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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)


☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024


☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM __________ TO __________

Commission File Number 001-39528

PACTIV EVERGREEN INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)


Delaware	88-0927268
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1900 W. Field Court Lake Forest, IL	60045
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (847) 482-2000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

    Title of each class

    Trading
Symbol(s)

    Name of each exchange on which registered

    Common Stock, $0.001 par value

    PTVE

    The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☒☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, based on the closing price of the shares of common stock on the Nasdaq Stock Market on June 3028, ~~2023~~2024, was $~~301~~453,~~604~~012,~~107~~703.

The number of shares of Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of February 2320, ~~2024~~2025 was ~~178~~180,~~557~~630,~~086~~534.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement relating to the Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K where indicated. The Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.

Pactiv Evergreen Inc.

Table of Contents
		Page
PART I		1
Item 1.	Business	1
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	910
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	2831
Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	2831
Item 2.	Properties	2831
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	2932
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	2932
PART II		3033
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	3033
Item 6.	Reserved	3133
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	3234
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	4846
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	4947
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	8889
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	8889
Item 9B.	Other Information	8889
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	8889
PART III		91
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	91
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	91
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	91
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	91
Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	91
PART IV		92
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	92
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	9594
SIGNATURES		9695

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND RISK FACTORS SUMMARY

This report contains certain statements that constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In some cases, you can identify these statements by forward-looking words such as “may,” “might,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential” or “continue,” the negative of these terms and other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements, which are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions about us, may include projections of our future financial performance, our anticipated growth strategies, anticipated trends in our business and anticipated growth in the markets served by our business. These statements are only predictions based on our current expectations and projections about future events. There are important factors that could cause our actual results, level of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from the results, level of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements, including those factors discussed under the caption entitled “Risk Factors.” You should specifically consider the numerous risks outlined under “Risk Factors.” These risks include, among others, those related to:

•

the possibility that our previously-announced merger with Novolex Holdings, LLC, which we refer to as the Merger, might not be completed within the expected timeframe or at all;

•

disruptions associated with the announcement and pendency of the Merger, including interim covenants applicable to us;

•

the fact that the consideration payable to our stockholders in connection with the Merger will not be adjusted if the value of our business or assets changes before the Merger closes and our inability to pursue alternatives to the Merger;

•

the significant costs that we will incur in connection with the Merger;

•

litigation that may be filed against us challenging the Merger;

•

the fact that our directors and executive officers have interests in the Merger that may be different from or in addition to those of our other stockholders;

•

fluctuations in raw material, energy and freight costs;

•

failure to maintain satisfactory relationships with our major customers;

•

the global macroeconomic environment, including inflation, consumer demand, global supply chain challenges, trade relations and other macroeconomic and geopolitical issues;

•

our dependence on suppliers of raw materials and any interruption to our supply of raw materials;

•

labor shortages and increased labor costs;

•

our recently-announced Footprint Optimization;

the impact of natural disasters, public health crises and catastrophic events outside of our control;

•

our ability to successfully complete acquisitions, divestitures, investments and other similar transactions that we pursue from time to time;

•

~~our~~competition ~~ability~~in ~~to realize~~ the ~~benefits~~markets ofin ~~our~~which ~~capital~~we ~~investment, acquisitions, restructuring and other cost savings programs~~operate;

•

changes in consumer lifestyle, eating habits, nutritional preferences and health-related, environmental and sustainability concerns;

•

our Footprint Optimization plan;

•

our ability to realize the benefits of our capital investment, acquisitions, restructuring and other cost savings programs;

•

our safety performance;

•

competition in the markets in which we operate;

the impact of our significant debt on our financial condition and ability to operate our business;

•

compliance with, and liabilities related to, applicable laws and regulations;

•

our aspirations and disclosures related to ESG matters; and

•

the ownership of a majority of the voting power of our common stock by our parent company Packaging Finance Limited, which we refer to as PFL, an entity beneficially owned by Mr. Graeme Hart.

Although we believe the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, level of activity, performance or achievements. Moreover, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of any of these forward-looking statements. We undertake no duty to update any of these forward-looking statements after the date of this report to conform our prior statements to actual results or revised expectations.

PART I

Item 1. Business

General

Pactiv Evergreen is a leading manufacturer and distributor of fresh foodservice and food merchandising products and fresh beverage cartons in North America. We produce a broad range of products that protect, package and display fresh food and beverages for consumers who want to eat or drink fresh, prepared or ready-to-eat food and beverages conveniently and with confidence. We supply our products to a broad and diversified mix of companies, including full service restaurants (also referred to as FSRs), quick service restaurants (also referred to as QSRs), foodservice distributors, supermarkets, grocery and healthy eating retailers, other food stores, food and beverage producers and food processors. We operate primarily in North America. The terms “Pactiv Evergreen,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” are used to refer collectively to Pactiv Evergreen Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Merger Agreement

On December 9, 2024, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, or the Merger Agreement, with Novolex Holdings, LLC, which we refer to as Novolex, and Alpha Lion Sub, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Novolex, which we refer to as Merger Sub. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement, Novolex agreed to acquire Pactiv Evergreen for $18.00 per issued and outstanding share of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share, which we refer to as the Shares, in an all-cash transaction. Later on December 9, 2024, following the execution and delivery of the Merger Agreement, Packaging Finance Limited, a New Zealand company, which held Shares representing a majority of the voting power of the outstanding Shares, delivered a written consent, adopting the Merger Agreement as required by Delaware law. As a result, no further approval of the stockholders of the Company is required to adopt the Merger Agreement or approve the Merger, which we define below.

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, following consummation of the merger of Merger Sub with and into Pactiv Evergreen, which we refer to as the Merger, the Company will be a wholly-owned subsidiary of Novolex. As a result of the Merger, we will cease to be a publicly traded company. We have agreed to various customary covenants and agreements, including, among others, agreements to conduct our business in the ordinary course during the period between the execution of the Merger Agreement and the effective time of the Merger, which we refer to as the Effective Time. We do not believe that these restrictions will prevent us from meeting our debt service obligations, ongoing costs of operations, working capital needs or capital expenditure requirements.

Novolex will be required to pay us a reverse termination fee of $236 million under specified circumstances, including termination of the Merger Agreement if Novolex or Merger Sub breach or fail to perform any of their respective representations, warranties, covenants or agreements set forth in the Merger Agreement, which breach or failure to perform would result in the failure of certain conditions that cannot be cured by the earlier of the outside date of the Merger Agreement and 30 days after receipt of notice of such breach or failure, so long as the Company is not in material breach of its covenants or agreements.

The consummation of the Merger remains subject to customary closing conditions, including receipt of certain regulatory approvals.

For additional information related to the Merger Agreement, please refer to the Definitive Information Statement on Schedule 14C filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, on January 10, 2025, and other relevant materials in connection with the proposed transaction with Novolex that we will file with the SEC and that will contain important information about the Company and the Merger.

Segment Overview

We manufacture and sell products through the following two reportable segments:

•

Foodservice. Our Foodservice segment manufactures a broad range of products that enable consumers to eat and drink where they want and when they want with convenience, including food containers, drinkware (such as hot and cold cups and lids), tableware, serviceware and other products that make eating on-the-go more enjoyable and easy to do. Foodservice’s customer base includes chain restaurants, FSRs, established and emerging QSRs, distributors, institutional foodservice (such as airports, schools and hospitals) and convenience stores.

•

Food and Beverage Merchandising. Our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment manufactures products that protect and attractively display food and beverages while preserving freshness. Food and Beverage Merchandising products include cartons for fresh refrigerated beverage products, primarily serving dairy (including plant-based, organic and specialties), juice and other specialty beverage end-markets, clear rigid-display containers, containers for prepared and ready-to-eat food, trays for meat and poultry and egg cartons. Food and Beverage Merchandising also manufactures and supplies integrated fresh carton systems, which include printed cartons, spouts and filling machinery. Prior to October 2024, ~~and~~it ~~produces~~also produced fiber-based liquid packaging board for its internal requirements and to sell to other fresh beverage carton manufacturers. ~~Prior to June 2023, it also produced a range of paper-based products which it sold to paper and packaging converters.~~

The pie charts below show the breakdown of our net external revenues from continuing operations for fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021 by our segments.

(1) Other represents residual businesses that do not represent a reportable segment.

The pie charts below show the breakdown of our net external revenues from continuing operations for fiscal years ~~2023~~2024, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021~~2022 by our ~~products~~segments.

(1) Other represents residual businesses that do not represent a reportable segment.

The pie charts below show the breakdown of our net revenues from continuing operations for fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022 by our products.

Beverage Merchandising Restructuring

In the second quarter of 2023, we combined our legacy Food Merchandising and Beverage Merchandising segments to create our current Food and Beverage Merchandising segment. At the same time, we also reorganized the management of certain product lines from our Foodservice segment to our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment. All information presented in this report as to prior periods has been recast to reflect the current reportable segment structure and the change in the management of certain product lines.

This change in segments occurred as part of a broader restructuring of our legacy Beverage Merchandising segment, which we refer to as the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring. This restructuring involved, among other things:

•

The closure of our Canton, North Carolina mill, which we refer to as the Canton Mill, including the cessation of mill operations, during the second quarter of 2023;

•

The closure of our Olmsted Falls, Ohio converting facility and concurrent reallocation of certain production to our remaining facilities during the second quarter of 2023; and

•

The aforementioned reorganization of our operating and reporting structure to achieve increased efficiencies and related cost savings~~; and~~.

~~The~~Additionally, ~~initiation~~the ofplan aincluded ~~process~~the exploration of ~~exploring~~ strategic alternatives for our Pine Bluff, Arkansas mill and our Waynesville, North Carolina extrusion facility, which ~~remains~~we ~~ongoing~~collectively refer to as the Facilities. Following authorization by the Board on July 12, 2024, we entered into a definitive agreement to sell the Facilities and inassociated ~~relation~~assets and liabilities to an affiliate of Suzano S.A., or Suzano, which we ~~have~~refer ~~not~~to ~~established~~as athe ~~definitive~~Pine ~~timetable~~Bluff Transaction.

~~For~~The ~~additional~~Pine ~~information~~Bluff ~~related~~Transaction toclosed ~~the~~on ~~Beverage~~October ~~Merchandising Restructuring~~1, ~~refer~~2024. toWe ~~Note~~received 4,proceeds ~~Restructuring~~of $83 million, ~~Asset~~inclusive ~~Impairment~~of ~~and~~the ~~Other~~$10 ~~Related~~million ~~Charges,~~exclusivity topayment ~~the~~previously ~~consolidated~~received ~~financial~~during ~~statements~~the ~~and~~second toquarter ~~Recent~~of ~~Developments~~2024. ~~and~~We ~~Significant~~also ~~Items~~entered ~~Affecting~~into ~~Comparability~~a –long-term ~~Beverage~~liquid ~~Merchandising~~packaging ~~Restructuring~~board ~~within~~supply ~~Item~~agreement 7,with ~~Management’s~~Suzano ~~Discussion~~upon ~~and~~the ~~Analysis~~closing of ~~Financial~~the ~~Condition~~Pine ~~and~~Bluff ~~Results of Operations~~Transaction.

Finally, on January 10, 2025, we completed the sale of the assets and liabilities associated with the Canton Mill, which we refer to as the Canton Transaction.

For additional information related to the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring, including the Pine Bluff Transaction and the Canton Transaction, refer to Note 3, Acquisitions and Dispositions, and Note 4, Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges, to the consolidated financial statements and to Recent Developments and Significant Items Affecting Comparability – Beverage Merchandising Restructuring within Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Strategic Initiatives

Our strategic initiatives are grouped into five key areas: people; profitable growth; social responsibility; operational excellence; and enterprise optimization.

•

People: Champion a people-centric, values-driven culture that attracts, retains and develops talent, rewards employees for high performance and ensures all team members feel valued and empowered and have a sense of belonging.

•

Profitable growth: Drive ~~top-line~~profitable growth by effectively balancing where and how we focus our product development, sustainability, innovation and investment efforts to deliver reliable and consistent above market growth in a capital efficient way.

•

Social responsibility: ~~Packaging~~Package a better future, by operating with integrity, conducting business in a responsible manner and giving back to the communities where we live and work.

•

Operational excellence: Drive sustained ~~operations~~operating performance and deliver consistently and reliably with lower risks and operating costs than our competition, while maintaining our commitment to quality, service and safety.

•

Enterprise optimization: Optimize our processes and drive strategies for effective change management while advancing our technology.

We rigorously track and measure the progress and results of our initiatives. We are focused on long-term planning and goal-setting strategies as well as our near-term operating results. We believe our strategic initiatives help drive ~~our~~profitable ~~revenue~~ growth and improve our margins. Where appropriate, we also seek to grow our business with targeted acquisitions that enable us to achieve our strategic goals.

~~Where~~Over ~~appropriate~~the last several years, we ~~also~~have ~~seek~~focused toour ~~grow~~business on our core, business-to-business ~~with~~North ~~targeted~~American ~~acquisitions~~foodservice ~~that~~and ~~enable~~food usand tobeverage ~~achieve~~merchandising operations. Before and after our ~~strategic~~IPO ~~goals~~in September 2020, we divested certain of our non-core businesses, and may do so in the future. For example, in ~~2021~~2022, we ~~acquired~~sold ~~Fabri-Kal~~our 50% interest in a joint venture with Naturepak Limited, which is a ~~manufacturer~~provider of ~~thermoformed~~fresh ~~plastic~~liquid carton and packaging ~~products~~systems ~~whose~~in ~~products~~the ~~include~~Middle ~~food~~East ~~containers~~and North Africa region, and ~~drinkware~~our ~~(cold~~carton ~~cups~~packaging and ~~lids)~~filling ~~for~~machinery businesses in China, Korea and Taiwan. In addition, we divested our remaining closures businesses during the ~~institutional~~fourth ~~foodservice~~quarter of 2022 and ~~consumer~~the ~~packaged~~first ~~goods~~quarter ~~markets~~of 2023. ~~The~~In ~~acquisition~~2023, ~~included~~we ~~four~~commenced ~~manufacturing~~significant ~~facilities~~restructuring actions related to our beverage merchandising operations, including the Pine Bluff Transaction in 2024 and the ~~United~~Canton ~~States~~Transaction in 2025. During the fourth quarter of 2024, we also completed the sale of our 50% interest in a joint venture with Ducart, a packaging provider in the Middle East region. For ~~additional~~information on divestitures undertaken before our IPO, please refer to the “Corporate Information” section below. For details on divestitures and distributions of certain operations that impacted our results, refer to Note 3, Acquisitions and Dispositions, and Note 4, Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges, to the consolidated financial statements.

Over the last several years, we have focused our business on our core, business-to-business North American foodservice and food and beverage merchandising operations. Before and after our IPO in September 2020, we divested certain of our non-core businesses, and may do so in the future. For example, in 2022, we sold our 50% interest in a joint venture with Naturepak Limited, which is a leading provider of fresh liquid carton and packaging systems in the Middle East and North Africa region, and our carton packaging and filling machinery businesses in China, Korea and Taiwan. In addition, we divested our remaining closures businesses during the fourth quarter of 2022 and the first quarter of 2023. In 2023, we also took significant restructuring actions related to our Beverage Merchandising operations. For information on divestitures undertaken before our IPO, please refer to the “Corporate Information” section below. For details on divestitures and distributions of certain operations that impacted our results, refer to Note 3, Acquisitions and Dispositions, and Note 4, Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges, to the consolidated financial statements.

Customers

We supply our products to a broad and diversified mix of companies, including FSRs, QSRs, foodservice distributors, supermarkets, grocery and healthy eating retailers, other food stores, food and beverage producers, food packers and food processors. Our customers range from large blue-chip multinational companies to national and regional companies to small local businesses. We have developed strong and longstanding relationships with our customers, including many leading restaurants and brands. In 2024 and 2023, one customer in our Foodservice segment accounted for sales representing approximately 10% of our consolidated net revenues. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated net revenues in 2022 ~~or 2021~~. Our ten largest customers accounted for 42approximately 44% of net revenues in ~~2023~~2024.

Seasonality

Our business does not experience high seasonality due to the complementary nature of the seasonal effects on our segments, though portions of our business are moderately seasonal. Our Foodservice operations and the food merchandising operations of our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment peak during the summer and fall months in North America when the favorable weather and harvest and holiday seasons lead to increased consumption, resulting in greater levels of sales in the second and third quarters. The customers of the beverage merchandising operations of our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment are principally engaged in providing products that are generally less sensitive to seasonal effects, although they do experience some seasonality as a result of increased consumption of milk by school children during the North American academic year, resulting in a greater level of carton product sales in the first and fourth quarters.

Competition

The markets in which we sell our products historically have been, and continue to be, highly competitive. Areas of competition include service, innovation, quality, sustainability and price. While we have long-term relationships with many of our customers, the underlying contracts may be re-bid or renegotiated from time to time, and we may not be successful in renewing on favorable terms or at all, as pricing and other competitive pressures may occasionally result in the loss of a customer relationship.

contracts may be re-bid or renegotiated from time to time, and we may not be successful in renewing on favorable terms or at all, as pricing and other competitive pressures may occasionally result in the loss of a customer relationship.

Distribution and Marketing

We have a large, well-invested manufacturing base and a hub-and-spoke distribution network in the United States and in the international geographies in which we operate. Most of our assets are in the United States, which allows us to provide an extensive offering of U.S.-manufactured products to our customers. We believe our manufacturing footprint and distribution network provide us a competitive advantage in each of our segments. Our Foodservice segment is the only manufacturer among its competitors in the United States with an extensive nationwide hub-and-spoke distribution network, enabling customers to buy across our entire product offering. The food merchandising ~~operation~~operations of our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment is a low cost U.S. manufacturer with well-invested facilities within close proximity to our customer base. We have an unrivalled product offering in the North American foodservice and food merchandising markets and a “one-face-to-the-customer” service model. This service model uses one sales representative per account to produce one order with multiple SKUs supported by one customer service representative who is responsible for one shipment with one invoice. We believe that the beverage merchandising ~~operation~~operations of our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment is ~~uniquely~~well positioned in the United States as ~~the~~a ~~only~~manufacturer ~~producer~~of ~~that~~both ~~manufactures~~ fresh beverage cartons, ~~filling machinery~~ and ~~liquid~~filling ~~packaging board~~machinery, which we believe ~~positions~~allows us asto aprovide ~~low cost solution with~~ excellent customer service.

We have made manufacturing flexibility a priority in our investment of capital. We are able to offer substrates and product lines to match changing market needs efficiently and at low cost. This enables us to scale production in response to the requirements of our customers and trends in the market, including, for example, increasing our use of recycled and recyclable material to produce a greater number of sustainable products. We have strategically invested in flexible manufacturing assets that can be quickly converted to produce alternative products. Our broad manufacturing base includes approximately 1,100 production lines.

As of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, our Foodservice segment ~~has~~had 2322 manufacturing plants, and our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment ~~has~~had 28 manufacturing plants, including 5 U.S. beverage carton manufacturing plants. Both segments share the use of 3436 warehouses and 87 regional mixing centers. Food and Beverage Merchandising also ~~has~~had 2one ~~extrusion plants, 1~~ filling machinery plant~~, 1 integrated liquid packaging board mill and 1 chip mill~~. Each of our manufacturing plants is managed by a manufacturing director, and we use lean operating practices and information systems to measure performance against objective metrics and to optimize manufacturing efficiency and reduce cost.

Raw Materials

The primary raw materials used to manufacture our products are plastic resins, ~~fiber~~paperboard (principally ~~raw~~liquid ~~wood~~packaging board, ~~wood~~cartonboard ~~chips~~ and ~~recycled newsprint~~cupstock) and ~~paperboard~~fiber (principally ~~cartonboard~~recycled ~~and cupstock~~newsprint). We also use ~~commodity chemicals, steel and~~ energy, including fuel oil, electricity, and natural gas, steel and ~~coal~~commodity chemicals, to manufacture our products. We purchase most of our raw materials based on negotiated rates with suppliers, which are tied to published indices. Typically, we do not enter into long-term purchase contracts that provide for fixed quantities or prices for our principal raw materials. ~~Most of our raw materials and other input costs are purchased on the spot market.~~

Resin prices have historically fluctuated based on changes in supply and demand, ~~and influenced by~~ the ~~prices~~price of ~~crude~~energy ~~oil~~ and ~~monomers,~~the ~~which~~impact ~~may~~of ~~be impacted by~~ extreme weather conditions and the demand for other end uses. ~~The prices of raw wood and wood chips may fluctuate due to external conditions such as weather, product scarcity, commodity market fluctuations and changes in governmental policies and regulations.~~ Tariffs, trade sanctions and other disruptions in international commerce can also affect the cost of our raw materials.

We mitigate the impact of increased commodity costs principally through higher product pricing, manufacturing and overhead cost control and hedging arrangements. Many of the customer pricing agreements that our segments enter into contain raw material cost pass-through mechanisms that adjust prices to reflect the impact of changes in raw material costs. Generally, the contractual price adjustments do not occur simultaneously with commodity price fluctuations, but rather on a mutually agreed upon schedule, which often causes a lead-lag effect, during which margins are negatively impacted in the short term when raw material costs increase and positively impacted in the short term when raw material costs decrease. The average lag time in implementing raw material cost pass-through mechanisms is approximately three months. From time to time, we may also use hedging techniques to limit the impact of fluctuations in the cost of our principal raw materials, but we do not fully hedge against commodity cost changes, and our hedging strategies may not protect us from increases in specific raw material costs.5

We mitigate the impact of increased commodity costs principally through higher product pricing and manufacturing and overhead cost control. Many of the customer pricing agreements that our segments enter into contain raw material cost pass-through mechanisms that adjust prices to reflect the impact of changes in raw material costs. Generally, the contractual price adjustments do not occur simultaneously with commodity price fluctuations, but rather on a mutually agreed-upon schedule, which often causes a lead-lag effect, during which margins are negatively impacted in the short term when raw material costs increase and positively impacted in the short term when raw material costs decrease. The average lag time in implementing raw material cost pass-through mechanisms is approximately three months. From time to time, we may also use hedging techniques to limit the impact of fluctuations in the cost of our principal raw materials, but we do not fully hedge against commodity cost changes, and our hedging strategies may not protect us from increases in specific raw material costs.

At this time, we believe there will continue to be an adequate supply of the raw materials we use and that they will generally remain available from numerous sources.

