel to administer the Title IV programs;

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have acceptable standards for measuring the satisfactory academic progress of its students;

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not have student loan cohort default rates above specified levels;

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have various procedures in place for awarding, disbursing and safeguarding Title IV funds and for maintaining required records;

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administer the Title IV programs with adequate checks and balances in its system of internal controls;

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not be, and not have any principal or affiliate who is, debarred or suspended from federal contracting or engaging in activity that is cause for debarment or suspension;

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provide financial aid counseling to its students;

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refer to ED’s Office of Inspector General any credible information indicating that any student, parent, employee, third-party servicer or other agent of the institution has engaged in any fraud or other illegal conduct involving the Title IV programs;

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submit all required reports and consolidated financial statements in a timely manner; and

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not otherwise appear to lack administrative capability.

As an education services company, we assist our university partners with some facets of these criteria. As such, we must be mindful of, and compliant with, the administrative capability requirements. If an institution fails to satisfy any of these criteria, ED may:

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require the institution to repay Title IV funds its students previously received;

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transfer the institution from the advance method of payment of Title IV funds to heightened cash monitoring status or the reimbursement system of payment;

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place the institution on provisional certification status; or

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commence a proceeding to impose a fine or to limit, suspend or terminate the institution’s participation in the Title IV programs.

Imposition of these sanctions on any of our university partners could have a negative impact on our ability to conduct our business.

Financial responsibility. The HEA and ED regulations establish extensive standards of financial responsibility that institutions must satisfy in order to participate in the Title IV programs. ED evaluates institutions for compliance with these standards on an annual basis based on the institution’s annual audited consolidated financial statements, as well as when the institution applies to ED to have its eligibility to participate in the Title IV programs recertified. The most significant financial responsibility standard is the institution’s composite score, which is derived from a formula established by ED based on three financial ratios:

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equity ratio, which measures the institution’s capital resources, financial viability and ability to borrow;

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primary reserve ratio, which measures the institution’s ability to support current operations from expendable resources; and

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net income ratio, which measures the institution’s ability to operate at a profit or within its means.

ED assigns a strength factor to the results of each of these ratios on a scale from negative 1.0 to positive 3.0, with negative 1.0 reflecting financial weakness and positive 3.0 reflecting financial strength. ED then assigns a weighting percentage to each ratio and adds the weighted scores for the three ratios together to produce a composite score for the institution. The composite score for an institution’s most recent fiscal year must be at least 1.5 for the institution to be deemed financially responsible without the need for further ED oversight. In addition to having an acceptable composite score, an institution must, among other things, provide the administrative resources necessary to comply with Title IV program requirements, meet all of its financial obligations, including required refunds to students and any Title IV liabilities and debts, be current in its debt payments, and not receive an adverse, qualified, or disclaimed opinion by its accountants in its audited consolidated financial statements.

As an education service company, we are not directly subject to this regulation. However, if ED were to determine that a university partner institution did not meet the financial responsibility standards due to a failure to meet the composite score or other financial responsibility factors, ED could impose a range of sanctions on the institution, such as requiring the institution to post a letter of credit, accept provisional certification (which would hamper the ability of the institution to add new programs), comply with additional ED monitoring requirements, agree to receive Title IV program funds under an arrangement other than ED’s standard advance funding arrangement, such as the reimbursement system of payment or heightened cash monitoring, and comply with or accept other limitations on the ability to increase the number of programs it offers or the number of students it enrolls, any of which sanctions on our university partners could also adversely affect our business. In addition, because other regulators may use the composite score for their

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purposes, a poor composite score could have additional effects. For example, NC-SARA utilizes an institution’s composite score in determining whether such institution is eligible to participate in SARA.

Based on the data derived from the audited financial statements of GCU as of each of June 30, 2025 and 2024, GCU’s composite score was 1.9 and 1.9, respectively, using the proprietary school calculation methodology. If GCU’s future composite scores do not exceed 1.5, ED could impose sanctions. If any such sanctions were imposed, it could have a negative impact on our ability to conduct our business.

Return of Title IV funds for students who withdraw. When a student who has received Title IV program funds withdraws from school, the institution must determine the amount of Title IV program funds the student has “earned” and then must return the unearned Title IV program funds (a “return to Title IV”) to the appropriate lender or ED in a timely manner, which is generally no later than 45 days after the date the institution determined that the student withdrew. If such payments are not timely made, the institution will be required to submit a letter of credit to ED equal to 25% of the Title IV funds that the institution should have returned for withdrawn students in its most recently completed fiscal year. Under ED regulations, the letter of credit requirement is triggered by late returns of Title IV program funds for 5% or more of the withdrawn students (and involving more than two student refunds) in the audit sample in the institution’s annual Title IV compliance audit for either of the institution’s two most recent fiscal years or in a ED program review.

Additionally, in January 2025, ED published new regulations, that became effective on July 1, 2026, related to a number of areas, including those concerning return to Title IV. The January 2025 final regulations include additional provisions that address, among other things, the determination and documentation of a student’s withdrawal date and related administrative and reporting requirements, including in certain modular and distance education contexts. These provisions may increase the administrative burden on institutions and heighten the risk of compliance findings. To the extent that we assist our university partners with return to Title IV processes, these changes may also increase our operational and compliance responsibilities.

The “90/10 Rule.” A requirement of the HEA, commonly referred to as the “90/10 Rule,” that is applicable only to proprietary, post-secondary educational institutions, provides that an institution loses its eligibility to participate in the Title IV programs if the institution derives more than 90% of its revenue for each of two consecutive fiscal years from Title IV program funds. For purposes of the 90/10 Rule, revenue is calculated under a complex regulatory formula that requires cash basis accounting and other adjustments to the calculation of an institution’s revenue under generally accepted accounting principles that appears in its consolidated financial statements. Under the 90/10 Rule, an institution becomes ineligible to participate in the Title IV programs as of the first day of the fiscal year following the second consecutive fiscal year in which it exceeds the 90% threshold, and its period of ineligibility extends for at least two consecutive fiscal years. If an institution exceeds the 90% threshold for two consecutive fiscal years and it and its students have received Title IV funds during the subsequent period of ineligibility, the institution will be required to return those Title IV funds to the applicable lender or ED. If an institution’s rate exceeds 90% for any single fiscal year, it will be placed on provisional certification for at least two fiscal years.

Based on new regulations that went into effect on January 1, 2023, the 90/10 Rule was modified to include tuition assistance programs offered by the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Veterans Administration as part of the 90% threshold, in addition to the Title IV programs already covered by the 90/10 Rule. This means that institutions subject to the 90/10 Rule will be required to limit the combined amount of Title IV funds and applicable “Federal funds” revenue in a fiscal year to no more than 90% in a fiscal year as calculated under the rule, and the change to the 90/10 Rule is thus expected to increase the 90/10 Rule calculations for institutions subject to the rule.

ED has issued updated interpretations regarding the classification of certain revenue for purposes of the 90/10 calculation, which may affect how proprietary institutions assess compliance with this requirement. Additionally, legislation has been introduced in both chambers of Congress that seeks to further modify the 90/10 Rule, including proposals to change the ratio requirement to 85/15 (federal to nonfederal revenue), or to eliminate the 90/10 Rule. We cannot predict whether or how legislative or regulatory changes will affect the 90/10 Rule.

On December 15, 2025, ED formally recognized GCU as a non-profit institution for purposes of its participation in Title IV programs. As a result, the 90/10 Rule no longer applies to GCU. However, we continue to monitor developments relating to the 90/10 Rule because any of our current or future university partners that are classified as proprietary institutions would remain subject to this requirement.

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Student loan defaults. Under the HEA, an educational institution may lose its eligibility to participate in some or all of the Title IV programs if defaults by its students on the repayment of their federal student loans exceed certain levels. For each federal fiscal year, ED calculates a rate of student defaults for each institution (known as a “cohort default rate”). The rate is calculated by determining the rate at which borrowers who became subject to their repayment obligation in one federal fiscal year default in that same year or by the end of the second year following the first federal fiscal year (known as the “three-year method”).

ED applies legal thresholds to measure an institution’s compliance. If ED notifies an institution that its cohort default rates exceeded 30%, for each of its three most recent federal fiscal years, the institution’s participation in the FDL Program and the Pell grant program would end 30 days after that notification, unless the institution appeals that determination in a timely manner on specified grounds and according to specified procedures. In addition, an institution’s participation in the FDL Program would end 30 days after notification by ED that its most recent cohort default rate, is greater than 40%, unless the institution timely appeals that determination on specified grounds and according to specified procedures. An institution whose participation ends under either of these provisions may not participate in the relevant programs for the remainder of the fiscal year in which the institution receives the notification or for the next two fiscal years. If an institution’s cohort default rate for any single federal fiscal year equals or exceeds 30%, ED may place the institution on provisional certification status.

While we cannot directly influence a university partner’s cohort default rates, and do not provide default rate management services, in the course of performing services for a university partner we would work to assist such university partner in ensuring that its cohort default rates do not present a compliance risk under this regulation. Nonetheless, if a university partner institution exceeded the threshold under the three-year method, the sanction imposed could have a negative impact on our ability to conduct our business. While GCU’s cohort default rates have historically been significantly below these levels, we cannot assure you that this will continue to be the case.

Incentive compensation rule. An institution that participates in the Title IV programs may not provide any commission, bonus, or other incentive payment based directly or indirectly on success in securing enrollments or financial aid to any person or entity engaged in any student recruitment, admissions, or financial aid awarding activity. Since we are involved in recruiting and admission activities on behalf of our university partners, under current regulations, we are prohibited from offering our covered employees, who are those employees involved with or responsible for recruiting or admissions activities, any bonus or incentive-based compensation based on the successful recruitment, admission or enrollment of students into a postsecondary institution. We are also precluded from offering our covered employees who work on financial aid matters (if any), any bonus or incentive-based compensation based on the award of financial aid to students enrolled in a postsecondary institution. ED normally does not approve incentive compensation plans but as part of the Qui Tam settlement, they reviewed and approved our compensation plan.

In addition, the incentive compensation rule raises the question as to whether companies like ours, as an entity, are prohibited from entering into tuition revenue-sharing arrangements with university partners. On March 17, 2011, ED issued official agency guidance, known as a “Dear Colleague Letter,” or a DCL, providing guidance on this point. The DCL states that “[t]he Department generally views payment based on the amount of tuition generated as an indirect payment of incentive compensation based on success in recruitment and therefore a prohibited basis upon which to measure the value of the services provided” and that “[t]his is true regardless of the manner in which the entity compensates its employees.” But the DCL also provides an important exception to the ban on tuition revenue-sharing arrangements between institutions and third parties. According to the DCL, ED does not consider payment based on the amount of tuition generated by an institution to violate the incentive compensation ban if the payment compensates an “unaffiliated third party” that provides a set of “bundled services” that includes recruitment services, such as those we provide. Example 2-B in the DCL is described as a “possible business model” developed “with the statutory mandate in mind.” Example 2-B describes the following as a possible business model:

“A third-party that is not affiliated with the institution it serves and is not affiliated with any other institution that provides educational services, provides bundled services to the institution including marketing, enrollment application assistance, recruitment services, course support for online delivery of courses, the provision of technology, placement services for internships, and student career counseling. The institution may pay the entity an amount based on tuition generated for the institution by the entity’s activities for all the bundled services that are offered and provided collectively, as long as the entity does not make prohibited compensation payments to its employees, and the institution does not pay the entity separately for student recruitment services provided by the entity.”

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The DCL guidance indicates that an arrangement that complies with Example 2-B will be deemed to be in compliance with the incentive compensation provisions of the HEA and ED’s regulations. Our business model and contractual arrangements with our university partners closely follow Example 2-B in the DCL. In addition, we assure that none of our “covered employees” is paid any bonus or other incentive compensation in violation of the rule.

Because the bundled services rule was promulgated in the form of agency guidance issued by ED in the form of a DCL and is not codified by statute or regulation, the rule could be altered or removed without prior notice, public comment period or other administrative procedural requirements that accompany formal agency rulemaking. Similarly, a court could invalidate the rule in an action involving our company or our university partners, or in action that does not involve us at all. The revision, removal or invalidation of the bundled services rule by Congress, ED or a court could require us to change our business model in ways that could be detrimental to our business.

Borrower Defense to Repayment regulations. Under the HEA and its implementing regulations, students may file a claim with ED to discharge their FDL Loans if, generally, they believe their institution misled them or engaged in other misconduct related to the making of their federal loans or the provision of their educational services. This is referred to as a “borrower defense to repayment” or “BDR” claim. The regulations governing the standards and processes pursuant to which BDR claims are adjudicated have been revised multiple times since their introduction in 1994, with the result that the current regulatory framework is extraordinarily complex. It is generally the case that an individual BDR claim would be adjudicated by an ED staff member and any subsequent recoupment process against the applicable institution initiated by ED would be overseen by a hearing official. But the specific standards and processes that apply vary depending on when the underlying loan was made, and certain versions of the law permit the formation of a group claims process by ED.

In November 2022, the Biden administration promulgated a revised version of the BDR rule, which took effect on July 1, 2023. In August 2023, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit issued a nationwide preliminary injunction, enjoining the implementation of the borrower defense and closed school provisions of that rule. While this case is pending, the previous versions of the borrower defense and closed school provisions are in effect. On April 4, 2024, the court issued further instructions to enjoin the rule and postpone the effective date of the regulation pending final judgment in the case. The injunction is effective until there is a final judgment in the case. The Department will not adjudicate any borrower defense applications under the rule subject to the injunction unless and until the injunction is lifted.

As described above, the OBBBA amends the Higher Education Act to delay the effective date of the 2022 borrower defense to repayment rules, including the closed school discharge provisions, until July 1, 2035. The 2019 version of those rules, which took effect July 1, 2020, is instead reinstated.

As of January 2026, the nationwide preliminary injunction appears to remain in effect, and, although ED noted that it would issue new regulations related to BDR to effectuate the requirements of OBBBA, it has not yet published the revised rulemaking. As a result of the August 7, 2023 nationwide injunction of the 2022 BDR regulations, ED announced that while it will not adjudicate any borrower defense applications under the 2022 Borrower Defense to Repayment Regulations unless and until the effective date is reinstated, it will continue to adjudicate applications under a prior version of the rule if required pursuant to a court ordered settlement. Institutions and third-party servicers continue to operate under earlier borrower defense standards, and the resolution of the pending litigation could result in changes to applicable requirements or enforcement approaches.

While the changes in the OBBBA clarify matters until July 1, 2035, litigation related to the various iterations of the BDR regulations, changes to the enforcement of these regulations, and the lack of adjudications in this area have made this area of the law difficult to predict. Nonetheless, if our university partners are determined to have violated this regulation there could be significant sanctions imposed, whether related to the recoupment of any loans extinguished by ED, the imposition of letters of credit, or other sanctions under the financial responsibility or administrative capability regulations (among others). This could put a financial strain on our university partners and negatively affect our business. Also, if we were determined to have been the cause of the meritorious BDTR claim, our partners may have claims against us.

Note, the borrower defense to repayment regulations discussed herein were and are extensive and this does not attempt to discuss all the facets of any of the versions of these regulations. We cannot determine what effect, if any, these regulations may have on our university partners or on us.

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Compliance reviews. Our university partners institutions are subject to announced and unannounced compliance reviews and audits by various external agencies, including ED, its Office of Inspector General, state licensing agencies, the applicable state approving agencies for financial assistance to veterans, and accrediting commissions. As part of ED’s ongoing monitoring of institutions’ administration of the Title IV programs, the HEA also requires institutions to annually submit to ED a Title IV compliance audit conducted by an independent certified public accountant in accordance with applicable federal and ED audit standards. In addition, to enable ED to make a determination of an institution’s financial responsibility, each institution must annually submit audited financial statements prepared in accordance with ED regulations.

As a third-party servicer, not only are our university partners subject to reviews and audits that may require our involvement, but we are also subject to program reviews from ED and the Office of the Inspector General. Further, we also have an obligation to annually submit to ED a Title IV compliance audit conducted by an independent certified public accountant in accordance with applicable federal and ED audit standards.

Gainful employment rules. Under the HEA, proprietary schools are eligible to participate in Title IV programs in respect of educational programs that lead to “gainful employment in a recognized occupation,” with the limited exception of qualified programs leading to a bachelor’s degree in liberal arts. ED attempted to define this in a series of regulations from 2010 to 2016. On July 1, 2019, ED rescinded the previously enacted gainful employment regulations.

Then in 2023, ED published new Financial Value Transparency and Gainful Employment (“FVT/GE”) regulations, which became effective July 1, 2024. These regulations establish rules for annually evaluating GCU’s educational programs based on the calculation of debt-to-earnings rates (an annual debt-to-earnings rate and a discretionary debt-to-earnings rate) and a median earnings measure. ED will calculate these rates and measures under complex regulatory formulas outlined in the regulations and using data such as student debt (including not only Title IV loans but also certain private loans and extensions of credit), student earnings data, and comparative median earnings data for young working adults with only a high school diploma or GED. If GCU’s programs were to yield debt-to-earnings rates or a median earnings measure that do not comply with regulatory benchmarks for two of three consecutive years, they would lose Title IV eligibility for each of the impacted educational programs. The regulations will also require institutions to provide warnings to current and prospective students for programs in danger of losing Title IV eligibility (which could deter prospective students from enrolling and current students from continuing their respective programs). The regulations also include provisions for providing certifications and reporting data to ED and providing required student disclosures related to gainful employment. During 2025, ED implemented the initial phases of the FVT/GE regulatory framework, including institutional review and verification of FVT/GE Completers Lists and required program-level data reporting. These implementation activities required institutions to review, verify, and report detailed program-level data and may indirectly influence program eligibility, reporting obligations, and enrollment dynamics at the institutions we serve.

On January 9, 2026, the Accountability in Higher Education and Access through Demand-driven Workforce Pell (AHEAD) Committee empaneled by ED to implement the “Do No Harm” accountability framework in the OBBBA came to consensus on regulatory language that would replace FVT/GE framework with a new earnings premium test. It is unclear when the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking will be published, but if the final rule is published on or before November 1, 2026, the new test will become effective on July 1, 2027 (unless designated for early implementation by ED). Below is a brief summary of the rule and does not cover all elements of the rule. This test would apply to all programs at all schools regardless of tax status. In short, the test would compare a program's graduates' median earnings (4 years after completion) to state/national benchmarks (median earnings of working high school graduates for undergraduate students; bachelor’s graduates for graduate programs) to ensure a positive financial return on investment. Programs failing this test for two out of three years risk losing eligibility for federal loans. Based on data provided by the ED for students that graduated in 2015-2016 all of the programs that we provide services to our university partners passed this metric except, GCU’s Master’s in Mental and Social Health program. GCU is currently analyzing the data related to these programs and it appears most universities that provide these programs online to working adult students fail this metric.

The regulations include measures that will be based in part on data that is not readily accessible to us or our university partners, which makes it difficult for us to predict with certainty how our partners’ educational programs will perform under the new benchmarks and the extent to which certain programs could become ineligible for Title IV loans. ED released performance data at the time it published the proposed regulations that calculates rates for each school’s programs while acknowledging that the methodology used to produce the calculations differs from the

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methodology in the proposed regulations due to limitations in data availability. Because neither we nor our partners have access to all of the data that will ultimately be used to evaluate our partners’ programs, we cannot predict whether, or the extent to which, any program could fail to comply with the new benchmarks. Moreover, our university partners do not have control over the factors that could impact the rates and measures for their programs which will limit their ability to eliminate or mitigate the impact of the regulations on their educational programs. As such, we cannot at this time determine which programs from our partners are at risk of failing and, consequently, losing eligibility to disburse Title IV loans.

We have not fully evaluated these proposed regulations and cannot yet determine what effect, if any, these regulations may have on our university partners or on us.

Substantial misrepresentation. The HEA prohibits an institution that participates in Title IV programs from engaging in “substantial misrepresentation” of the nature of its educational program, its financial charges, or the employability of its graduates. ED has defined a misrepresentation as any statement made by the institution or a third party that provides educational programs, marketing, advertising, recruiting, or admissions services to the institution that is false, erroneous or has the likelihood or tendency to deceive. A substantial misrepresentation is any misrepresentation on which the person to whom it was made could reasonably be expected to rely, or has reasonably relied, to that person’s detriment.