For additional information on our commodity costs, refer to Financial Outlook – Raw Materials and Energy Prices within Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Intellectual Property and Research and Development

We have a proven history of product innovation, including the introduction of new products and the addition of innovative features to existing products. Innovation is a core capability we are proud of and a key focus area going forward as we strive to enhance our product portfolio, drive growth and increase margins.

We have significant intellectual property and proprietary know-how. As of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, we held ~~approximately~~more ~~300~~than 200 patents related to product design, utility and material formulations.

Our primary focus areas for product innovation are developing packaging with useful new features, engineering new materials that improve the performance of our products and commercializing new environmentally-friendly packaging. Both consumer preferences and customer requirements continually evolve, and we strive to develop useful new features and products to meet those needs. Through our longstanding customer relationships, we gain valuable insight into our customers’ needs and are able to identify, engineer and develop optimal products for them. Functionality, quality, material savings, brand marketing, sustainability and safety are key drivers in our product development. Examples of our product innovations include reclosable beverage cartons, strawless lids, compostable plates and recycled polyethylene terephthalate “~~PET~~RPET” containers.

In our Foodservice segment, our product innovation initiatives are focused on developing new products made from sustainable materials. In our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment, our food product innovation is focused on rapidly growing emerging companies for whom packaging helps deliver their brand, and we have developed a variety of carton designs to help beverage manufacturers differentiate their products and generate stronger brand recognition. ~~Our barrier board technology allows our customers to achieve longer shelf life for their products while protecting against the loss of vitamins and other nutrients.~~

In ~~2023~~2024, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021~~2022, we spent a total of $4536 million, $3345 million and $2233 million, respectively, on research and development efforts. We have dedicated technology and innovation facilities, and we employ personnel focused on product development, material innovation and process improvement. Our material science expertise and state-of-the-art product design and testing capabilities enable us to engineer high-performing materials and create new and innovative products to meet the requirements of our customers and the preferences of consumers as well as to increase food safety. We use our material science expertise to focus on sustainability, performance and material savings. We have industry-leading innovation centers where, among other things, we develop innovative resin blending and compounding formulations and processes and new engineered materials using paper/fiber substrates, which have on-site design, testing, prototyping and production capabilities. These unique material and product design capabilities allow us to partner with our customers to rapidly develop and commercialize new and innovative solutions that further increase the value we provide our customers.

Regulation

Our business is subject to regulations governing products that may contact food in all the countries in which we have operations. Future regulatory and legislative changes can affect the economics of our business activities, lead to changes in operating practices, affect our customers and influence the demand for and the cost of providing products and services to our customers. We have implemented compliance programs and procedures designed to achieve compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and believe these programs and procedures are generally effective. Our production facilities are independently audited for adherence to good manufacturing practices. As of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, 31 of our manufacturing facilities have achieved British Retail Consortium certification for meeting globally-recognized standards related to food safety and quality, and another five manufacturing facilities have received Safe Quality Food certification. ~~Our~~Four ~~extrusion plant and three~~ additional manufacturing facilities are certified in accordance with FSSC 22000, another food safety certification scheme. The remaining sites—~~our~~10 ~~paper mill, nine~~ manufacturing and ~~ten~~14 warehouse facilities—are certified following food safety and supplier assurance audits conducted by the National Sanitation Foundation.

We are also subject to various federal, state, local and foreign environmental, health and safety laws, regulations and permits. Among other things, these requirements regulate the emission or discharge of materials into the environment, govern the use, storage, treatment, disposal and management of hazardous substances and wastes, protect the health and safety of our employees, regulate the materials used in and the recycling of our products and impose liability, which can be strict, joint and several, for the costs of investigating and remediating, and damages resulting from, present and past releases of hazardous substances related to our current and former sites, as well as at third party sites where we or our predecessors have sent hazardous waste for disposal. Many of our manufacturing facilities require environmental permits, such as those limiting air and water emissions. Compliance with these permits can require capital investment and, in some cases, could limit production.

In addition, a number of governmental authorities, both in the United States and abroad, have considered, and are expected to consider, legislation aimed at reducing the amount of plastic waste. For example, in 2022, California enacted the Plastic Pollution Prevention and Packaging Producer Responsibility Act, which, among other things, requires a 25% reduction of plastics in single-use products in the state by 2032 and escalating recycling, reuse or composting rates for single-use packaging, regardless of material, used in the state over time. Additional legislation of this type has included banning certain types of materials or products, mandating certain recycling rates and imposing fees or taxes on packaging material, which could increase our compliance costs and adversely affect our business.6

~~Moreover,~~used asin ~~environmental~~and ~~issues~~the recycling of our products and impose liability, ~~such~~which ascan ~~climate~~be ~~change~~strict, ~~have~~joint ~~become~~and ~~more~~several, ~~prevalent~~for the costs of investigating and remediating, ~~governments~~and ~~have~~damages ~~responded~~resulting from, present and ~~are~~past ~~expected~~releases toof ~~continue~~hazardous tosubstances ~~respond,~~related ~~with~~to ~~increased~~our ~~legislation~~current and ~~regulation~~former sites, ~~which~~as ~~could~~well ~~negatively~~as ~~affect~~at usthird party sites where we or our predecessors have sent hazardous waste for disposal. ~~For~~Many ~~example~~of our manufacturing facilities require environmental permits, ~~the~~such Uas those limiting air and water emissions.S. ~~Congress~~Compliance ~~has~~with these permits can require capital investment and, in some cases, could limit production.

5In addition, a number of governmental authorities, both in the United States and abroad, have considered, and are expected to consider, legislation aimed at reducing the amount of plastic waste. For example, in 2022, California enacted the Plastic Pollution Prevention and Packaging Producer Responsibility Act, which, among other things, requires a 25% reduction of plastics in single-use products in the state by 2032 and escalating recycling, reuse or composting rates for single-use packaging, regardless of material, used in the state over time, which resulted in an effective ban on polystyrene foam foodservice products beginning on January 1, 2025. Additional legislation of this type has included banning certain types of materials or products, mandating certain recycling rates and imposing fees or taxes on packaging material, which could increase our compliance costs and adversely affect our business.

Moreover, as environmental issues, such as climate change, have become more prevalent, governments have responded, and are expected to continue to respond, with increased legislation and regulation, which could negatively affect us. For example, the U.S. Congress has in the past considered legislation to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. In addition, the Environmental Protection Agency regulates certain greenhouse gas emissions under existing laws such as the Clean Air Act. A number of states and local governments in the United States, most notably California, have also implemented, or announced their intentions to implement, their own programs to reduce greenhouse gases~~, most notably California~~. These initiatives may cause us to incur additional direct costs in complying with any new environmental legislation or regulations, such as costs to upgrade or replace equipment, as well as increased indirect costs that could get passed through to us resulting from our suppliers and customers also incurring additional compliance costs.

We have programs across our businesses to ensure we remain in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. For a more detailed description of the various laws and regulations that affect our business, refer to the “Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Risks” section in Item 1A, Risk Factors.

Environmental, Social and Governance

Aligning purpose and performance creates value for companies, their employees and the community. Our efforts across the Company around Environmental, Social and Governance matters support both our Profitable Growth and Social Responsibility Key Strategic Initiatives.

Environmental

Sustainable Products

WeDelivering ~~offer~~sustainable products ~~that~~essential ~~deliver~~to ~~safe,~~consumers ~~fresh~~is ~~and~~at ~~convenient~~the heart of what we do. Proper packaging is a crucial component of the food and ~~beverages~~beverage industry and facilitates today’s on-the-go lifestyle. Our ~~products~~packaging ~~help~~protects ~~reduce~~ food ~~waste~~from bycontamination ~~protecting~~and ~~foods~~helps reduce the spread of disease and ~~beverages~~decrease the likelihood of foodborne illnesses, providing our communities with important protection. Our packaging helps food remain fresh during transport, ~~extending~~extends ~~product~~ shelf -life in stores and ~~reducing~~in ~~the~~consumers’ ~~threat~~homes ofand ~~contamination.~~helps ~~Safety~~reduce ~~and~~food ~~convenience~~waste ~~continue~~at toevery bestep. ~~important~~Additionally, asour onpackaging supports long-~~the-go~~term, ~~consumption~~sustainable ~~and~~business ~~delivery~~practices, ofoffering ~~foods~~cost-effective solutions and ~~beverages~~saving ~~drive~~on ~~growth~~equipment, insupplies, ~~the~~labor ~~industry~~and storage space.

WeOur ~~continue~~material toscientists, ~~grow~~engineers, ~~our~~new ~~offering~~product ofdevelopment, ~~sustainable products with new~~sustainability, ~~plant-based~~procurement ~~bio-resin~~ and ~~fiber-based~~commercialization ~~offerings.~~teams ~~Today,~~are weworking ~~provide~~together ~~customers~~to ~~sustainable~~develop ~~alternatives~~materials ~~across nearly all our products~~ and ~~categories. We offer~~ products ~~made~~that ~~from~~meet ~~seven~~the ~~different~~changing ~~types~~needs of ~~sustainable~~our ~~substrates~~customers. ~~and~~Whether ~~nearly~~these ~~all~~changing needs are ~~made~~driven inby ~~North~~consumer ~~America.~~preference, Weinternal ~~believe~~goals ~~our~~or ~~EarthChoice®~~regulatory ~~brand~~compliance, iswe have the ~~largest~~tools ~~brand~~to ofoffer sustainable ~~foodservice~~alternatives ~~packaging~~across innearly ~~North~~all ~~America, with each product meeting at least one~~ of our ~~“Four~~products ~~Rs”~~and ofcategories ~~Reduce, Reuse, Recycle or Renew. Our Greenware®~~ and ~~Recycleware®~~develop ~~brands~~innovative ~~complement~~products supporting our ~~sustainable~~customers’ ~~offerings, being made with renewable and recycled content materials, respectively~~needs.

~~Through~~For example, our ~~state-of-the-art~~SmartPour™ ~~production~~line ~~technology~~of pourable and ~~material~~resealable ~~science expertise~~packaging, welaunched ~~can~~in ~~develop~~2024, ~~new~~can ~~value-add~~be ~~and~~conveniently ~~sustainable~~recycled ~~solutions.~~by Weconsumers ~~believe~~in weone ~~are~~easy ~~well~~step, ~~positioned~~comparing favorably to ~~benefit~~the ~~from~~traditional ~~changing~~bag-in-box ~~consumer preferences for more environmentally sustainable products~~offering. ~~Our~~In ~~goal~~2024, ~~is that 100% of the packaging products~~ we ~~sell~~also ~~will~~introduced beReduced ~~made~~Density ~~from~~Polypropylene ~~recycled~~trays, ~~recyclable~~recognized orby ~~renewable~~the ~~materials~~Association byof ~~2030,~~Plastic ~~based~~Recyclers onas ~~associated~~meeting ~~net~~the ~~revenue.~~highest Incriteria ~~2023,~~in wethe ~~reached~~APR ~~approximately~~Design® ~~66%~~Guide offor ~~that~~Plastics ~~goal~~Recyclability.

InWe ~~addition,~~offer ~~many~~products ofmade ~~our~~from ~~customers~~seven ~~have~~different ~~publicly-stated~~types ~~goals to increase the use~~ of sustainable ~~products.~~substrates ~~A significant portion of our new product~~ and ~~material~~nearly ~~innovations~~all isare ~~geared~~made ~~toward~~in ~~developing~~North ~~sustainable products for our customers, with over 100 new items launched since 2020~~America. AsOur ~~customers~~materials ~~look~~include toa ~~switch~~wide torange ~~more~~of ~~sustainable alternatives~~renewable, weplant-based ~~are well~~bio-~~positioned~~resin ~~to quickly~~ and ~~effectively~~fiber-based ~~support them~~options, ~~thanks~~as towell ~~our~~as ~~teams~~recycled ~~of material scientists and engineers. With a high percentage of our net revenues coming from products that are made from sustainable~~ materials~~, we are helping our customers achieve their own sustainability goals~~. As of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, ~~seven~~nine of our ~~Pactiv Evergreen~~ facilities have earned International Sustainability and Carbon Certification (“ISCC”) PLUS certifications, which allow us to track and verify certain recycled and/or renewable feedstocks.

In addition to using recyclable and compostable materials, we support efforts to expand opportunities for consumers to recycle or compost our products, notably as one of the founding members of the Carton Council, Paper Recovery Alliance, Plastics Recovery Group, Foam Recycling Coalition and the Paper Cup Alliance. We ~~have demonstrated our commitment to use more recycled plastic by participating in the Association for Plastic Recyclers’ Demand Champions program. We~~ engage with the composting industry through the U.S. Composting Council, and a growing number of our products are certified compostable by the Biodegradable Products Institute and/or the Compost Manufacturing Alliance. We are a longstanding member of the Sustainable Packaging Coalition, an industry working group aligned with our purpose: Packaging A Better Future.

Sustainable Operations

~~Our~~As ~~dedication~~part toof ~~the~~our ~~environment~~commitment ~~goes~~to ~~beyond~~sustainable ~~just~~operations, ~~the~~in ~~products~~2024 we ~~manufacture.~~published ~~Within~~ our ~~operations,~~targets weto ~~are~~reduce ~~working~~Scope to1 ~~limit~~and ~~our~~2 ~~impact~~emissions by ~~reducing~~42% ~~greenhouse~~and ~~gas~~Scope 3 emissions ~~and~~by ~~energy consumption~~25%, ~~optimizing~~both ~~water~~from ~~use~~a ~~and~~2022 ~~decreasing~~baseline. ~~waste~~These ~~going~~targets toalign ~~landfills.~~with Wecurrent ~~have~~climate ~~committed~~science toand the ~~Science~~Paris ~~Based~~Agreement’s ~~Targets~~goals. ~~initiative~~Building toon ~~establish~~the ~~near-~~progress ~~and~~we ~~long-term~~have ~~company-wide~~made ~~greenhouse~~with ~~gas~~changes ~~emission~~reducing ~~reduction~~the ~~goals~~emissions inof ~~line~~our ~~with~~operating ~~the~~footprint, ~~Paris~~we ~~Agreement.~~intend to leverage innovative

Improving energy efficiency is critical to us as energy expenses represent a significant operating cost. We are also looking to use more renewable energy, which further reduces our greenhouse gas emissions. Almost half of our annual energy consumption comes from renewable sources.7

~~Efforts~~energy toefficiency ~~minimize our water usage take various forms~~projects, ~~given~~increase ~~the variety of~~ our ~~operations. We primarily~~ use ~~water~~and ~~for~~support ~~process~~of ~~operations,~~renewable ~~cooling~~energy and ~~cleaning.~~engage ~~Most of~~ our ~~water~~supply ~~use~~chain ispartners ~~“non-consumptive~~to ~~use,”~~reduce ~~which~~their ~~means~~carbon ~~the~~footprints ~~water~~as iswell. ~~treated and returned back~~

6In addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, we are focused on responsible water usage and management. We perform an annual water risk assessment using data for from the Water Resource Institute to analyze water basins surrounding our facilities and prioritize higher risk areas and water management initiatives. Additionally, we have implemented regular water testing to better understand and mitigate the impacts of our water consumption.

toLeveraging the ~~environment~~results ~~after~~of ~~being~~a ~~used~~comprehensive incompany-wide ~~our~~waste ~~operations.~~analysis, Wewe ~~use~~have ~~data~~also ~~from~~taken ~~the~~significant ~~Water~~steps ~~Resources~~to ~~Institute~~enhance toour ~~analyze~~operational ~~water~~waste ~~basin~~management ~~conditions~~practices. ~~for~~By ~~each~~engaging ofclosely ~~our~~with ~~facilities.~~waste ~~This~~management ~~annual~~partners, ~~process~~we ~~allows~~have usbeen able to ~~identify~~refine ~~water-related~~our ~~risks~~waste ~~and~~reporting ~~prioritize~~mechanisms, ~~performance~~ensuring ~~improvement~~greater ~~measures~~accuracy and transparency. ~~According~~These toefforts have not only improved our ~~most~~current ~~recent~~waste ~~assessment,~~handling ~~while~~processes ~~12%~~but ofalso ~~our~~laid ~~facilities~~the ~~are~~groundwork ~~located~~for infuture ~~medium~~waste-~~high~~related toprocess ~~high~~improvements. ~~water~~Our ~~risk~~ongoing ~~areas,~~commitment ~~approximately~~to ~~99%~~waste ofreduction and sustainable practices underscores our ~~water~~dedication ~~intake~~to ~~occurs~~minimizing inenvironmental ~~low~~impact orand ~~low-medium~~promoting ~~water~~a ~~risk~~circular ~~areas~~economy.

~~Reducing~~For ~~waste~~Pactiv ~~in our operations is an ongoing~~Evergreen, ~~company-wide pursuit. We reuse~~ a ~~significant~~sustainable ~~majority~~supply of ~~plastic~~fiber ~~and~~is ~~paper~~essential ~~scrap~~in order to manufacture ~~our~~fiber-based ~~own~~ products ~~and implement programs to reduce scrap in production as much as possible~~. ~~The~~All ~~plastic~~of orthe virgin paper ~~scrap~~and ~~that~~paperboard ~~cannot~~purchased beto ~~reused~~make inour ~~the~~products ~~manufacturing~~are ~~process~~certified isto ~~recycled~~meet byat ~~third~~least ~~parties~~one ~~where possible. As~~ of ~~December~~three ~~31,~~internationally-recognized ~~2023,~~fiber ~~all~~sourcing ofstandards. ~~our~~Our ~~U.S.~~applicable ~~plastics~~North ~~converting~~American facilities ~~had~~have ~~also~~chain-of-custody ~~made~~certifications ~~the~~from ~~Operations~~independent ~~Clean~~certifiers ~~Sweep pledge, a program aiming~~ to ~~keep~~support ~~plastic~~customers’ ~~pellets~~increasing ~~out~~demands for chain-of-custody ~~the~~certified ~~environment~~fiber. byIn ~~reducing pellet~~2024, ~~flake~~we ~~and~~added ~~powder~~additional ~~loss~~chain-of-custody ~~from~~facility ~~the~~certifications ~~plastics manufacturing process. Our applicable facilities in Canada and Mexico also made similar pledges~~ to ~~industry~~manage ~~organizations~~recycled ~~in those countries~~fiber.

~~Protecting~~Human ~~the~~Capital sustainability of our forests is a critical initiative, given our broad use of paper through our product offerings. The paper and paperboard purchased from our U.S. paper suppliers are certified to meet internationally-recognized fiber sourcing standards. Resources

~~Additionally,~~Our ~~our~~people ~~North~~are ~~American~~our ~~paper~~greatest ~~production facilities have chain-of-custody certifications from independent~~asset, ~~third-party~~and ~~certifiers. In recent years,~~ we ~~have~~are ~~continually~~focused increased the amount of fiber we procure from these certified sources. We met our goal to have 100% of our applicable facilities in North America be chain of custody certified. In 2022, over 98% of our procured virgin fiber met third-party fiber sourcing or controlled wood standards, progressing on ~~our~~improving ~~targets~~how ~~to have 100% of our procured virgin fiber meet these standards by 2025. Additionally,~~ we ~~published~~celebrate ~~an updated sustainable forestry policy as well as~~ our ~~Net~~employees ~~Zero~~and ~~Deforestation~~provide ~~Commitment,~~them ~~which~~with ~~can~~the besupport ~~found~~they ~~on our investor relations website at https://investors~~need.~~pactivevergreen.com/esg-documents.~~

~~References~~As toof December 31, 2024, we employed approximately 14,000 people globally. We support our ~~website~~employees ~~address~~through dorecognition, ~~not~~benefits, ~~constitute~~development ~~incorporation~~opportunities and fair compensation. Approximately 19% of our employees were represented by ~~reference~~labor unions as of ~~the~~December ~~information~~31, ~~contained~~2024. onOur ~~the~~operations ~~website~~are subject to various local, national and ~~the~~multinational ~~information~~laws ~~contained~~and onregulations ~~the~~relating ~~website~~to isour ~~not~~relationships ~~part~~with ofour ~~this~~employees. ~~document~~We are a party to numerous collective bargaining agreements, and we endeavor to renegotiate these collective bargaining agreements on satisfactory terms when they expire.

Social and Human Capital Resources

Our most valuable asset is our people, and our human capital management is evolving to meet the changing needs of today’s workforce.

As of December 31, 2023, we employed approximately 15,000 people globally. We believe in supporting and empowering our employees through recognition, health and welfare benefits offerings, development opportunities and fair compensation. Approximately 25% of our employees were represented by labor unions as of December 31, 2023. Our operations are subject to various local, national and multinational laws and regulations relating to our relationships with our employees. We are a party to numerous collective bargaining agreements, and we endeavor to renegotiate these collective bargaining agreements on satisfactory terms when they expire.

Workforce Health and Safety

Safety is a core value and affects everything we do. In ~~2023~~2024, we had a total recordable incidence rate of 1.021 compared to the industry average of 32.07, a total lost time restricted time rate of 0.377 compared to the industry average of 2.1.8 and a total lost workday rate of 0.644 compared to an industry average of 10.19.

Corporate Culture

Our purpose, mission and values represent the principles we honor, the promises we keep and the foundational beliefs we share. They communicate what our customers and shareholders can expect from us and what we can expect of each other. As we grow our brand, we are also mindful of the need to continue building on this values-based leadership. We continue to prioritize building corporate culture around our purpose of Packaging A Better Future and our values to Celebrate People, Do What’s Right, Win Together, Demand Excellence and Own It~~, including the creation of a Talent & Culture team~~. We believe our values-driven and people-centric culture supports diversity, innovative thinking, decisiveness and leadership skills — qualities that are essential in our fast-paced environment. We focus on promoting from within for rewarding careers and long-term growth. Weand ~~know~~foster ~~that~~new wetalent. ~~can~~In ~~support our employees in many ways: in 2023~~2024, we ~~launched~~expanded aour ~~new~~internship ~~parental~~program, ~~leave~~empowering ~~policy~~interns ~~for~~through ~~U.S.~~hands-~~based~~on ~~salaried~~experiences, ~~employees~~while owning projects and ~~strengthened~~delivering ~~our~~solutions ~~leadership~~to ~~development~~business ~~programs~~needs. WeInterns ~~also~~at ~~launched~~Pactiv ~~our~~Evergreen ~~inaugural~~can ~~Employee~~apply ~~Engagement~~their ~~Survey,~~academic ~~seeking~~knowledge to ~~gain~~the ~~insights~~workplace, ~~into~~learn ~~how~~from ~~our~~industry-leading ~~employees~~experts ~~feel~~across ~~about~~our ~~working~~organization ~~for Pactiv Evergreen~~ and toexplore ~~identify~~potential opportunities ~~for~~within ~~improvement.~~our organization.

InSince 2021, weour ~~launched~~annual ~~the Pactiv Evergreen~~ Give Back program, anhas ~~annual~~enabled ~~initiative to reward~~ employees and their families ~~for~~to ~~living~~support ~~our values by supporting~~ the communities where wethey live and work. As a food and beverage packaging company, we believe ~~that~~ we are ~~uniquely~~well-positioned ~~equipped~~ to ~~inspire~~encourage action and ~~support~~assist those infacing ~~need, especially when it comes to~~ food insecurity. In ~~2023~~2024, during our Give Back Month of Action, we supported ~~numerous~~78 non-profits through over ~~100~~70 volunteer events, donating approximately 63,~~000~~700 hours of volunteer service and collecting nearly ~~300~~160,000 pounds of non-perishable food items for local pantries. Our Give Back grants also support our employees and the causes ~~important~~that matter to them. We believe that the success of our Give Back program ~~reflects~~demonstrates our employees’ ~~commitment~~dedication to ~~living our values and~~ making a positive impact in our communities.

~~Diversity, Inclusion and~~ Talent Development

We ~~focus~~are oncommitted ~~attracting~~to ~~and~~our ~~retaining~~employees’ asuccess ~~diverse~~and ~~workforce~~growth, ~~and~~providing wein-depth ~~are~~onboarding, ~~committed~~training toand ~~being~~ongoing ~~transparent~~development ~~when~~opportunities itthroughout ~~comes~~their ~~to diversity~~careers. In ~~2023~~2024, wekey ~~released~~initiatives ~~metrics~~included ~~related~~rolling out a standardized New Hire Orientation for hourly employees and continuing to ~~the~~expand ~~ethnic~~our ~~background~~Leadership Development programs for front-line and ~~diversity~~mid-level inleaders, ~~leadership~~with over 1,000 participants completing a program as of ~~our~~December U31, 2024.S. We also celebrated the graduation of the second cohort of our Inspiring the Pack program, a senior executive-~~based~~nominated ~~employees~~program focused on personal growth, ~~which~~career ~~represented~~advancement and peer networking for 23 high-potential leaders. Finally, we completed a pilot program to standardize hourly operator certifications, supporting career progression

~~approximately~~for ~~86% of~~ our ~~total~~skilled ~~workforce~~team ~~as of December 31~~members, ~~2023.~~and ~~Also~~are asnow ofscaling ~~December~~this ~~31, 2023, approximately 57% of our U~~initiative.~~S.-based~~ ~~employees were Black, Indigenous or People of Color, including 23% of those in our senior or mid-level leadership positions.~~ In ~~addition~~2024, ~~30% of our employees were women, including 25% of those in our senior or mid-level leadership positions. In 2023,~~ we were also proud to be named a Military Times Best for Vets Employer for a ~~second~~third year in a row, reflecting our commitment to supporting veterans at all phases of recruitment, employment and retention.

Our diversity, equity and inclusion principles are also reflected in our employee training and policies. Diversity, equity and inclusion are embedded into our leadership development courses.

We support the success and growth of our employees through in-depth onboarding training and ongoing development opportunities throughout their careers. In November 2022, we launched two new Leadership Development programs for front line and mid-level leaders. Of more than 900 leaders from across the business, over 800 had completed this course as of the end of 2023. A third program was launched for senior manager and director-level employees with 20 leaders who were nominated by senior executives for this program. We are also testing a standardized hourly operator certification program to support our skilled team members in their career progression.

Governance

~~The~~In ~~composition~~2024, ofwe ~~our~~publicly ~~seven-member~~reported ~~Board~~to ofCDP ~~Directors~~(formerly ~~includes~~the ~~three~~Carbon ~~women,~~Disclosure ~~one~~Project) ofon ~~whom~~climate, isforestry, ~~Hispanic.~~water ~~Ms.~~security ~~LeighAnne~~and ~~Baker~~plastics ~~is our first female Board Chair~~topics. ~~Ms.~~We ~~Baker~~received ~~has~~third-party ~~been~~limited anassurance ~~independent~~on ~~member~~Scope of1 ~~our~~and ~~Board~~Scope ~~since~~2 ~~our~~(location-based) ~~initial public offering~~emissions, ~~and~~energy weconsumed ~~are~~for ~~grateful~~Scope to1 ~~benefit~~and ~~from~~2 ~~her~~(location-based) ~~leadership~~emissions and ~~experience.~~energy ~~Our~~intensity ~~full~~for ~~Board~~Scope of1 ~~Directors continues to provide direct oversight over environmental, social~~ and ~~governance,~~Scope or2 ~~ESG,~~(location-based) ~~issues and corporate sustainability initiatives~~emissions.

InOur ~~2023,~~full ~~we also conducted our ESG materiality assessment, published our first ESG report based on the Global Reporting Institute index and informed by the Sustainability Accounting Standards~~ Board ~~standards~~continues ~~and publicly reported~~ to ~~CDP~~provide ~~(formerly~~direct ~~the~~oversight ~~Carbon Disclosure Project)~~ on ~~climate~~environmental, ~~forestry~~social and ~~water security. We received third~~governance-~~party~~related ~~limited~~issues ~~assurance on Scope 1~~ and ~~Scope~~corporate 2sustainability ~~(location-based) emissions~~initiatives, ~~energy~~more ~~consumed~~details ~~for~~of ~~Scope~~which 1can ~~and~~be 2found ~~(location-based)~~in ~~emissions~~our ~~and~~2024 ~~energy~~CDP ~~intensity~~Questionnaire ~~for~~response, ~~Scope~~which 1can ~~and~~be ~~Scope~~found 2on ~~(location-based)~~our ~~emissions~~website.

~~Policies~~Our policies and ongoing reporting on ~~ESG~~these initiatives and performance can be found on our investor relations website at https://investors.pactivevergreen.com/esg-documents and will be provided, free of charge, to any shareholder who requests a copy.

References to our website address do not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained on the website, ~~and~~including the ~~information~~2024 ~~contained~~CDP onQuestionnaire, ~~the~~and ~~website~~no issuch ~~not~~information is part of this document.

Corporate Information

We were incorporated on May 30, 2006 as Reynolds Group Holdings Limited under New Zealand’s Companies Act 1993. On September 11, 2020, we converted into a Delaware corporation and changed our name to Pactiv Evergreen Inc. On September 21, 2020, we completed our IPO.

Prior to our IPO, we divested certain of our former business operations and segments as part of our consolidation into our core, business-to-business North American foodservice, food merchandising and beverage merchandising operations. In 2019, we sold our North American and Japanese closures businesses. In February 2020, we distributed all of our ownership of Reynolds Consumer Products Inc., which we refer to as RCP and which produces several consumer-facing brands of cooking products, waste and storage products and tableware, to Packaging Finance Limited, our parent company. In September 2020, we distributed to Packaging Finance Limited all of our ownership of Graham Packaging Company Inc., which we refer to as Graham Packaging or GPC and which designs and manufactures value-added, custom blow mold plastic containers for branded consumer products. For details on divestitures and distributions of certain operations that impacted our results, refer to Note 3, Acquisitions and Dispositions, to the consolidated financial statements.

Available Information

Our Internet address is www.pactivevergreen.com. We make our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports available free of charge on our investor relations website at https://investors.pactivevergreen.com/financial-information/sec-filings as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file them with, or furnish them to, the SEC. We may from time to time provide important disclosures to investors by posting them on our investor relations website, as allowed by SEC rules, but no information on our website is incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other filings we make with the SEC. We intend to use our website as a means of disclosing material non-public information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. Accordingly, investors should monitor our website, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings and public conference calls and webcasts.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should carefully read the following discussion of significant factors, events and uncertainties when evaluating our business and the forward-looking information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section and the consolidated financial statements and related notes. The events and consequences discussed in these risk factors could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, liquidity and financial condition. While we believe we have identified and discussed below all material risk factors affecting our business, these risk factors do not identify all the risks we face, and there may be additional risks and uncertainties that we do not presently know or that we do not currently believe to be significant that may have a material adverse effect on our business, performance or financial condition in the future.

Risks Relating to the Merger

The Merger may not be completed within the expected timeframe, or at all, for a variety of reasons, including the possibility that the Merger Agreement is terminated, and the failure to complete the Merger could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and the market price of our common stock.

There can be no assurance that the Merger will be completed in the expected timeframe, or at all. The Merger Agreement contains a number of customary closing conditions that must be satisfied or waived prior to the completion of the Merger, including, among others, (1) the absence of any court order or law prohibiting or making illegal the consummation of the Merger, (2) specified approvals under certain antitrust laws, (3) compliance by us, Novolex and Merger Sub in all material respects with our respective obligations under the Merger Agreement and (4) subject to specified exceptions and qualifications for materiality, the accuracy of representations and warranties made by us and Novolex, respectively, as of the signing date and the closing date.

The Merger Agreement contains customary mutual termination rights for us and Novolex, which could prevent the consummation of the Merger, including a right for either party to terminate the Merger Agreement in certain cases if the Merger is not completed by September 9, 2025 (the “Initial Termination Date”), subject to extension in certain cases.

The Merger Agreement also contains customary termination rights for the benefit of each party, including if the other party breaches its representations, warranties or covenants under the Merger Agreement in a way that would result in a failure of the other party’s conditions to closing being satisfied (subject to certain procedures and cure periods).

There can be no assurance that a remedy will be available to us in the event of a breach of the Merger Agreement by Novolex, or that we will wholly or partially recover any damages incurred by us in connection therewith. A failed transaction may result in negative publicity and a negative impression of us among our customers or in the investment community or business community generally. Further, any disruptions to our business resulting from the announcement and pendency of the Merger, as described in greater detail under the Risk Factor “The announcement and pendency of the Merger may disrupt our business, and the Merger could divert management’s attention, disrupt our relationships with third parties and employees and result in negative publicity or legal proceedings, any of which could negatively impact our operating results and ongoing business” below, could continue or accelerate in the event of a failed transaction or the perception that the transaction may be delayed or may not close.

If the Merger is not completed within the expected timeframe or at all, we may be subject to a number of material risks, including:

•

the market price of our Shares may decline to the extent that current market prices reflect a market assumption that the Merger will be completed;

•

some costs related to the Merger must be paid whether or not the Merger is completed, and we have incurred, and will continue to incur, significant costs, expenses and fees for professional services and other transaction costs in connection with the proposed transaction, as well as the diversion of management and resources towards the Merger, for which we will have received little or no benefit if completion of the Merger does not occur; and

•

we may experience negative publicity or reactions from our investors, customers, partners, suppliers, vendors, landlords or employees.

The announcement and pendency of the Merger may disrupt our business, and the Merger could divert management’s attention, disrupt our relationships with third parties and employees and result in negative publicity or legal proceedings, any of which could negatively impact our operating results and ongoing business.

In connection with the pending Merger, our current and prospective employees may experience uncertainty about their future roles with us following the Merger, which may materially adversely affect our ability to attract and retain key personnel and other employees while the Merger is pending. Key employees may depart because of issues relating to the uncertainty and difficulty of integration or a desire not to remain with us following the Merger, and may depart prior to the consummation of the Merger. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that we will be able to attract and retain key employees to the same extent that we have been able to in the past.

The proposed Merger could cause disruptions to our business or business relationships with our existing and potential customers, suppliers, vendors, landlords and other business partners, and this could have an adverse impact on our results of operations. Parties with which we have business relationships may experience uncertainty as to the future of such relationships and may delay or defer certain business decisions, seek alternative relationships with third parties or seek to negotiate changes or alter their present business relationships with us. Parties with which we otherwise may have sought to establish business relationships may seek alternative relationships with third parties.

Any of the foregoing, individually or in combination, could materially and adversely affect our business, our financial condition and our results of operations and prospects.

While the Merger Agreement is in effect, we are subject to certain interim covenants.

The Merger Agreement generally requires us to operate our business in the ordinary course, subject to certain exceptions, including as required by applicable law, pending consummation of the Merger, and subjects us to customary interim operating covenants that restrict us, without Novolex’s approval (such approval not to be unreasonably conditioned, withheld or delayed), from taking certain specified actions until the Merger is completed or the Merger Agreement is terminated in accordance with its terms. These restrictions could prevent us from pursuing certain business opportunities that may arise prior to the consummation of the Merger and may affect our ability to execute our business strategies and attain financial and other goals and may impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The consideration to be paid to our stockholders in connection with the Merger will not be adjusted if the value of our business or assets changes before the Merger closes, and the Merger Agreement prevents us from pursuing alternatives to the Merger.

The consideration to be paid by Novolex to our stockholders will not be adjusted if the value of our business or assets changes, including as a result of the regulatory process, and the Merger Agreement does not permit us to terminate the Merger Agreement solely because of changes in the trading price of our Shares. Further, during the pendency of the Merger, we are not permitted to solicit alternative proposals, engage in negotiations or discussions with, or provide non-public information to, alternative acquirors or terminate the Merger Agreement as a result of an intervening event.

We will incur significant costs in connection with the Merger that could materially adversely affect our liquidity, cash flows and operating results.

We have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant costs in connection with the Merger, including transaction costs, legal and regulatory fees and other costs that our management team believes are necessary to effect or realize the anticipated benefits from the Merger. The incurrence of these costs could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations, including in the periods in which they are incurred.

Litigation may be filed against us or our Board challenging the Merger or the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, which could prevent or delay the completion of the Merger or result in the payment of damages.

Litigation may be filed against us, our Board or other parties to the Merger Agreement, challenging the Merger, or making other claims in connection therewith. Such lawsuits may be brought by our purported stockholders and may seek, among other things, to enjoin consummation of the Merger. One of the conditions to the consummation of the Merger is that the consummation of the Merger is not prohibited or made illegal by any court order or legal enactment of any governmental entity. As such, if a plaintiff in any potential lawsuit is successful in obtaining an injunction prohibiting the defendants from completing the Merger on the agreed upon terms, then the injunction may prevent the Merger from becoming effective within the expected timeframe or at all. Further, any such litigation could be distracting to our management or result in the payment of damages.

Our directors and executive officers have interests in the Merger that may be different from, or in addition to, the interests of our other stockholders.

Our directors and executive officers have financial interests in the Merger that may be different from, or in addition to, the interests of our other stockholders, including:

•

the acceleration of our equity awards provided for under the Merger Agreement;

•

severance and other benefits in the case of termination under the terms of our Involuntary Termination Protection Policy; and

•

continued indemnification and insurance coverage under the Merger Agreement, our organizational documents and indemnification agreements we have entered into with each of our directors.

Although we have historically paid regular dividends on our common stock, the Merger Agreement prevents us from doing so during the pendency of the Merger and, even if the Merger Agreement is terminated and the Merger abandoned, our ability to do so in the future may be limited.

We have historically paid regular cash dividends on our common stock on a quarterly basis, and in the absence of restrictions, would intend to continue to do so, subject to the discretion of our Board and our compliance with applicable law and depending on our results of operations, capital requirements, financial condition, business prospects, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable laws and other factors that our Board deems relevant.

However, during the pendency of the Merger, the Merger Agreement prevents us from paying dividends without Novolex’s approval, which we do not expect to be provided. If the requisite approvals are not rapidly obtained, the Merger could remain pending (and therefore this restriction could remain in effect) for a substantial period of time.

Further, even if the Merger Agreement were to be terminated and the Merger abandoned, our ability to pay dividends could also be restricted by the terms of our existing debt agreements or any future debt or preferred equity securities. Absent the Merger Agreement’s restrictions, our dividend policy would entail certain risks and limitations, particularly with respect to our liquidity. By paying cash dividends rather than investing that cash in our business or repaying any outstanding debt, we would risk, among other things, slowing the expansion of our business, having insufficient cash to fund our operations or make capital expenditures or limiting our ability to incur borrowings. To the extent permitted, our Board intends to periodically review the cash generated from our business and the capital expenditures required to finance our growth plans and determine whether to modify the amount of regular dividends or declare any periodic special dividends. Even if permitted to pay dividends in the future, there can be no assurance that our Board will not reduce the amount of regular cash dividends or cause us to cease paying dividends altogether.

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

Fluctuations in raw material, energy and freight costs impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Raw materials, energy and freight are critical inputs to our business, and make up a substantial portion of our cost of sales. We strive to minimize the extent to which the volatility in the prices of these inputs affects our business. However, as described in greater detail below, these efforts are imperfect and we cannot guarantee that we will be able to mitigate the negative impacts on our business of that volatility. For example, during 2021 and 2022, we experienced substantial, broad-based volatility in the prices for these inputs to our business that were greater than we had experienced in the recent past, which meaningfully impacted our results of operations in those years.

The primary raw materials used in our products are plastic resins (principally polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene and polylactic acid), ~~fiber~~paperboard (principally ~~raw~~liquid ~~wood~~packaging board, ~~wood~~cartonboard ~~chips~~ and ~~recycled newsprint~~cupstock) and ~~paperboard~~fiber (principally ~~cartonboard~~recycled ~~and cupstock~~newsprint). Changes in the prices of raw materials are generally due to movements in commodity market prices, although some raw materials, ~~such as wood,~~ may be affected by local market conditions (including weather) as well as the commodity market. These conditions can be affected by broader macroeconomic trends~~, such as the macroeconomic disruptions resulting from the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 and the elevated levels of inflation experienced beginning in the second half of 2021~~. For more information on the impact of macroeconomic trends on our business, please refer to the ~~risk~~Risk ~~factor~~Factor ~~under the caption~~ “Our business is subject to risks related to global economic conditions, including inflation and interest rates, consumer demand, global supply chain challenges and other macroeconomic issues that could have an adverse effect on our business and financial performance.” below.

We typically do not enter into long-term purchase contracts that provide for fixed prices for our principal raw materials. While we enter into hedging agreements from time to time for some of our raw materials and energy sources, such as resin (or components thereof) and natural gas, to minimize the impact of such fluctuations, these hedging agreements do not cover all of our needs, hedging may reduce the positive impact we may otherwise receive when raw material prices decline and hedging arrangements may not always be available at commercially reasonable rates or at all, as is the case with our supply of energy in California, for example.

In addition, over the last several years, there has been a trend toward consolidation among suppliers of many of our principal raw materials, and we expect that this trend may continue. Further, following the Pine Bluff Transaction, we rely on one supplier for the liquid packaging board used by the beverage operation of our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment. Consolidation among our key suppliers could enhance their ability to increase prices, forcing us to pay more for such raw materials, purchased either directly from these existing suppliers or from costlier alternative suppliers. We may be unable to pass on such cost increases to customers which could result in lower margins or lost sales. Consolidation among our suppliers also increases our vulnerability to catastrophic events impacting particular geographic regions. For more information, please refer to the risk factor “Natural disasters, public health crises and other catastrophic events outside of our control could damage our facilities or the facilities of third parties on which we depend, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.”

Although many of our customer pricing agreements include raw material cost pass-through mechanisms, which mitigate the impact of changes in raw material costs, not all of them do. For those that do, the contractual price changes do not occur simultaneously with raw material price changes. Due to this contractual delay, as well as differences in timing between purchases of raw materials and sales to customers, there is often a lead-lag effect during which margins are negatively impacted in periods of rising raw material costs and positively impacted in periods of falling raw material costs. Moreover, many of our sales are not covered by such pass-through mechanisms. While we also use price increases, whenever possible, to mitigate the effect of raw material cost increases for customers that are not subject to raw material cost pass-through agreements, we may not be able to pass on cost increases to our customers on a timely basis, if at all, and consequently may not be able to recover the lost margin resulting from cost increases. Additionally, an increase in the selling prices for the products we produce resulting from a pass-through of increased raw material, energy or freight costs could adversely affect sales volumes.

In addition to our dependence on primary raw materials, we are also dependent on different sources of energy and other utilities for our operations, such as coal, fuel oil, electricity and natural gas. For example, our Beverage Merchandising segment is susceptible to price fluctuations in natural gas as it consumes significant amounts of natural gas to convert raw wood and wood chips to liquid packaging board. In addition, if some of our large energy contracts were to be terminated for any reason or not renewed upon expiration, or if market conditions were to substantially change resulting in a significant increase in the price of coal, fuel oil, electricity, natural gas or 12

9timely basis, if at all, and consequently may not be able to recover the lost margin resulting from cost increases. Additionally, an increase in the selling prices for the products we produce resulting from a pass-through of increased raw material, energy or freight costs could adversely affect sales volumes.

In addition to our dependence on primary raw materials, we are also dependent on different sources of energy and other utilities for our operations, such as electricity, fuel oil and natural gas. If some of our large energy contracts were to be terminated for any reason or not renewed upon expiration, or if market conditions were to substantially change resulting in a significant increase in the price of coal, fuel oil, electricity, natural gas or other utilities, we may not be able to find alternative, comparable suppliers or suppliers capable of providing such energy and utilities on terms satisfactory to us. For instance, climate-related extreme weather conditions, such as hurricanes, flooding, droughts and deep freezes, have the potential to substantially change market conditions and increase prices for our energy and utilities. As a result of any of these events, our business, financial condition and operating results may suffer.

We are also dependent on third parties for the transportation of both our raw materials and other products that we purchase for our operations and the products that we sell to our customers. In certain jurisdictions, we are exposed to import duties and freight costs, the latter of which isare influenced by carrier availability and the fluctuating costs of oil and other transportation costs. In recent years, the supply-chain disruptions that began during the coronavirus pandemic substantially increased our freight costs and the lead time associated with shipping our products, although these impacts moderated during 2022. Although some of our customer agreements include pass-through mechanisms for increased freight costs similar to the mechanisms for increases in raw materials costs, not all of our contracts contain these provisions, and those that do are subject to the same “lead-lag” effect described above.

Our business has substantial exposure to freight costs and freight-related disruptions, in particular domestic freight. We seek to reduce our exposure to freight-related disruptions through efforts to, among other things, reduce the need for transfer freight by producing the right product in the right place, increase warehouse automation and efficiency and decrease interdependencies. However, we may not be successful, and if we are not, our business would be negatively affected.