The regulation also covers statements made by any representative of an institution, including agents, employees and subcontractors, and statements made directly or indirectly to any third party, including state agencies, government officials or the public, and not just to students or prospective students. Therefore, we are subject to this regulation.

Considering the breadth of the definition of “substantial misrepresentation,” it is possible that despite our efforts to prevent such misrepresentations, our employees or contractors may make statements that could be construed as substantial misrepresentations for which our university partners would be held responsible by ED. We and our employees and subcontractors, as agents of our university partners, must use a high degree of care to comply with such rules and are prohibited by contract from making any false, erroneous or misleading statements about our university partners. To avoid an issue under the misrepresentation rule and similar rules, we assure that all marketing materials are approved in advance by our university partners before they are used by our employees and subcontractors in their conversations with students and prospective students. Additionally, matters regarding substantial misrepresentation, and defining what constitutes “aggressive recruiting,” are currently the subject of negotiated rulemaking. While we are watching this process closely, we cannot determine what the outcome will be or the effect of these regulations on our university partners or on GCE.

Despite our best efforts, we or our university partners may face complaints from our university partners’ students and prospective students over statements made by us and our agents throughout the conduct of our services that would expose our university partners, and derivatively us, to increased risk of enforcement action and applicable sanctions or other penalties and increased risk of private qui tam actions under the Federal False Claims Act. Also, if ED determines that an institution (including its contractors) has engaged in substantial misrepresentation, ED may revoke an institution’s program participation agreement, impose limitations on the institution’s participation in Title IV programs, deny applications from the institution for approval of new programs or locations or other matters, or initiate proceedings to fine the institution or limit, suspend, or terminate its eligibility to participate in Title IV programs.

Similar rules apply under state laws or are incorporated in institutional accreditation standards, and the FTC applies similar rules prohibiting any unfair or deceptive marketing practices to the education sector. In October 2021, the FTC announced that it was resurrecting its Penalty Offense Authority under Section 5(m) of the FTC Act. Under the FTC Act, the FTC may secure penalties against entities not a party to an original proceeding if the FTC can show that the entity had actual knowledge that the conduct in question was found to be unfair or deceptive. Entities that have actual knowledge of acts or practices the FTC has found to be unlawful and that subsequently engage in such unlawful acts or practices may be held liable for civil penalties up to $50,120 per violation.

If ED or another regulator determines that statements made by us or on our behalf are in violation of the regulations, we could be subject to sanctions and other liability, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Negotiated rulemaking. ED periodically issues new regulations and guidance that can have an adverse effect on our partner institutions. ED has changed its regulations, and may make other changes in the future, in a manner

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which could require us to incur additional costs in connection with providing the services that we provide our university partners affect their ability to remain eligible to participate in the Title IV programs, impose restrictions on their participation in the Title IV programs, affect the rate at which students enroll in our partners’ programs, or otherwise have a significant impact on our business and results of operations. We cannot predict with certainty the ultimate combined impact of the regulatory changes which have occurred in recent years, nor can we predict the effect of future legislative or regulatory action by federal, state or other agencies regulating our operations or those of our university partners, how any resulting regulations will be interpreted or whether we and our university partner institutions will be able to comply with these requirements in the future. Any such actions by legislative or regulatory bodies that affect our operations or those of our university partners could have a material adverse effect on our business and that of university partner institutions.

ED engaged in two negotiated rulemakings stemming from the OBBBA, both of which reached consensus. The “Reimagining and Improving Student Education” (RISE) Committee implemented the new loan limits imposed by Congress in OBBBA (and discussed earlier). The AHEAD Committee (also discussed earlier) implemented the new accountability framework. We have not fully evaluated these proposed regulations and cannot yet determine what effect, if any, these regulations may have on our university partners or on us.

Regulatory Standards that May Restrict Institutional Expansion or Other Changes

Many actions that our university partners may wish to take in connection with expanding their operations or other changes are subject to review or approval by the applicable regulatory agencies. For example, requirements and standards of state post-secondary agencies, accrediting commissions, and ED limit an institution’s ability in certain instances to establish additional teaching locations, implement new educational programs, or increase enrollment in certain programs. Many states require review and approval before institutions can add new locations or programs, and many states limit the number of pre-licensure professional students (such as nursing) colleges may enroll. Similarly, accrediting agencies (institutional and programmatic) generally require institutions to notify them in advance of adding new locations or implementing new programs, and upon notification may undertake a review of the quality of the facility or the program and the financial, academic, and other qualifications of the institution.

With respect to ED, if an institution participating in the Title IV programs plans to add a new location or educational program, the institution must generally apply to ED to have the additional location or educational program designated as within the scope of the institution’s Title IV eligibility. Institutions that are fully certified to participate in the Title IV programs are not required to obtain ED’s approval of additional programs that lead to a bachelor’s, professional, or graduate degree at the same degree level as programs previously approved by ED. GCU, because it is currently certified to participate in the Title IV programs on a provisional basis, is required to obtain ED approval for new programs, which requirement could impede GCU’s ability to introduce new programs and slow its growth.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

There are many factors that affect our business, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows as well as the market price for our securities. The following is a description of important factors that may cause our actual results of operations in future periods to differ materially from those currently expected or discussed in forward-looking statements set forth in this Annual Report. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we may currently deem immaterial also may impair our business operations. Forward-looking statements and such risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Annual Report, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based, except to the extent otherwise required by law. See “Forward-Looking Statements.” These risk factors should be read in conjunction with other information set forth in this Annual Report, including Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and Item 8, Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, including the related Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Although we currently provide services to 20 university partners across the United States, GCU is, and will for the foreseeable future remain, our most significant university partner. Accordingly, the risk factors set forth below also include risks attributable to GCU’s operations, which could materially affect us.

Risk Factor Summary

The following is a summary of the material risk factors that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results:

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We earn a large percentage of our revenue through our contractual relationship as a service provider to GCU, and a decline in GCU’s enrollment could significantly reduce our revenue and impact our overall financial performance.

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GCU’s board of trustees and management have fiduciary and other duties that require them to focus on the best interests of GCU and, over time, those interests could diverge from those of GCE.

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Our Chief Executive Officer’s role as President of GCU may adversely affect his ability to run GCE.

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If we are determined to have paid improper incentive compensation to our covered employees, or tuition sharing arrangements are deemed to violate the incentive compensation regulations, our business will be impaired.

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Our success depends, in part, on our ability to recruit new students to enroll with our university partners.

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A decline in the overall growth of enrollment in post-secondary institutions, or in the number of students seeking degrees online, could cause our university partner institutions to experience lower enrollment, which could negatively impact our future growth.

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We face competition from established and other emerging companies, which could divert university partners to our competitors, result in pricing pressure and significantly reduce our revenue.

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We are subject to laws and regulations as a result of our collection and use of personal information, and any violations of such laws or regulations, or any breach, theft, or loss of such information, could adversely affect our reputation and operations.

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We are required to comply with The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, or FERPA, and failure to do so could harm our reputation and negatively affect our business.

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Capacity constraints, system disruptions, or security breaches in our online computer networks and phone systems could have a material adverse effect on our university partners’ ability to attract and retain students, which may negatively impact our business.

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We may have difficulty integrating future acquisitions, which would reduce the anticipated benefits of those transactions.

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Our failure, or our university partners’ failure, to comply with the extensive regulatory requirements governing institutions of higher education could result in financial penalties, restrictions on our operations or growth, or loss of external financial aid funding for our university partners’ students.

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Rulemaking by ED could materially and adversely affect our business.

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Recently published regulations could materially and adversely affect our business.

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If ED does not recertify a university partner institution to continue participating in the Title IV programs, the students we assist would lose their access to Title IV program funds, or a university partner institution could be recertified but be required to accept significant limitations as a condition of its continued participation in the Title IV programs.

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A university partner institution could lose the ability to participate in the Title IV programs if it fails to maintain its institutional accreditation, and our university partners’ student enrollments could decline if a university partner institution fails to maintain any of its accreditations or approvals.

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A university partner institution may lose eligibility to participate in the Title IV programs if its student loan default rates are too high.

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A finding by ED or other regulators that we or our university partner institutions misrepresented the nature of our university partner institutions’ educational programs could materially and adversely affect our business.

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A reduction in funding or new restrictions on eligibility for the Federal Pell Grant Program, or the elimination of subsidized Stafford loans, could make college less affordable for certain students at our university partner institutions, which could negatively impact our university partner institutions’ enrollments, and thus our revenue and results of operations.

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If our university partner institutions do not maintain state authorization, they may not operate or participate in the Title IV programs.

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Government agencies, regulatory agencies, and third parties may conduct compliance reviews, bring claims, or initiate litigation against us or our university partners based on alleged violations of the extensive regulatory requirements applicable to us and our university partners.

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The regulatory guidance governing third-party servicers imposes a number of requirements on our business and may expose us to liability for certain regulatory violations that are coextensive with our university partner institutions.

Risks Related to Our Relationship with GCU

We expect the revenue derived from our Master Services Agreement with GCU to account for a large percentage of our revenue for the foreseeable future. Any decline in reputation or changes in GCU policies that adversely affect its student enrollment and its overall financial and operating results, including as a result of adverse government actions taken against GCU, could materially impact us. Furthermore, GCU has the right to terminate the Master Services Agreement after July 1, 2025 upon at least eighteen (18) months prior written notice, and, upon the termination or expiration of the Master Services Agreement, GCU is not required to continue using us as the provider of the services thereunder. If GCU were to terminate or not renew its relationship with us, or if its enrollment were to materially decline for any reason, it could negatively affect our reputation and materially adversely impact our revenue and operating results.

GCU’s board of trustees and management have fiduciary and other duties that require them to focus on the best interests of GCU and, over time, those interests could diverge from those of GCE.

We believe that our relationship with GCU is and will remain strong. However, GCU has an independent board of trustees that, along with its management, have fiduciary and other duties that require them to focus on the best interests of GCU. Over time, and for various reasons, those interests could diverge from the interests of GCE. Should those interests diverge in a meaningful way, it could lead to changes in the relationship that would be adverse to us.

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Our Chief Executive Officer’s role as President of GCU may adversely affect his ability to run GCE.

Mr. Brian E. Mueller has served as the Chief Executive Officer of GCE since 2008, the Chairman of the Board of Directors since 2017 and the President of GCU since 2012. In connection with the Transaction, the Board of Directors of GCE and the board of trustees of GCU each independently determined that Mr. Mueller should retain those roles. Accordingly, Mr. Mueller serves as the Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer of GCE and as the President of GCU, although he is prohibited from serving on the board of trustees of GCU. In continuing to retain Mr. Mueller’s services, our Board of Directors and the board of trustees of GCU each recognize that Mr. Mueller’s dual role could raise conflict of interest issues. In this regard, at the time of the Transaction, GCU adopted governance provisions that prohibit Mr. Mueller from serving on the board of trustees of GCU. In addition, we and GCU also jointly imposed a structure, through GCU’s governance documents and through express provisions of the Master Services Agreement, which prevent Mr. Mueller from participating in day-to-day management of, or negotiations between GCE and GCU relating to, the Master Services Agreement. While we believe that these safeguards have worked well to date, and that Mr. Mueller’s role with GCE continues to be in the best interests of GCE and is stockholders, we remain alert to conflict issues on an ongoing basis. Any such conflicts, as well as any adverse impact that Mr. Mueller’s dual capacity could have on his ability to devote time, attention, and effort to GCE, could be detrimental to our business.

Other Risks Related to Our Business

An institution that participates in the Title IV programs may not provide any commission, bonus, or other incentive payment based directly or indirectly on success in securing enrollments or financial aid to any person or entity engaged in any student recruitment, admissions, or financial aid awarding activity. Since we are involved in recruiting and admissions activities, on behalf of our university partners, under current regulations, we are prohibited from offering our “covered employees,” who are generally those GCE employees involved with or responsible for recruiting or admissions activities on behalf of our university partners, any bonus or incentive-based compensation based on the successful recruitment, admission or enrollment of students into a postsecondary institution. We are also precluded from offering our covered employees that work on financial aid matters (if any), any bonus or incentive-based compensation based on the award of financial aid to students enrolled in a postsecondary institution. If it were determined that any of our compensation practices violated the incentive compensation law, we could experience an adverse outcome in pending litigation and be subject to substantial monetary liabilities, fines, and other sanctions, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations and could adversely affect our stock price. See Part 1, Item 3 – Litigation for a discussion of certain litigation matters to which we are a party.

In addition, the incentive compensation rule raises a question as to whether companies like ours, as an entity, are prohibited from entering into tuition revenue-sharing arrangements with university partners. On March 17, 2011, ED issued official agency guidance, known as a “Dear Colleague Letter,” or the DCL, providing guidance on this point. The DCL states that “[t]he Department generally views payment based on the amount of tuition generated as an indirect payment of incentive compensation based on success in recruitment and therefore a prohibited basis upon which to measure the value of the services provided” and that “[t]his is true regardless of the manner in which the entity compensates its employees.” But the DCL also provides an important exception to the ban on tuition revenue-sharing arrangements between institutions and third parties. According to the DCL, ED does not consider payment to a third-party service provider based on the amount of tuition generated by an institution to violate the incentive compensation ban if the payment compensates an “unaffiliated third party” that provides a set of “bundled services” that includes recruitment services, such as those we provide. Example 2-B in the DCL is described as a “possible business model” developed “with the statutory mandate in mind.” Example 2-B describes the following as a possible business model:

“A third party that is not affiliated with the institution it serves and is not affiliated with any other institution that provides educational services, provides bundled services to the institution including marketing, enrollment application assistance, recruitment services, course support for online delivery of courses, the provision of technology, placement services for internships, and student career counseling. The institution may pay the entity an amount based on tuition generated for the institution by the entity’s activities for all the bundled services that are offered and provided collectively, as long as the entity does not make prohibited compensation

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payments to its employees, and the institution does not pay the entity separately for student recruitment services provided by the entity.”

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to recruit new students to enroll with our university partners.

Building awareness of our university partner institutions, and the programs they offer, is critical to our ability to attract prospective students to those institutions. It is also critical to our success that we convert prospective students to enrolled students in a cost-effective manner and that these enrolled students remain active in the programs of our university partner institutions. The tightness of the job market has historically had an impact on our ability to successfully recruit new students especially for students considering re-careering into a different field. Historically the percentage of students we recruited who were re-careering was low but with the increase in university partners and off-campus classroom and laboratory sites and the growth in new online licensure programs by GCU, the number of students we recruit who are re-careering is growing. Therefore, changes in the job market will impact our ability to recruit students. Some of the other factors that could prevent us from successfully recruiting, enrolling, and retaining students in those programs include:

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the reduced availability of, or higher interest rates and other costs associated with, Title IV loan funds or other sources of financial aid;

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the emergence of more successful competitors;

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factors related to our marketing, including the costs and effectiveness of Internet advertising and broad-based branding campaigns and recruiting efforts;

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performance problems with our online systems;

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failure of our university partner institutions to maintain institutional and specialized accreditations;

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the requirements of the education agencies that regulate our university partner institutions which could restrict their initiation of new programs and modification of existing programs;

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the requirements of the education agencies that regulate our university partner institutions which restrict the ways schools can compensate persons involved in their recruiting activities;

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increased regulation of online education, including in states in which our university partner institutions do not have a physical presence;

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restrictions that may be imposed on graduates of online programs that seek certification or licensure in certain states;

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student dissatisfaction with our services and programs;

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lack of employment opportunities for graduates of our university partners in fields related to their educational programs:

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damage to our reputation, or to the reputations of our university partners or other adverse effects as a result of negative publicity in the media, in industry or governmental reports, or otherwise, affecting us or other companies in the post-secondary education sector;

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competitors with lower priced programs;

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a decline in the overall growth of enrollment in post-secondary institutions;

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a decrease in or perceived low student passage rates for professional licenses and other examinations necessary for students to work in their chosen fields post-graduation;

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an inability of our university partners’ to recruit, train and retain quality faculty members;

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a decline in the acceptance of online education; and

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a decrease in the perceived or actual economic benefits that students derive from the programs offered by any university partner institution.

If we are unable to continue to develop awareness of the programs of our university partners, and to provide services to successfully recruit, enroll, and retain students on their behalf, enrollments at our university partners would suffer and our ability to increase revenues and maintain profitability would be significantly impaired.

Macroeconomic conditions and aversion to debt could adversely affect the ability of our university partner institutions to recruit new students and adversely affect our business.

Enrollment in our university partner institutions is affected by changes in economic conditions. Affordability concerns associated with increased living expenses, relocation expenses and the availability of jobs for students attending classes have made it more challenging for our university partner institutions to attract and retain students. Additionally, adverse market conditions could negatively impact the ability of borrowers to borrow the necessary student loans at an acceptable interest rate, which could lead to a decrease in student enrollment in certain cases. If our university partner institutions are unable to attract and maintain students due to unfavorable macroeconomic conditions it could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our failure to keep pace with changing market needs and technology could harm our ability to meet the needs of our university partner institutions.

We have invested significant resources to develop and implement features that enhance the online classroom experience, such as delivering course content through streaming video, simulations, and other interactive enhancements as well as technology to meet the back-office support needs of our university partners institutions’ students. Our information technology systems and tools could become impaired or obsolete due to our action or failure to act. For instance, we could install new information technology without accurately assessing its costs or benefits, or we could experience delayed or ineffective implementation of new information technology. We also could fail to respond in a timely manner to future technological developments in our industry. Should our actions or failure to act impair or render our information technology less effective, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

In addition, our university partners have in the past, and will in the future, create additional programs to meet the needs of current and prospective students or the employers of their graduates. Even if our university partners are able to develop acceptable new programs that meet market demands, establishing or modifying such programs requires us and our university partners to make investments, incur market expenses and allocate extensive resources. If we and our university partners are unable to do so in a cost-effective manner or are unable to otherwise effectively manage the operations of such programs, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Based on industry analyses, enrollment growth in degree-granting, post-secondary institutions is slowing and the number of high school graduates that are eligible to enroll in degree-granting, post-secondary institutions is expected to continue to decrease over the next few years. In order to maintain current growth rates, we will need to attract a larger percentage of students in existing markets to our university partner institutions and work with our university partner institutions to create new academic programs to attract those students. In addition, if job growth in the fields related to our university partners’ core disciplines is weaker than expected, as a result of any regional or national economic downturn or otherwise, fewer students may seek the types of degrees that our university partners offer. Our failure to attract new students for our university partners, or the decisions by prospective students to seek degrees in disciplines not offered by our university partners, would have an adverse impact on our future growth.

We face competition from established and other emerging companies, which could divert university partners to our competitors, result in pricing pressure and significantly reduce our revenue.

We expect existing competitors and new entrants to the educational services market to revise and improve their business models constantly in response to challenges from competing businesses, including ours.

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Our primary competitors have historically included EmbanetCompass (formerly owned by Pearson) and Wiley Education Services. There are also several new and existing vendors providing some or all of the services we provide to other segments of the education market, and these vendors may pursue the institutions we target. In addition, colleges and universities may choose to continue using or to develop their own solutions in-house, rather than pay for our solutions.

Increased competition may result in changes in the revenue share percentage we are able to negotiate to receive from a university partner. The competitive landscape may also result in longer and more complex sales cycles with prospective university partners, which would negatively affect our ability to add additional university partners and thus our ability to grow our business.

A number of competitive factors could cause us to lose potential university partner opportunities or force us to offer our solutions on less favorable economic terms, including:

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competitors may develop service offerings that our potential university partners find to be more compelling than ours;

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competitors may adopt more aggressive pricing policies and offer more attractive sales terms, adapt more quickly to new technologies and changes in university partner and student requirements, and devote greater resources to the acquisition of qualified students than we can; and

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current and potential competitors may establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties to enhance their products and expand their markets, and our industry is likely to see an increasing number of new entrants and increased consolidation. Accordingly, new competitors or alliances among competitors may emerge and rapidly acquire significant market share.

We may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors. In addition, competition may intensify as our competitors raise additional capital and as established companies in other market segments or geographic markets expand into our market segments or geographic markets. If we cannot compete successfully against our competitors, our ability to grow our business could be impaired.