Governmental actions, like tariffs and trade sanctions, also impact the cost of raw materials and other goods and services that our business uses. For example, U.S. tariffs on products imported from certain countries and trade sanctions against certain countries, including on Russia following its invasion of Ukraine, ~~have~~ impacted the cost of certain raw materials, including resin, and other goods and services required to operate our business. Major developments in trade relations, including the imposition of new or strengthened tariffs or sanctions by the United States and other countries, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to maintain satisfactory relationships with our major customers, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

Many of our customers are large and have significant market leverage, which could result in downward pricing pressure that constrains our ability to achieve favorable pricing terms. We sell most of our products under multi-year agreements with customers. Some of these agreements may be terminated at the customer’s convenience on short notice. In other cases, we sell products on a purchase-order basis without any commitment from the customers to purchase any quantity of products in the future.

Our relationships with our customers depend on numerous factors, including, among others, our ability to provide high-quality products at attractive prices, and our ability to meet their requirements in a timely manner. In order to meet customer requirements, we must have adequate inventory supply, which often requires accurately forecasting customer demand and, in many cases, building inventory sufficiently in advance. These forecasts are based on our estimates, and those of our customers, of future demand for our products. Our ability to accurately forecast demand in the future could be affected by many factors, including changes in customer demand for our products, the ability of our customers to provide reliable forecasts of demand, changes in demand for the products of competitors, unanticipated changes in general market or macroeconomic conditions and changes in economic conditions or customer confidence in future economic conditions. For example, as a result of forecasting inaccuracies and a lack of inventory build during the summer of 2023, there was a shortage of school milk cartons in the beginning of the 2023-2024 school year in North America that resulted in unmet market demand and increased costs. Any such failure to accurately forecast our customers’ needs may result in unmet demand, manufacturing delays, increased costs, reputational risk and adverse impacts to customer relationships. If the forecasts used to manage inventory are not accurate, we may experience a shortage of available products, excess inventory levels or reduced manufacturing efficiencies. Further, a deterioration in the strength of our customer relationships could cause our major customers to reduce purchasing volumes or stop purchasing our products, or could cause us to lose customers in the future. Any of these events could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

In addition, over the last several years, there has been a trend toward consolidation among our customers in the food and beverage industry and in the retail and foodservice industries, and we expect that this trend may continue. Consolidation among our customers could increase their ability to apply price pressure, and thereby force us to reduce our selling prices or lose sales, which would impact our results of operations. Following a consolidation, our customers in the food and beverage industry may also close production facilities or switch suppliers, while our customers in the retail industry may close stores, reduce inventory or switch suppliers of consumer products. Any of these actions could adversely impact the sales of our products.

In fiscal year 2023, one of our customers accounted for approximately 10% of our net revenues, and our top ten customers together accounted for approximately 42% of our net revenues. The loss or bankruptcy of any of our significant customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.13

~~Our~~In ~~business~~fiscal isyear ~~subject~~2024, toone ~~risks~~of ~~related~~our tocustomers ~~global~~accounted ~~conditions,~~for ~~including~~approximately ~~inflation,~~10% ~~consumer~~of ~~demand~~our net revenues, ~~global~~and ~~supply~~our ~~chain~~top ~~challenges~~10 ~~and~~customers ~~other~~together ~~macroeconomic~~accounted ~~and~~for ~~geopolitical~~approximately ~~issues~~44% ~~that~~of our net revenues. The loss or bankruptcy of any of our significant customers could have ana material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and ~~financial~~results ~~performance~~of operations.

~~General~~Our ~~economic~~business ~~downturns~~is insubject ~~our~~to ~~key~~risks ~~geographic~~related ~~regions~~to ~~and~~global ~~globally~~conditions, ~~can~~including ~~adversely~~inflation, ~~affect~~consumer ~~our~~demand, ~~business~~global ~~operations,~~supply ~~demand~~chain ~~for~~challenges, ~~our~~trade ~~products~~relations and ~~our~~other ~~financial~~macroeconomic ~~results.~~and ~~The~~geopolitical ~~global~~issues ~~economy,~~that ~~including~~could ~~credit~~have ~~and~~an ~~financial~~adverse ~~markets,~~effect ~~has~~on ~~experienced~~our ~~extreme~~business ~~volatility~~ and financial performance.

10General economic downturns in our key geographic regions and globally can adversely affect our business operations, demand for our products and our financial results. The global economy, including credit and financial markets, has experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, including higher interest rates, relatively high levels of inflation, strained supply chains and expectations of lower economic growth, which have put pressure on our business. Additionally, geopolitical volatility may also contribute to the general economic conditions and regulatory uncertainty in regions in which we operate.

~~disruptions~~When challenging macroeconomic conditions exist, ~~including~~our ~~higher~~customers ~~interest~~may ~~rates~~delay, ~~relatively~~decrease ~~high~~or ~~levels~~cancel ofpurchases ~~inflation~~from us and may also delay payment or fail to pay us altogether. Suppliers may have difficulty filling our orders and distributors may have difficulty getting our products to customers, ~~strained~~which ~~supply~~may ~~chains~~affect our ability to meet customer demands and ~~expectations~~result in a loss of ~~lower~~business. Weakened global economic ~~growth~~conditions may also result in unfavorable changes in our product prices and product mix and lower profit margins. Changes in trade relations or other policies, including as a result of the elections that took place in 2024 in the United States and Mexico, the two countries in which we have ~~put~~the ~~pressure~~largest onpresence, ~~our~~could ~~business~~disrupt the markets we serve and the policies under which we operate. ~~Additionally~~For example, ~~geopolitical~~on ~~volatility~~February ~~may~~1, ~~also~~2025, ~~contribute~~President Trump announced an intention to ~~the~~impose ~~general~~substantial ~~economic~~tariffs ~~conditions~~on certain imports from Mexico and ~~regulatory~~Canada to the United States, and those countries subsequently announced potential retaliatory tariffs of their own. While we do not believe that these recently announced potential actions would, on their own, materially adversely affect our business, there remains considerable uncertainty surrounding the longer-term policy outcomes in ~~regions~~this space, and a deterioration in ~~which~~trade werelations ~~operate~~could, alone or in combination with other factors discussed above, have a material adverse effect on our business, the demand for our products, our financial condition and our results of operations.

For example, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in the first quarter of 2022 and the resulting geopolitical responses increased the cost of many of the raw materials that we use and contributed to an aluminum scarcity that negatively affected our business. Similarly, the heightened inflationary environment in recent periods reduced consumer demand, which we believe reduced our volumes and negatively affected our ability to recover the heightened costs resulting from inflationary pressures. When challenging macroeconomic conditions such as these exist, our customers may delay, decrease or cancel purchases from us and may also delay payment or fail to pay us altogether. Suppliers may have difficulty filling our orders and distributors may have difficulty getting our products to customers, which may affect our ability to meet customer demands and result in a loss of business. Weakened global economic conditions may also result in unfavorable changes in our product prices and product mix and lower profit margins. Changes in policy, including as a result of the elections scheduled later this year in the United States and Mexico, the two countries in which we have the largest presence, could disrupt the markets we serve and the policies under which we operate. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, the demand for our products, our financial condition and our results of operations.

We depend on a small number of suppliers for our raw materials and any interruption in our supply of raw materials would harm our business and financial performance.

Some of our key raw materials are sourced from a single supplier or a relatively small number of suppliers, including the liquid packaging board on which the beverage operation of our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment depends. For more information, please refer to the risk factor “Fluctuations in raw material, energy and freight costs impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.” As a consequence, we are dependent on ~~these~~certain suppliers for an uninterrupted supply of our key raw materials., ~~Such~~which ~~supply~~ could be disrupted for a wide variety of reasons, many of which are beyond our control. We have written contracts with some but not all of our key suppliers, and many of ~~our~~these ~~written~~ contracts can be terminated on short notice or include force majeure clauses that would excuse the supplier’s failure to supply in certain circumstances. An interruption in the supply of raw materials for an extended period of time could have an adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

Labor shortages and increased labor costs have adversely affected our business and operations, and may continue to do so if we are not able to attract additional employees, retain existing employees and reduce the labor intensity of our business.

At times ~~during~~since the ~~past~~onset ~~three~~of ~~years~~the coronavirus pandemic, and in particular during the fourth quarter of 2021 and the first quarter of 2022, we experienced labor shortages that decreased production output in many of our plants, negatively impacting our business and operations. We believe that these shortages were attributable to a number of factors, including, among others, substantially increased employee absences due to ~~coronavirus~~ infections, rapid increases in prevailing wages, increased governmental support during the ~~coronavirus~~ pandemic and increased competition from other employers.

These labor shortages also contributed to an increase in our labor cost, which is one of the primary components in the cost of operating our business. Although many of our customer contracts allow us to pass on to our customers increases in certain raw materials, and ~~increases~~ in the broader consumer price index, we generally cannot directly pass on increased labor costs. Price increases tied to the consumer price index often compensate for labor cost increases in a normal wage environment, but this was not the case induring ~~some~~the ~~recent~~period ~~periods~~referred to above. As a result, compensating for heightened labor costs sometimes required additional negotiations for further price increases, with which we had mixed success, or increasing prices upon the renewal of a contract.

Although we noticed a marked ~~increase~~improvement in our ability to attract employees ~~over~~after the ~~course~~height of ~~2022~~the ~~and~~coronavirus-related ~~2023~~disruptions referred to above, we continue to experience heightened employee turnover, particularly among our newest employees, and macroeconomic or geopolitical developments could exacerbate labor shortages or increase our labor costs. ~~Our~~In those circumstances, our total rewards programs may not be lucrative enough to attract and retain the best talent, and the fixed shift schedules and manual labor required in many of our facilities could be less attractive than alternative employers’ positions. Increased turnover particularly affects our business, as the equipment required to operate our business is complicated and requires substantial training before an employee is at full productivity. As a result, we have experienced a decrease in employee productivity in certain of our plants, which has contributed to increasing our operating expenses.

To mitigate the impact of labor shortages on our business, we have increased our total reward offerings and provide referral, sign-on and retention bonuses, and have invested in improving the onboarding and training experience for our new hires. These measures are effective but increase our operating costs. Further, the Merger Agreement largely prevents us from taking many of these types of actions during the pendency of the Merger without Novolex’s consent. We also dedicate a substantial portion of our regular capital expenditures to increasing automation and otherwise reducing the labor intensity of our business. However, these measures may ~~incur~~not ~~significant~~be ~~costs~~successful, ~~experience~~in ~~short-term~~which ~~inefficiencies~~case orour margins would be ~~unable~~negatively affected. Additionally, if we increase product prices to ~~realize~~cover ~~expected~~increased ~~long-term~~labor ~~savings~~costs, ~~from~~the higher prices could adversely affect sales volumes. If we are unable to successfully mitigate the ~~recently-announced~~adverse ~~Footprint~~impacts ~~Optimization~~of labor shortages, orincreased ~~any~~labor ~~other~~costs and employee turnover in our business, ~~restructuring~~our oroperating ~~reorganization~~expenses, growth and results of operations will continue to be negatively affected.

On February 29, 2024, we announced a restructuring plan approved by our Board of Directors to optimize our manufacturing and warehouse footprint. We refer to these activities collectively as the Footprint Optimization. We determined to undertake the Footprint

Optimization because we believe that it will improve our operating efficiency. However, the successful completion of the Footprint Optimization, or any other business restructuring or reorganization, is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the following:

Our ability to avoid disruptions of our operations while maintaining volumes sufficient to meet customer demand and quality expectations;

Our ability to complete plans within our estimated costs and time frames;

Our ability to adequately manage environmental and other legacy liabilities associated with impacted facilities; and

The reactions of our customers and other stakeholders, including employees, labor unions, local communities and governmental entities.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to realize all, or any, of the expected benefits, or avoid greater than expected inefficiencies or costs, from the Footprint Optimization or any other business restructuring or reorganization that we may undertake. Any such failure would negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may lose the use of all or a portion of any of our key manufacturing facilities due to natural disasters, public health crises and other catastrophic events outside of our control, as well as periodic scheduled outages, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

While we manufacture most of our products in a number of diversified facilities, a loss of the use of all or a portion of any of our key manufacturing facilities for any reason, including ~~an accident~~accidents, labor issues, weather conditions, pandemics, natural disasters, cybersecurity incidents, periodic scheduled outages and other catastrophic events and crises, could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations. Certain of our products are produced at only one facility, or at a small number of facilities, increasing the risks associated with a loss of use of such facilities. For example, following the closure of our mill in Canton, North Carolina in June 2023, all of the beverage packaging products produced by our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment depend on the liquid paper board produced by our mill in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. Facilities may from time to time be impacted by adverse weather and other natural events, and the prolonged loss of a key manufacturing facility due to such events could have a material adverse effect on our business.

For instance, during February 2021, the Southern portion of the United States was impacted by Winter Storm Uri, which brought record low temperatures, snow and ice and resulted in power failures, hazardous road conditions, damage to property and death and injury to individuals in those states. During most of this weather event, we were unable to fully operate ~~the~~our former mill in Pine Bluff, ~~mill~~Arkansas and some of our other plants and warehouses in Texas and Arkansas. Similarly, in the third quarter of 2021, Tropical Storm Fred caused substantial damage to our former Canton, North Carolina mill, and in the fourth quarter of 2022, during Winter Storm Elliott, we were unable to fully operate certain of our facilities. In addition, certain of our equipment requires significant effort to maintain and repair, and prolonged downtime due to planned outages for maintenance, key equipment failure or loss could adversely affect our business.

We face similar risk in the case of certain third parties on which we depend. For example, we source most of our resin supply from the Gulf Coast region of the United States, and we source the liquid packaging board from which the beverage packaging products produced by our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment are produced from one supplier that owns our former mill in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, which remains subject to the types of weather events that caused the disruptions described above. Any natural disaster or other catastrophic event of the type referred to above, ~~such as a hurricane,~~ that negatively affects ~~this~~these ~~region~~regions could disrupt our access to a critical ~~input~~inputs to our business, and we might not be able to obtain alternative supply on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, which would negatively affect our business and results of operations.

We have in the past, and may in the future, pursue acquisitions, divestitures, investments and other similar transactions, which could adversely affect our business.

In pursuing our business strategy, we routinely discuss and evaluate potential acquisitions, divestitures, investments and other similar transactions. We may seek to expand or complement our existing product offerings through the acquisition of or investment in attractive businesses rather than through internal development, such as our acquisition of Fabri-Kal in 2021. Or, conversely, we may seek to further concentrate our focus on our principal products and markets by divesting non-core businesses, as we did with the ~~2022~~Pine Bluff Transaction and the divestitures of our operations outside of North America that we have pursued since 2021.

These transactions require significant management time and resources and have the potential to divert our attention from our ongoing business, and we may not manage them successfully. We may be required to make substantial investments of resources to support these transactions, and we cannot assure you that they will be successful. Further, the Merger Agreement imposes substantial limitations on our ability to pursue acquisitions, divestitures and other similar transactions during the pendency of the Merger without Novolex’s consent.

The risks we face in pursuing these transactions include, among others:

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diversion of management time and focus from operating our business;

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integration of acquisitions, including coordination of manufacturing, research and development and sales and marketing functions;

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retention of employees from an acquired business, or separation of employees from a divested business;

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integration of an acquired business’s accounting, management information, human resources, legal and other administrative systems, or extrication of those systems from a divested business;

•

potential write-offs of intangibles or other assets acquired in acquisitions or similar transactions, or write-downs of investments, that may have an adverse effect on our operating results in a given period; and

•

liability for the activities, products or services of the business, including environmental and employment law liabilities, violations of laws, commercial disputes, tax liabilities and other known and unknown liabilities.

Additionally, as a result of increased scrutiny by antitrust authorities, we may announce an acquisition or divestiture transaction that is challenged by such authorities, is ultimately not completed due to a failure to obtain antitrust or other related regulatory approvals or is subject to litigation by such authorities following its completion. Our failure to address these risks or other issues encountered in connection with our transactions could cause us to fail to realize the anticipated benefits of those transactions, cause us to incur unanticipated costs and liabilities and harm our business generally. Future transactions could also result in dilutive issuances of our equity securities; the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities or other expenses; or impairments of tangible or intangible assets, any of which could harm our results of operations, and the anticipated benefits of any transaction may not materialize.

We ~~may~~operate ~~not~~in behighly ~~able~~competitive ~~to achieve some or all of the benefits that we expect to achieve from our capital investment, restructuring and other cost savings programs~~markets.

We ~~regularly~~operate ~~review~~in ~~our~~highly ~~business~~competitive ~~to identify opportunities to reduce our costs~~markets. ~~When~~Some we identify such opportunities, we may develop a capital investment, restructuring or other cost savings program to attempt to capture those savings, such as our strategic capital investment program. For example, we direct substantial capital investment toward reducing the labor intensity of our ~~manufacturing~~competitors ~~processes~~have tosignificantly ~~control~~higher ~~labor~~market ~~costs~~shares ~~and~~in ~~reduce~~select ~~our~~product ~~vulnerability~~lines tothan ~~labor~~we ~~shortages.~~do Weglobally ~~may not be able to realize some~~ or ~~all of the cost savings we expect to achieve~~ in the ~~future~~geographic asmarkets ~~a result of our capital investment, restructuring and other cost savings programs~~ in ~~the~~which ~~time frame~~ we ~~anticipate~~compete. AOther ~~variety~~competitors ofoffer ~~factors~~a ~~could~~more ~~cause~~specialized usvariety ~~not to realize some~~ of ~~the~~materials ~~expected~~and ~~cost~~concepts ~~savings, including, among others, delays~~ in ~~the~~select ~~anticipated~~product ~~timing~~lines ofand ~~activities~~may ~~related~~serve tomore ~~our~~geographic ~~cost~~regions ~~savings~~through ~~programs,~~various ~~lack~~distribution ofchannels. ~~sustainability~~Still inothers ~~cost~~may ~~savings~~have ~~over~~lower ~~time, unexpected~~ costs ~~associated with implementing the programs~~ or ~~operating~~greater ~~our~~financial ~~business~~ and ~~lack~~other ofresources ~~ability~~than towe ~~eliminate~~do ~~duplicative~~and ~~back~~may ~~office~~be ~~overhead~~less ~~and~~adversely ~~redundant~~affected ~~selling,~~than ~~general~~we ~~and~~are ~~administrative~~by ~~functions,~~price ~~obtain~~declines ~~procurement~~or ~~related~~by ~~savings,~~increases ~~rationalize~~in ~~our~~raw ~~distribution~~material ~~and~~costs ~~warehousing~~or ~~networks,~~otherwise ~~rationalize~~may ~~manufacturing~~be ~~capacity~~better ~~and~~able ~~shift production~~ to ~~more~~withstand ~~economical~~adverse ~~facilities~~economic ~~and~~or ~~avoid~~market ~~labor disruptions in connection with any integration, particularly in connection with any headcount reduction~~conditions.

In addition to existing competitors, we also face the threat of competition from new entrants to our markets. To the extent there are new entrants, increasing or even maintaining our market shares or margins may be more difficult. In addition to other suppliers of similar products, our business also faces competition from products made from other substrates. The prices that we can charge for our products are therefore constrained by the availability and cost of substitutes.

In addition, we are subject to the risk that competitors following lower social responsibility standards, including those importing products from outside North America, may enter the market with lower compliance, labor and other costs than ours, and we may not be able to compete with such companies for the most price-conscious customers.

The combination of these market influences has created a competitive environment in which product pricing (including volume rebates and other items impacting net pricing), quality, sustainability and service are key competitive factors. Our customers continuously evaluate their suppliers, often resulting in increased pressure to continuously introduce and commercialize innovative new products, improve quality and customer service and maintain strong relationships with our customers, and in the future could result in downward pricing pressure. We may lose customers in the future, which would adversely affect our business and results of operations. These competitive pressures could result in reduced net revenues and profitability, limit our ability to recover cost increases through price increases and, unless we are able to control our operating costs, adversely affect our gross margin.

Our business could be harmed by changes in consumer lifestyle, eating habits, nutritional preferences and health-related, environmental or sustainability concerns of consumers, investors and government and non-governmental organizations.

Consumers use our products to eat and drink food and beverage products. Any reduction in consumer demand for those products as a result of lifestyle, environmental, nutritional or health considerations could have a significant impact on our customers and, as a result, on our financial condition and results of operations. This includes the demand for the products that we make, as well as demand for our customers’ products. For example, certain of our products are used for dairy and fresh juice. Sales of those products have generally declined over recent years, requiring us to find new markets for our products.

Additionally, there is increasing concern about the environmental impact of the manufacturing, shipping and use of single-use food packaging and foodservice products. For instance, in 2023, legislation was introduced in both houses of the U.S. Congress to ban single-use plastic foam products. Further, in 2022, California enacted the Plastic Pollution Prevention and Packaging Producer Responsibility Act, which, among other things, requires a 25% reduction of plastics in single-use products in the state by 2032 and escalating recycling, reuse or composting rates for single-use packaging, regardless of material, used in the state over time, which resulted in an effective ban on polystyrene foam foodservice products beginning on January 1, 2025. Numerous other U.S. municipalities and states and certain other countries, including Canada, have also proposed or enacted legislation prohibiting or restricting the sale and use of certain foodservice products and requiring them to be replaced with recyclable or compostable alternatives. Several provinces in Canada, as well as states in the United States, have enacted legislation imposing fees or other costs on manufacturers and other suppliers of single-use food packaging and foodservice products to encourage and fund recycling of those products.

Customers’, investors’, governments’ and non-governmental organizations’ concerns about product stewardship and resource sustainability, including product recycling, product packaging and restrictions on the use of potentially harmful materials, have received increased attention in recent years and are likely to play an increasing role in brand management and consumer purchasing decisions. In addition, changes in consumer lifestyle may decrease demand for certain of our products. Our financial position and results of operations might be adversely affected if environmental or sustainability concerns, restrictions on single-use packaging and products or changes in consumer lifestyle reduce demand for, or increase the costs of producing, our products.

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might be adversely affected if environmental or sustainability concerns, restrictions on single-use packaging and products or changes in consumer lifestyle reduce demand for, or increase the costs of producing, our products.

If we are unable to develop new products or stay abreast of changing technology in our industry, our profits may decline.

We operate in mature markets that are subject to high levels of competition. Our future performance and growth depends on innovation and our ability to successfully develop or license capabilities to introduce new products and product innovations or enter into or expand into adjacent product categories, sales channels or countries. Our ability to quickly innovate in order to adapt our products to meet changing legal requirements and customer demands is essential. The development and introduction of new products require substantial and effective research and development and demand creation expenditures, which we may be unable to recoup if the new products do not gain widespread market acceptance.

In addition, we need effective and integrated systems to gather and use consumer data and information to successfully market our products. New product development and marketing efforts, including efforts to enter markets or develop product categories in which we have limited or no prior experience, have inherent risks, including product development or launch delays. These could result in our not being the first to market and the failure of new products to achieve anticipated levels of market acceptance. If product introductions or new or expanded adjacencies are not successful, costs associated with these efforts may not be fully recouped and our results of operations could be adversely affected. In addition, if sales generated by new products cause a decline in sales of our existing products, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. Even if we are successful in increasing market share within particular product categories, a decline in the markets for such product categories could have a negative impact on our financial results.

Certain aspects of our business are subject to changes in technology, and if we fail to anticipate or respond adequately to such changes, or do not have sufficient capital to invest in these developments, our profits may decline. Our future financial performance will depend in part upon our ability to develop new products and to implement and use technology successfully to improve our business operations. We cannot predict all the effects of future technological changes. The cost of implementing new technologies could be significant, and our ability to potentially finance these technological developments may be adversely affected by our debt servicing requirements or our inability to obtain the financing we require to develop or acquire competing technologies.

We ~~operate~~may inincur ~~highly~~significant ~~competitive~~costs, ~~markets~~experience short-term inefficiencies or be unable to realize expected long-term savings from our Footprint Optimization plan, or any other business restructuring or reorganization.

WeIn ~~operate~~the infirst ~~highly~~quarter ~~competitive~~of ~~markets.~~2024, ~~Some~~we ofannounced ~~our~~a ~~competitors~~restructuring ~~have~~plan ~~significantly~~approved ~~higher~~by ~~market~~our ~~shares~~Board into ~~select~~optimize ~~product~~our ~~lines~~manufacturing ~~than~~and wewarehouse dofootprint. ~~globally~~We orrefer into ~~the~~these ~~geographic~~activities ~~markets~~collectively inas ~~which~~the weFootprint ~~compete~~Optimization. ~~Other~~We ~~competitors~~determined ~~offer~~to aundertake ~~more~~the ~~specialized~~Footprint ~~variety~~Optimization ofbecause ~~materials~~we ~~and~~believe ~~concepts~~that init ~~select~~will ~~product~~improve ~~lines~~our ~~and~~operating ~~may~~efficiency. ~~serve~~However, ~~more~~the ~~geographic~~successful ~~regions~~completion ~~through~~of ~~various~~the ~~distribution~~Footprint ~~channels.~~Optimization, ~~Still~~or ~~others~~any ~~may~~other ~~have~~business ~~lower~~restructuring ~~costs~~ or ~~greater~~reorganization, ~~financial~~is ~~and~~subject ~~other~~to ~~resources~~numerous ~~than~~risks ~~we do~~ and ~~may~~uncertainties. beThese ~~less~~risks ~~adversely~~and ~~affected~~uncertainties ~~than~~include, webut are bynot ~~price~~limited ~~declines or by increases in raw material costs or otherwise may be better able~~ to, ~~withstand~~the ~~adverse~~following: ~~economic or market conditions.~~

•

InOur ~~addition~~ability to ~~existing~~avoid ~~competitors,~~disruptions ~~we also face the threat~~ of ~~competition from new entrants to~~ our ~~markets.~~operations Towhile ~~the extent there are new entrants, increasing or even~~ maintaining ~~our~~volumes ~~market~~sufficient ~~shares or margins may be more difficult. In addition~~ to ~~other~~meet ~~suppliers~~customer ofdemand ~~similar products, our business also faces competition from products made from other substrates. The prices that we can charge for our products are therefore constrained by the availability~~ and ~~cost~~quality ~~of substitutes.~~expectations;

•

InOur ~~addition,~~ability ~~we are subject~~ to ~~the~~complete ~~risk~~plans ~~that~~within ~~competitors~~our ~~following~~estimated ~~lower social responsibility standards may enter the market with lower compliance, labor and other~~ costs ~~than ours,~~ and wetime ~~may not be able to compete with such companies for the most price-conscious customers.~~frames;

•

The combination of these market influences has created a competitive environment in which product pricing (including volume rebates and other items impacting net pricing), quality, sustainability and service are key competitive factors. Our ~~customers~~ability ~~continuously evaluate their suppliers, often resulting in increased pressure~~ to ~~continuously~~adequately ~~introduce~~manage ~~and~~environmental ~~commercialize innovative new products, improve quality~~ and ~~customer~~other ~~service~~legacy ~~and~~liabilities ~~maintain~~associated ~~strong relationships~~ with ~~our customers, and in~~ the ~~future~~impacted ~~could~~facilities; ~~result in downward pricing pressure. We may lose customers in the future, which would adversely affect our business~~ and results of operations. These competitive pressures could result in reduced net revenues and profitability, limit our ability to recover cost increases through price increases and, unless we are able to control our operating costs, adversely affect our gross margin.

•

The reactions of our customers and other stakeholders, including employees, labor unions, local communities and governmental entities.

We may not be able to achieve some or all of the benefits that we expect to achieve from our capital investment, restructuring and other cost savings programs.

We regularly review our business to identify opportunities to reduce our costs. When we identify such opportunities, we may develop a capital investment, restructuring or other cost savings program to attempt to capture those savings, such as our strategic capital investment program. For example, we direct substantial capital investment toward reducing the labor intensity of our manufacturing processes to control labor costs and reduce our vulnerability to labor shortages. We may not be able to realize some or all of the cost savings we expect to achieve in the future as a result of our capital investment, restructuring and other cost savings programs in the time frame we anticipate. A variety of factors could cause us not to realize some of the expected cost savings, including, among others, delays in the anticipated timing of activities related to our cost savings programs, lack of sustainability in cost savings over time, unexpected costs associated with implementing the programs or operating our business and lack of ability to eliminate duplicative back office overhead and redundant selling, general and administrative functions, obtain procurement related savings, rationalize our distribution

and warehousing networks, rationalize manufacturing capacity and shift production to more economical facilities and avoid labor disruptions in connection with any integration, particularly in connection with any headcount reduction.

Unsatisfactory safety performance may subject us to regulatory penalties, civil litigation or criminal prosecution, increase our insurance premiums, result in higher operating costs, negatively impact employee morale, result in higher employee turnover and damage our reputation.

We manufacture our products at a wide variety of industrial sites that present certain occupational hazards that, even with proper safety precautions, can lead to injury, loss of life, damage to or destruction of property, plant and equipment and environmental damage. We have in the past, and may in the future, experience serious accidents, including fatal injuries and fires. Any such incident could subject us to regulatory penalties, civil litigation, criminal prosecution, an increase in our insurance premiums or an increase in our operating expenses. These incidents could also negatively impact employee morale, result in higher employee turnover and damage our reputation. In addition, the labor shortages we have recently experienced have caused us to employ a disproportionate number of inexperienced employees who may be more susceptible to sustaining workplace injuries.

Employee slowdowns, strikes and similar actions could adversely affect our business and operations.

As of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, approximately 2519% of our employees were subject to collective bargaining agreements. Our business relies heavily on workers who are members of labor unions to manufacture our products. In many cases, before we take significant actions with respect to our production facilities, such as workforce reductions or closures, we must reach an agreement with applicable labor unions. For example, our employees at certain facilities that we have recently closed, or announced intentions to close, have been represented by labor unions, and employees at other facilities that may be impacted by the Footprint Optimization ~~are~~or other workforce reductions or closures may be represented by labor unions, and successfully completing the ~~Footprint~~closures ~~Optimization~~has ~~could~~involved, would involve and may involve negotiating agreements with those labor unions. For more information, please refer to the risk factor “We may incur significant costs, experience short-term inefficiencies or be unable to realize expected long-term savings from the ~~recently-announced~~ Footprint Optimization, or any other business restructuring or reorganization.” We may not be able to successfully negotiate any such agreements or new collective bargaining agreements in the future on satisfactory terms or at all. If we are not able to maintain satisfactory relationships with our employees and their representatives, or if prolonged labor disputes, slowdowns, strikes or similar actions occur, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Loss of our key management and other personnel or an inability to attract new management and other personnel could impact our business.

We depend on our senior executive officers and other key personnel to operate our business and on our in-house technical experts to develop new products and technologies and to service our customers. Although we have employment agreements with certain of our executives, the agreements have no specific duration and all of our executives are at-will employees. As a result, they may terminate their employment relationship with us at any time, and we cannot ensure that we will be able to retain their services. Our senior management’s knowledge of our business and industry would be difficult to replace, and the loss of any of these executives or other key personnel could adversely affect our operations.

~~Further~~Following our IPO, we ~~have~~ experienced management turnover ~~in the recent past~~. ~~For example,~~ John McGrath served as our chief executive officer for six months after our IPO until his retirement and replacement by Michael King in early 2021. In mid-2021, John Rooney, the long-time president of our legacy Beverage Merchandising segment, left the company and was replaced by Byron Racki, who, after a short period as our Chief Growth Officer, left the company in mid-2023 and was replaced by Elizabeth Rettig in the fourth quarter of 2023. Furthermore, in May 2022, Michael Ragen, our chief financial officer ~~since our IPO~~, left the company and was replaced by Jonathan Baksht.

Management transition is often difficult and inherently causes some loss of institutional knowledge and a learning curve for new executives, which could negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition. Our ability to execute our business strategies may be adversely affected by the uncertainty associated with any such transition, and the time and attention from the board and management needed to fill vacant roles and train new employees could disrupt our business. Competition is intense for qualified employees among companies that rely heavily on engineering and technology, and the loss of qualified employees or an inability to attract, retain and motivate additional highly skilled employees required for the operation and expansion of our business could hinder our ability to successfully conduct research and development activities or develop and support marketable products.

We are affected by seasonality and cyclicality.

Demand for certain of our products is moderately seasonal. Our Foodservice operations and the food merchandising operations of our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment peak during the summer and fall months in North America when the favorable weather and harvest and holiday seasons lead to increased consumption, resulting in greater levels of sales in the second and third quarters. The beverage merchandising operations of our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment are generally less sensitive to seasonal effects, although they do experience some seasonality as a result of increased consumption of milk by school children during the North American academic year, resulting in a greater level of carton product sales in the first and fourth quarters. In addition, the market for some of our products can be cyclical and sensitive to changes in general business conditions, industry capacity, consumer preferences and other factors. For information on factors that can affect our business cyclically, see the risk factor “Our business is subject to risks related to global economic conditions, including inflation and interest rates, consumer demand, global supply chain challenges and other macroeconomic issues that could have an adverse effect on our business and financial performance.” We have no control over these factors and they can significantly influence our financial performance.

Financial Risks

We have significant debt, which could adversely affect our financial condition and ability to operate our business.

We had $3,~~605~~435 million of outstanding indebtedness as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024. Our debt level and related debt service obligations:

•

require us to dedicate significant cash flow to the payment of principal of, and interest on, our debt, which reduces the funds we have available for other purposes, including working capital, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes;

•

may limit our flexibility in planning for or reacting to changes in our business and market conditions or in funding our strategic growth plan;

•

impose on us financial and operational restrictions; and

•

expose us to interest rate risk on our debt obligations bearing interest at variable rates.

These restrictions could adversely affect our financial condition and limit our ability to successfully implement our growth strategy.

Borrowings under our credit agreement are at variable rates of interest, and as a result, as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, $1,~~680~~517 million, representing 4744%, of our outstanding indebtedness was at variable rates of interest, exposing us to interest rate risk. Although our overall debt levels decreased by approximately 13% during 2023, the approximately 110 basis point increase in the variable index rate during 2023 increased our debt service obligations and correspondingly decreased our net income and cash flows.

As of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, approximately $~~680~~517 million of the total $1,~~680~~517 million of variable interest rate indebtedness was not hedged by an interest rate swap, and any additional interest rate swaps into which we enter may not fully mitigate our remaining interest rate risk. If interest rates ~~continue to~~ increase and we are not able to fully mitigate our remaining interest rate risk, our debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness would ~~continue to~~ increase, even if the amount borrowed remained the same, and our net income and cash flows, including cash available for servicing our indebtedness, would correspondingly decrease.

Moreover, approximately $~~925~~217 million of our indebtedness is scheduled to mature during the ~~next two years~~year. If we are unable to devote sufficient capital to repaying this indebtedness in advance of, or upon, maturity, we would be required to seek additional financing to repay this indebtedness upon its maturity. In addition, we may need additional financing to support our business and pursue our growth strategy, including for strategic acquisitions. Our ability to obtain additional financing, if and when required, will depend on investor demand, our operating performance, the condition of the capital markets and other factors. We cannot assure you that additional financing will be available to us on favorable terms when required, or at all. If interest rates remain elevated, any refinancing to replace matured indebtedness as described earlier may be on less favorable terms than the indebtedness that it replaces, which would increase our debt service obligations and correspondingly decrease our net income and cash flows. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked or debt securities, those securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of our common stock and, in the case of equity and equity-linked securities, our existing shareholders would experience dilution.

Goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets are material components of our balance sheet, and impairments of their balances could have a significant impact on our financial results.

We have recorded a significant amount of goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets in our consolidated financial statements resulting from our acquisitions. We test the carrying value of goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually and whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. The estimates and assumptions about future results of operations and cash flows made in connection with the impairment testing could differ from future actual results of operations and cash flows. Any resulting impairment charge, although non-cash, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial position.

For example, in connection with the Pine Bluff Transaction, we recognized an impairment charge of $314 million, as well as a goodwill impairment charge of $8 million, in the third quarter of 2024 that substantially impacted our results of operations during that quarter and during 2024.

Our historical financial results also include other asset impairment charges. These charges have arisen from a variety of events including decisions to exit certain businesses and ceasing to use certain equipment before the end of its useful life. Future asset impairment charges could arise as a result of changes in our business strategy or changes in the intention to use certain assets or facilities. Any resulting impairment charge, although non-cash, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial position.

Our insurance may not adequately protect us against business and operating risks.

Insurance covers some, but not all, of the potential risks and liabilities associated with our business. For some risks, we may not obtain insurance if we believe the cost of available insurance is excessive in relation to the risks presented. As a result of market conditions, premiums and deductibles for certain insurance policies can increase substantially, and in some instances, certain insurance policies are economically unavailable or available only for reduced amounts of coverage. For example, we are not fully insured against all risks associated with pollution, contamination and other environmental incidents or impacts. Moreover, we may not be able to maintain adequate insurance in the future at rates we consider reasonable or to obtain or renew insurance against certain risks. We maintain a high deductible or self-insured retention on many of the risks that we do insure, and we would bear the cost or loss to the extent of the high deductible or self-insured retention. Any significant uninsured liability, or our high deductible or self-insured retention, may require us to pay substantial amounts which would adversely affect our financial position and results of operations.

We face risks associated with certain pension obligations.

We have pension plans that cover many of our employees, former employees and employees of formerly affiliated businesses. Certain of these pension plans are defined benefit pension plans pursuant to which the participants receive defined payment amounts regardless of the value or investment performance of the assets held by the plans. Deterioration in the value of plan assets, ~~including equity and debt securities,~~ resulting from a general financial downturn or otherwise, or a change in the interest rate used to discount the projected benefit obligations or an adverse change in actuarial assumptions, such as in relation to mortality rates, could cause a decrease in the funded status of our defined benefit pension plans, thereby increasing our obligation to make contributions to the plans, which in turn would reduce the cash available for our business.

Our largest pension plan is the Pension Plan for Pactiv Evergreen, which we refer to as the PPPE. We became the sponsor when Pactiv Corporation (now Pactiv LLC, our indirect subsidiary) was spun-off from Tenneco Inc. in 1999. This plan covers certain of our current and former employees as well as employees (or their beneficiaries) of certain companies previously owned by Tenneco but not owned by us. As a result, while persons who have never been our employees do not currently accrue benefits under the plan, the total number of beneficiaries covered by this plan is larger than if only our personnel were participants. For this reason, the impact of the pension plan on our net income and cash flow from operations has historically been greater than the impact typically found at similarly sized companies, and changes in the interest rate used to discount projected benefit obligations, governmental regulations related to funding of retirement plans, financial market performance and revisions to mortality tables as a result of changes in life expectancy have a disproportionate effect on our results of operations compared with similarly sized companies.

~~Since~~Between our IPO and December 31, 2024, we ~~have~~ reduced our exposure to pension obligations through acquisitions of non-participating group annuity contracts which have transferred the future benefit obligations and annuity administration for approximately 3941,~~800~~900 beneficiaries under our plans, as well as the buyout of certain participants, thereby reducing our gross pension plan liabilities by approximately $23,~~900~~000 million. While we have undertaken these transactions to reduce our business’s exposure to pension obligations, we nevertheless ~~retain~~retained gross pension benefit obligations of $~~966~~809 million as of December 31, 2024.

During ~~2023~~2024, the PPPE’s net asset position increased from $1661 million to $6180 million, primarily as a result of ~~asset~~an ~~returns,~~increase ~~partially offset by a decrease~~ in the discount rate in 2024. We ~~contributed~~did annot ~~immaterial~~contribute ~~amount~~ to the PPPE during the year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024. Future contributions to our pension plans, including the PPPE, depend on future plan asset returns and interest rates and are highly sensitive to changes. Any future contributions will reduce the cash otherwise available to operate our business and could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

The international scope of our operations and our corporate and financing structure may expose us to potentially adverse tax consequences.

We are subject to taxation in, and to the tax laws and regulations of, multiple jurisdictions as a result of the international scope of our operations and our corporate and financing structure. We are also subject to intercompany pricing laws, including those relating to the flow of funds between our companies pursuant to, for example, purchase agreements, licensing agreements or other arrangements. Adverse developments in these laws or regulations, or any change in position regarding the application, administration or interpretation of these laws or regulations in any applicable jurisdiction, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the tax authorities in any jurisdiction in which we operate, including the United States, may disagree with the positions we have taken or intend to take regarding the tax treatment or characterization of any of our transactions, including the tax treatment or characterization of our indebtedness. If any applicable tax authorities, including the U.S. tax authorities, were to successfully challenge the tax treatment or characterization of any of our transactions, it could result in the disallowance of deductions, the imposition of withholding taxes on internal deemed transfers or other consequences that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our commodity hedging activities may result in significant losses and in period-to-period earnings volatility.

We enter into hedging transactions from time to time to limit our exposure to raw material and energy price risks. Our commodity hedges are primarily related to resin, natural gas, ethylene, propylene, benzene, diesel and polyethylene. If our hedging strategies prove to be ineffective or if we fail to effectively monitor and manage our hedging activities, we could incur significant losses which could adversely affect our financial position and results of operations, and we could experience significant fluctuations in our earnings from period-to-period. Factors that could affect the impact and effectiveness of our hedging activities include the accuracy of our operational forecasts of raw material and energy needs and volatility of the commodities and raw materials pricing markets.

Currency exchange rate fluctuations could adversely affect our results of operations.

Our business is exposed to fluctuations in exchange rates. Although our reporting currency is U.S. dollars, we operate in ~~multiple~~Canada ~~countries~~ and ~~transact~~Mexico in aaddition ~~range~~to ofthe ~~foreign~~United States and transact in their currencies as well. In addition, we are exposed to exchange rate risk as a result of sales, purchases, assets and borrowings (including intercompany borrowings) that are denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the respective entities. Where possible, we try to minimize the impact of exchange rate fluctuations by transacting in local currencies so as to create natural hedges. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in protecting against these risks. Under certain circumstances in which we are unable to naturally offset our exposure to these currency risks, we may enter into derivative transactions to reduce such exposures. For example, during 2024, we began hedging a portion of our exposure to the Mexican peso. Nevertheless, exchange rate fluctuations may either increase or decrease our net revenues and expenses as reported in U.S. dollars, and despite the aforementioned hedges, adverse changes in the value of the Mexican peso following the Mexican elections in 2024 negatively impacted our results of operations during the year. Given the volatility of exchange rates, we may not be able to manage our currency transaction risks effectively, and volatility in currency exchange rates may materially adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.

reported in U.S. dollars. Given the volatility of exchange rates, we may not be able to manage our currency transaction risks effectively, and volatility in currency exchange rates may materially adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.

Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Risks

Government regulations and judicial decisions affecting products we manufacture or the products contained in the products we produce could significantly reduce demand for our products.

Many governmental authorities, both in the United States and abroad, have considered, and are expected to consider, legislation aimed at reducing the amount of materials incapable of being recycled or composted. Programs have included, for example, banning or restricting certain types of products, mandating certain rates of recycling and the use of recycled materials, imposing fees or taxes on single-use items (often plastic), requiring retailers or manufacturers to take back packaging used for their products and requiring retailers to refrain from providing certain single-use or plastic items unless specifically requested. For instance, in 2022, California enacted the Plastic Pollution Prevention and Packaging Producer Responsibility Act, which, among other things, requires a 25% reduction of plastics in single-use products in the state by 2032 and escalating recycling, reuse or composting rates for single-use packaging, regardless of material, used in the state over time. Similarly, the Canadian government in 2021 enacted a broad prohibition on single-use plastics. While this policy iswas ~~currently~~enjoined ~~suspended following an adverse judgment~~ by a lower court, the government ~~could~~appealed ~~appeal~~ that judgment orand ~~revise~~the ~~its~~prohibition ~~requirement~~remains in effect pending that appeal. Additionally, in 2023, members of the U.S. Congress introduced legislation to prohibit single-use plastic foam foodservice products. Any such legislation, as well as voluntary initiatives similarly aimed at reducing the level of single-use packaging waste, could reduce demand for our products. Some consumer products companies, including some of our customers, have responded to these governmental initiatives and to perceived environmental or sustainability concerns of consumers, investors and government and non-governmental organizations by using only recyclable or compostable containers.

We are subject to numerous labor laws and regulations, including those relating to worker safety and wages and hours, and failure to comply with these laws and regulations could negatively affect our business.

We are subject to a number of laws and regulations related to safety, including those administered by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and comparable state regulators. These regulations impose a number of requirements relating to workforce safety with which we are required to comply. For more information on the importance of safety in our manufacturing, please refer to the risk factor “Unsatisfactory safety performance may subject us to regulatory penalties, civil litigation or criminal prosecution, increase our insurance premiums, result in higher operating costs, negatively impact employee morale, result in higher employee turnover and damage our reputation.” Failure to comply with these requirements could result in penalties, fines, compliance costs and reputational damage that adversely affect our business.