Artificial intelligence is an emerging area of technology that has and may further impact various aspects of our business operations and that of our university partners, and we may not be successful in our artificial intelligence initiatives, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results.

We have made, and expect to continue making, investments in the integration of AI into our platforms, products, and services. While we expect our use of AI to help grow our business and benefit our university partners, the use of AI presents various risks, challenges, and potential unintended consequences that could disrupt our ability to effectively integrate and leverage these technologies and it is not certain that we will realize our desired or anticipated benefits. The process of refining and expanding AI-driven offerings may involve significant costs, and there can be no assurance that our efforts will ultimately succeed.

Additionally, competitors may develop more effective or efficient AI solutions, potentially undermining our competitive position. The regulatory environment surrounding AI is still in development, and new laws or regulations could emerge that require substantial adjustments to our business practices. These changes could impose unexpected costs or operational disruptions, and the full scope and impact of such regulatory developments remain uncertain. AI technologies also carry the risk of generating content that is or is alleged to be deficient, biased, factually incorrect or infringing on third-party intellectual property rights, which may in turn make us subject to private lawsuits, regulatory scrutiny, or reputational harm. Furthermore, the use of AI may result in incidents that compromise the confidentiality of data, including personal data. If we suffer adverse consequences due to any of these factors, it could in turn have a material adverse effect on our reputation, financial performance, and operations.

We are subject to rapidly changing laws and regulations relating to privacy and data security as a result of our collection and use of personal information, and any failure to comply with such laws or regulations could lead to government enforcement actions or private litigation or adversely affect our reputation and operations.

Possession and use of personal information in our operations subjects us to risks and costs that could harm our business. We collect, use, and retain large amounts of personal information regarding our primary university partner’s applicants and students, including social security numbers, tax return information, personal and family financial data, and credit card numbers. We also collect and maintain personal information of our employees in the ordinary course of

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our business. Our services can be accessed globally through the Internet. Therefore, we may be subject to the application of national privacy laws in countries outside the U.S. from which applicants and students access our services. Such privacy laws could impose conditions that limit the way we market and provide our services.

Possession and use of personal information in our operations subjects us to legislative and regulatory burdens that could require us to implement certain policies and procedures, such as the procedures we adopted to comply with the Red Flags Rule that was promulgated by the FTC under the federal Fair Credit Reporting Act and that requires the establishment of guidelines and policies regarding identity theft related to student credit accounts, and could require us to make certain notifications of data breaches and restrict our use of personal information. Similarly, California passed the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) in 2018 (which went into effect in 2020), and there are similar bills that have been passed or are pending in a number of other states, as well. These state laws represent a trend toward stronger privacy protections and greater data transparency in the United States. Currently, federal law legislates privacy on an industry-by-industry basis. Without an overarching federal law driving privacy compliance, the risk is high of a patchwork of privacy legislation formed by individual state laws, similar to the states’ approach to breach notification obligations. This could not only increase costs for compliance but also raise the risk of enforcement by individual state Attorneys General. A violation of any laws or regulations relating to the collection or use of personal information, including the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act’s Safeguards Rule, could result in the imposition of fines against us. Moreover, ED has published extensive requirements for the protection of student data and has indicated such requirements may be strengthened in the future.

In addition, we may in the future be subject to litigation under state and federal privacy and data security laws and regulations by governmental authorities and private litigants, including class actions, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We face risks of cyber and other security incidents, which can impact our business, result in harm to our operations, and require costly remediation measures.

We and our university partners face an ever-increasing number of cybersecurity threats from a broad range of threat actors. These threats can result in security incidents, including hacking and data breaches, which may be caused by intentional or unintentional actions by our employees, contractors, consultants, students or other third parties, including cyber-attacks by malicious threat actors. Security incidents may take the form of unauthorized activity and access, phishing or spoofing, malicious penetration, system viruses, malicious code, malware, ransomware, denial of service attacks and other organized cyber-attacks that seek to exploit vulnerabilities and threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information.

We have in the past, and may in the future, be subject to such cyber-security incidents. Incidents may occur as a single instance, or may occur over an extended period of time without detection. Our computer networks and the networks of certain of our vendors that hold and manage confidential information on our behalf may be vulnerable to unauthorized access, employee theft or misuse, computer hackers, computer viruses, and other security threats. Confidential information may also inadvertently become available to third parties when we integrate systems or migrate data to our servers in connection with periodic hardware or software upgrades.

Due to the sensitive nature of the personal information stored on our servers, our networks may be targeted by hackers seeking to access this data. A user who circumvents security measures could misappropriate sensitive information or cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations. Although we use security and business controls to limit access and use of personal information, a third party may be able to circumvent those security and business controls, which could result in a breach of student or employee data and privacy. In addition, errors in the storage, use, or transmission of personal information could result in a breach of privacy for current or prospective students or employees. The increased use of mobile devices by our employees, and the employees and students of our university partners, increases the risk of Information Technology (“IT”) threats and vulnerabilities, such as those involving unsecure networks, as well as unintentional disclosure of personal information, such as through the theft of a mobile device, which can lead to a security incident and/or data breach.

Additionally, personnel or students of our university partners, or our employees or independent contractors, could use our online learning platform to store or process regulated personal information without our knowledge. In the event that our systems experience a data security incident, or an individual or entity accesses information without, or in excess of, proper authorization, we could be subject to data security incident notification laws, which may require prompt remediation and notification to individuals. If we are unaware of the data and information stored on our systems,

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we may be unable to appropriately comply with all legal obligations, and we may be exposed to governmental enforcement or prosecution actions, private litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity that could harm our reputation and business. As a result, we may be required to expend significant resources to protect against the threat of these security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by these breaches. A major breach, theft, or loss of personal information regarding our university partners’ students and their families or our employees that is held by us or our vendors, or a violation of laws or regulations relating to the same, could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and result in further regulation and oversight by federal and state authorities and increased costs of compliance.

We are required to comply with The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, or FERPA, and failure to do so could harm our reputation and negatively affect our business.

FERPA generally prohibits an institution of higher education participating in Title IV programs from disclosing personally identifiable information from a student’s education records without the student’s consent. Our university partners and their students disclose to us certain information that originates from or comprises a student education record under FERPA. As an entity that provides services to institutions participating in Title IV programs, we are indirectly subject to FERPA, and we may not transfer or otherwise disclose any personally identifiable information from a student record to another party other than in a manner permitted under the statute. If we violate FERPA, it could result in a material breach of our contract with one or more of our university partners and could harm our reputation. Further, in the event that we disclose student information in violation of FERPA, ED could require a university partner to suspend our access to their student information for at least five years, which would significantly and adversely impact our ability to provide our contracted services.

Capacity constraints, system disruptions, or security breaches in our online computer networks and phone systems could have a material adverse effect on our ability to attract and retain students.

The performance and reliability of the infrastructure of our computer networks and phone systems, including the online programs of our university partners, is critical to our operations, our reputation and our ability to attract and retain students on our university partners’ behalf. Any computer system disruption or failure, or a sudden and significant increase in traffic on the servers that host our online operations, may result in the online courses and programs being unavailable for a period of time. In addition, any significant failure of our computer networks or servers, whether as a result of third-party actions or in connection with planned upgrades and conversions, could disrupt our operations. Individual, sustained, or repeated occurrences could significantly damage the reputation of our technology and services and result in a loss of potential or existing students of our university partner institutions. Additionally, our operations are vulnerable to interruption or malfunction due to events beyond our control, including natural disasters and network and telecommunications failures. Our computer networks may also be vulnerable to unauthorized access, computer hackers, computer viruses, malicious code, organized cyber-attacks and other security problems. A user who circumvents security measures could misappropriate proprietary information or cause interruptions to or malfunctions in operations. As a result, we may be required to expend significant resources to protect against the threat of these security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by these incidents. Any interruption to our operations could have a material adverse effect on our ability to attract students to our university partner’s programs and to retain those students.

We may have difficulty integrating future acquisitions, which would reduce the anticipated benefits of those transactions.

We intend to continually evaluate potential acquisitions of complementary businesses, products, services and technologies, including those that are significant in size and scope. The risks we may encounter in acquisitions include:

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if we incur significant debt to finance a future acquisition and our business does not perform as expected, we may have difficulty complying with debt covenants;

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if we use our stock to make a future acquisition, it will dilute existing stockholders;

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we may have difficulty integrating the operations and personnel of any acquired company;

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we may face the challenges and additional investments involved with integrating new products, services and technologies into our sales and marketing process associated with any acquired business;

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our ongoing business may be disrupted by transition and integration issues with any acquired business;

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the costs and complexity of integrating the internal information technology infrastructure of each acquired business with ours may be greater than expected and may require additional capital investments;

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we may be unable to achieve the financial and strategic goals for any acquired businesses;

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we may have difficulty in maintaining controls, procedures and policies during the transition and integration period following a future acquisition;

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our relationships with existing university partners could be adversely affected following an acquisition; and

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as successor we may be subject to certain liabilities of our acquisition targets.

Our failure to effectively integrate any future acquisition would materially limit the benefit of such transaction, including potential synergies or sales growth opportunities, in the time frame anticipated.

Risks Related to the Extensive Regulation of the Higher Education Industry

To participate in the Title IV programs, a school must be authorized by the appropriate state post-secondary agency or agencies, be accredited by an accrediting commission recognized by ED, and be certified as an eligible institution by ED. In addition, the operations and programs of our university partners, and any future university partners, are regulated by other state education agencies and additional specialized accrediting commissions. As a result of these requirements, we are subject to extensive regulation from state entities, institutional accrediting commissions, specialized accrediting commissions, and ED. These regulatory requirements cover many of our operations, as well as the operations of our university partners. These include regulations related to educational programs, instructional and administrative staff, administrative procedures, marketing, recruiting, financial operations, and financial condition of any university partner. These regulatory requirements also affect our ability to assist university partner institutions with adding new educational programs and changing existing educational programs. The agencies that regulate higher education periodically revise their requirements and modify their interpretations of existing requirements. Regulatory requirements are not always precise and clear, and regulatory agencies may sometimes disagree with the way we have (or any university partner has) interpreted or applied these requirements. Any misinterpretation of regulatory requirements could materially adversely affect us. If we fail, or any university partner institution fails, to comply with any of these regulatory requirements, we or any university partner could suffer financial penalties, limitations on operations, or other sanctions, each of which could materially adversely affect us. In addition, if we or any university partner are charged with regulatory violations, our reputation could be damaged, which could have a negative impact on our stock price and enrollments at university partner institutions. ED and other regulators have increased the frequency and severity of their enforcement actions against post-secondary schools, including our primary university partner. In some cases, these enforcement actions have resulted in material sanctions, loss of Title IV eligibility, or closure in schools. We cannot predict with certainty how all of these regulatory requirements will be applied, or whether we will be able to comply with all of the applicable requirements in the future.

Rulemaking by ED and Congressional legislation could materially and adversely affect our business.

Over the past few years, ED has regularly promulgated new regulations and guidance that impact our university partners and our business directly. These and other regulations and guidance documents, including those discussed above under “Regulation of our Education Services Business,” can increase our operating costs and, in some cases, change the manner in which we operate our business. In addition, because certain of these regulations have been vacated or blocked as a result of litigation challenging the regulations, there remains substantial uncertainty regarding their present or future effectiveness or enforcement. New or amended regulations in the future, particularly regulations focused on third-party service providers, could further negatively impact our business.

On July 4, 2025, President Trump signed the OBBBA, which makes a variety of changes to federal student aid programs, including loan limits, accountability measures for programs based on low earning outcomes, loan repayment, Pell Grant eligibility, and regulatory changes. As one example, OBBBA creates the “Do No Harm” accountability framework, effective July 2026, that institutions must satisfy at the program level in order for students to continue to receive Federal Direct Loans for such programs. Under this framework, OBBBA requires that an undergraduate program become ineligible for Federal Direct Loans if, in two out of three consecutive years, the median earnings of a cohort of program completers are less than the median earnings of working adults aged 25-34 with only a high school diploma, either in the state where the institution is located or, if fewer than 50% of students at the institution reside in the institution’s state, the national average. OBBBA requires that a graduate or professional program become ineligible for Federal Direct Loans if, in two out of three consecutive years, the median earnings of a cohort of program completers are

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less than the median earnings of working adults aged 25–34 with only a bachelor’s degree. Both the undergraduate and graduate/professional accountability provisions apply to the cohort of students who completed the program four years prior, are working, are not enrolled at any institution, and who received Federal Direct Loan funds for enrollment in the program. If a cohort is less than 30 students, the Secretary of Education may aggregate additional years of programmatic data. Based on data provided by the ED for students that graduated in 2015-2016, all of the programs that we provide services to our university partners passed this metric except GCU’s Masters in Mental and Social Health programs. GCU is currently analyzing the data related to these programs and it appears that most universities that provide these programs online to working adult students fail this metric. To the extent that these or any other programs offered by our university partners pursuant to our services agreements fail these metrics, then this would have an adverse effect on our university partners and thus an adverse effect on our business. We cannot predict with certainty how all of these regulatory requirements under the OBBBA will be applied or what their ultimate impact on our business will be.

Recently published regulations could materially and adversely affect our business.

In addition to other regulations discussed elsewhere (such as those related to the OBBBA), on July 1, 2024 new regulations became effective covering the areas of financial responsibility, administrative capability, certification standards and procedures, and ability to benefit.

Financial Responsibility: The final regulations include an expanded list of mandatory and discretionary triggering events that could result in ED determining that an institution lacks financial responsibility and must submit to ED a letter of credit or other form of acceptable financial protection and accept other conditions on the institution’s Title IV Program eligibility.

The final regulations, among other things, modify and substantially expand the number of triggers and, as a result, increase the likelihood that ED could impose a financial protection requirement and other conditions on our university partners. The final rules require the institution to notify ED of a triggering event and provide information demonstrating why the event does not warrant the submission of a letter of credit or imposition of other requirements. The final rules state that, if ED requires financial protection as a result of more than one mandatory or discretionary trigger, ED will require separate financial protection for each individual trigger, which could substantially increase the amount of financial protection we and other institutions could be required to provide to ED.

Examples of mandatory triggering events under the final rules include a lawsuit by a federal or state authority or a qui tam lawsuit in which the Federal government has intervened, where the suit has been pending for 120 days as measured under the regulation; an action where ED seeks to recover the cost of adjudicated claims in favor of borrowers under the borrower defense to repayment regulations and the claims would lower the institution’s composite score below 1.0; certain judgments, awards, or settlements in certain lawsuits, mediations, or administrative or arbitration proceedings; certain withdrawals of owner’s equity including by dividend; gainful employment issues; accreditor requirements to submit a teach-out plan for reasons related to financial concerns; certain actions taken against a publicly-traded company or failure to timely file certain annual or quarterly reports; 90/10 Rule issues; cohort default rate issues; contributions and distributions occurring near the fiscal year end that materially impact the composite score; certain defaults or other adverse events under a financing arrangement; or certain financial exigencies or receiverships.

Examples of discretionary triggering events under the final regulations include certain accrediting agency actions, certain accreditor events, fluctuations in Title IV volume, high annual dropout rates, indicators of significant change in the financial condition of the institution, the formation by ED of a group process to consider borrower defense claims against the institution, the institution’s discontinuation of education programs affecting at least 25 percent of enrolled students receiving Title IV funds, the institution’s closure of locations that enroll more than 25 percent of its students who receive Title IV funds, certain state licensing agency actions, the loss of institutional or program eligibility in another federal educational assistance program, a requirement to disclose in a public filing that the company is under investigation for possible violations of law, or if the institution is cited and faces loss of education assistance funds from another federal agency if it does not comply with agency requirements. The final regulations also established new rules for evaluating financial responsibility during a change in ownership.

Administrative Capability: ED assesses the administrative capability of each institution that participates in Title IV programs under a series of separate standards. Failure to satisfy any of the standards may lead ED to find the institution ineligible to participate in Title IV programs or to place the institution on provisional certification as a condition of its participation. The final rules add more standards related to topics such as the provision of adequate financial aid counseling and career services, ensuring the availability of clinical and externship opportunities, the

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disbursement of Title IV funds in a timely manner, compliance with high school diploma requirements, preventing substantial misrepresentations, complying with gainful employment requirements, and avoiding significant negative actions with a federal, state, or accrediting agency.

Certification Regulations: The final regulations expanded the grounds for placing institutions on provisional certification, expanded the types of conditions ED may impose on provisionally certified institutions, and expanded the number of requirements contained in the institution’s program participation agreement with ED (including, among other requirements, an obligation to comply with all state laws related to closure). The final regulations, allow ED to place institutions on provisional certification if, among other reasons, the institution does not meet financial responsibility factors or administrative capability standards, if the institution is required by ED to submit a letter of credit as a result of a mandatory or discretionary triggering event, or if ED deems the institution to be at risk of closure.

An institution that is provisionally certified receives fewer due process rights than those received by other institutions in the event ED takes certain adverse actions against the institution, is required to obtain prior ED approvals of new campuses and educational programs and may be subject to heightened scrutiny by ED. Provisional certification makes it easier for ED to revoke or decline to renew an institution’s Title IV eligibility without undergoing a formal administrative appeal process. The regulations also expand the conditions to which institutions must agree as part of their participation in the Title IV programs.

These final regulations also allow ED to determine whether to certify or impose conditions on an institution based on consideration of factors including, for example, the institution’s withdrawal rate, the amounts the institution spent on recruiting activities, advertising, and other pre-enrollment activities, and the passage rate for licensure exams for programs that are designed to meet the educational requirements for a professional license required for employment in an occupation.

These final regulations expand the types of conditions ED can impose on provisionally certified institutions including, for example, restrictions on the addition of new programs or locations; restrictions on the rate of growth or new enrollment of students or of Title IV volume; restrictions on the institution providing a teach-out on behalf of another institution; restrictions on the acquisition of another participating institution (including financial protection requirements); additional reporting requirements; limitations on entering into certain written arrangements with institutions or entities for providing part of an educational program, requirements to submit marketing and recruiting materials to ED for approval (if the institution is alleged or found to have engaged in substantial misrepresentations to students, engaged in aggressive recruiting practices, or violated incentive compensation rules); reporting requirements for institutions that received a government formal inquiry such as a subpoena related to its marketing or recruitment or its federal financial aid, and other potential conditions imposed by ED.

Additionally, in January 2025, ED published another set of regulations. The regulations include:

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A new definition of “distance education course” which provides that a course is considered a distance education course if all instruction occurs exclusively through distance education methods, as defined in existing regulations. This designation applies even if the course includes in-person, non-instructional activities sch as orientation, testing or academic support services;

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Technical changes to the TRIO programs that focus on providing services to individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds;

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Revisions to the return to Title IV process;

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A requirement that an institution is required to document a student’s withdrawal date within 14 days of the last date of attendance;

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Clarification regarding the academic progressions of students returning from a leave of absence from a clock-hour/non-term credit hour, subscription-based, and eligible prison education programs;

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Clarification related to programs offered in modules; and

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A requirement that institutions report student enrollment in distance education or correspondence courses.

These changes are effective July 1, 2026, except for the reporting requirements related to distance education and correspondence courses, which take effect on July 1, 2027.

We are still reviewing the final regulations and cannot predict the ultimate impact of the final regulations discussed above, but the final regulations do impose a broad range of additional requirements on institutions, which increases the possibility that our university partners could be subject to additional reporting requirements, potential

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liabilities and sanctions, and potential loss of Title IV eligibility if our efforts, or the efforts of our university partners, to modify operations to comply with the new regulations are unsuccessful, which could have a significant impact on our business and results of operations.

ED certification to participate in the Title IV programs lasts a maximum of six years, and institutions are thus required to seek recertification from ED on a regular basis in order to continue their participation in the Title IV programs. An institution must also apply for recertification by ED if it undergoes a change in control, as defined by ED regulations, and may be subject to similar review if it expands its operations or educational programs in certain ways. Certification can be granted on a full or provisional basis and, in instances where ED is reviewing an application for renewal but does not complete the review by the stated date of expiration, may be continued on a month-to-month basis until the review is complete.

For a school that is certified on a provisional basis, ED may revoke the institution’s certification without advance notice or advance opportunity for the institution to challenge that action. For a school that is certified on a month-to-month basis, ED may allow the institution’s certification to expire at the end of any month without advance notice, and without any formal procedures for review of such action. To our knowledge, such action is very rare and has only occurred upon a determination that an institution is in substantial violation of material Title IV requirements. Our primary university partner, GCU, currently operates under a provisional program participation agreement that expires on June 30, 2026.

There can be no assurance that ED will recertify any university partner institution or that it will not impose conditions or other restrictions on any university partner institution as a condition of approving any future recertification. If ED does not renew or withdraws certification to participate in the Title IV programs from any university partners, students at that institution would no longer be able to receive Title IV program funds. Alternatively, ED could renew a university partner institution’s certification, but restrict or delay students’ receipt of Title IV funds, limit the number of students to whom it can disburse such funds, or place other restrictions on the institution, or it could delay recertification after any university partners’ program participation agreement expires, in which case our university partner’s certification would continue on a month-to-month basis. Any of these outcomes could have a material adverse effect on our university partners’ enrollments and us.

An institution must be accredited by an accrediting commission recognized by ED in order to participate in the Title IV programs. Our primary university partner, GCU, has been regionally accredited by the HLC and its predecessor since 1968, most recently obtaining reaccreditation in 2017 for the ten-year period through 2027. Some of our other university partners are accredited by HLC while the others are accredited by different accrediting bodies that are likely to have standards that are different from those of the HLC. Accrediting bodies review the accredited status of institutions periodically (for example, the HLC reviews institutions every ten years, along with a mid-term report in year four).

If any university partner institution fails to satisfy the relevant accrediting standards, it could lose accreditation, which would cause a revocation of its eligibility to participate in the Title IV programs. This could cause a significant decline in student enrollments and could have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, many university partner institutions will have educational programs that are also accredited by specialized accrediting commissions or approved by specialized state agencies. If our university partner institutions fail to satisfy the standards of any of those specialized accrediting commissions or state agencies, the institution could lose the specialized accreditation or approval for the affected programs, which could result in materially reduced student enrollments in those programs and have a material adverse effect on us.

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A university partner institution may lose eligibility to participate in the Title IV programs if its student loan default rates are too high.

An institution may lose its eligibility to participate in some or all of the Title IV programs if, for three consecutive years, 30% or more of its students who were required to begin repayment on their student loans in one year default on their payment by the end of the second full year after such repayment start date. In addition, an institution may lose its eligibility to participate in some or all of the Title IV programs if the default rate of its students exceeds 40% for any single year. While GCU’s cohort default rates, for example, have historically been significantly below these levels, we cannot assure you that this will continue to be the case. Increases in interest rates or declines in income or job losses for students could contribute to higher default rates on student loans. In addition, while we will conduct appropriate diligence on new university partner institutions, we cannot guarantee that all university partner institutions will have a cohort default rate as low as GCU. Having a university partner exceed the student loan default rate thresholds and losing eligibility to participate in the Title IV programs would have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations. Any future changes in the formula for calculating student loan default rates, economic conditions, or other factors that cause default rates to increase, could materially adversely affect us.

If our university partner institutions do not meet specific financial responsibility standards established by ED, they may be required to post a letter of credit or accept other limitations in order to continue participating in the Title IV programs, or could lose eligibility to participate in the Title IV programs.

To participate in the Title IV programs, an institution must either satisfy specific quantitative standards of financial responsibility prescribed by ED or post a letter of credit in favor of ED and possibly accept operating restrictions as well. These financial responsibility tests are applied to each institution on an annual basis based on the institution’s audited consolidated financial statements, and may be applied at other times, such as if the institution undergoes a change in control. These tests may also be applied to an institution’s parent company or other related entity. As a service provider, we are not directly subject to this regulation. However, if ED were to determine that a university partner institution did not meet the financial responsibility standards due to a failure to meet the composite score or other financial responsibility factors, ED could impose a range of sanctions on the institution, such as requiring the institution to post a letter of credit, accept provisional certification (which would hamper the ability of the institution to add new programs), comply with additional ED monitoring requirements, agree to receive Title IV program funds under an arrangement other than ED’s standard advance funding arrangement, such as the reimbursement system of payment or heightened cash monitoring, and to comply with or accept other limitations on the ability to increase the number of programs offered by our university partner institutions or the number of students they enroll, any of which sanctions could have an adverse impact on our business. For example, GCU, calculated its composite score with respect to its fiscal years ending June 30, 2025 and 2024. As of June 30, 2025 and 2024, GCU’s composite score per GCU’s audited financial statements was 1.9 for both years, using the proprietary school calculation. If GCU’s future composite scores do not exceed 1.5, ED could impose sanctions. If any such sanctions were imposed on GCU or one of our other university partners, it could have a negative impact on our ability to conduct our business. In addition, if its composite score dropped low enough, it could cause GCU to be ineligible for participation in NC-SARA, which would require GCU to become authorized in numerous states in which it operates or has students.

In addition, there are a number of other financial responsibility standards with which institutions must comply, including those discussed above. See “Recently published regulations could materially and adversely affect our business”. The failure to comply with these standards could also result in the imposition of various sanctions, such as the imposition of letters of credit. If any such sanctions were imposed on GCU or one of our other university partners, it could have a negative impact on our ability to conduct our business.

If our university partner institutions do not comply with ED’s administrative capability standards, we could suffer harm.

To continue participating in the Title IV programs, an institution must demonstrate to ED that the institution is capable of adequately administering the Title IV programs under specific standards prescribed by ED. These administrative capability criteria require, among other things, that the institution have an adequate number of qualified personnel to administer the Title IV programs, have adequate procedures for disbursing and safeguarding Title IV funds and for maintaining records, submit all required reports and consolidated financial statements in a timely manner, and not have significant problems that affect the institution’s ability to administer the Title IV programs. As a service provider, we assist our university partners with some facets of these areas. As such, we must be mindful of, and

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compliant with, the administrative capability requirements. If our university partner institutions fail to satisfy any of these criteria, ED may assess financial penalties against such institutions, restrict the manner in which those institutions receive Title IV funds, require them to post a letter of credit, place them on provisional certification status, or limit or terminate participation in the Title IV programs, any of which could materially adversely affect us. These regulations were also recently revised, as discussed above, and there may be additional restrictions or requirements that may create additional hurdles to compliance or otherwise materially adversely affect us. As a third-party servicer, if we are the cause of the administrative deficiency, we may also face monetary sanctions and actions to limit, suspend, or terminate our ability to offer those and other services to institutions of higher education.

A finding by ED or other regulators that we or our university partner institutions misrepresented the nature of our partner institutions’ educational programs could materially and adversely affect our business.

The HEA prohibits an institution that participates in Title IV programs from engaging in “substantial misrepresentation” of the nature of its educational program, its financial charges, or the employability of its graduates. Under these rules, a misrepresentation is any statement made by the institution or a third party that provides educational programs, marketing, advertising, recruiting, or admissions services to the institution that is false, erroneous or has the likelihood or tendency to deceive or confuse. A substantial misrepresentation is any misrepresentation on which the person to whom it was made could reasonably be expected to rely, or has reasonably relied, to that person’s detriment. The regulation also covers statements made by any representative of an institution, including agents, employees and subcontractors, and statements made directly or indirectly to any third party, including state agencies, government officials or the public, and not just to students or prospective students. Considering the breadth of the definition of “substantial misrepresentation,” it is possible that despite our efforts to prevent such misrepresentations, our employees or contractors may make statements on behalf of our university partner institutions that could be construed as substantial misrepresentations for which our current and any future university partners would be held responsible by ED. We and our employees and subcontractors, as agents of our university partners, must use a high degree of care to comply with such rules and are prohibited by contract from making any false, erroneous or misleading statements about our university partners. To avoid an issue under the misrepresentation rule and similar rules, we assure that all marketing materials are approved in advance by our university partners before they are used by our employees and we carefully monitor our employees and subcontractors in their conversations with students and prospective students.

To the extent we are performing return to Title IV calculations for our university partner institutions, we are subject to sanctions if we fail to correctly calculate and timely return Title IV program funds for students who withdraw before completing their educational program.

A school participating in the Title IV programs must calculate the amount of unearned Title IV program funds that it has disbursed to students who withdraw from their educational programs before completing such programs and must return those unearned funds to the appropriate lender or ED in a timely manner, generally within 45 days of the date the school determines that the student has withdrawn. To the extent our services for a university partner include conducting returns to Title IV, as they do with our primary university partner, GCU, we would likely be jointly and severally liable to ED, along with the relevant university partner, for return of those funds. Further, we could be fined or otherwise sanctioned by ED, which could increase our cost of regulatory compliance and materially adversely affect us. Further, a failure to comply with these regulatory requirements could result in termination of our ability to continue providing these services to other university partner institutions, which would materially adversely affect us.

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The U.S. Congress must periodically reauthorize the HEA and annually determine the funding level for each Title IV program. In 2008, the HEA was reauthorized through September 30, 2013 by the Higher Education Opportunity Act. Changes to the HEA, including changes in eligibility and funding for Title IV programs, are likely to occur in subsequent reauthorizations, but we cannot predict the scope or substance of any such changes.

Any action by Congress that significantly reduces Title IV program funding, whether through across-the-board funding reductions, sequestration or otherwise, or materially impacts the eligibility of our university partner institutions or students to participate in Title IV programs would have a material adverse effect on our university partner institutions’ enrollment, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Congressional action could also require us to modify our practices in ways that could increase our administrative costs and reduce our operating income, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We cannot offer new programs for our university partners or expand university partner operations into certain states if such actions are not timely approved by the applicable regulatory agencies, and our university partners may have to repay Title IV funds disbursed to students enrolled in any such programs, schools, or states if they do not obtain prior approval.

Our expansion efforts include developing new educational programs for our university partners. If our university partner institutions are unable to obtain the necessary approvals for such new programs or operations, or if our university partner institutions are unable to obtain such approvals in a timely manner, our ability to consummate the planned actions and the ability of our university partner institutions to provide Title IV funds to any affected students would be impaired, which could have a material adverse effect on our expansion plans.

If our university partner institutions do not maintain state authorization, they may not operate or participate in the Title IV programs.

A school that grants degrees or certificates must be authorized by the relevant education agency of the state in which it is located. State authorization is also required for their students to be eligible to receive funding under the Title IV programs. To maintain their state authorization, our university partner institutions must continuously meet standards relating to, among other things, educational programs, facilities, instructional and administrative staff, marketing and recruitment, financial operations, addition of new locations and educational programs, and various operational and administrative procedures. If our university partner institutions fail to satisfy any of these standards, they could lose state authorization to offer educational programs, which would also cause them to lose eligibility to participate in the Title IV programs and have a material adverse effect on us.

In addition, almost every state imposes regulatory requirements on educational institutions that have physical facilities located within the state’s boundaries. Individual state laws establish standards in areas such as educational programs, facilities, instructional and administrative staff, marketing and recruitment, financial operations, addition of new locations and educational programs, and various operational and administrative procedures, some of which are different than the standards prescribed by other regulators. Several states have sought to assert jurisdiction over educational institutions offering online degree programs that have no physical location in the state but that have some activity in the state, such as enrolling or offering educational services to students who reside in the state, employing faculty who reside in the state, or advertising to or recruiting prospective students in the state.

State regulatory requirements for online education have historically varied among the states. To address this issue and to meet new ED requirements many schools have applied and have been approved to be approved institutional participants in SARA. SARA is an agreement among member states, districts and territories that establishes comparable national standards for interstate offering of post-secondary distance education courses and programs. It is intended to make it easier for students to take online courses offered by post-secondary institutions based in another state. SARA is overseen by a national council (NC-SARA) and administered by four regional education compacts. GCU, for example, is a member of SARA in Arizona (AZ-SARA), which is administered by the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (referred to as W-SARA). There is a yearly renewal for participating in NC-SARA and AZ-SARA and

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institutions must agree to meet certain requirements to participate. As of December 31, 2025, all states other than California are members of SARA.

Laws, regulations, or interpretations related to doing business over the Internet could also increase our cost of doing business and affect our ability to recruit students in particular states, which could, in turn, negatively affect enrollments and revenues and have a material adverse effect on our business. ED initiated a negotiated rulemaking process addressing state authorization which could have implicated SARA but published a notice in December 2024 terminating that negotiated rulemaking process. ED may revisit state authorization requirements through future rulemaking or other guidance, and any such changes could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Additionally, regulatory agencies may sometimes disagree with the way we have interpreted or applied these requirements. Any misinterpretation by us of these regulatory requirements or adverse changes in regulations or interpretations thereof by regulators could materially adversely affect us. If a university partner institution fails to comply with state licensing or authorization requirements for a state in which it operates, or fails to obtain licenses or authorizations when required, it could lose its state licensure or authorization by that state or be subject to other sanctions, including restrictions on its activities in, and fines and penalties imposed by, that state, as well as fines, penalties, and sanctions imposed by ED. The loss of licensure or authorization in a state other than a state in which a university partner institution is physically located could prohibit us from recruiting prospective students or assisting with offering educational services to current students in that state, which could significantly reduce enrollments.

Furthermore, our university partners must typically maintain a composite score of at least 1.5 to maintain their membership in SARA. Failure to maintain that score, and loss of eligibility for SARA, could result in the loss of the ability to offer online programs in various states unless the university partner is otherwise eligible to do so. This could greatly affect our ability to market our university partners’ online programs.

Because our university partner institutions operate in a highly regulated industry, they are subject to program reviews, audits, investigations, claims of non-compliance, and lawsuits by government agencies, regulatory agencies, students, employees, stockholders, and other third parties alleging non-compliance with applicable legal requirements, many of which are imprecise and subject to interpretation. Similarly, we could be subject to those same reviews. If the result of any such proceeding is unfavorable to our university partners, they may lose or have limitations imposed on their state licensing, accreditation, or Title IV program participation; be required to pay monetary damages (including triple damages in certain whistleblower suits); or be subject to fines, injunctions, or other penalties, any of which could have a material adverse effect on their business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations. Claims and lawsuits, and other regulatory actions, brought or taken against us or our university partners, even if they are without merit, may also result in adverse publicity, negatively affect the market price of our stock, adversely affect student enrollments, and reduce the willingness of third parties to do business with us. Even if we or our university partners adequately address the issues raised by any such proceeding and successfully defend against it, we may have to devote significant financial and management resources to address these issues, which could harm our business. See Part 1, Item 3 – Litigation for a discussion of certain litigation matters to which we are a party.

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A “third-party servicer” is any person or entity used by “any eligible institution of higher education to administer, through either manual or automated processing, any aspect of such institution’s student assistance programs.” Third party servicers must comply with a number of requirements. For example, they must conduct and submit to ED compliance audits under 34 C.F.R. § 668.23. In addition, they must comply with the requirements of 34 C.F.R. § 668.25, which requires third-party servicers, in their contracts with institutions, to be contractually obligated to, among other things:

●

ED has emphasized increased oversight of third-party servicers and has reiterated that institutions participating in Title IV programs remain responsible for the acts and omissions of their third-party service providers. As a result, ED audits, program reviews, investigations, and enforcement actions involving our university partners may also examine our activities, contractual arrangements, and compliance controls, which could require us to devote additional resources to compliance efforts or result in contractual, financial, or reputational impacts.

ED has indicated that it may revisit the scope of third-party servicer requirements through future rulemaking or guidance, which could expand compliance obligations and increase our costs.

We are also subject to a number of data security and privacy regulations given our role as a third-party servicer and these standards are evolving. To the extent we continue to provide third party servicer functions, we will be subject to these requirements, the compliance with which can materially impact our business model.

Proposed legislation, additional rulemaking or additional examinations from U.S. Congress may impact general public perception of the industry in a negative manner resulting in a material and adverse impact on our business.

The Higher Education Act has not been comprehensively reauthorized since 2008, and Congress has periodically considered proposals to reauthorize and amend the statute. Congressional hearings will continue to be scheduled by the U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Education and the Workforce and other Congressional committees regarding various aspects of the education industry, including accreditation matters, student debt, student recruiting, cost of tuition, distance learning, competency-based learning, student success and outcomes and other matters.

Criticisms of the overall student lending and post-secondary education sectors may impact general public perceptions of educational institutions, including our university partner institutions and us, in a negative manner. Adverse media coverage regarding educational institutions – whether or not a university partner – or regarding third party servicers such as us could damage our reputation. The environment surrounding access to and the costs of student loans remains in a state of flux. The uncertainty surrounding these issues, and any resolution of these issues that increases loan costs or reduces students’ access to Title IV loans or to student extended payment plans, could reduce student demand for educational programs which would adversely impact our revenues and operating profit or result in increased regulatory scrutiny.

The increased scrutiny and results-based accountability initiatives in the education sector, as well as ongoing policy differences in Congress regarding spending levels, could lead to significant changes in connection with the reauthorization of the HEA or otherwise. These changes may place additional regulatory burdens on postsecondary

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schools generally, and specific initiatives may be targeted at or have an impact upon companies like us that provide services to institutions of higher education. The adoption of any laws or regulations that limit our ability to provide our bundled services to our university partners could compromise our ability to drive revenue through their programs or make our platform less attractive to them. Congress could also enact laws or regulations that require us to modify our practices in ways that could increase our costs.

Changing requirements related to data privacy may create increased costs and operational difficulties for university partner institutions and, potentially, for GCE.

In December 2020, ED announced that it was finalizing a new Campus Cybersecurity Program framework. This proposed multi-year phased implementation would begin with a self-assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800–171 Rev. 2, Controlled Unclassified Information in Nonfederal Systems (NIST 800–171 Rev. 2) readiness and outreach activities. ED specifically said it was “committed to fully advancing and encouraging all postsecondary institutions’ implementation of NIST 800-171 controls.” This announcement was addressed both to institutions of higher education and their third-party servicers. In February 2023, ED issued Electronic Announcement GEN 23-09 stating, among other items “The Department will issue guidance on NIST 800-171 compliance in a future Electronic Announcement, but again encourages institutions to begin incorporating the information security controls required under NIST 800-171 into the written information security program required under GLBA as soon as possible.”

While details related to this announcement are few, it does suggest that ED will be taking a greater role in ensuring universities and their service providers meet NIST standards and are protecting the students and ED data received. Compliance with NIST will likely increase operational cost if required to come into compliance.

Other General Risks

Our success depends upon our ability and our university partners’ ability to recruit and retain key personnel.

Our success to date has largely depended on, and will continue to depend on, the skills, efforts, and motivation of our executive officers, who generally have significant experience with our business and the education industry, and we may have difficulties in locating and hiring qualified personnel and in retaining such personnel once hired. In addition, other than non-compete agreements of limited duration that we have with certain executive officers, we have not historically sought non-compete agreements with key personnel and they may leave and subsequently compete against us. The loss of the services of any of our key personnel, many of whom are not party to employment agreements with us, or our failure to attract and retain other qualified and experienced personnel on acceptable terms, could cause our business to suffer.

In addition, our university partners heavily rely on their ability to attract and retain qualified faculty members to effectively educate their students. If our university partners fail to retain sufficient numbers of qualified faculty members, fail to adequately train new faculty members, or allow relations with faculty members to deteriorate, they may be required to reduce the number or scope of classes available to students, which could in turn have a material adverse impact on our business.

A failure of our information systems to properly store, process and report relevant data may reduce our management’s effectiveness, interfere with our regulatory compliance and increase our operating expenses.

We are dependent on the integrity of our data management systems. If these systems do not effectively collect, store and process relevant data for the operation of our business, whether due to equipment malfunctions or constraints, software deficiencies, or human error, our ability to effectively report, plan, forecast and execute our business plan and comply with applicable laws and regulations, including the HEA and the regulations thereunder, will be impaired, perhaps materially. Any such impairment could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis could be impaired.

We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules and regulations of The Nasdaq Global Select Market. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We are required to perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to

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allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in our Form 10-K filing for that year, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This may require us to incur substantial additional professional fees and internal costs to further expand our accounting and finance functions and expend significant management efforts. If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, or if we are unable to maintain proper and effective internal controls, we may not be able to produce timely and accurate financial statements. If that were to happen, the market price of our stock could decline and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the stock exchange on which our common stock is listed, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities.