Our operations are subject to a variety of foreign, federal, state and local labor laws and regulations, including the Fair Labor Standards Act, the Family Medical Leave Act, the Civil Rights Act and the Employee Retirement Income Security Act. Further, as discussed in greater detail in the Risk Factor “Employee slowdowns, strikes and similar actions could adversely affect our business and operations,” a substantial portion of our workforce is unionized. As a result, we are required to comply with a number of applicable labor-relations laws, including the National Labor Relations Act. We are from time to time subject to allegations that we have breached these and related legal requirements, and if we are found to have violated any of these laws, our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

We are subject to increasingly stringent environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, and we could incur significant costs in complying with, or liabilities and obligations related to, such laws and regulations.

We are subject to various federal, state, local and international environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, which have tended to become more stringent over time. Among other things, these laws and regulations govern the emission or discharge of materials into the environment, the use, storage, treatment, disposal, management and releases of, and exposure to, hazardous substances and wastes, the health and safety of our employees, protection of wildlife and endangered species, wood harvesting and the materials used in and the recycling of our products. Violations of these laws and regulations can result in substantial fines or penalties, injunctive relief, requirements to install pollution or other controls or equipment, civil and criminal sanctions, permit revocations and facility shutdowns. A number of our facilities require permits from environmental regulators, and obtaining and renewing these permits is a lengthy, expensive and burdensome process.

Moreover, we may be directly impacted by the risks and costs to us, our customers and our vendors of the effects of climate change, greenhouse gases and the availability of energy and water resources. These risks include the potentially adverse impact on forestlands, which are a key resource in the production of some of our products, increased product costs and a change in the types of products that customers purchase. We also face risks arising from the increased public focus, including by consumers, investors and governmental and non-governmental organizations, on these and other environmental sustainability matters, such as packaging and waste, deforestation and land use, including enacted or proposed legislation imposing fees on manufacturers and other suppliers of single-use food packaging and foodservice products to encourage and fund recycling of such products.

We are and have been involved, both proactively and in response to threatened litigation by regulators, in the remediation of current, former and third-party sites and could be held jointly and severally liable for the costs of investigating and remediating, and damages resulting from, present and past releases of hazardous substances and wastes at any site we have ever owned, leased, operated or used as a treatment or disposal site, including releases by prior owners or operators of sites we currently own or operate. We could also be subject to third-party claims for property or natural resource damage, personal injury or nuisance or otherwise as a result of violations of or liabilities under environmental laws and regulations or in connection with releases of hazardous or other substances or wastes. In addition, changes in, or new interpretations of, existing laws, regulations, permits or enforcement policies, the discovery of previously unknown contamination or the imposition of other environmental, health and safety liabilities or obligations in the future, including additional investigation or other obligations with respect to any potential health hazards of our products or business activities or the imposition of new permit requirements, may lead to additional compliance or other costs that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Moreover, as environmental issues, such as climate change, have become more prevalent, federal, state, local and foreign governments have responded, and are expected to continue to respond, with increased legislation and regulation, which could negatively affect us. For example, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulates certain greenhouse gas emissions under the Clean Air Act, and various countries are party to the Paris Agreement, pursuant to which many have made national pledges to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Similarly, in 2023 California enacted two climate disclosure bills to require subject companies to report their greenhouse gas emissions and climate-related financial risks, and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ~~has~~recently ~~proposed~~adopted ~~and is currently considering~~ regulations to substantially increase the climate-related disclosures required of public companies. For more information on the potential impact of these and other efforts to increase disclosures relating to environmental matters, please refer to the risk factor “Our aspirations and disclosures related to ESG matters expose us to risks that could adversely affect our reputation and performance.” These and other international, foreign, federal, regional and state climate change initiatives may cause us to incur additional direct costs in complying with new environmental legislation or regulations, such as costs to upgrade or replace equipment, or increased public-company compliance costs, as well as increased indirect costs resulting from our suppliers, customers or both incurring additional compliance costs that could get passed through to us or impact product demand.

and disclosures related to ESG matters expose us to risks that could adversely affect our reputation and performance.” These and other international, foreign, federal, regional and state climate change initiatives may cause us to incur additional direct costs in complying with new environmental legislation or regulations, such as costs to upgrade or replace equipment, or increased public-company compliance costs, as well as increased indirect costs resulting from our suppliers, customers or both incurring additional compliance costs that could get passed through to us or impact product demand.

Our operations are subject to a variety of foreign, federal, state and local labor laws and regulations, including the Fair Labor Standards Act, the Family Medical Leave Act, the Civil Rights Act and the Employee Retirement Income Security Act. Further, as discussed in greater detail in the risk factor “Employee slowdowns, strikes and similar actions could adversely affect our business and operations,” a substantial portion of our workforce is unionized. As a result, we are required to comply with a number of applicable labor-relations laws, including the National Labor Relations Act. We are from time to time subject to allegations that we have breached these and related legal requirements, and if we are found to have violated any of these laws, our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

We may incur material liabilities under, or costs in order to comply with, product quality and related laws and regulations to which our products are subject.

Many of our products come into contact with food and beverages, and the manufacture, packaging, labeling, storage, distribution, advertising and sale of those products are subject to various laws designed to protect human health. For example, in the United States, many of our products are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, which, among other things, promulgates current good manufacturing practice regulations, and our product claims and advertising are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission. Most states have agencies that regulate in parallel to these federal agencies. Complying with these laws and regulations is costly, and if any of our products is deemed to be out of compliance with any of these laws and regulations, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. Even without a determination that our products do not comply with relevant requirements, if consumers and our customers are uncertain about whether our products comply, for example if we face allegations of non-compliance, even if we ultimately prevail against those allegations, we may lose customers, or have difficulty selling our products, which would adversely affect our business. In addition, changes in these laws and regulations could impose significant limitations and require changes to our business, which in turn may increase our compliance expenses, make our business more costly and less efficient to conduct and compromise our growth strategy.

~~Our aspirations and disclosures related to ESG matters expose us to risks that could adversely affect our reputation and performance.~~22

WeOur ~~have~~aspirations ~~established~~ and ~~publicly~~disclosures ~~announced~~related ~~ESG~~to ~~goals~~Environmental, ~~including~~Social ~~our~~and ~~commitments to set a long-term science-based target to reach net-zero value chain greenhouse gas emissions by 2050; to 100% of our packaging products being made with recycled~~Governance, ~~recyclable~~ or ~~renewable~~ESG, ~~materials~~matters byexpose ~~2030~~us ~~(based on associated net revenue); and~~ to ~~various~~risks ~~other initiatives. These statements reflect our current plans and aspirations and are not guarantees~~ that ~~we will be able to achieve them. Our failure to accomplish or accurately track and report on these goals on a timely basis, or at all,~~ could adversely affect our reputation, ~~financial performance~~ and ~~growth, and expose us to increased scrutiny from customers, consumers, investors, regulators and other stakeholders~~performance.

We have established and publicly announced environmental goals, including our goal to decrease absolute Scope 1 and 2 emissions by 42% and absolute Scope 3 emissions by 25% by the end of 2030, in each case from a 2022 base year, among various other goals. These statements reflect our current plans and aspirations and are not guarantees that we will be able to achieve them. Our failure to accomplish or accurately track and report on these goals on a timely basis, or at all, could adversely affect our reputation, financial performance and growth, and expose us to increased scrutiny from customers, consumers, investors, regulators and other stakeholders.

Our ability to achieve any ESG objective is subject to numerous risks, many of which are outside of our control. Examples of such risks include but are not limited to:

•

the availability and cost of alternative energy sources and product substrates;

•

the evolving regulatory requirements affecting ESG practices and disclosures;

•

increasing scrutiny and evolving expectations from regulators, investors, customers and other stakeholders regarding ESG matters;

•

the availability of suppliers that can meet our ~~ESG~~ standards;

•

customers’ willingness to support us in our ~~ESG~~ goals; and

•

the success of our organic growth and acquisitions, dispositions or restructuring of our businesses or operations.

19Standards for tracking and reporting ESG matters continue to evolve. Our use of disclosure frameworks and standards, and the interpretation or application of those frameworks and standards, may change from time to time or differ from those of others. This may result in a lack of consistent or meaningful comparative data from period to period or between us and other companies in the same industry. In addition, our processes and controls may not comply with evolving standards for identifying, measuring and reporting ESG metrics, including ESG-related disclosures that may be required by regulators, and such standards may change over time or conflict with one another, which could result in significant revisions to our current goals, reported progress in achieving such goals or ability to achieve such goals in the future; impose additional costs on us; or limit our ability to conduct business in certain jurisdictions.

~~Standards~~If ~~for~~our ~~tracking~~ESG ~~and~~practices ~~reporting~~do ~~ESG~~not ~~matters~~meet ~~continue~~evolving tocustomer, ~~evolve.~~investor, ~~Our~~regulator ~~use~~or ofother ~~disclosure~~stakeholder ~~frameworks~~expectations and standards, our reputation, our ability to attract or retain employees and ~~the~~our ~~interpretation~~attractiveness as an investment or ~~application~~supplier ofcould ~~those~~be ~~frameworks~~negatively ~~and~~impacted. ~~standards~~Further, ~~may~~our ~~change~~failure ~~from~~or ~~time~~perceived failure to ~~time~~pursue or ~~differ~~fulfill ~~from~~our ~~those~~goals ofand ~~others.~~objectives ~~This~~or ~~may~~to ~~result~~satisfy invarious areporting ~~lack~~standards ofon ~~consistent~~a timely basis, or ~~meaningful~~at ~~comparative~~all, ~~data~~could ~~from~~have ~~period~~similar tonegative ~~period~~impacts or ~~between~~expose us ~~and~~to ~~other~~government ~~companies~~enforcement inactions ~~the~~and ~~same~~private ~~industry~~litigation. InFor ~~addition~~example, ~~our~~the ~~processes~~SEC and ~~controls~~California ~~may~~have ~~not~~adopted ~~comply~~new ~~with~~climate ~~evolving~~change ~~standards~~disclosure ~~for~~requirements. ~~identifying,~~While ~~measuring~~the ~~and~~final ~~reporting~~scope ~~ESG~~of ~~metrics,~~these ~~including~~disclosure ~~ESG-related~~regimes ~~disclosures~~is ~~that~~not ~~may~~yet beclear, ~~required~~because ~~of public companies by~~ the SEC’s ~~and~~regulations ~~other~~have ~~regulators,~~been ~~and~~stayed ~~such~~pending ~~standards~~a ~~may~~court ~~change~~challenge ~~over~~and ~~time~~may orbe ~~conflict~~repealed ~~with~~following ~~one~~the ~~another,~~recent ~~which~~change ~~could result~~ in ~~significant~~the ~~revisions~~SEC’s tomembership ~~our~~and ~~current~~California ~~goals,~~has ~~reported~~not ~~progress~~yet inadopted ~~achieving~~implementing ~~such~~regulations ~~goals~~for orits ~~ability~~new tostatutory ~~achieve~~regime, ~~such~~compliance ~~goals~~with inthese ~~the~~rules ~~future;~~will ~~impose~~likely ~~additional~~ultimately ~~costs~~require onsignificant ~~us;~~effort orand ~~limit~~resources ~~our~~and ~~ability~~could toresult ~~conduct~~in ~~business~~changes into ~~certain~~our ~~jurisdictions.~~current goals.

If our ESG practices do not meet evolving customer, investor, regulator or other stakeholder expectations and standards, then our reputation, our ability to attract or retain employees and our attractiveness as an investment or supplier could be negatively impacted. Further, our failure or perceived failure to pursue or fulfill our goals and objectives or to satisfy various reporting standards on a timely basis, or at all, could have similar negative impacts or expose us to government enforcement actions and private litigation. For example, the SEC has proposed, and California has adopted, new climate change disclosure requirements. While the final scope of these disclosure regimes is not yet clear, because the SEC’s proposed regulations have not yet been promulgated and California has not yet adopted implementing regulations for its new statutory regime, compliance with these rules will likely ultimately require significant effort and resources and could result in changes to our current ESG goals.

Moreover, while we create and publish voluntary disclosures regarding ESG matters from time to time, many of the statements in those voluntary disclosures are based on hypothetical expectations and assumptions that may or may not be representative of current or actual risks or events or forecasts of expected risks or events, including the costs associated therewith. Such expectations and assumptions are necessarily uncertain and may be prone to error or subject to misinterpretation given the long timelines involved and the lack of an established single approach to identifying, measuring and reporting on many ESG matters. Moreover, organizations that provide information to investors on corporate governance and related matters have developed ratings processes for evaluating companies on their approach to ESG matters. Such ratings are used by some investors to inform their investment and voting decisions. Unfavorable ESG ratings and recent activism directed at shifting funding away from companies with unfavorable ESG profiles could lead to increased negative investor sentiment toward us and our industry and to the diversion of investment to other markets, which could have a negative impact on our access to and costs of capital. There is also the possibility that financial institutions could adopt policies that limit funding for companies with unfavorable ESG profiles. Any of these results could raise our cost of capital and diminish our access to necessary financing.

We are frequently involved in legal proceedings that could result in substantial liabilities for us.

We are subject to a variety of legal proceedings. It is difficult to predict with certainty the cost of defense or the outcome of any of these proceedings and their impact on our business, including remedies or damage awards. Adverse outcomes in any claim or lawsuit against us could result in significant monetary damages or injunctive relief that could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business. If liabilities or fines resulting from these proceedings are substantial or exceed our expectations, our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected. In addition, regardless of the outcome of any legal proceedings, they are often costly and time consuming and could require significant attention from our management, and therefore could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

As an example of litigation to which we have been subject, in 2021, MP2 Energy LLC filed a lawsuit against one of our subsidiaries in state court in Texas. The complaint alleged that our subsidiary breached an agreement with MP2 to sell a certain quantity of energy at a specified price as a result of the disruptions caused by Winter Storm Uri. In 2022, we settled the case. As a result, the litigation has been resolved; however, if similar litigation is filed against us, we may incur significant legal fees, settlements or damages awards. If any such matter is not ultimately resolved in our favor, losses arising from the results of litigation or settlements, as well as ongoing defense costs, could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Supply of faulty or contaminated products could harm our reputation and business.

Although we have control measures and systems in place to ensure the maximum safety and quality of our products is maintained, the consequences of not being able to do so, due to accidental or malicious raw material contamination, or due to supply chain contamination caused by human error or faulty equipment, could be severe. These consequences may include adverse effects on consumer health and our reputation, loss of customers and market share, financial costs or loss of revenue. If any of our products are found to be defective, we could be required to recall them, which could result in adverse publicity, significant expenses and a disruption in sales that could affect our reputation and that of our products. Although we maintain product liability insurance coverage, potential product liability claims may exceed the amount of insurance coverage or particular potential product liability claims may be excluded under the terms of the policy. In addition, if any of our competitors or customers supply faulty or contaminated products to the market, or if manufacturers of the end-products that use our products produce faulty or contaminated products, our industry, or our end-products’ industries, could be negatively impacted, which could have adverse effects on our business. For more information on the laws and regulations impacting the quality of the products that we manufacture, please refer to the risk factor “We may incur material liabilities under, or costs in order to comply with, product quality and related laws and regulations to which our products are subject.”

Negative publicity, posts or comments on social media or networking sites about us, whether accurate or inaccurate, or non-public sensitive information about us, could be widely disseminated through the use of social media. Any of these events could harm our image and adversely affect our business as well as require resources to rebuild our reputation if they were to occur.

Cybersecurity breaches and improper access to or disclosure of our data or user data, or other infiltration, hacking and phishing attacks on our systems, could harm our reputation and adversely affect our business.

We depend on information technology for processing and distributing information in our business, including to and from our customers and suppliers and for managing our production and distribution processes. This information technology is subject to theft, damage or interruption from a variety of sources, including malicious computer viruses, security breaches, defects in design, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, power and telecommunication failures, employee malfeasance or human or technical errors. Additionally, we can be at risk if a customer’s or supplier’s information technology system is attacked or compromised. Any failure to prevent or mitigate security breaches and improper access to or disclosure of our data or third-party data to which we have access, including personal information, could result in the loss or misuse of such data, which could harm our business and reputation and diminish our competitive position. In addition, computer malware, viruses, social engineering (such as phishing attacks), ransomware and general hacking have become more prevalent, have occurred on our systems in the past and may occur on our systems in the future. Such attacks may interrupt our business operations, damage our reputation, impair our internal systems or result in financial harm to us. Further, these risks could be heightened by the fact that many of our employees work, exclusively or partly, from home.

Although we have taken measures to protect our data and computer systems from attack, we have in the past been the subject of cybersecurity attacks that, while collectively immaterial, were nonetheless successful. These measures may not prevent unauthorized access to our systems or theft of our data. If we or third parties with whom we do business were to fall victim to cyber-attacks or experience other cybersecurity incidents, such incidents could result in unauthorized access to, disclosure or loss of or damage to company, customer or other third party data; theft of confidential data including personal information and intellectual property; loss of access to critical data or systems; and other business delays or disruptions. If these events were to occur, we may incur substantial costs or suffer other consequences that negatively impact our operations and financial results.

Moreover, the SEC ~~recently~~has ~~promulgated~~adopted regulations requiring uspublic companies to disclose material cybersecurity incidents. This disclosure obligation is contingent upon the result of complex analyses, including a determination of materiality. The nature of cybersecurity incidents can make it difficult to quickly and comprehensively assess an incident’s overall impact to our business, and we may make errors in our assessments. If we are unable to appropriately assess a cybersecurity incident in the context of required analyses, we could face compliance issues under these and other regulations, and we could be subject to lawsuits, regulatory fines or investigations or other liabilities, any or all of which could adversely affect our business and operating results. Furthermore, cybersecurity incidents experienced by us, or by our customers or vendors, that lead to public disclosures may also lead to widespread negative publicity and increased government or regulatory scrutiny. Any security compromise, whether actual or perceived, could harm our reputation, erode customer confidence in our security measures, negatively affect our ability to attract new customers or subject us to third-party lawsuits, regulatory fines or investigations or other liability, any or all of which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

We are subject to stringent privacy laws, information security policies and contractual obligations governing the use, processing and cross-border transfer of personal information.

We receive, generate and store ~~increasing amounts of~~ sensitive information, such as personally identifiable information. We face a number of risks relative to protecting this critical information, including loss of access risk, inappropriate use or disclosure, inappropriate modification and the inability to adequately monitor, audit and modify our controls over our critical information. This risk extends to the third party vendors and subcontractors we use to manage this sensitive data.

We are subject to a variety of local, state, national and international laws, directives and regulations that apply to the collection, use, retention, protection, disclosure, transfer and other processing of personal data in the different jurisdictions in which we operate, including, most prominently, the California Consumer Privacy Act, or CCPA. For example, the CCPA creates individual privacy rights for California consumers and increases the privacy and security obligations of entities handling certain personal data. In addition to fines and penalties imposed upon violators, some of these laws, including the CCPA, also afford private rights of action to individuals who believe their personal information has been misused. The interplay of foreign, federal and state laws may be subject to varying interpretations by courts and government agencies, creating complex compliance issues for us in regard to data we receive, use and share, potentially exposing us to additional expense, adverse publicity and liability. Legal requirements relating to the collection, storage, handling and transfer of personal information and personal data continue to evolve and may result in ever-increasing public scrutiny and escalating levels of enforcement, sanctions and increased costs of compliance.

Compliance with applicable data protection laws and regulations could also require us to change our business practices and compliance procedures in a manner adverse to our business. Penalties for violations of these laws vary but can be substantial. Moreover, complying with these various laws could require us to take on more onerous obligations in our contracts, restrict our ability to collect, use and disclose data, or, in some cases, impact our ability to operate in certain jurisdictions. In addition, we rely on third-party vendors to collect, process and store data on our behalf, and we cannot guarantee that ~~such~~these vendors are in compliance with all applicable data protection laws and regulations. Our or our vendors’ failure to comply with applicable data protection laws and regulations could result in government enforcement actions (which could include civil or criminal penalties), private litigation and adverse publicity and could negatively affect our operating results and business. Claims that we have violated individuals’ privacy rights, failed to comply with data protection laws or breached our contractual obligations or privacy policies, even if we are not found liable, could be expensive and time consuming to defend, could result in adverse publicity and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

government enforcement actions (which could include civil or criminal penalties), private litigation and adverse publicity and could negatively affect our operating results and business. Claims that we have violated individuals’ privacy rights, failed to comply with data protection laws or breached our contractual obligations or privacy policies, even if we are not found liable, could be expensive and time consuming to defend, could result in adverse publicity and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, and other similar anti-corruption, anti-bribery and anti-kickback laws and regulations, and any non-compliance with those laws or regulations by us or others acting on our behalf could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The FCPA and other similar anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws and regulations in other jurisdictions generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from offering or providing improper things of value to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or securing regulatory benefits. Under these laws, we may be liable for the actions of employees, officers, directors, agents, representatives, consultants or other intermediaries, or our strategic or local partners, including those over whom we may have little actual control. We continuously transact business, including in new locations, around the world, occasionally have contacts with foreign public officials and therefore have potential exposure to liability under laws such as the FCPA.

If we are found liable for violations of the FCPA or other similar anti-corruption, anti-bribery or anti-kickback laws or regulations, either due to our own acts or out of inadvertence, or due to the acts or inadvertence of others, we could suffer criminal or civil fines or penalties or other repercussions, including reputational harm, which could negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In 2020, we identified practices in our Evergreen Packaging Shanghai business, which was part of our legacy Beverage Merchandising segment, that involved acts potentially in violation of the FCPA. We voluntarily disclosed these matters and the results of our investigation conducted by external counsel, accountants and other advisors to the U.S. Department of Justice, or DOJ, and the SEC. Our investigation identified the occasional giving of gift cards representing relatively minor monetary values to government regulators and employees of state-owned enterprise customers in the People’s Republic of China over the course of several years. The amounts involved were immaterial, individually and in the aggregate, and the gift cards appear to have been provided at the times of Chinese holidays for general goodwill purposes only. We have remediated these practices, including by discontinuing the giving of gift cards. In the course of our investigation, we also identified certain other gift, travel and entertainment practices that did not comply with our policies and expectations. These findings provided an opportunity for targeted, enhanced controls and additional training in these areas. We presented our investigation findings to the DOJ and the SEC in 2021. In response to and based on our investigation findings, the DOJ and the SEC closed their files on this matter without any action against us.