Occurrence of natural or man-made catastrophes could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Natural events, health epidemics (such as the COVID-19 pandemic), acts of God, terrorist attacks and other acts of violence, cyber-terrorism or other catastrophes could result in significant worker absenteeism, increased student attrition rates for our university partners, lower asset utilization rates, voluntary or mandatory closure of facilities, our inability to meet dynamic employee health and safety requirements, our inability to meet contractual service levels, our inability to procure essential supplies, travel restrictions on our employees and other disruptions to our business. In addition, these events could adversely affect the economy, financial markets and activity levels of our university partners. Any of these events, their consequences or the costs related to mitigation or remediation could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Risks Related to Owning our Common Stock

Provisions in our charter documents and the Delaware General Corporation Law could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us and could discourage a takeover and adversely affect existing stockholders.

Anti-takeover provisions of our certificate of incorporation, bylaws, the Delaware General Corporation Law, or DGCL, and regulations of state and federal education agencies could diminish the opportunity for stockholders to participate in acquisition proposals at a price above the then-current market price of our common stock. For example, while we have no present plans to issue any preferred stock, our Board of Directors, without further stockholder approval, may issue shares of undesignated preferred stock and fix the powers, preferences, rights, and limitations of such class or series, which could adversely affect the voting power of your shares. In addition, our bylaws provide for an advance notice procedure for nomination of candidates to our Board of Directors that could have the effect of delaying, deterring, or preventing a change in control. Further, as a Delaware corporation, we are subject to provisions of the DGCL regarding “business combinations,” which can deter attempted takeovers in certain situations. The approval requirements of ED, our regional accrediting commission, and state post-secondary, licensure, and certification agencies for a change in control transaction could also delay, deter, or prevent a transaction that would result in a change in control. We may, in the future, consider adopting additional anti-takeover measures. The authority of our Board of Directors to issue undesignated preferred or other capital stock and the anti-takeover provisions of the DGCL, as well as other current and any future anti-takeover measures adopted by us, may, in certain circumstances, delay, deter, or prevent takeover attempts and other changes in control of the company not approved by our Board of Directors.

If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or industry or if they downgrade their evaluations of our stock, the price of our stock could decline.

The activity within the trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us, our business and the education services sector in which we operate. If analysts cease coverage of us or our sector, we could lose visibility in the market for our stock, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline. In addition, if one or more of the analysts covering us were to downgrade their estimates or evaluations of our stock, the price of our stock could decline.

Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gains and you may never receive a return on your investment.

You should not rely on an investment in our common stock to provide dividend income. We have not declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock to date. We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business or to repurchase shares of our common stock. In addition, the terms of our prior credit facility limited, and the terms of any future debt agreements are likely to similarly limit, our ability to pay

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dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future. Investors seeking cash dividends should not purchase our common stock.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Like all companies that utilize technology, we are subject to threats of breaches of our technology systems. To mitigate the threat to our business, we take a comprehensive approach to cybersecurity risk management. Our Board of Directors and our management actively oversee our risk management program, including the management of cybersecurity risks. We have established policies, standards, processes and practices for assessing, identifying, and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats, including those discussed in Item 1A, Risk Factors. We have devoted significant financial and personnel resources to implement and maintain security measures to meet regulatory requirements and stakeholder expectations, and we intend to continue to make significant investments to maintain the security of our data and cybersecurity infrastructure. While there can be no guarantee that our policies and procedures will be properly followed in every instance or that those policies and procedures will be effective, we believe that the Company’s sustained investment in people and technologies have contributed to a culture of continuous improvement that has put the Company in a position to protect against potential compromises and we do not believe that risks from prior cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incident, have materially affected our business to date. We can provide no assurance that there will not be incidents in the future or that past or future attacks will not materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.

Risk Management and Strategy

At a high level, the key objectives for the Company’s cybersecurity program are to implement and sustain effective security controls to stop intrusion attempts and to maintain and continuously improve its ability to respond to attacks and incidents. Success in achieving these objectives relies upon using quality technology solutions, cultivating and maintaining a team of skilled professionals, and improving processes continuously. Our cybersecurity program in particular focuses on the following key areas:

Risk Assessment: At least annually, we conduct a cybersecurity risk assessment that takes into account information from internal stakeholders, known information security vulnerabilities, and information from external sources, including reported security incidents that have impacted other companies, industry trends, and evaluations by third parties and consultants. The results of the assessment are used to develop initiatives to enhance our security controls, make recommendations to improve processes, and inform a broader Company-wide risk assessment that are then reported to our Board of Directors, Audit Committee and members of management.

Technical Safeguards: We regularly assess and deploy technical safeguards designed to protect our information systems from cybersecurity threats. Such safeguards are regularly evaluated and improved based on vulnerability assessments, cybersecurity threat intelligence and incident response experience.

Incident Response and Recovery Planning: We have established comprehensive incident response and recovery plans that guide our response in the event of a cybersecurity incident. We continuously test and evaluate the effectiveness of those plans.

Vendor Risk Management: We have implemented a robust vendor risk management program, which is designed to identify and mitigate cybersecurity threats associated with our use of third-party service providers. Such providers are subject to security risk assessments at the time of onboarding, contract renewal, and upon detection of an increase in risk profile. We use a variety of inputs in such risk assessments, including information supplied by providers in response to detailed questionnaires and meetings as well as information from third parties. In addition, we require our providers to meet appropriate security requirements, controls and responsibilities and investigate security incidents that have impacted our third-party providers, as appropriate. Contract language, purchasing decisions, and/or technology implementation strategies are frequently adjusted as a result of this process.

Education and Awareness: Our policies require each of our employees to contribute to our data security efforts. We regularly remind employees of the importance of handling and protecting data, including through annual privacy and

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security training to enhance employee awareness of how to detect and respond to cybersecurity threats. In this regard, the Company has implemented policies and procedures for all employees including: (i) information security/cybersecurity policies, which are internally available for all employees, (ii) information security/cybersecurity awareness training; (iii) a clear escalation process which employees can follow in the event an employee notices something suspicious; and (iv) ensuring that information security/cybersecurity is part of the employee performance evaluation and/or disciplinary process.

Governance Disclosure

Board Oversight: The Board of Directors, in coordination with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, has responsibility for managing the overall risk strategy for the Company, including cyber security risk. Both the Board of Directors and the Audit Committee receive regular reports from management about the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents, including material security risks and information security vulnerabilities. Our Audit Committee directly oversees our cybersecurity program. The Audit Committee additionally receives regular updates from management on cybersecurity risk resulting from risk assessments, progress of risk reduction initiatives, external auditor feedback, control maturity assessments, and relevant internal and industry cybersecurity incidents.

Management’s Role: The Company employs a dedicated Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”) who has primary responsibility for assessing and managing material cybersecurity risks. Our CISO reports to the Audit Committee quarterly, to provide updates on any new developments and about the effectiveness of the security program. On behalf of the Audit Committee, the CISO administers a robust risk management program carried out by the Governance, Risk, and Compliance (GRC) team, which is integrated as part of the procurement process when making technology purchases, and also makes recommendations on security policies and procedures, security requirements, and risk mitigation strategies. Our CISO is supported by a highly skilled team of information security professionals, many of whom have advanced certifications and/or graduate degrees relevant to their job requirements. Our team has participated in multiple national and international cyber security exercises, including Cyber Storm, the national training exercise run by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in conjunction the U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. Our CISO works closely with our Chief Risk Officer to provide risk reporting and ensure security and compliance.

Chief Information Security Officer: Our CISO has led the Company’s security team for more than eight years, overseeing the implementation of multiple new technologies and processes to help protect the organization. Prior to joining the Company, he served as a Subject Mater Expert for Threat Prevention at a cyber security firm, consulted for local government, held other security and technology roles in higher education, and served in the U.S. Navy. He is also a co-author/contributor for the joint book project, Understanding New Security Threats published by Routledge in 2019, and has published articles and made conference keynote and podcast appearances over the years on cybersecurity topics.

For more information regarding the risks we face from cybersecurity threats, please see “Item 1A, Risk Factors.”

Item 2. Properties

GCE owns a four story 325,000 square foot administrative building, which includes office space for approximately 2,700 employees, and a parking garage in close proximity to GCU’s ground campus. We constructed this space in 2016 and every aspect of the design was intended to maximize energy efficiency and minimize environmental impact. Lighting load and related electricity usage is a major environmental drain for most office buildings, and this is especially true in Arizona. GCE’s office building is orientated with north/south exposure in order to minimize direct sun, and exterior courtyards were arranged to ensure summer shade thus creating outdoor areas that can be used throughout the year. The design also utilized significant window glazing to allow for daylighting thus reducing the need for supplemental electrical lighting. As a result, the building is designed to use just .41 watts per square foot of electrical energy for lighting, which is half of what a typical environmentally efficient building uses. Water usage is another environmental factor for office space that is magnified by the Arizona weather. GCE’s office building utilizes a rooftop rainwater collection system for irrigating the landscaping below, which reduces water consumption. Additional environment-friendly design features include low VOC paints, use of recycled building materials, interior and exterior LED light bulbs, and implementation of an energy-efficient VRF mechanical system. Overall, GCE’s office building is 60% more energy efficient than a standard office building.

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In addition to its owned facilities, GCE leases 42 off-campus classroom and laboratory sites for use in serving its university partners, three office locations in California, and office space in Indianapolis, Indiana. GCE has commitments to add more off-campus classroom and laboratory sites as of December 31, 2025 that have not yet commenced and plans to add additional off-campus classroom and laboratory sites in Arizona and in other states in the U.S. to accommodate our growth plans in 2026 and beyond. GCE works to maximize energy efficiency and minimize environmental impact in operating its leased facilities just as it does with its owned properties.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

For information regarding our other material pending legal proceedings, see the sections entitled Pending Litigation Matters within Note 7 Commitments and Contingencies of our notes to consolidated financial statements included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report, which section is incorporated by reference into this Part I, Item 3.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Our common stock trades on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “LOPE.” The holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote per share on any matter to be voted upon by stockholders. All shares of common stock rank equally as to voting and all other matters. The shares of common stock have no preemptive or conversion rights, no redemption or sinking fund provisions, are not liable for further call or assessment, and are not entitled to cumulative voting rights.

Holders

As of December 31, 2025, there were approximately 187 registered holders of record of common stock. A substantially greater number of holders of common stock are “street name” or beneficial holders, whose shares are held of record by banks, brokers and other financial institutions.

Dividends

We currently do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

The information required by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K is provided under Item 12, Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters, “Equity Compensation Plan Information,” which is incorporated herein by reference.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

On December 10, 2025, our Board of Directors approved a $300.0 million increase under the Company’s existing stock repurchase program, reflecting an aggregate authorization for share repurchases since the initiation of the program of $2,545.0 million. The current expiration date on the repurchase authorization by the Board of Directors is March 1, 2027. Repurchases occur at the Company’s discretion and the Company may modify, suspend or discontinue the repurchase authorization at any time. Repurchases may be made in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, pursuant to the applicable SEC rules. The amount and timing of future share repurchases, if any, will be made as market and business conditions warrant.

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Since the initial approval of our share repurchase plan, we have repurchased 25,363,153 shares of common stock at an aggregate cost of $2,200.6 million, which purchases are recorded at cost in the accompanying December 31, 2025 consolidated balance sheet and statement of stockholders’ equity. At December 31, 2025, there remained $344.4 million available under our current share repurchase authorization. During the fourth quarter and the year ended December 31, 2025, GCE repurchased 605,730 and 1,479,796 shares of common stock, respectively, at an aggregate cost of $100.0 million and $255.3 million, respectively.

The following table sets forth our share repurchases of common stock and our share repurchases in lieu of taxes, which are not included in the repurchase plan totals as they were effected in conjunction with the vesting of restricted share awards, during each period in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025:


							Total Number of		Maximum Dollar
							Shares Purchased as		Value of Shares
				Average			Part of Publicly		That May Yet Be
		Total Number of		Price Paid			Announced		Purchased Under
Period		Shares Purchased		Per Share			Program		the Program
Share Repurchases
October 1, 2025 – October 31, 2025		31,924		$	211.36		31,924		$	137,600,000
November 1, 2025 – November 30, 2025		280,438		$	163.83		280,438		$	91,700,000
December 1, 2025 – December 31, 2025		293,368		$	161.35		293,368		$	344,400,000
Total		605,730		$	165.13		605,730		$	344,400,000
Tax Withholdings
October 1, 2025 – October 31, 2025		—		$	—		—		$	—
November 1, 2025 – November 30, 2025		—		$	—		—		$	—
December 1, 2025 – December 31, 2025		—		$	—		—		$	—
Total		—		$	—		—		$	—

GCE Stock Performance

The following graph compares the cumulative total return of our common stock with the cumulative total returns of the S&P 500 Index and our education services peer group of seven companies that includes: Wiley Education Services, Pearson plc, CHEGG, Inc., Laureate Education, Inc., Strategic Education, Inc., Adtalem Global Education, Inc. and Coursera Inc. This chart assumes that an investment of $100 was made in our common stock, in the index, and in the peer group on December 31, 2020 and that all dividends paid (if any) were reinvested, and tracks the relative performance of such investments through December 31, 2025.

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12/20

 

12/21

 

12/22

 

12/23

 

12/24

 

12/25

Grand Canyon Education, Inc.

100.00

92.05

113.48

141.81

175.92

178.62

S&P 500

100.00

128.71

105.40

133.10

166.40

196.16

2025 Peer Group

100.00

75.38

74.11

82.20

93.54

95.35

The information contained in the performance graph shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC nor shall such information be deemed incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing.

The stock price performance included in this graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

Item 6. [Reserved]

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes that appear in Item 8, Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. In addition to historical information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and in Item 1A, Risk Factors.

Executive Overview

GCE is a publicly traded education services company dedicated to serving colleges and universities. GCE has developed significant technological solutions, infrastructure and operational processes to provide services to these institutions on a large scale. GCE’s most significant university partner is GCU, a comprehensive regionally accredited university that offers graduate and undergraduate degree programs, emphases and certificates across ten colleges both online, on ground at its campus in Phoenix, Arizona and at 11 off-campus classroom and laboratory sites.

We also provide education services to numerous university partners across the United States. In the healthcare field, we work in partnership with universities and healthcare networks across the country, offering healthcare-related academic programs at off-campus classroom and laboratory sites located near healthcare providers and developing high-quality, career-ready graduates, who enter the workforce ready to meet the demands of the healthcare industry. In addition, we have provided certain services to a university partner to assist them in expanding their online graduate programs. As of December 31, 2025, GCE provides education services to 20 university partners across the United States.

We seek to add additional university partners and to introduce additional programs with both our existing partners and with new partners. We may engage with both new and existing university partners to offer healthcare programs, online only or hybrid programs, or, as is the case for our most significant partner, GCU, both healthcare and other programs. In addition, we have centralized a number of services that historically were provided separately to university partners of Orbis Education; therefore, we refer to all university partners as “GCE partners” or “our partners”. We do disclose significant information for GCU, such as enrollments, due to its size in comparison to our other university partners.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The discussion of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. During the preparation of these consolidated financial statements, we are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and expenses, and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions, including those discussed below. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. The results of our analysis form the basis for making assumptions about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions, and the impact of such differences may be material to our consolidated financial statements.

We believe that the following critical accounting policies involve our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements:

Revenue recognition. GCE generates all of its revenue through services agreements with its university partners (“Services Agreements”), pursuant to which GCE provides integrated technology and academic services, marketing and communication services, and as applicable, certain back office services to its university partners in return for a percentage of tuition and fee revenue.

GCE’s Services Agreements have a single performance obligation, as the promises to provide the identified services are not distinct within the context of these agreements. The single performance obligation is delivered as our partners receive and consume benefits, which occurs ratably over a series of distinct service periods (daily or semester). Service revenue is recognized over time using the output method of measuring progress towards complete satisfaction of the single performance obligation. The output method provides a faithful depiction of the performance toward complete

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satisfaction of the performance obligation and can be tied to the time elapsed which is consumed evenly over the service period and is a direct measurement of the value provided to our partners. The service fees received from our partners over the term of the agreement are variable in nature in that they are dependent upon the number of students attending the university partner’s program and revenues generated from those students during the service period. Due to the variable nature of the consideration over the life of the service arrangement, GCE considered forming an expectation of the variable consideration to be received over the service life of this one performance obligation. However, since the performance obligation represents a series of distinct services, GCE recognizes the variable consideration that becomes known and billable because these fees relate to the distinct service period in which the fees are earned. GCE meets the criteria in ASC 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers and exercises the practical expedient to not disclose the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the single performance obligation that is unsatisfied as of the end of the reporting period. GCE does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations because the directly allocable variable consideration is allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a service that forms part of a single performance obligation. The service fees are calculated and settled per the terms of the Services Agreements and result in a settlement duration of less than one year for all partners. There are no refunds or return rights under the Services Agreements.

Income taxes. We recognize the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current year and deferred tax assets and liabilities for future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our consolidated financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the temporary differences are expected to be realized. Our deferred tax assets are subject to periodic recoverability assessments. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that more likely than not will be realized. Realization of the deferred tax assets is principally dependent upon achievement of projected future taxable income offset by deferred tax liabilities. We evaluate the realizability of the deferred tax assets annually. Since becoming a taxable corporation in August 2005, we have not recorded any valuation allowances to date on our deferred income tax assets. We evaluate and account for uncertain tax positions using a two-step approach. Recognition occurs when we conclude that a tax position based solely on its technical merits, is more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination. Measurement determines the amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely to be realized upon the ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of the facts. Derecognition of a tax position that was previously recognized occurs when we determine that a tax position no longer meets the more-likely-than-not threshold of being sustained upon examination. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, GCE has reserved approximately $16,824 and $14,626, respectively, for uncertain tax positions, including interest and penalties.

Results of Operations

For a discussion of the results of operations for fiscal year 2024 vs 2023, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 incorporated herein by reference.

The following table sets forth certain income statement data as a percentage of revenue for each of the periods indicated. Amortization of intangible assets have been excluded from the table below:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2025		2024
Costs and expenses
Technology and academic services	15.8	%	16.0	%
Counseling services and support	31.0		31.3
Marketing and communication	20.7		20.6
General and administrative	4.3		4.5

Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2024

Service revenue. Our service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $1,106.1 million, an increase of $73.1 million, or 7.1%, as compared to service revenue of $1,033.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase year over year in service revenue was primarily due to an increase in partner enrollments of 7.1% to 136,239 at December 31, 2025 as compared to 127,155 at December 31, 2024. GCU enrollments increased to 131,826 at December 31, 2025, an increase of 7.0% over enrollments at December 31, 2024. University partner enrollments at our off-campus

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classroom and laboratory sites were 5,738, an increase of 16.6% over enrollments at December 31, 2024, which includes 1,325 and 913 GCU students at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Excluding sites closed in 2024 to new enrollments, total enrollments at our off-campus classroom and laboratory sites increased 18.7% between years. Revenue per student was flat between years primarily due to the additional day for leap year in 2024 which added additional service revenue of $1.5 million as compared to the current year, due to contract modifications for some of our university partners in which the revenue share percentage was reduced in exchange for us no longer reimbursing these partners for certain faculty costs, a slight decline year over year in revenue per student for online students due to the continued mix shift to students that have a slightly lower net tuition rate, and due to a slight decline in residential students between years. These decreases were offset by the service revenue per student for ABSN students at off-campus classroom and laboratory sites generating a significantly higher revenue per student than we earn under our agreement with GCU, as these agreements generally provide us with a higher revenue share percentage, the partners have higher tuition rates than GCU and the majority of our partners’ students take more credits on average per semester.

We opened six sites in the year ended December 31, 2024 and opened five new sites in the year ended December 31, 2025 while closing two sites in which we stopped recruiting new students in 2024 and merged two sites that were located in the same market bringing the total number of these sites to 47 at December 31, 2025. This has also positively impacted the enrollment growth. Enrollments for GCU ground students were 24,678 at December 31, 2025 up from 24,552 at December 31, 2024. GCU online enrollments were 107,148 at December 31, 2025, up from 98,597 at December 31, 2024, an increase of 8.7% between years.

Technology and academic services. Our technology and academic services expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 were $175.1 million, an increase of $10.0 million, or 6.0%, as compared to technology and academic services expenses of $165.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was primarily due to increases in other technology and academic costs, in occupancy and depreciation costs and in employee compensation and related expenses, including share-based compensation and benefit costs of $6.2 million, $1.9 million and $1.9 million, respectively. The increases in other technology and academic costs and occupancy and depreciation were primarily due to the costs associated with the increased number of off-campus classroom and laboratory sites to support our 20 university partners and their increased enrollment growth as well as an increase in technology costs and curriculum cost reimbursements to our university partners. The increase in employee compensation and related expenses is primarily due to increased headcount to support our 20 university partners and their increased enrollment growth, tenure-based salary adjustments, a significant year over year increase in benefit costs and the increased number of off-campus classroom and laboratory sites year over year. Our technology and academic services expenses as a percentage of revenue decreased by 0.2% to 15.8% for the year ended December 31, 2025, from 16.0% for the year ended December 31, 2024. This decrease was primarily due to the contract modifications for some of our university partners in which the revenue share percentage was reduced in exchange for us no longer reimbursing these partners for certain faculty costs, partially offset by increased technology costs and curriculum cost reimbursements. We anticipate that technology and academic services expenses will increase in the future as we open more off-site classroom and laboratory sites and due to increased technology costs and curriculum cost reimbursements and that these costs as a percentage of revenue could grow as these costs grow at rates higher than revenue growth.

Counseling services and support. Our counseling services and support expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 were $342.7 million, an increase of $19.2 million, or 5.9%, as compared to counseling services and support expenses of $323.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was primarily attributable to increases in employee compensation and related expenses including share-based compensation and benefits and in occupancy and depreciation costs of $18.9 million and $1.6 million, respectively. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in other counseling services and support expenses of $1.3 million, respectively. The increases in employee compensation including share-based compensation and benefits were primarily due to increased headcount to support our university partners, and their planned increases in enrollment, tenure-based salary adjustments, a significant year over year increase in benefit costs and the increased number of off-campus classroom and laboratory sites open year over year. The increase in occupancy and depreciation is primarily related to higher depreciation expense associated with our continued enhancements to technology infrastructure and internal-use software development. The decrease in other counseling services and support expenses is primarily the result of decreased travel costs for our 20 university partners. Our counseling services and support expenses as a percentage of revenue decreased 0.3% to 31.0% for the year ended December 31, 2025, from 31.3% for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to our ability to leverage our counseling services and support expenses across an increasing revenue base. We anticipate that counseling services and

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support expense will increase in the future as we continue to invest to meet our partners’ needs and these costs as a percentage of revenue could increase in the future.

Marketing and communication. Our marketing and communication expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 were $229.2 million, an increase of $16.8 million, or 7.9%, as compared to marketing and communication expenses of $212.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was primarily attributable to the increased cost to market our university partners’ programs and to the marketing of new university partners and new locations which resulted in increased advertising of $15.2 million, increased employee compensation, including share-based compensation and benefits of $1.5 million and an increase in occupancy and depreciation costs of $0.1 million. Our marketing and communication expenses as a percentage of revenue slightly increased by 0.1% to 20.7% for the year ended December 31, 2025, from 20.6% for the year ended December 31, 2024. We anticipate that marketing and communication expenses will increase in the future as we continue to invest to meet our partners’ needs and these costs as a percentage of revenue could increase in the future.

General and administrative. Our general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 were $47.4 million, an increase of $1.1 million, or 2.4%, as compared to general and administrative expenses of $46.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was primarily attributable to an increase in other general and administrative expenses of $1.7 million and an increase in professional fees including legal costs of $0.3 million. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in employee compensation, including share-based compensation of $0.9 million, which is primarily due to $1.1 million in severance costs recorded in the prior year for an executive that resigned June 30, 2024. The increase in other general and administrative expenses is due to an increase in contributions in lieu of state income taxes of $0.5 million, an increase in charitable contributions of $0.5 million and an increase in fixed asset disposals of $0.5 million from the downsizing of our Indiana office space. Our general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenue decreased by 0.2% to 4.3% for the year ended December 31, 2025, from 4.5% for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to our ability to leverage our general and administrative expenses across an increasing revenue base. We anticipate that general and administrative expenses will increase in the future and these costs as a percentage of revenue could increase in the future.

Litigation settlement. A litigation settlement of $35.0 million was recorded in the year ended December 31, 2025 related to the settlement of the qui tam lawsuit.

Lease termination, impairment and other. We incurred $2.4 million in lease termination and impairment charges in the year ended December 31, 2025 related to leases. In the third quarter of 2025, we agreed to pay $1.3 million to early terminate our Indiana office space lease effective in June 2027. We also entered into a sublease of that space for the period from January 2026 to June 2027 and entered into a new lease for a much smaller space effective January 2026. Additionally, an impairment was recorded in the amount of $1.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2025 for the two off-campus classroom and laboratory sites that were closed during the year. We incurred impairment and other expenses of $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 due to the write-off of an internal use software project that the Company had been attempting to develop for its other university partners that has been terminated and costs relating to exiting certain off-campus classroom and laboratory sites.

Amortization of intangible assets. Amortization of intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $8.4 million for both periods. As a result of the Orbis Education acquisition in 2019, certain identifiable intangible assets were created (primarily customer relationships) that will be amortized over their expected lives.

Investment interest and other. Investment interest and other for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $13.9 million, a decrease of $2.0 million, as compared to $15.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 due to slightly lower investment balances and returns on our investment balances and the recognition of a loss on an equity investment in the second quarter of 2025 of $0.5 million.

Income tax expense. Income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $63.7 million, a decrease of $1.4 million, or 2.2%, as compared to income tax expense of $65.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Our effective tax rate was 22.8% during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to 22.3% during the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in the effective tax rate was primarily due to the tax treatment of the litigation settlement recorded in the year ended December 31, 2025 and changes in state income taxes. The effective tax rate increases were partially offset due to an increase in excess tax benefits of $2.7 million as compared to $1.5 million in the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The inclusion of excess tax benefits and deficiencies as a component of our income tax expense increases the volatility within our provision for income taxes as the amount of

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excess tax benefits or deficiencies from share-based compensation awards are dependent on our stock price at the date the restricted stock awards vest. Our restricted stock awards vest in March each year so any benefit or expense will primarily impact the first quarter each year. The effective tax rate was also favorably impacted by an increase in contributions made in lieu of state income taxes to $5.0 million as compared to $4.5 million in the prior year.

Net income. Our net income for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $216.2 million, a decrease of $10.0 million, or 4.4% as compared to $226.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, due primarily to the litigation settlement and the other factors discussed above.

Seasonality

Our service revenue and operating results normally fluctuate as a result of seasonal variations in our business, principally due to changes in our university partners’ enrollment. Our partners’ enrollment varies as a result of new enrollments, graduations, and student attrition. Service revenues in the summer months (May through August) are lower primarily due to the majority of GCU’s traditional ground students not attending courses during the summer months, which affects our results for our second and third fiscal quarters. Since a significant amount of our costs are fixed, the lower revenue resulting from the decreased summer enrollment has historically contributed to lower operating margins during those periods. Partially offsetting this summer effect has been the sequential quarterly increase in enrollments that has occurred as a result of the traditional fall school start. This increase in enrollments also has occurred in the first quarter, corresponding to calendar year matriculation. Thus, we experience higher net revenue in the fourth quarter due to its overlap with the semester encompassing the traditional fall school start and in the first quarter due to its overlap with the first semester of the calendar year. A portion of our expenses do not vary proportionately with these fluctuations in net revenue, resulting in higher operating income in the first and fourth quarters relative to other quarters. We expect quarterly fluctuation in operating results to continue as a result of these seasonal patterns.

Liquidity and Capital Resources


	As of December 31,
(In thousands)	2025		2024
Cash, cash equivalents and investments	$	300,079	$	324,623

Overview

Our liquidity position, as measured by cash and cash equivalents and investments decreased by $24.5 million between December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, which was largely attributable to cash expended for share repurchases and capital expenditures exceeding our cash provided by operations during the year ended December 31, 2025. Our unrestricted cash and cash equivalents and investments were $300.1 million and $324.6 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Based on our current level of operations and anticipated growth, we believe that our cash flow from operations and other sources of liquidity, including cash and cash equivalents and investments, will provide adequate funds for ongoing operations, planned capital expenditures, and working capital requirements for at least the next 24 months.

Cash Flows from Operating Activities


	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2025		2024
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	273,491	$	289,958

The decrease in cash generated from operating activities between the year ended December 31, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2025 was primarily due to the decline in net income between years due primarily to the litigation settlement and changes in working capital balances. Accounts payable increased by $9.7 million between December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2024 compared to the decrease of $3.4 million between December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, a decline year over year in cash provided by operating activities of $13.1 million due to timing of vendor payments. Income tax receivable/payable amounts decreased by $0.9 million between December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2024 compared to the decrease of $7.1 million between December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, a $6.2 million decrease year over year in cash provided by operating activities due to timing of income tax payments. Deferred tax liability amounts decreased by $0.2 million between December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2024 compared to the increase of $14.7 million between December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, representing an increase in cash provided by operating activities of $14.9 million due to the acceleration of certain tax deductions and the passage of the

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One Big Beautiful Bill Act on July 3, 2025. We define working capital as the assets and liabilities, other than cash, generated through the Company’s primary operating activities. Changes in these balances are included in the changes in assets and liabilities presented in the consolidated statement of cash flows.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities


	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2025		2024
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	$	(221,594)	$	61,365

Investing activities consumed $221.6 million of cash in the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to providing $61.4 million of cash in the year ended December 31, 2024.

Cash provided by or used in investing activities includes net investment activity. In the year ended December 31, 2025, the purchase of available-for-sale securities, net of proceeds from the sale of investments were $186.2 million. In the year ended December 31, 2024, proceeds from the sale of investments, net of purchases of available-for-sale securities were $99.0 million as the Company sold all its investments in the third quarter of 2024 and the proceeds were held in cash and cash equivalents until being reinvested in early 2025.

In the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 cash used in investing activities also included capital expenditures totaling $34.8 million and $37.2 million, respectively. Capital expenditures for both periods primarily consisted of leasehold improvements and equipment for new off-campus classroom and laboratory sites, as well as purchases of computer equipment, internal use software projects and furniture and equipment to support our increasing employee headcount. The Company incurs upfront expenses and capital expenditures prior to an off-campus classroom and laboratory site being opened. The Company intends to continue to spend approximately $30.0 million to $40.0 million per year for capital expenditures.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities


	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2025		2024
Net cash used in financing activities	$	(264,758)	$	(173,175)

Financing activities consumed $264.8 million of cash in the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to $173.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2024.

During the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, $255.3 million and $165.4 million, respectively was used to purchase treasury stock in accordance with GCE’s share repurchase program. In 2025 and 2024, $9.5 million and $7.8 million, respectively, of cash was utilized to purchase common shares withheld in lieu of income taxes resulting from the vesting of restricted share awards. The Company intends to continue using a significant portion of its cash flows from operations to repurchase its shares.

Share Repurchase Program

On December 10, 2025, our Board of Directors increased the authorization under its existing stock repurchase program by $300.0 million, reflecting an aggregate authorization for share repurchases since the initiation of the program of $2,545.0 million. The current expiration date on the repurchase authorization by our Board of Directors is March 1, 2027. Repurchases occur at the Company’s discretion and the Company may modify, suspend or discontinue the repurchase authorization at any time.

Under our share repurchase authorization, we may purchase shares in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, pursuant to the applicable SEC rules. The amount and timing of future share repurchases, if any, will be made as market and business conditions warrant.

Since 2011, we have repurchased 25.4 million shares of common stock at an aggregate cost of $2,200.6 million, which includes 1,479,796 shares of common stock at an aggregate cost of $255.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2025.

Contractual Obligations

Our contractual obligations primarily consist of capital expenditures primarily for new off-campus classroom and laboratory sites opening and continued spend on computer equipment, software licenses, internal software

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development and furniture and equipment to support our increasing employee headcount. See Note 6 - Leases, in Item 8, Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. There are no other material contractual obligations or commitments for the Company.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have had or are reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources as of December 31, 2025.

Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP Financial Measure)

In addition to our GAAP results, we use Adjusted EBITDA as a supplemental measure of our operating performance and as part of our compensation determinations. Adjusted EBITDA is not required by or presented in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to net income, operating income, or any other performance measure derived in accordance with GAAP, or as an alternative to cash flow from operating activities or as a measure of our liquidity.

Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income plus interest expense, less interest income and other gain (loss) recognized on investments, plus income tax expense, plus depreciation and amortization (EBITDA), as adjusted for (i) contributions to private Arizona school tuition organizations in lieu of the payment of state income taxes; (ii) share-based compensation, and (iii) unusual charges or gains, such as litigation and regulatory reserves, impairment charges and asset write-offs, and exit or lease termination costs. We present Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, because we consider it to be an important supplemental measure of our operating performance. We also make certain compensation decisions based, in part, on our operating performance, as measured by Adjusted EBITDA. All of the adjustments made in our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA are adjustments to items that management does not consider to be reflective of our core operating performance. Management considers our core operating performance to be that which can be affected by our managers in any particular period through their management of the resources that affect our underlying revenue and profit generating operations during that period and does not consider the items for which we make adjustments (as listed above) to be reflective of our core performance.

We believe Adjusted EBITDA allows us to compare our current operating results with corresponding historical periods and with the operational performance of other companies in our industry because it does not give effect to potential differences caused by variations in capital structures (affecting relative interest expense, including the impact of write-offs of deferred financing costs when companies refinance their indebtedness), tax positions (such as the impact on periods or companies of changes in effective tax rates or net operating losses), the book amortization of intangibles (affecting relative amortization expense), and other items that we do not consider reflective of underlying operating performance. We also present Adjusted EBITDA because we believe it is frequently used by securities analysts, investors, and other interested parties as a measure of performance.

In evaluating Adjusted EBITDA, investors should be aware that in the future we may incur expenses similar to the adjustments described above. Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by expenses that are unusual, non-routine, or non-recurring. Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool in that, among other things, it does not reflect:

●

cash expenditures for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;

●

changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital requirements;

●

interest expense, or the cash required to replace assets that are being depreciated or amortized; and

●

the impact on our reported results of earnings or charges resulting from the items for which we make adjustments to our EBITDA, as described above and set forth in the table below.

In addition, other companies, including other companies in our industry, may calculate these measures differently than we do, limiting the usefulness of Adjusted EBITDA as a comparative measure. Because of these limitations, Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as a substitute for net income, operating income, or any other performance measure derived in accordance with GAAP, or as an alternative to cash flow from operating activities or as a measure of our liquidity. We compensate for these limitations by relying primarily on our GAAP results and use Adjusted EBITDA only as a supplemental performance measure. For more information, see our consolidated financial

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statements and the notes to those consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following table reconciles net income to Adjusted EBITDA for the periods indicated:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025		2024
Net income	$	216,170	$	226,234
Less: investment interest and other		(13,941)		(15,916)
Plus: income tax expense		63,681		65,081
Plus: amortization of intangible assets		8,419		8,419
Plus: depreciation and amortization		31,483		28,135
EBITDA		305,812		311,953
Plus: contributions in lieu of state income taxes^(a)		5,000		4,500
Plus: share-based compensation^(b)		13,639		14,225
Plus: litigation and regulatory costs^(c)		40,486		6,203
Plus: lease termination, impairment and other^(d)		2,411		1,897
Plus: loss on disposal of fixed assets^(e)		941		102
Plus: severance costs^(f)		299		1,133
Adjusted EBITDA	$	368,588	$	340,013

(a)

Represents contributions to various private Arizona school tuition organizations to assist with funding for education. In connection with such contributions made, we received a dollar-for-dollar state income tax credit, which resulted in a reduction in our effective income tax rate to 22.8% and 22.3% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Had these contributions not been made, our effective tax rate would have been 24.1% and 23.5% for 2025 and 2024, respectively. Such contributions are viewed by our management to be made in lieu of payments of state income taxes and are therefore excluded from evaluation of our core operating performance.

(b)	Reflects share-based compensation expense.

(c)	Reflects regulatory litigation and includes the qui tam settlement of $35.0 million.

(d)

Reflects $2.4 million in lease termination and impairment charges in the year ended December 31, 2025, related to leases from the termination of our Indiana office space and exit from two off-campus classroom and laboratory sites in 2025. In 2024, reflects the write-off of an internal use software project that the Company had been attempting to develop for its other university partners that has been terminated and costs relating to exiting certain off-campus classroom and laboratory sites.

(e)	Represents loss on fixed asset disposals.

(f)	Represents severance costs.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in Item 8, Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Market risk.

As of December 31, 2025, we have no derivative financial instruments or derivative commodity instruments. We invest cash in excess of current operating requirements in money market instruments, municipal and corporate bond portfolios or commercial paper at multiple financial institutions.

Interest rate risk.

We manage interest rate risk by investing excess funds in cash equivalents, BBB or higher rated corporate bonds, commercial paper, agency bonds, municipal securities, asset backed securities, municipal bonds, and collateralized mortgage obligations bearing variable interest rates, which are tied to various market indices or individual bond coupon rates. Our future investment income may fall short of expectations due to changes in interest rates or we may suffer losses in principal if we are forced to sell securities before their maturity date that have declined in market value due to changes in interest rates. At December 31, 2025 a 10% increase or decrease in interest rates would not have a material impact on our future earnings, fair values, or cash flows.

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Item 8. Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

		Page

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (KPMG LLP, Phoenix, Arizona, Auditor Firm: 185)		61

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024		63

Consolidated Income Statements for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023		64

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023		65

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023		66

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023		67

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements		68

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Grand Canyon Education, Inc.:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Grand Canyon Education, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 18, 2026 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Evaluation of the sufficiency of audit evidence over service revenue

As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, service revenue is recognized from the delivery of support services to institutions in the post-secondary education sector of the United States (University Partners). The transaction price for support services is based on the Company receiving a contracted percentage of the University Partner’s tuition and fee revenue. The tuition and fee information received varies depending

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on the respective University Partner’s reporting processes and the services provided. The Company recorded $1,106 million of service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025.

We identified the evaluation of the sufficiency of audit evidence over service revenue as a critical audit matter. This required especially subjective auditor judgment because service revenue recorded by the Company is dependent on the tuition and fee information of the University Partners. This included determining the nature and extent of procedures to be performed and evaluating the evidence obtained over the tuition and fee information.

The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We applied auditor judgment to determine the nature and extent of procedures to be performed over tuition and fee information of the University Partners. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to service revenue. This included controls related to the accurate recording of amounts dependent on University Partners’ tuition and fee revenue information. For a sample of transactions, we compared the amounts recognized as service revenue for consistency with underlying documentation, including contracts with University Partners and student enrollment documentation.

We evaluated the sufficiency of audit evidence obtained by assessing the results of procedures performed, including the nature of such evidence.

/s/ KPMG LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2012.

Phoenix, Arizona
February 18, 2026

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Grand Canyon Education, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets


		As of December 31,
(In thousands, except par value)		2025		2024

ASSETS:
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents		$	111,762	$	324,623
Investments			188,317		—
Accounts receivable, net			84,278		82,948
Income tax receivable			2,392		490
Other current assets			13,430		11,915
Total current assets			400,179		419,976
Property and equipment, net			178,957		176,823
Right-of-use assets			96,571		99,541
Amortizable intangible assets, net			151,543		159,962
Goodwill			160,766		160,766
Other assets			4,289		1,357
Total assets		$	992,305	$	1,018,425
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
Current liabilities
Accounts payable		$	24,347	$	26,721
Accrued compensation and benefits			35,199		33,183
Accrued liabilities			32,283		29,620
Income taxes payable			3,355		8,559
Deferred revenue			—		—
Current portion of lease liability			14,568		12,883
Total current liabilities			109,752		110,966
Deferred income taxes, noncurrent			41,426		26,527
Other long-term liability			1,439		1,444
Lease liability, less current portion			92,755		95,635
Total liabilities			245,372		234,572
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ equity
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 10,000 shares authorized; 0 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024			—		—
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 100,000 shares authorized; 54,178 and 54,090 shares issued and 27,393 and 28,858 shares outstanding at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively			542		541
Treasury stock, at cost, 26,785 and 25,232 shares of common stock at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively			(2,291,610)		(2,024,370)
Additional paid-in capital			350,374		336,736
Accumulated other comprehensive gain			511		—
Retained earnings			2,687,116		2,470,946
Total stockholders’ equity			746,933		783,853
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity		$	992,305	$	1,018,425

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Grand Canyon Education, Inc.