We may not be successful in obtaining, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights, including our unpatented proprietary knowledge and trade secrets, or in avoiding claims that we infringed on the intellectual property rights of others.

In addition to relying on the patent, copyright and trademark rights granted under the laws of the United States and other countries in which we do business, we rely on unpatented proprietary knowledge and trade secrets and employ various methods, including confidentiality agreements with employees and third parties, to protect our knowledge and trade secrets. However, these precautions and our patents, copyrights and trademarks may not afford complete protection against infringement, misappropriation or other violation of our rights by third parties, and there can be no assurance that others will not independently develop the knowledge protected by our trade secrets or develop products that compete with ours despite not infringing, misusing or otherwise violating our intellectual property rights. Patent, copyright and trademark rights are territorial, and the protection they provide will only extend to those countries in which we have been issued patents and have registered trademarks or copyrights. Even so, the laws of certain countries do not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as U.S. laws do.

We believe that we have sufficient intellectual property rights to allow us to conduct our business without incurring liability to third parties. However, we or our products may nonetheless infringe on the intellectual property rights of third parties, or we may determine in the future that we require a license or other rights to intellectual property rights held by third parties. Such a license or other rights may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms or at all, in which case we may be prevented from using, providing or manufacturing certain products, services or brands as we see fit. In addition, we may be subject to claims asserting infringement, misappropriation or other violation of third parties’ intellectual property rights seeking damages, the payment of royalties or licensing fees or injunctions against the sale of our products or other aspects of our business. If we are found to have infringed, misused or otherwise violated the intellectual property rights of others, we could be forced to pay damages, stop using the intellectual property rights or, if we are given the opportunity to continue to use the intellectual property rights of others, pay a substantial amount for continued use of those rights. Even if we are not found to infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate a third party’s intellectual property rights, we could incur substantial expense to defend against its claims, and we could incur significant costs associated with discontinuing to use, provide or manufacture certain products, services or brands, and the defense could be protracted and costly regardless of its outcome. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Furthermore, we cannot be certain that the intellectual property rights we do obtain and rely on will not be challenged or invalidated in the future. In the event of such a challenge, we could incur significant costs to defend our rights, even if we are ultimately successful. We also may not be able to prevent current and former employees, contractors and others from breaching confidentiality agreements and misappropriating trade secrets or other proprietary information. It is possible that third parties may copy or otherwise obtain and use our information and proprietary technology without authorization or otherwise infringe on our intellectual property rights. Infringement of our intellectual property rights may adversely affect our results of operations and make it more difficult for us to establish a strong market position in countries that may not adequately protect intellectual property rights. Others may develop technologies that are similar or superior to our technologies, duplicate our technologies or design around our patents, and steps taken by us to protect our technologies may not prevent infringement or misappropriation of those technologies. While we attempt to ensure that our intellectual property rights are protected when entering into business relationships, third parties may take actions that could adversely affect our rights or the value of our intellectual property rights or reputation. If necessary, we also rely on litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights and contractual rights, and, if not successful, we may not be able to protect the value of our intellectual property rights. Any litigation could be protracted and costly and could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations regardless of its outcome.

We also may not be able to prevent current and former employees, contractors and others from breaching confidentiality agreements and misappropriating trade secrets or other proprietary information. It is possible that third parties may copy or otherwise obtain and use our information and proprietary technology without authorization or otherwise infringe on our intellectual property rights. Infringement of our intellectual property rights may adversely affect our results of operations and make it more difficult for us to establish a strong market position in countries that may not adequately protect intellectual property rights. Others may develop technologies that are similar or superior to our technologies, duplicate our technologies or design around our patents, and steps taken by us to protect our technologies may not prevent infringement or misappropriation of those technologies. Additionally, we have licensed, and may license in the future, patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets and other intellectual property rights to third parties. While we attempt to ensure that our intellectual property rights are protected when entering into business relationships, third parties may take actions that could adversely affect our rights or the value of our intellectual property rights or reputation. If necessary, we also rely on litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights and contractual rights, and, if not successful, we may not be able to protect the value of our intellectual property rights. Any litigation could be protracted and costly and could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations regardless of its outcome.

Risks Related to Shareholder Influence, Related Party Transactions and Governance

Packaging Finance Limited, or PFL, controls the direction of our business, and its concentrated ownership of our common stock will prevent you and other shareholders from influencing significant decisions.

PFL owns, and controls the voting power of, approximately 7776% of our outstanding shares of common stock. As long as PFL continues to control a majority of the voting power of our outstanding common stock, it will generally be able to determine the outcome of all corporate actions requiring shareholder approval, including the election and removal of directors.

PFL and its affiliates engage in a broad spectrum of activities. In the ordinary course of their business activities, PFL and its affiliates may engage in activities where their interests may not be the same as, or may conflict with, the interests of our other shareholders. Other shareholders will not be able to affect the outcome of any shareholder vote while PFL controls the majority of the voting power of our outstanding common stock. As a result, PFL will be able to control, directly or indirectly and subject to applicable law, the composition of our Board of Directors, or Board, which in turn will be able to control all matters over which we have control, including, among others:26

PFL and its affiliates engage in a broad spectrum of activities. In the ordinary course of their business activities, PFL and its affiliates may engage in activities where their interests may not be the same as, or may conflict with, the interests of our other shareholders. Other shareholders will not be able to affect the outcome of any shareholder vote while PFL controls the majority of the voting power of our outstanding common stock. As a result, PFL will be able to control, directly or indirectly and subject to applicable law, the composition of our Board, which in turn will be able to control all matters over which we have control, including, among others:

•

any determination with respect to our business direction and policies, including the appointment and removal of officers and directors;

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the adoption of amendments to our certificate of incorporation, which we refer to as our Charter, or our bylaws;

•

any determinations with respect to mergers, business combinations or disposition of assets;

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compensation and benefit programs and other human resources policy decisions;

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the payment of dividends on our common stock; and

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determinations with respect to tax matters.

In addition, the concentration of PFL’s ownership could also discourage others from making tender offers, which could prevent shareholders from receiving a premium for their common stock.

Because PFL’s interests may differ from ours or from those of our other shareholders, actions that PFL takes with respect to us, as our controlling shareholder, may not be favorable to us or our other shareholders.

Mr. Hart may have conflicts of interest with the holders of our shares of common stock or us in the future.

Mr. Graeme Richard Hart indirectly owns and controls PFL, and therefore a majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock, and the actions he is able to undertake as our controlling shareholder may differ from or adversely affect the interests of our other shareholders. Under the stockholders agreement that we entered into in connection with our IPO, Mr. Hart, through PFL, has the power to nominate a majority of the directors to our Board for so long as PFL and other entities affiliated with Mr. Hart beneficially own more than 40% of our common stock, enabling Mr. Hart to control our legal and capital structure and operations, subject to applicable law. The stockholders agreement also provides that so long as such affiliated entities hold at least 5% of our shares, Mr. Hart, through PFL, will be entitled to receive access to certain of our information and also to routinely consult and advise senior management about our business and financial matters, and we have agreed to give consideration to his advice and proposals. The stockholders agreement also provides Mr. Hart, through PFL, with certain consent rights for so long as his affiliated entities hold at least 40% of our shares. Additionally, Mr. Hart is in the business of making investments in companies and may from time to time acquire and hold interests in businesses that compete, directly or indirectly, with us. Mr. Hart may also pursue acquisition opportunities that may be complementary to our business and, as a result, those acquisition opportunities may not be available to us.

Conflicts of interest may arise because certain of our directors hold a management or board position with PFL or other affiliated entities.

23One of our directors is also a director of PFL, another director is Mr. Hart’s son-in-law and three of our directors are also directors of other entities affiliated with Mr. Hart. The relationships of these directors with Mr. Hart, PFL and other entities affiliated with Mr. Hart and us could create, or appear to create, conflicts of interest with respect to decisions involving both us and PFL and other entities affiliated with Mr. Hart that could have different implications for PFL and other entities affiliated with Mr. Hart and us. These decisions could, for example, relate to:

•

One of our directors is also a director of PFL, another director is Mr. Hart’s son-in-law and two of our directors are also directors of other entities affiliated with Mr. Hart. The relationships of these directors with Mr. Hart, PFL and other entities affiliated with Mr. Hart and us could create, or appear to create, conflicts of interest with respect to decisions involving both us and PFL and other entities affiliated with Mr. Hart that could have different implications for PFL and other entities affiliated with Mr. Hart and us. These decisions could, for example, relate to:

disagreement over corporate opportunities;

•

competition between us, PFL and other entities affiliated with Mr. Hart;

•

employee retention or recruiting;

•

our dividend policy; and

•

the services and arrangements from which we benefit as a result of our relationships with PFL and other entities affiliated with Mr. Hart.

Conflicts of interest could also arise if we enter into any new agreements with PFL or other entities affiliated with Mr. Hart in the future, or if PFL or other entities affiliated with Mr. Hart decide to compete with us in any of our product categories. The presence of directors or officers of entities related to or affiliated with Mr. Hart, PFL and other entities affiliated with Mr. Hart on our Board could create, or appear to create, conflicts of interest and conflicts in allocating their time with respect to matters involving both us and any one of them, or involving us and PFL or other entities affiliated with Mr. Hart, that could have different implications for any of these entities than they do for us. Provisions of our Charter and bylaws address corporate opportunities that are presented to our directors who are also directors or officers of PFL or other entities affiliated with Mr. Hart and certain of their subsidiaries. We cannot assure you that our Charter will adequately address potential conflicts of interest, that potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in our favor or that we will be able to take advantage of corporate opportunities presented to individuals who are directors of both us and PFL or other entities affiliated with Mr. Hart. As a result, we may be precluded from pursuing certain advantageous transactions or growth initiatives.

Charter will adequately address potential conflicts of interest, that potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in our favor or that we will be able to take advantage of corporate opportunities presented to individuals who are directors of both us and PFL or other entities affiliated with Mr. Hart. As a result, we may be precluded from pursuing certain advantageous transactions or growth initiatives.

We have entered, and may continue to enter, into certain related-party transactions. There can be no assurance that we could not have achieved more favorable terms if such transactions had not been entered into with related parties, or that we will be able to maintain existing terms in the future.

We have entered into various transactions with related parties including, among others:

•

supply agreements under which we sell certain products (primarily tableware) to RCP and purchase certain products (primarily aluminum foil containers and roll foil) from RCP;

•

a warehousing and freight services agreement pursuant to which we provide certain logistics services to RCP;

•

a sub-lease of part of our corporate headquarters in Lake Forest, Illinois and another lease for part of our facility in Canandaigua, New York to RCP; and

•

a tax matters agreement with each of RCP and Graham Packaging; and

an IT license usage agreement with Rank and Graham Packaging, pursuant to which we continue to receive usage rights under certain IT-related license and contractual arrangements that are held by certain of our affiliates and provide usage rights to certain of our affiliates under certain IT-related license and contractual arrangements we hold.

While we believe that all of these transactions have been negotiated on an arm’s length basis and contain commercially reasonable terms, we may have been able to achieve more favorable terms had these transactions been entered into with unrelated parties. In addition, while goods and services are being provided to us by related parties, our operational flexibility to modify or implement changes in those goods or services or the amounts we pay or receive for them may be limited.

Potential conflicts of interest or disputes may arise between us and one or more related parties under these related party agreements, or relating to our past or future relationships in several areas including tax, employee benefits, intellectual property rights, indemnification and other matters. Furthermore, conflicts of interest may arise in connection with business opportunities that may be attractive to us and one or more related parties. In the event of a dispute under any of these related-party agreements, the interests of one or more related parties may not align with ours and the resolution of any such disputes may be adverse to us, or less favorable to us than we might achieve if we were not dealing with a related party, and our ability to enforce our contractual rights may be limited.

There can be no assurance that such present or any future transactions, and any potential disputes that may arise in connection with them, individually or in the aggregate, will not have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations, or that we could not have achieved more favorable terms if such transactions had not been entered into with related parties.

It is also likely that we may enter into related-party transactions in the future. Although most related party transactions that we enter into are subject to approval or ratification by the Audit Committee of the Board, or Audit Committee, there can be no assurance that such transactions, individually or in the aggregate, will not have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations, or that we could not have achieved more favorable terms if such transactions had not been entered into with related parties.

individually or in the aggregate, will not have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations, or that we could not have achieved more favorable terms if such transactions had not been entered into with related parties.

The related party transactions we have entered into are of varying durations and may be amended upon agreement of the parties. PFL has the ability to determine the outcome of matters requiring shareholder approval, cause or prevent a change of control and change the composition of our Board. For so long as we are controlled by PFL, we may be unable to negotiate renewals or amendments to these agreements, if required, on terms as favorable to us as those we would be able to negotiate with an unaffiliated third party.

If PFL sells a controlling interest in our company to a third party in a private transaction, you may not realize any change-of-control premium on shares of our common stock, and we may become subject to the control of a presently unknown third party.

PFL owns, and controls the voting power of, approximately 77% of our outstanding shares of common stock. PFL has the ability, should it choose to do so, to sell some or all of its shares of our common stock in a privately negotiated transaction, which, if sufficient in size, could result in a change of control of our company.

The ability of PFL to privately sell its shares of our common stock, with no requirement for a concurrent offer to be made to acquire all of the shares of our common stock that are publicly traded, could prevent you from realizing any change-of-control premium on your shares of our common stock that may otherwise accrue to PFL on its private sale of our common stock. Additionally, if PFL privately sells its significant equity interests in our company, we may become subject to the control of a presently unknown third party that may have conflicts of interest with those of other shareholders. In addition, if PFL sells a controlling interest in our company to a third party, our liquidity could be impaired, our outstanding indebtedness could be subject to acceleration and our commercial agreements and relationships could be impacted, all of which could adversely affect our ability to run our business as described herein and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

RCP and Graham Packaging may compete with us, and their competitive positions in certain markets may constrain our ability to build and maintain partnerships.

We may face competition from a variety of sources, including RCP and Graham Packaging, today and in the future. For example, while we do have supply agreements in place with RCP, each of RCP and Graham Packaging may still compete with us in certain products or in certain channels. In addition, while RCP and Graham Packaging do not currently manufacture or sell products that compete with our products in the channels in which we sell our products, they each may do so in the future, including as a result of acquiring a company that manufactures products which compete with ours. RCP and Graham Packaging may have acquired know-how from their previous affiliation with our business, which could give them significant competitive advantages should they decide to engage in the type of business we conduct, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Although RCP has historically sold the products (primarily tableware and cups) that it purchases from us in the retail channel, and we sell those products in the foodservice business-to-business channel, after the termination of the supply agreement with RCP, it could seek to sell those products in the foodservice channel or otherwise compete with us. As our customer, RCP has information about our products, including pricing, and, as one of our former operating segments, Graham Packaging has knowledge of our business that could provide RCP and Graham Packaging with competitive advantages.

In addition, we may partner with companies that compete with RCP and Graham Packaging in certain markets. Our prior affiliation with RCP and Graham Packaging may affect our ability to effectively partner with these companies. These companies may favor our competitors because of our relationships with RCP and Graham Packaging.

We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of Nasdaq rules and, as a result, we qualify for, and intend to rely on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. You will not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to those requirements.

PFL controls a majority of the voting power of our outstanding common stock. As a result, we are presently a “controlled company” within the meaning of Nasdaq’s rules. Under these rules, a listed company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including:

•

the requirement that a majority of the Board ~~consists~~consist of independent directors;

•

the requirement that our Compensation Committee and our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee be composed entirely of independent directors; and

•

the requirement for an annual performance evaluation of our Compensation Committee and our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee.

While PFL controls a majority of the voting power of our outstanding common stock, we continue to rely on some of these exemptions and, as a result, we do not presently have a Compensation Committee or a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee consisting entirely of independent directors. Accordingly, you will not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of Nasdaq’s corporate governance requirements.

We may be liable for significant taxes if the distributions of RCP or of Graham Packaging to PFL are determined to be taxable transactions.

In February 2020, before RCP’s IPO, we effected certain distributions to transfer the interests of RCP to PFL in a manner that was intended to qualify as tax-free to PFL, us and Pactiv Evergreen Group Holdings Inc., which we refer to as PEGHI, under Sections 368(a)(1)(D) and 355 of the Internal Revenue Code. In addition, before the closing of our IPO in September 2020, we also effected certain distributions to transfer the interests of Graham Packaging to PFL in a manner that was intended to qualify as tax-free to PFL, us and PEGHI under Section 355 of the Internal Revenue Code.

We have received tax opinions as to the tax treatment of the RCP and Graham Packaging distributions. These tax opinions rely on certain facts, assumptions, representations and undertakings from Mr. Hart, RCP or Graham Packaging, as applicable, and us regarding the past and future conduct of our, and RCP’s or Graham Packaging’s, as applicable, respective businesses and other matters. If any of these facts, assumptions, representations or undertakings is incorrect or not satisfied, we may not be able to rely on the tax opinions and could be subject to significant tax liabilities with respect to the RCP or Graham Packaging distributions. Despite the tax opinions, the Internal Revenue Service could determine on audit that the RCP or Graham Packaging distributions are taxable if it determines that any of the facts, assumptions, representations or undertakings are not correct or have been violated or if it disagrees with the conclusions in the opinions, or for other reasons, including as a result of certain significant changes in the stock ownership of us, RCP or Graham Packaging, as applicable, or PEGHI. If the RCP or Graham Packaging distributions are determined to be taxable for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we could be liable for significant U.S. federal income tax liabilities.

We entered into tax matters agreements with each of RCP and Graham Packaging in connection with their respective distributions. Under these agreements, each distributed business will generally be required to indemnify us against taxes incurred with respect to the applicable distribution that arise as a result of, among other things, (i) a breach of any representation made under the applicable tax matters agreement, including those provided in connection with an opinion of tax counsel, or (ii) RCP or Graham Packaging, as applicable, taking or failing to take, as the case may be, certain actions, in each case that result in the distributions failing to meet the requirements for tax-free treatment under the Internal Revenue Code. If RCP or Graham Packaging does not indemnify us in accordance with the applicable tax matters agreement, we would bear such tax liability.

Risks Relating to Being a Public Company

~~Anti-takeover~~Our ~~provisions~~Charter inmakes ~~our~~the ~~Charter~~Delaware ~~and~~Court ~~bylaws~~of ~~and~~Chancery ~~under~~the ~~Delaware~~exclusive ~~law~~forum ~~could~~for ~~make~~most andisputes ~~acquisition~~between ofus and our ~~company~~shareholders, ~~more~~which ~~difficult,~~could limit ~~attempts by~~ our shareholders’ ability to ~~replace~~obtain ora ~~remove~~favorable ~~our~~judicial ~~current~~forum ~~management~~for ~~and~~disputes ~~limit~~with ~~the~~us ~~market~~or ~~price~~our ofdirectors, ~~our~~officers ~~common~~or ~~stock~~employees.

~~Provisions~~Our inCharter ~~our~~makes ~~Charter~~the ~~and~~Delaware ~~bylaws~~Court ~~may~~of ~~have~~Chancery the ~~effect~~exclusive offorum ~~delaying~~for any derivative action or ~~preventing~~proceeding brought on our behalf; any action asserting a ~~change~~breach of ~~control~~fiduciary duty; any action asserting a claim against us under the Delaware General Corporation Law, our Charter or ~~changes~~our bylaws; or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine; except, in ~~our~~each ~~management~~case, ~~including~~for ~~provisions~~claims to enforce any liability or duty created by the Securities Act or the Exchange Act and for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. In addition, our Charter provides that: unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the

federal district courts are the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act or the federal forum provision.

Anti-takeover provisions in our Charter and bylaws and under Delaware law could limit attempts by our shareholders to replace or remove our current management and limit the market price of our common stock.

Provisions in our Charter and bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing changes in our management, including provisions that:

•

permit our Board, without further action by our shareholders, to fix the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of preferred stock, the rights of which may be greater than the rights of our common stock;

•

restrict the forum for certain litigation against us to Delaware, as discussed in greater detail in the risk factor “Our Charter makes the Delaware Court of Chancery the exclusive forum for most disputes between us and our shareholders, which could limit our shareholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees”; and

•

establish advance notice requirements for nominations to our Board or for proposing matters for action by our shareholders at their annual meetings.

Additionally, after PFL and all other entities beneficially owned by Mr. Hart, their successors and affiliates and any of their transferees in connection with certain transfers other than widely distributed public sales beneficially own less than 50% of the outstanding shares of our common stock, additional anti-takeover provisions take effect, including provisions that:

•

require at least a two-thirds affirmative shareholder vote to approve amendments to our Charter or bylaws;

•

provide for a staggered Board;

•

eliminate the ability of our shareholders to call special meetings; and

•

prohibit shareholder action by written consent, instead requiring shareholder actions to be taken solely at duly convened shareholder meetings.

Even after we cease to be a controlled company, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our shareholders to replace or remove our incumbent management by making it more difficult for shareholders to replace members of our Board, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management. As a result, these provisions may adversely affect the market price and market for our common stock if they are viewed as limiting the liquidity of our stock. ~~These provisions may also make it more difficult~~

for a third party to acquire us in the future and, as a result, our shareholders may be limited in their ability to obtain a premium for their shares.

Further, we entered into a stockholders agreement with PFL in connection with our IPO in September 2020. That agreement gives PFL the right to nominate a certain number of directors to our Board so long as it beneficially owns at least 10% of the outstanding shares of our common stock.

~~We intend to pay regular dividends on our common stock, but our ability to do so may be limited.~~30

We intend to pay cash dividends on our common stock on a quarterly basis, subject to the discretion of our Board and our compliance with applicable law, and depending on our results of operations, capital requirements, financial condition, business prospects, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable laws and other factors that our Board deems relevant.

Our ability to pay dividends may also be restricted by the terms of our existing debt agreements or any future debt or preferred equity securities. Our dividend policy entails certain risks and limitations, particularly with respect to our liquidity. By paying cash dividends rather than investing that cash in our business or repaying any outstanding debt, we risk, among other things, slowing the expansion of our business, having insufficient cash to fund our operations or make capital expenditures or limiting our ability to incur borrowings. Our Board will periodically review the cash generated from our business and the capital expenditures required to finance our growth plans and determine whether to modify the amount of regular dividends or declare any periodic special dividends. There can be no assurance that our Board will not reduce the amount of regular cash dividends or cause us to cease paying dividends altogether.