Consolidated Income Statements



		Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except per share data)		2025			2024			2023
Service revenue		$	1,106,070		$	1,033,002		$	960,899
Costs and expenses:
Technology and academic services			175,060			165,085			154,870
Counseling services and support			342,650			323,484			302,319
Marketing and communication			229,204			212,420			202,800
General and administrative			47,416			46,298			43,235
Litigation settlement			35,000			—			—
Lease termination, impairment and other			2,411			1,897			—
Amortization of intangible assets			8,419			8,419			8,419
Total costs and expenses			840,160			757,603			711,643
Operating income			265,910			275,399			249,256
Investment interest and other			13,941			15,916			10,419
Income before income taxes			279,851			291,315			259,675
Income tax expense			63,681			65,081			54,690
Net income		$	216,170		$	226,234		$	204,985
Earnings per share:
Basic income per share		$	7.76		$	7.77		$	6.83
Diluted income per share		$	7.71		$	7.73		$	6.80
Basic weighted average shares outstanding			27,862			29,104			29,991
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding			28,024			29,271			30,147

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Grand Canyon Education, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income



		Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)		2025			2024			2023
Net income		$	216,170		$	226,234		$	204,985
Other comprehensive income, net of tax:
Realized gains on available-for-sale securities, net of taxes of $17 for the year ended December 31, 2024			—			57			—
Unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities, net of taxes of $160 and $151 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2023			511			—			476
Comprehensive income		$	216,681		$	226,291		$	205,461

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Grand Canyon Education, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(In thousands)


	Year Ended December 31, 2025
									Accumulated
							Additional		Other
	Common Stock			Treasury Stock			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Retained
	Shares	Par Value		Shares	Cost		Capital		Loss		Earnings		Total
Balance at December 31, 2022	53,830	$	538	22,772	$	(1,711,423)	$	309,310	$	(533)	$	2,039,727	$	637,619
Comprehensive income	—		—	—		—		—		476		204,985		205,461
Common stock purchased for treasury	—		—	1,170		(131,939)		—		—		—		(131,939)
Restricted shares forfeited	—		—	19		—		—		—		—		—
Share-based compensation	140		2	56		(6,331)		13,202		—		—		6,873
Balance at December 31, 2023	53,970	$	540	24,017	$	(1,849,693)	$	322,512	$	(57)	$	2,244,712	$	718,014
Comprehensive income	—		—	—		—		—		57		226,234		226,291
Common stock purchased for treasury	—		—	1,142		(166,907)		—		—		—		(166,907)
Restricted shares forfeited	—		—	16		—		—		—		—		—
Share-based compensation	120		1	57		(7,770)		14,224		—		—		6,455
Balance at December 31, 2024	54,090	$	541	25,232	$	(2,024,370)	$	336,736	$	—	$	2,470,946	$	783,853
Comprehensive income	—		—	—		—		—		511		216,170		216,681
Common stock purchased for treasury	—		—	1,479		(257,777)		—		—		—		(257,777)
Restricted shares forfeited	—		—	21		—		—		—		—		—
Share-based compensation	88		1	53		(9,463)		13,638		—		—		4,176
Balance at December 31, 2025	54,178	$	542	26,785	$	(2,291,610)	$	350,374	$	511	$	2,687,116	$	746,933

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Grand Canyon Education, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows



		Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)		2025			2024			2023
Cash flows provided by operating activities:
Net income		$	216,170		$	226,234		$	204,985
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Share-based compensation			13,639			14,225			13,204
Depreciation and amortization			31,483			28,135			23,554
Amortization of intangible assets			8,419			8,419			8,419
Deferred income taxes			14,739			(165)			402
Lease termination, impairment and other			2,411			—			—
Other, including fixed asset disposals			(154)			1,227			(442)
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable from university partners			(1,330)			(4,137)			(1,398)
Other assets			(4,192)			1,170			(1,639)
Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities			671			1,799			2,105
Accounts payable			(3,451)			9,664			(3,109)
Accrued liabilities			2,192			4,252			(1,974)
Income taxes receivable/payable			(7,106)			(865)			(445)
Net cash provided by operating activities			273,491			289,958			243,662
Cash flows (used in) provided by investing activities:
Capital expenditures			(34,843)			(37,248)			(44,537)
Additions of amortizable content			(60)			(412)			(897)
Purchase of equity investment			(1,000)			—			—
Loss on equity investment			500			—			—
Purchases of investments			(241,723)			(48,594)			(98,853)
Proceeds from sale or maturity of investments			55,532			147,619			63,815
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities			(221,594)			61,365			(80,472)
Cash flows used in financing activities:
Repurchase of common shares and shares withheld in lieu of income taxes			(264,758)			(173,175)			(137,124)
Net cash used in financing activities			(264,758)			(173,175)			(137,124)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash			(212,861)			178,148			26,066
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period			324,623			146,475			120,409
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period		$	111,762		$	324,623		$	146,475
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid for interest		$	—		$	4		$	33
Cash paid for income taxes		$	53,896		$	65,261		$	59,026
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities
Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable		$	835		$	1,065		$	1,909
ROU Asset and Liability recognition		$	—		$	7,087		$	19,735
Excise tax on treasury stock repurchases		$	2,482		$	1,502		$	1,146

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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1. Nature of Business

Grand Canyon Education, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, the “Company” or “GCE”) is a publicly traded education services company dedicated to serving colleges and universities. GCE has developed significant technological solutions, infrastructure and operational processes to provide services to these institutions on a large scale. GCE’s most significant university partner is Grand Canyon University (“GCU”), an Arizona non-profit corporation that operates a comprehensive regionally accredited university that offers graduate and undergraduate degree programs, emphases and certificates across ten colleges both online, on ground at its campus in Phoenix, Arizona and at eleven off-site classroom and laboratory sites.

We also provide education services to numerous university partners across the United States. In the healthcare field, we work in partnership with a growing number of top universities and healthcare networks across the country, offering healthcare-related academic programs at off-campus classroom and laboratory sites located near healthcare providers and developing high-quality, career-ready graduates who enter the workforce ready to meet the demands of the healthcare industry. In addition, we have provided certain services to a university partner to assist them in expanding their online graduate programs. As of December 31, 2025, GCE provides education services to 20 university partners across the United States.

GCE was formed in Delaware in November 2003 as a limited liability company, under the name Significant Education, LLC, for the purchase of acquiring the assets of the University from a non-profit foundation on February 2, 2004. On August 24, 2005, the Company converted from a limited liability company to a corporation and changed its name to Significant Education, Inc. On May 9, 2008, the Company changed its name to Grand Canyon Education, Inc. On July 1, 2018, the Company sold the university to GCU (the “Transaction”). The Company’s wholly owned subsidiaries were historically used to facilitate expansion of the university campus prior to the Transaction.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes, including the collection of accounts receivables and reserves associated with uncertain tax positions. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company invests a portion of its cash in excess of current operating requirements in short term certificates of deposit and money market instruments. The Company considers all highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents.

Investments

As of December 31, 2024 the Company had no investments. As of December 31, 2025 the Company considered its investments in corporate bonds, agency bonds, treasury bills and commercial paper as available-for-sale securities based on the Company’s intent for the respective securities. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value, determined using Level 1 of the hierarchy of valuation inputs, with the use of quoted market prices and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the assets. Unrealized investment gains and losses, net of tax, are reported as a separate component of other comprehensive income. Unrealized losses considered to be other-than temporary are recognized currently in earnings. Amortization of premiums, accretion of discounts, interest and dividend income and realized gains and losses are included in interest and other income.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method. Normal repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Expenditures that materially extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized. Construction in progress represents items not yet placed in service and are not

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depreciated. Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Furniture and fixtures, computer equipment, and vehicles generally have estimated useful lives of ten, four, and five years, respectively. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of their lease term or their useful life. Land improvements and buildings are depreciated over lives ranging from 10 to 40 years.

Arrangements with GCU

On July 1, 2018, the Company consummated an Asset Purchase Agreement (the “Asset Purchase Agreement”) with GCU. In conjunction with the Asset Purchase Agreement, the Company and GCU entered into a long-term master services agreement pursuant to which the Company provides identified technology and academic services, counseling services and support, marketing and communication services, and several back-office services to GCU in return for 60% of GCU’s tuition and fee revenue. Except for identified liabilities assumed by GCU, GCE retained responsibility for all liabilities of the business arising from pre-closing operations.

Internally Developed Technology

The Company capitalizes certain costs related to internal-use software, primarily consisting of direct labor associated with creating the software. Software development projects generally include three stages: the preliminary project stage (all costs are expensed as incurred), the application development stage (certain costs are capitalized and certain costs are expensed as incurred) and the post-implementation or operation stage (all costs are expensed as incurred). Costs capitalized in the application development stage include costs of design, coding, integration, and testing of the software developed. Capitalization of costs requires judgment in determining when a project has reached the application development stage and the period over which we expect to benefit from the use of that software. Once the software is placed in service, these costs are amortized over the estimated useful life of the software, which is generally three years. These assets are a component of our property and equipment, net in our consolidated balance sheets.

Capitalized Content Development

The Company capitalizes certain costs to fulfill a contract related to the development and digital creation of content on a course-by-course basis for each university partner, many times in conjunction with faculty and subject matter experts. The Company is responsible for the conversion of instructional materials to an on-line format, including outlines, quizzes, lectures, and articles in accordance with the educational guidelines provided to us by our university partners, prior to the respective course commencing. We also capitalize the creation of learning objects which are digital assets such as online demonstrations, simulations, and case studies used to obtain learning objectives.

Costs that are capitalized include payroll and payroll-related costs for employees who are directly associated and spend time producing content and payments to faculty and subject matter experts involved in the process. The Company starts capitalizing content costs when it begins to develop or to convert a particular course, resources have been assigned and a timeline has been set. The content asset is placed in service when all work is complete and the curriculum could be used for instruction. Capitalized content development assets are included in other assets in our consolidated balance sheets. The Company has concluded that the most appropriate method to amortize the deferred content assets is on a straight-line basis over the estimated life of the course, which is generally four years which corresponds with course’s review and major revision cycle. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, $413 and $658, respectively, net of amortization, of deferred content assets are included in other assets in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and amortization is included in technical and academic services where the costs originated.

Long-Lived Assets

The Company evaluates the recoverability of its long-lived assets for impairment, other than goodwill, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception and evaluates the lease agreement to determine whether the lease is a finance or operating lease. Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses

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its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement to determine the present value of lease payments over the lease term. At lease inception, the Company determines the lease term by assuming no exercises of renewal options, due to the Company’s constantly changing geographical needs for its university partners. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded in the consolidated balance sheets and are recognized as lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, and the non-lease components are accounted for separately and not included in our ROU assets and lease liabilities. Leases primarily consist of off-campus classroom and laboratory site locations and office space.

Goodwill and Amortizable Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired business over the amount assigned to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is assessed at least annually for impairment during the fourth quarter, or more frequently if circumstances indicate potential impairment. Goodwill is allocated to our reporting unit at the education services segment, which is the same as the entity as a whole (entity level reporting unit). The Company has concluded there is one operating segment and one reporting unit for goodwill impairment consideration. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) has issued guidance that permits an entity to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. The Company reviews goodwill at least annually or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying amount. Following this assessment, the Company determined that it is more likely than not that its fair value exceeds its carrying amount.

Finite-lived intangible assets that are acquired in a business combination are recorded at fair value on their acquisition dates and are amortized using a method that reflects the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are consumed or on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the intangible asset if the pattern of economic benefit cannot be reliability determined. Finite-lived intangible assets consist of university partner relationships and trade names. The Company reviews its finite-lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an intangible asset may not be recoverable. There were no indicators that the carrying amount of the finite-lived intangible assets were impaired as of December 31, 2025. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. If such intangible assets are not recoverable, a potential impairment loss is recognized to the extent the carrying amounts of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company measures and recognizes compensation expense for share-based payment awards made to employees and directors. The fair value of the Company’s restricted stock awards is based on the market price of its common stock on the date of grant. Stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock grants is expensed over the vesting period using the straight-line method for Company employees and the Company’s board of directors (the “Board of Directors”). The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued compensation and benefits and accrued liabilities approximate their fair value based on the liquidity or the short-term maturities of these instruments.

The fair value of investments was determined using Level 1 of the hierarchy of valuation inputs, with the use of inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the assets. The unit of account used for valuation is the individual underlying security. The basis of fair value measurements for each level is described below, with Level 1 having the highest priority.

-Level 1 – inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

-Level 2 – inputs are quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in non-active markets; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant valuation drivers are observable.

-Level 3 – unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data.

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Investments are comprised of corporate bonds, commercial paper, municipal securities, asset backed securities, municipal bonds, and collateralized mortgage obligations.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes payable or refundable for the current year and deferred tax assets and liabilities for future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the Company’s consolidated financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the temporary differences are expected to be realized.

The Company applies a more-likely-than-not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement of an uncertain tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company has reserved approximately $16,824 and $14,626, respectively, for uncertain tax positions, including interest and penalties, which is classified within accrued liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.

The Company has deferred tax assets, which are subject to periodic recoverability assessments. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that more likely than not will be realized. Realization of the deferred tax assets is principally dependent upon achievement of projected future taxable income.

Commitments and Contingencies

The Company accrues for a contingent obligation when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount is reasonably estimable. When the Company becomes aware of a claim or potential claim, the likelihood of any loss exposure is assessed. If it is probable that a loss will result and the amount of the loss is estimable, the Company records a liability for the estimated loss. If the loss is not probable or the amount of the potential loss is not estimable, the Company will disclose the claim if the likelihood of a potential loss is reasonably possible and the amount of the potential loss could be material. Estimates that are particularly sensitive to future changes include tax, legal, and other regulatory matters, which are subject to change as events evolve, and as additional information becomes available during the administrative and litigation process. The Company expenses legal fees as incurred.

Revenue Recognition

The Company generates all of its revenue through services agreements with its university partners (“Services Agreements”), pursuant to which the Company provides integrated technology and academic services, marketing and communication services, and back-office services to its university partners in return for a percentage of tuition and fee revenue.

The Company’s Services Agreements have initial terms ranging from 7-15 years, subject to renewal options, although certain agreements may give the university partners the right to terminate early if certain conditions are met. The Company’s Services Agreements have a single performance obligation, as the promises to provide the identified services are not distinct within the context of these agreements. The single performance obligation is delivered as our partners receive and consume benefits, which occurs ratably over a series of distinct service periods (daily or semester). Service revenue is recognized over time using the output method of measuring progress towards complete satisfaction of the single performance obligation. The output method provides a faithful depiction of the performance toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation and can be tied to the time elapsed which is consumed evenly over the service period and is a direct measurement of the value provided to our partners. The service fees received from our partners over the term of the agreement are variable in nature in that they are dependent upon the number of students attending the university partner’s program and revenues generated from those students during the service period. Due to the variable nature of the consideration over the life of the service arrangement, the Company considered forming an expectation of the variable consideration to be received over the service life of this one performance obligation. However, since the performance obligation represents a series of distinct services, the Company recognizes the variable consideration that becomes known and billable because these fees relate to the distinct service period in which the fees are earned. The Company meets the criteria in the standard and exercises the practical expedient to not disclose the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the single performance obligation that is unsatisfied as of the end of the reporting period. The Company does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations because the directly allocable variable consideration is allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a service that forms part of a single performance obligation. The service fees are calculated and settled per the terms of the Services

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Agreements and result in a settlement duration of less than one year for all partners. There are no refunds or return rights under the Services Agreements.

The Company’s receivables represent unconditional rights to consideration from our Services Agreements with our university partners. Accounts receivable, net is stated at net realizable value and contains billed and unbilled revenue. The Company utilizes the allowance method to provide for doubtful accounts based on its evaluation of the collectability of the amounts due. There have been no amounts written off and no reserves established as of December 31, 2025 given historical collection experience and an evaluation of reasonable and supportable forecasts of economic conditions and other pertinent factors affecting the Company’s customers such as known credit risk or industry trends. The Company will continue to review and revise its allowance methodology based on its collection experience with its partners.

For our partners with unbilled revenue, revenue recognition occurs in advance of billings. Billings for some university partners do not occur until after the service period has commenced and final enrollment information is available. Our unbilled revenue of $53 and $115 as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, are included in accounts receivable in our consolidated balance sheets. Deferred revenue represents the excess of amounts received as compared to amounts recognized in revenue on our consolidated statements of income as of the end of the reporting period, and such amounts are reflected as a current liability on our consolidated balance sheets. We generally receive payments for our services billed within 30 days of invoice. These payments are recorded as deferred revenue until the services are delivered and revenue is recognized.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company records its accounts receivable at the net amount expected to be collected. Our accounts receivable are derived through education services provided to university partners. The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses resulting from our university partners not making payments. The Company determines the adequacy of the allowance by periodically evaluating each university partner’s balance, considering their financial condition and credit history, and considering current and forecasted economic conditions. Bad debt expense is recorded as a technology and academic services expense in the consolidated income statement. The Company will continue to actively monitor other factors on expected credit losses.

Technology and Academic Services

Technology and academic services consist primarily of costs related to ongoing maintenance of educational infrastructure, including online course delivery and management, student records, assessment, customer relations management and other internal administrative systems. This also includes costs to provide support for content development, faculty training, development and other faculty support, technology support, rent and occupancy costs for university partners’ off-campus locations, and assistance with state compliance. This expense category includes salaries, benefits and share-based compensation, information technology costs, amortization of content development costs and other costs associated with these support services. This category also includes an allocation of depreciation, amortization, and occupancy costs attributable to the provision of these services, primarily at the Company’s Phoenix, Arizona and Indianapolis, Indiana locations.

Counseling Services and Support

Counseling services and support consist primarily of costs including team-based counseling and other support to prospective and current students as well as financial aid processing. This expense category includes salaries, benefits and share-based compensation, and other costs such as dues, fees and subscriptions and travel costs. This category also includes an allocation of depreciation, amortization, rent, and occupancy costs attributable to the provision of these services, primarily at the Company’s Phoenix, Arizona and Indianapolis, Indiana locations.

Marketing and Communication

Marketing and communication includes lead acquisition, digital communication strategies, brand identity advertising, media planning and strategy, video, data science and analysis, marketing to potential students and other promotional and communication services. This expense category includes salaries, benefits and share-based compensation for marketing and communication personnel, brand advertising, marketing leads and other promotional and communication expenses. This category also includes an allocation of depreciation, amortization, lease expense, and

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occupancy costs attributable to the provision of these services, primarily at the Company’s Phoenix, Arizona and Indianapolis, Indiana locations. Advertising costs are expensed as incurred.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses include salaries, benefits and share-based compensation of employees engaged in corporate management, finance, human resources, compliance, and other corporate functions. This category also includes an allocation of depreciation, amortization, lease expense, and occupancy costs attributable to the provision of these services, primarily at the Company’s Phoenix, Arizona and Indianapolis, Indiana locations.

Litigation settlement

A litigation settlement of $35,000 was recorded in the year ended December 31, 2025 related to the settlement of the qui tam lawsuit.

Lease termination, impairment and other

The Company incurred $2,411 in lease termination and impairment charges in the year ended December 31, 2025 related to leases. The Company agreed to pay a termination fee of $1,308 for our Indiana office space to early terminate our lease effective in June 2027. An additional $1,103 lease impairment was recorded for the two off-campus classroom and laboratory sites that were closed during the third quarter of 2025. For the year ended December 31, 2024, impairment and other primarily includes the write-off of an internal use software project that has been terminated that it had been attempting to develop for its other university partners and costs relating to exiting from certain off-campus classroom and laboratory sites.

Insurance/Self-Insurance

The Company uses a combination of insurance and self-insurance for a number of risks, including claims related to employee healthcare, workers’ compensation, general liability, and business interruption. Liabilities associated with these risks are estimated based on, among other things, historical claims experience, severity factors, and other actuarial assumptions. The Company’s loss exposure related to self-insurance is limited by stop loss coverage on a per occurrence and aggregate basis. The Company regularly analyzes its reserves for incurred but not reported claims, and for reported but not paid claims related to self-funded insurance programs. While the Company believes reserves are adequate, significant judgment is involved in assessing these reserves such as assessing historical paid claims, average lags between the claims’ incurred date, reported dates and paid dates, and the frequency and severity of claims. There may be differences between actual settlement amounts and recorded reserves and any resulting adjustments are included in expense once a probable amount is known.

Concentration of Credit Risk

The Company believes the credit risk related to cash equivalents and investments is limited due to its adherence to an investment policy that required investments to have a minimum BBB rating, depending on the type of security, by one major rating agency at the time of purchase. All of the Company’s cash equivalents and investments as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 consist of investments rated BBB or higher by at least one rating agency. Additionally, the Company utilizes at least one financial institution to conduct initial and ongoing credit analysis on its investment portfolio to monitor and lower the potential impact of market risk associated with its cash equivalents and investment portfolio. Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist principally of cash balances, which are primarily invested in money market funds or on deposit at high credit quality financial institutions in the U.S. Accounts at each institution are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to $250,000. At December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had $111,011 and $323,124, respectively, in excess of the FDIC insured limit. The Company is also subject to credit risk for its accounts receivable balance. The Company has not experienced any losses on accounts receivables since July 1, 2018, the date the Company transitioned to an education service company. To manage accounts receivable risk, the Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts, if needed. Our dependence on our most significant university partner, with 89.5% and 88.9% of total service revenue for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, subjects us to the risk that declines in our customers’ operations would result in a sustained reduction in service revenue for the Company.

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Segment Information

The Company operates as a single education services company using a core infrastructure that serves the curriculum and educational delivery needs of its university partners. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer (the “Chief Operating Decision Maker” or “CODM”) manages the Company’s operations as a whole and no expense or operating income information is generated or evaluated on any component level other than consolidated net income.

The education services segment generates revenue through Service Agreements with its university partners, pursuant to which the Company provides integrated technology and academic services, marketing and communication services, and back-office services to its university partners in return for a percentage of tuition and fee revenue.

The accounting policies of the education services segment are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. The measure of segment assets is reported on the consolidated balance sheet as total consolidated assets. The CODM uses consolidated net income to monitor budget versus actual results, which is used to evaluate headcount and compensation decisions.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” This ASU includes amendments requiring enhanced income tax disclosures, primarily related to standardization and disaggregation of rate reconciliation categories and income taxes paid by jurisdiction. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2023-09 for the year ended December 31, 2025, and applied the new disclosure requirements retrospectively. Prior period disclosures have been adjusted to reflect the new disclosure requirements. See Note 10 Income Taxes in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or statements of cash flows.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses”. ASU No. 2024-03 does not change or remove existing expense disclosure requirements but requires disaggregated disclosures about certain expense categories and captions, including but not limited to, purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, amortization and selling expenses. ASU No. 2024-03 will become effective for us in fiscal 2027 and in the first quarter of fiscal 2028 for interim reporting. Retrospective application is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or statements of cash flows.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40)”. ASU 2025-06 removes all references to project stages throughout ASC 350-40 and clarifies the applicable threshold to begin capitalizing costs. ASU 2025-06 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and interim periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an annual reporting period. Adoption of this ASU should be applied using a prospective transition approach, a modified transition approach based on project status or a retrospective transition approach. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this new standard on our financial statements and disclosures.

The Company has determined that no other recent accounting pronouncements apply to its operations or could otherwise have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

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3. Investments

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had investments of $188,317 and $0, respectively, classified as available-for sale securities. The Company sold all its investments in the third quarter of 2024 and the proceeds were invested in cash and cash equivalents.


		As of December 31, 2025
					Gross			Gross			Estimated
		Amortized			Unrealized			Unrealized			Fair
		Cost			Gains			(Losses)			Value
Corporate bonds		$	179,474		$	773		$	(101)		$	180,146
Commercial paper			4,323			—			—			4,323
Agency bonds			3,849			1			(2)			3,848
Total investments		$	187,646		$	774		$	(103)		$	188,317

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the net realized gains were $57 and for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, unrealized gains were $511, $0 and $476, respectively, net of taxes. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company estimates the lifetime expected credit losses for all available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position. If our assessment indicates that an expected credit loss exists, we determine the portion of the unrealized loss attributable to credit deterioration and record a reserve for the expected credit loss in the allowance for credit losses in technology and academic services in our consolidated income statements. Based on the nature of securities there is no allowance recorded for available-for-sale debt securities.


Available-for-sale securities maturing as of December 31:
2026	$	73,445
2027		82,477
2028		32,395
	$	188,317

4. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consist of the following:


		As of December 31,
		2025		2024
Land		$	5,098	$	5,098
Land improvements			2,242		2,242
Buildings			51,399		51,399
Buildings and leasehold improvements			39,159		37,424
Computer equipment			142,412		141,160
Furniture, fixtures and equipment			30,639		29,715
Internally developed software			125,160		98,605
Construction in progress			4,348		6,393
			400,457		372,036
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization			(221,500)		(195,213)
Property and equipment, net		$	178,957	$	176,823

Depreciation expense associated with property and equipment totaled $31,187, $27,760 and $23,106 for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

5. Intangible Assets

Identified intangible assets of $210,280 consisted primarily of university partner relationships that were valued at $210,000, which arose in connection with the acquisition of Orbis Education in January 2019.

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Amortizable intangible assets consist of the following as of:


	December 31, 2025
	Estimated	Gross				Net
	Average Useful	Carrying		Accumulated		Carrying
	Life (in years)	Amount		Amortization		Amount
University partner relationships	25	$	210,000	$	(58,457)	$	151,543
Trade names	1		280		(280)		—
Total amortizable intangible assets, net		$	210,280	$	(58,737)	$	151,543

Amortization expense for university partner relationships and trade names for the years ending December 31:


2026	$	8,419
2027		8,419
2028		8,419
2029		8,419
2030		8,419
Thereafter		109,448
	$	151,543

6. Leases

The Company has operating leases for off-campus classroom and laboratory site locations, office space, office equipment, and optical fiber communication lines. These leases have terms that range from one month to 10 years and nine months. At lease inception, we determine the lease term by assuming no exercises of renewal options, due to the Company’s constantly changing geographical needs for its university partners. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded in the consolidated balance sheets and we recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has operating lease costs of $17,793, $16,694 and $13,496 for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had $15,542 of non-cancelable operating lease commitments for three off-campus classroom and laboratory sites that had not yet commenced. The Company’s weighted-average remaining lease term relating to its operating leases is 7.24 years, with a weighted-average discount rate of 4.44%. The cash paid for operating lease liabilities was $17,111, $14,895 and $11,391 for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had no financing leases.

Future payment obligations with respect to the Company’s operating leases, which were existing at December 31, 2025, by year and in the aggregate, are as follows:


Year Ending December 31,		Amount
2026		$	18,750
2027			18,151
2028			17,475
2029			17,363
2030			15,560
Thereafter			39,576
Total lease payments		$	126,875
Less interest			19,552
Present value of lease liabilities		$	107,323

7. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Matters

From time to time, the Company is party to various lawsuits, claims, and other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business, some of which are covered by insurance. When the Company is aware of a claim or potential claim, it assesses the likelihood of any loss or exposure. If it is probable that a loss will result and the amount of

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the loss can be reasonably estimated, the Company records a liability for the loss. If the loss is not probable or the amount of the loss cannot be reasonably estimated, the Company discloses the nature of the specific claim if the likelihood of a potential loss is reasonably possible and the amount involved is material. With respect to the majority of pending litigation matters, the Company’s ultimate legal and financial responsibility, if any, cannot be estimated with certainty and, in most cases, any potential losses related to those matters are not considered probable.

Upon resolution of any pending legal matters, the Company may incur charges in excess of presently established reserves. Management does not believe that any such charges would, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Pending Litigation Matters

Matters Related to GCU Graduate Program Disclosures and Related Matters. The Company is a party to several matters alleging that, in the performance of its marketing services provided on behalf of GCU, it made false or misleading representations regarding the time to complete and the costs associated with and/or accreditation issues related to certain GCU graduate programs. These matters include:

●

Smith and Wang v. Grand Canyon Education, Inc. This putative class action was filed in June 2024 in the United States District Court for the District of Arizona and asserts claims under the federal RICO statute as well as various claims for violations of state law consumer protection statutes. On September 20, 2024, the plaintiffs amended their complaint, and on November 4, 2024, the Company moved to dismiss the case. The court granted in part and denied in part the motion to dismiss. Specifically, the court dismissed one of the plaintiff’s RICO counts but allowed the other RICO count and the consumer protection claims to proceed to discovery. Discovery is ongoing, and there is currently no trial date scheduled in this matter.

●

Ogdon v. Grand Canyon Education, Inc., et al. This putative class action was filed in May 2020 in federal district court in California and later transferred to United States District Court for the District of Arizona and asserts claims for violations of California’s False Advertising Law, Unfair Competition Law, Consumer Legal Remedies Act; Unjust Enrichment; and purported violations of the federal RICO statute, including a conspiracy claim. The defendants include the Company along with our chief executive officer, chief operating officer and chief financial officer. In July 2025, the plaintiff filed a Second Amended Complaint and added an additional plaintiff. The Company filed a motion to dismiss the Second Amended Complaint on August 19, 2025. The court has not yet ruled on the motion. Discovery is ongoing, and there is currently no trial date scheduled in this matter.

●

Valerio, et al. v. Grand Canyon Education, Inc., et al. This suit was filed on December 24, 2024, in Maricopa County, Arizona Superior Court on behalf of nearly 300 plaintiffs. The plaintiffs assert various claims, including claims for violations of state law consumer protection statutes. The Company filed a motion to dismiss the complaint on May 12, 2025. On September 17, 2025, the court denied the motion to dismiss. The court held a status conference on October 9, 2025, to address issues of case management. The court ordered plaintiffs to file individual complaints for each plaintiff. The plaintiffs filed their individual complaints on December 11, 2025, and Defendants filed answers to each complaint on January 30, 2026. The court has not yet issued a case management conference. There is currently no trial date scheduled in this matter.

We believe that the Company’s representations made in marketing materials or by our employees regarding GCU’s doctoral program requirements were at all times accurate and not false or misleading and thus did not violate applicable law. The Company intends to defend itself vigorously in each of these legal proceedings. The outcome of these legal proceedings is uncertain at this point. At present, the Company cannot estimate a range of loss for these actions based on the information available to the Company. Accordingly, the Company has not accrued any liability associated with these actions.

Tax Reserves, Non-Income Tax Related

From time to time the Company has exposure to various non-income tax related matters that arise in the ordinary course of business. At both December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company has no non-income tax related matters where exposure is considered probable and the potential loss can be reasonably estimated.

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8. Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per common share is calculated by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per common share reflects the assumed conversion of all potentially dilutive securities, consisting of stock options and restricted stock awards, for which the estimated fair value exceeds the exercise price, less shares which could have been purchased with the related proceeds, unless anti-dilutive. For employee equity awards, repurchased shares are also included for any unearned compensation adjusted for tax. The table below reflects the calculation of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, on an as if converted basis, used in computing basic and diluted earnings per common share.



		Year Ended December 31,
		2025		2024		2023
Denominator:
Basic weighted average shares outstanding		27,862		29,104		29,991
Effect of dilutive stock options and restricted stock		162		167		156
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding		28,024		29,271		30,147

Diluted weighted average shares outstanding excludes the incremental effect of unvested restricted stock and shares that would be issued upon the assumed exercise of stock options in accordance with the treasury stock method. For each of the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, approximately 15, 20, and 52, respectively, of the Company’s restricted stock awards outstanding were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. These restricted stock awards could be dilutive in the future.

9. Equity Transactions

Preferred Stock

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had 10,000 shares of authorized but unissued and undesignated preferred stock. The Company’s charter provides that the Board of Directors has authority to issue preferred stock, with voting powers, designations, preferences, and special rights, qualifications, limitation, or restrictions as permitted by law as determined by the Board of Directors, without stockholder approval. The Board of Directors may authorize the issuance of preferred stock with voting or conversion rights that could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of the common stock.

Treasury Stock

On December 10, 2025 the Board of Directors approved a $300,000 increase under its existing stock repurchase program reflecting an aggregate authorization for share repurchases since the initiation of the program of $2,545,000. The expiration date on the repurchase authorization is March 1, 2027. Repurchases occur at the Company’s discretion. Repurchases may be made in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, pursuant to the applicable Securities and Exchange Commission rules. The amount and timing of future share repurchases, if any, will be made as market and business conditions warrant.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company repurchased 1,479 shares of common stock at an aggregate cost of $255,294. As of December 31, 2025, there remained $344,354 available under its current share repurchase authorization. Shares repurchased in lieu of taxes are not included in the repurchase plan totals as they were approved in conjunction with the restricted share awards.

10. Income Taxes

The Company has deferred tax assets and liabilities that reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Deferred tax assets are subject to periodic recoverability assessments. Realization of the deferred tax assets, net of deferred tax liabilities is principally dependent upon achievement of projected future taxable income. Based upon the level of historical taxable income and projections for future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred tax assets are deductible, management believes it is more-likely-than-not that the Company will realize the benefits of these deductible differences. The Company has no valuation allowance at December 31, 2025 and 2024.

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Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. As changes in tax laws or rates are enacted, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted though income tax expense.

The components of income tax expense (benefit) are as follows:


		Year Ended December 31,
		2025			2024			2023
Current:
Federal		$	45,035		$	60,294		$	54,097
State			3,748			5,009			39
			48,783			65,303			54,136
Deferred:
Federal			13,309			(476)			229
State			1,589			254			325
			14,898			(222)			554
Tax expense recorded as an increase of paid-in capital			—			—			—
		$	63,681		$	65,081		$	54,690

A reconciliation of income tax computed at the U.S. statutory rate to the effective income tax rate is as follows:


		Year Ended December 31,
		2025				2024				2023
U.S. Federal Statutory Tax Rate	$	58,769	21.0	%	$	61,176	21.0	%	$	54,532	21.0	%
State & Local Income Taxes, net of federal income tax effect (1)		2,397	0.9			3,324	1.1			1,592	0.6
Enactment of New Tax Laws		—	—			—	—			—	—
Nontaxable or Nondeductible Items
Other		816	0.3			(182)	(0.1)			32	0.0
Changes in Unrecognized Tax Benefits		1,736	0.6			786	0.3			(1,482)	(0.5)
Other Adjustments		(37)	0.0			(23)	0.0			16	0.0
Effective Tax Rate	$	63,681	22.8	%	$	65,081	22.3	%	$	54,690	21.1	%

(1)

The states and local jurisdictions that contribute to the majority (greater than 50%) of the tax effect in this category include Arizona, Massachusetts, Oregon, New York and New Jersey.

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Significant components of the Company’s deferred income tax assets and liabilities, included in Deferred income taxes, non-current on the consolidated balance sheets are as follows:


		As of December 31,			As of December 31,
		2025			2024
Deferred tax assets:
Share-based compensation		$	2,904		$	2,911
Employee compensation			1,461			1,459
Intangibles			5,345			8,532
Leases			3,041			2,598
State taxes			4,776			4,197
Other			289			171
Deferred tax assets			17,816			19,868

Deferred tax liability:
Property and equipment			(22,180)			(9,337)
Goodwill			(37,051)			(37,051)
Other			(11)			(7)
Deferred tax liability			(59,242)			(46,395)
Net deferred tax liability		$	(41,426)		$	(26,527)

The net deferred tax liability on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet is comprised of the following:


		As of December 31,			As of December 31,
		2025			2024
Deferred income taxes, current		$	6,526		$	5,827
Deferred income taxes, non-current			(47,952)			(32,354)
Net deferred tax liability		$	(41,426)		$	(26,527)

The Company recognizes the impact of a tax position in its financial statements if that position is more-likely-than-not to be sustained on audit, based on the technical merits of the position. The Company discloses all unrecognized tax benefits, which includes the reserves recorded for uncertain tax positions on filed tax returns and the unrecognized portion of affirmative claims. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. Unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $16,824 and $14,626, respectively.

The reconciliation of the beginning and ending balance of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, is as follows:


		2025			2024
Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of year		$	14,626		$	13,631
Tax positions taken during the current year
Increases			3,461			3,407
Decreases			—			—
Tax positions taken during a prior year
Increases			1,055			2,465
Decreases			(1,173)			(1,550)
Decreases for settlements during the period			—			—
Reductions for lapses of applicable statute of limitations			(1,145)			(3,327)
Unrecognized tax benefits, end of year		$	16,824		$	14,626

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the unrecognized tax benefit recorded of $16,824 and $14,626, respectively, if reversed, would impact the effective tax rate. At both years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 the Company had accrued $0, in interest and $0, in penalties.

The Company’s uncertain tax positions were related to tax years that remained subject to examination by tax authorities. As of December 31, 2025, the earliest tax year still subject to examination for federal and state purposes is 2022 and 2020, respectively.

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The amount of cash income taxes paid by the Company were as follows:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025		2024		2023
Federal	$	49,000	$	61,000	$	57,000
State and local		4,883		4,252		(344)
Income taxes, net of amounts refunded	$	53,883	$	65,252	$	56,656

11. Share-Based Compensation Plans

Incentive Plans

The Company makes equity incentive grants pursuant to our 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”) under which a maximum of 3,000 shares may be granted. As of December 31, 2025, 873 shares were available for grants under the 2017 Plan.

Restricted Stock

During fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023, the Company granted 86, 117, and 136 shares of common stock, respectively, with a service vesting condition to certain of its executives, officers, and employees. The restricted shares have voting rights and vest evenly at 20% over each of the next five years. Upon vesting, shares will be held in lieu of taxes equivalent to the statutory tax withholding required to be paid when the restricted stock vests. During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company withheld 53, 55, and 56 shares of common stock in lieu of taxes at a cost of $9,463, $7,446, and $6,331, on the restricted stock vesting dates, respectively. In April 2024, a new non-employee director was appointed to the Board of Directors and was granted an initial award of shares pursuant to the Company’s compensation program. The initial award of shares that were granted to such newly appointed director have voting rights and vest on the one-year anniversary of the date of grant. During 2025, 2024 and 2023, following the annual stockholders meeting, the Company granted 2, 3 and 4 shares of common stock to the non-employee members of the Board of Directors. The restricted shares granted to these directors have voting rights and vest on the earlier of (a) the one year anniversary of the date of grant or (b) immediately prior to the following year’s annual stockholders’ meeting.

On June 30, 2024, a named executive officer resigned for “good reason” which, under the terms of his employment agreement, resulted in an acceleration of the vesting of the next tranche of five outstanding restricted stock awards that would have otherwise vested on March 1, 2025. As a result, the incremental share-based compensation expense from the modification on the five restricted stock awards for the accelerated vesting date was $558 and is included in the general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated income statement. In July 2024, 5 shares vested and 2 shares were withheld in lieu of taxes at a cost of $324 on the accelerated vesting date.

A summary of the activity related to restricted stock granted under the Company’s Incentive Plan is as follows:


				Weighted Average
		Total		Grant Date
		Shares		Fair Value per Share
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022		476		$	85.32
Granted		140		$	112.60
Vested		(147)		$	86.94
Forfeited, canceled or expired		(19)		$	87.87
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023		450		$	93.16
Granted		120		$	130.80
Vested		(151)		$	91.84
Forfeited, canceled or expired		(16)		$	100.12
Outstanding as of December 31, 2024		403		$	104.54
Granted		88		$	173.00
Vested		(139)		$	98.09
Forfeited, canceled or expired		(21)		$	122.94
Outstanding as of December 31, 2025		331		$	124.22

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As of December 31, 2025, there was approximately $29,430 of total unrecognized share-based compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock awards. These costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.02 years.

Share-based Compensation

Share-based Compensation Expense Assumptions – Restricted Stock Awards

The Company measures and recognizes compensation expense for share-based payment awards made to employees and directors. The fair value of the Company’s restricted stock awards is based on the market price of its common stock on the date of grant. Stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock grants is expensed over the vesting period using the straight-line method for Company employees and the Board of Directors. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur. The restricted shares have voting rights.

The table below outlines share-based compensation expense for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 related to restricted stock and stock options granted:


		2025			2024			2023
Technology and academic services		$	2,486		$	2,594		$	2,365
Counseling services and support

Grand Canyon Education, Inc. 10-K