Our Charter makes the Delaware Court of Chancery the exclusive forum for most disputes between us and our shareholders, which could limit our shareholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our Charter makes the Delaware Court of Chancery the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty; any action asserting a claim against us under the Delaware General Corporation Law, our Charter or our bylaws; or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine; except, in each case, for claims to enforce any liability or duty created by the Securities Act or the Exchange Act and for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. In addition, our Charter provides that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts are the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act or the federal forum provision.

The choice of forum provision and federal forum provision may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving that action in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, while the Delaware Supreme Court in 2020 ruled that federal forum selection provisions purporting to require claims under the Securities Act to be brought in federal court were facially valid under Delaware law, there is uncertainty as to whether other courts will enforce our federal forum provision. If the federal forum provision is found to be unenforceable, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters. The federal forum provision may also impose additional litigation costs on shareholders who assert the provision is not enforceable or invalid.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity risk management is an integral part of our overall enterprise risk management program. Our cybersecurity risk management program is designed to align with industry best practices and provide a framework for evaluating and implementing methods to assess, identify and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats and properly respond to incidents, including threats and incidents associated with the use of services provided by third-party service providers. This framework includes steps for assessing the severity of a cybersecurity threat, identifying the source of a cybersecurity threat (including whether the cybersecurity threat is associated with a third-party service provider), implementing cybersecurity countermeasures and mitigation strategies and informing management and our Board of ~~Directors of~~ material cybersecurity threats and incidents. Our cybersecurity team leads a regular cybersecurity working group meeting with representatives from across the Company’s centers of excellence, as well as a quarterly cybersecurity steering committee meeting with executives from across the Company, to facilitate coordination across different functional groups within our Company and ensure broad awareness of ongoing cybersecurity initiatives and assessments. These committees also hold ad hoc meetings as necessary to address urgent threats that arise in between meetings. Our cybersecurity team also engages third-party security experts for risk assessment and system enhancements. In addition, our cybersecurity team provides training to all employees annually.

Our Board ~~of Directors~~ has overall oversight responsibility for our risk management and has delegated cybersecurity risk management oversight to the Audit Committee ~~of the Board~~. The Audit Committee ~~of the Board~~ is responsible for ensuring that management has processes in place designed to identify and evaluate cybersecurity risks to which we are exposed and implement processes and procedures to manage cybersecurity risks and mitigate cybersecurity incidents. The Audit Committee ~~of the Board~~ also reports material cybersecurity risks to our full Board ~~of Directors~~. Management is responsible for identifying, considering and assessing material cybersecurity risks on an ongoing basis, establishing processes to ensure that such potential cybersecurity risk exposures are monitored, putting in place appropriate mitigation measures and maintaining our cybersecurity program. Our cybersecurity program is managed under the direction of our Senior Vice President for Business Transformation, who receives reports from our cybersecurity team, including our Chief Information Security Officer, or CISO, and monitors the prevention, detection, mitigation and remediation of cybersecurity incidents. The CISO, in coordination with senior management, works collaboratively across the Company to implement a program designed to protect our information systems from cybersecurity threats and to respond promptly to any material cybersecurity incidents in accordance with our incident response and recovery plans. To facilitate the success of our cybersecurity program, cross-functional teams throughout the Company address cybersecurity threats and respond to cybersecurity incidents. Through ongoing communications, the CISO and these teams inform senior management about, and monitor the prevention, detection, mitigation and remediation of, cybersecurity threats and incidents in real time, and report such threats and incidents to the Audit Committee when appropriate.

Our CISO has 4243 years of experience in a diverse array of information and security technologies and has managed various domains, with expertise in enterprise resource planning, finite scheduling, middleware technologies, network control, operational control, identity access and governance and data center management. He and our other dedicated cybersecurity personnel collectively hold numerous certifications, including in relation to forensic investigation, threat hunting and digital forensics, risk and information system controls, Google cybersecurity, information security auditors and fraud examiners. Additionally, the collective cybersecurity team members have substantial experience in information technology disciplines and prioritize remaining educated on current threats.

Our cybersecurity team regularly updates the Audit Committee ~~of the Board~~ on our cybersecurity program, material cybersecurity risks and mitigation strategies and provides quarterly cybersecurity reports that cover, among other topics, third-party assessments of the Company’s cybersecurity program, developments in cybersecurity and updates to the Company’s cybersecurity program and mitigation strategies.

In ~~2023~~2024, we did not identify any cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. However, despite our efforts, we cannot eliminate all risks from cybersecurity threats, or provide assurances that we have not experienced an undetected cybersecurity incident. For more information about these risks, please see the risk factor above entitled “Cybersecurity breaches and improper access to or disclosure of our data or user data, or other infiltration, hacking and phishing attacks on our systems, could harm our reputation and adversely affect our business.”

Item 2. Properties

Our corporate ~~office~~headquarters is located in leased office space in Lake Forest, Illinois. As of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, we leased or owned 8781 other U.S. facilities and 13 international facilities, some of which included multiple buildings and warehouses. This included the 5650 manufacturing facilities and 4243 warehouses that comprised our global production and distribution network.

We believe that all of our facilities are adequate to meet our current needs and our needs for the immediate future, and should it be needed, we will be able to secure additional space to accommodate any expansion of our operations.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Please refer to the disclosure under the heading “Legal Proceedings” in Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, to our annual consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report for a description of our material pending legal proceedings, which disclosure is incorporated by reference into this Item 3 of Part I.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

2932

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Principal Market

Our common stock has been listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC under the symbol “PTVE” since September 21, 2020. Before that date, there was no public trading market for our common stock.

Shareholders

As of February 2320, ~~2024~~2025, there were two holders of record of our common stock. The actual number of our shareholders is greater than this number and includes beneficial owners whose shares are held in the “street name” by banks, brokers and other nominees. This number of holders of record also does not include shareholders whose shares are held in trust by other entities.

Dividends

Refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources - Dividends in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for a discussion of cash dividends declared on our common stock.

Use of Proceeds from Sale of Registered Securities

On September 16, 2020, the SEC declared our amended Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-248250) effective for the initial public offering of our common stock, pursuant to which we offered and sold a total of 41,026,000 shares of our common stock at a public offering price of $14.00 per share for aggregate net proceeds of $546 million. As part of the offering, our underwriters were given an option to acquire additional shares at the offering price, which was partially exercised on October 20, 2020 for 1,723,710 shares, resulting in a further $23 million in net proceeds. As of December 31, 2023, all proceeds from our IPO have been applied as described in our final prospectus filed with the SEC on September 18, 2020, and the reporting of such use in our quarterly and annual reports is hereby completed.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

None.

Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Performance Graph

The material under this “Performance Graph” heading shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or incorporated by reference into any of our other filings under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing.

The following graph compares our cumulative total shareholder return from September 21, 2020 to December 31, ~~2023~~2024 to that of the Russell MidCap Index and the Dow Jones U.S. Containers & Packaging Index. AsThe ~~required by Item 201(e)(4) of Regulation S-K, the~~ graph ~~also~~assumes ~~compares~~that ~~our~~$100 ~~cumulative total shareholder return to two indices to which it~~ was ~~compared~~invested inat ~~our Annual Report on Form 10-K for~~ the year ended December 31, 2022 but to which we no longer intend to compare it, namely the S&P 500 Index and a customized peer group of companies, comprised of AptarGroup, Inc., Avery Dennison Corporation, Berry Global Group, Inc., Clearwater Paper Corporation, Crown Holdings, Inc., Graphic Packaging Holding Company, Greif, Inc., O-I Glass, Inc., P.H. Glatfelter Company, Packaging Corporation of America, Resolute Forest Products Inc., Sealed Air Corporation, Silgan Holdings Inc., Sonoco Products Company and Tupperware Brands Corporation. We elected to eliminate presentation of the S&P 500 Index because we believe that the Russell MidCap Index is the broad equity market ~~index~~close ~~that~~on isSeptember ~~more reflective of companies with a comparable market capitalization to ours~~21, ~~and~~2020 wein ~~elected to replace~~ our ~~customized~~common ~~peer~~stock ~~group of companies with the Dow Jones U.S. Containers~~ and ~~Packaging~~each ~~Index, an~~ index~~-based comparator~~, ~~because~~and ~~we believe~~ that ~~index~~all isdividends ~~reflective~~were ~~of the markets in which we operate~~reinvested.

30The total shareholder return performance set forth in the graph above is not necessarily indicative of future total shareholder return performance.

The graph assumes that $100 was invested at the market close on September 21, 2020 in our common stock, each index and the customized peer group, and that all dividends were reinvested.

The total shareholder return performances set forth in the graph above are not necessarily indicative of future total shareholder return performance.

Item 6. [Reserved]

Not applicable.

3133

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is intended to provide a reader of our financial statements with a narrative from the perspective of our management regarding our financial condition and results of operations, liquidity and certain other factors that may affect our future results. The following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements. It should be read in connection with the other sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the consolidated financial statements and related notes, the cautionary information contained in Forward-Looking Statements and Item 1A, Risk Factors.

Overview of Business and Strategy

For a description of our business and strategy, refer to Item 1, Business.

~~Change~~Merger ~~in Segments~~Agreement

InOn ~~the~~December ~~second~~9, ~~quarter~~2024, ofwe ~~2023,~~entered ininto ~~conjunction~~an ~~with~~Agreement and Plan of Merger (the ~~Beverage~~“Merger ~~Merchandising~~Agreement”) ~~Restructuring~~with Novolex Holdings, weLLC ~~implemented~~(“Novolex”) and Alpha Lion Sub, Inc., a ~~new~~wholly-owned ~~operating~~subsidiary of Novolex (“Merger Sub”). Subject to the terms and ~~reporting~~conditions ~~structure~~of ~~resulting~~the inMerger Agreement, Novolex agreed to acquire the ~~combination~~Company for $18.00 per issued and outstanding share of our ~~legacy~~common ~~Food~~stock, ~~Merchandising~~par ~~and~~value ~~Beverage~~$0.001 ~~Merchandising~~per ~~segments~~share (the “Shares”), ~~creating~~in ~~our~~an ~~Food~~all-cash transaction. Later on December 9, 2024, following the execution and ~~Beverage~~delivery ~~Merchandising~~of ~~segment.~~the WeMerger ~~also~~Agreement, ~~reorganized~~Packaging Finance Limited, a New Zealand company (“PFL”), which held Shares representing a majority of the ~~management~~voting power of ~~certain~~the ~~product~~outstanding ~~lines~~Shares, ~~from~~delivered ~~our~~a ~~Foodservice~~written ~~segment~~consent, adopting the Merger Agreement as required by Delaware law. As a result, no further approval of the stockholders of the Company is required to ~~our~~adopt ~~Food~~the ~~and~~Merger ~~Beverage~~Agreement ~~Merchandising~~or ~~segment~~approve the Merger (as defined below).

AsPursuant to the Merger Agreement, following consummation of the ~~end~~merger of Merger Sub with and into Pactiv Evergreen (the ~~second~~“Merger”), ~~quarter~~the Company will be a wholly-owned subsidiary of ~~2023~~Novolex. As a result of the Merger, we ~~analyzed~~will ~~the~~cease ~~results~~to ofbe ~~our~~a ~~business~~publicly ~~through~~traded ~~our~~company. ~~Foodservice~~We ~~and~~have ~~Food~~agreed ~~and~~to ~~Beverage~~various ~~Merchandising~~customary ~~segments.~~covenants ~~All~~and ~~prior~~agreements, ~~periods~~including, ~~have~~among ~~been~~others, ~~recast~~agreements to ~~reflect~~conduct our business in the ~~current~~ordinary ~~reportable~~course ~~segment~~during ~~structure~~the period between the execution of the Merger Agreement and the ~~change~~effective intime of the ~~management~~Merger. We do not believe that these restrictions will prevent us from meeting our debt service obligations, ongoing costs of ~~certain~~operations, ~~product~~working ~~lines~~capital needs or capital expenditure requirements.

InNovolex ~~addition,~~will webe ~~provided~~required ~~certain~~to ~~unaudited~~pay ~~recast~~us ~~financial~~a ~~information~~reverse ~~reflecting~~termination ~~our~~fee ~~new~~of ~~reportable~~$236 ~~segments~~million ~~for~~under specified circumstances, including termination of the ~~years~~Merger ~~ended~~Agreement ~~December~~if ~~31,~~Novolex ~~2022~~or ~~and~~Merger ~~2021,~~Sub ~~the~~breach ~~four~~or ~~quarters~~fail ofto ~~the~~perform ~~year~~any ~~ended~~of ~~December~~their 31respective representations, ~~2022~~warranties, ~~and~~covenants ~~the~~or ~~three~~agreements ~~months~~set ~~ended~~forth ~~March~~in 31the Merger Agreement, ~~2023~~which breach or failure to perform would result in athe ~~Current~~failure ~~Report~~of oncertain ~~Form~~conditions ~~8-K~~that ~~filed~~cannot ~~with~~be cured by the ~~U.S.~~earlier ~~Securities~~of the outside date of the Merger Agreement and ~~Exchange~~30 ~~Commission~~days onafter ~~August~~receipt 2of notice of such breach or failure, ~~2023~~so long as the Company is not in material breach of its covenants or agreements.

~~Refer~~The consummation of the Merger remains subject to ~~Note~~customary 4,closing ~~Restructuring~~conditions, ~~Asset~~including ~~Impairment~~receipt ~~and~~of ~~Other~~certain ~~Related~~regulatory ~~Charges,~~approvals and ~~Note~~is ~~20,~~expected ~~Segment~~to ~~Information,~~close toin the ~~consolidated~~second ~~financial~~quarter ~~statements~~of ~~for additional details~~2025.

The full text of the Merger Agreement is included as an exhibit to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and described in more detail in Item 1.01 of our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on December 9, 2024.

Business Environment

During ~~2023~~2024, we have experienced ~~a continued~~ moderation in ~~consumer~~ demand for certain of our products, primarily driven by the cumulative effect on consumer spending of sustained high levels of inflation ~~and~~in ~~general~~recent ~~macroeconomic uncertainty~~years. While we have not ~~seen~~observed a material economic contraction to -date, ~~these~~this ~~pressures~~dynamic may ~~continue~~persist toin the near-term, which could result in a continued impact on consumer demand and thus our customers’ purchasing decisions and order patterns ~~in 2024~~.

In recent years, we experienced meaningful input cost inflation and challenging labor market conditions. While ~~inflationary~~the ~~pressures~~rate ~~remain,~~of ~~our~~inflation ~~input~~has ~~costs~~moderated ~~have~~over ~~begun~~the two years, we may continue to ~~moderate~~see inincreased ~~certain~~price ~~circumstances~~sensitivity ~~during~~from ~~2023~~our customers in the near term. WeHowever, we believe our pricing strategy provides us with flexibility to manage our market position through cost recovery mechanisms and strategic competitive pricing, among others. In this dynamic environment, we remain focused on servicing our customers, ~~and~~ improving manufacturing productivity and optimizing costs across our business.

~~During~~The ~~the~~increase ~~second~~in ~~quarter~~interest ofrates ~~2023,~~from wehistorically ~~ceased~~low ~~operations~~levels atin ~~our~~recent ~~Canton~~years, ~~North~~higher ~~Carolina~~levels ~~mill~~of inflation and ~~our~~geopolitical ~~converting~~factors ~~facility~~continue into ~~Olmsted~~create ~~Falls,~~uncertainty ~~Ohio,~~with ~~and~~respect ~~certain~~to ~~production~~the ~~from~~economic ~~the~~outlook. ~~Olmsted~~Additionally, ~~Falls~~we ~~facility~~expect ~~was~~considerable ~~reallocated~~uncertainty to ~~other~~remain ~~sites.~~as ~~These~~a ~~actions~~result ~~allowed~~of usthe toongoing ~~focus~~dynamics ~~our~~around ~~resources~~recently ~~and~~announced ~~solidify~~intentions ~~our~~by ~~leadership~~the ~~position~~U.S. ingovernment ~~large,~~to ~~growing~~impose ~~end~~substantial ~~markets~~tariffs ~~while~~on ~~prioritizing~~certain ~~our~~imports ~~distinctive~~from ~~core~~Mexico ~~strengths~~and Canada, which could adversely affect economic conditions. WeIf ~~continue~~economic conditions were to ~~explore~~deteriorate, ~~strategic~~a ~~alternatives~~further ~~for~~decline ~~certain~~in ofconsumer ~~our~~spending ~~facilities~~may result, which could lead to ~~further~~a ~~drive~~meaningful ~~growth~~decline ~~and~~in ~~operational~~demand ~~excellence~~for our products during 2025.

The increase in interest rates from historically low levels in recent years, higher levels of inflation and geopolitical factors continue to create uncertainty with respect to the economic outlook. If economic conditions were to deteriorate, a further decline in consumer spending may result, which could lead to a meaningful decline in demand for our products in 2024 and beyond.

Recent Developments and Significant Items Affecting Comparability

Beverage Merchandising Restructuring

On March 6, 2023, we announced the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring, a plan approved by our Board of Directors to take significant restructuring actions related to our beverage merchandising operations. We expect these actions over time to increase our production efficiency, streamline our management structure and reduce our ongoing capital expenditures and overhead costs.

As a component of the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring, we commenced a process to explore strategic alternatives for our Pine Bluff, Arkansas mill and Waynesville, North Carolina extrusion facility (the “Facilities”). Following authorization by our Board of Directors on July 12, 2024, we entered into a definitive agreement to sell those facilities and associated assets and liabilities to an affiliate of Suzano S.A. (“Suzano”) (the “Pine Bluff Transaction”).

The Pine Bluff Transaction closed on October 1, 2024. We received proceeds of $83 million, inclusive of the $10 million exclusivity payment previously received during the second quarter of 2024. We also entered into a long-term liquid packaging board supply arrangement with Suzano upon closing of the Pine Bluff Transaction.

We classified the assets and liabilities of the Facilities, including an allocated portion of the goodwill associated with the Beverage Merchandising reporting unit, as held for sale as of July 12, 2024. Upon qualifying as held for sale, we measured the disposal group at the lower of its carrying value and its fair value, less costs to sell, and recognized an impairment charge of $314 million. In addition to this charge, we recorded an $8 million goodwill impairment charge related to the disposal group. During the fourth quarter we recognized an additional $1 million impairment charge related to the Pine Bluff Transaction. The operations of the Facilities did not meet the criteria to be presented as discontinued operations.

On January 10, 2025, we executed a transaction to sell the remaining assets and liabilities associated with our Canton, North Carolina mill (the “Canton Mill”) to an affiliate of E.J. Spirtas Group LLC (the “Canton Transaction”) for proceeds of $3 million and reclassified its assets and liabilities as held for sale as of December 31, 2024. The operations of the Canton Mill did not meet the criteria to be presented as discontinued operations.

Refer to Note 4, Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details on these transactions.

Footprint Optimization

On February 29, 2024, we announced a restructuring plan to optimize our manufacturing and warehousing footprint (the “Footprint Optimization”) that we expect will improve our operating efficiency and result in significant cost savings.

For additional information related to this restructuring program, refer to Note 214, ~~Subsequent~~Restructuring, ~~Events~~Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details.

~~Beverage~~Pension ~~Merchandising~~Partial ~~Restructuring~~Settlement Transaction

OnDuring ~~March~~the 6fourth quarter of 2024, ~~2023~~using PPPE assets, we ~~announced~~completed the ~~Beverage~~buy-out ~~Merchandising~~of ~~Restructuring,~~$104 amillion ~~plan~~of ~~approved~~the byPPPE’s ~~our~~projected ~~Board~~benefit obligations. Approximately 2,100 of ~~Directors~~the toPPPE’s ~~take~~approximately ~~significant~~18,000 ~~restructuring~~total ~~actions~~participants ~~related~~accepted tothe ~~our~~buy-out, ~~Beverage~~which ~~Merchandising~~was ~~operations.~~offered Weto ~~expect~~term ~~these~~vested ~~actions~~participants. ~~over~~This ~~time~~transaction toresulted ~~increase~~in ~~our~~the ~~production~~recognition ~~efficiency,~~of ~~streamline~~a ~~our~~non-cash ~~management~~settlement ~~structure~~gain ~~and~~of ~~reduce~~$20 ~~our~~million ~~ongoing~~during ~~capital~~the ~~expenditures~~year ~~and~~ended ~~overhead~~December ~~costs~~31, 2024.

We expect that the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring will enable us to maintain our strong position in the liquid packaging market by increasing our overall productivity over time and optimizing our manufacturing footprint. It also resulted in our exit from the uncoated freesheet paper market.

We also continue to explore strategic alternatives for our Pine Bluff, Arkansas mill and our Waynesville, North Carolina facility. We have not set a definitive timetable in relation to this process.

The operations impacted by the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring did not qualify for presentation as discontinued operations.

Refer to Note 4, Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details.

Dispositions

In addition to the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring, we made strategic decisions over recent periods to focus on our core, business-to-business North American foodservice and food and beverage merchandising operations. Accordingly, we divested or exited certain of our non-core businesses which enables us to focus on our strategic core competencies.

On January 4, 2022, we entered into a definitive agreement with SIG Schweizerische Industrie-Gesellschaft GmbH to sell Beverage Merchandising Asia. The transaction closed on August 2, 2022, and we received proceeds of $336 million. We recognized a gain on sale of $239 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. Sales of liquid packaging board to our former Beverage Merchandising Asia operations, which were previously eliminated in consolidation, are recorded as external net revenues subsequent to the transaction’s completion.

In September 2022, we committed to a plan to sell our remaining closures businesses. We completed the sale of a substantial portion of these businesses on October 31, 2022, and the remaining operations in the first quarter of 2023, each for an immaterial amount. As a result, we recognized a charge to earnings of $56 million within restructuring, asset impairment and other related charges during the year ended December 31, 2022.

On March 29, 2022, we completed the sale of our equity interests in Naturepak Beverage, our 50% joint venture with Naturepak Limited, to affiliates of Elopak ASA. We received proceeds of $47 million and recognized a gain on the sale of our equity interests of $27 million during the year ended December 31, 2022.

None of these dispositions qualified for presentation as discontinued operations.

Pension Partial Settlement Transactions

On September 20, 2022, February 24, 2022 and July 21, 2021, using PPPE assets, we purchased non-participating group annuity contracts from insurance companies and transferred a portion of the PPPE’s projected benefit obligations. In each instance, the respective insurance companies have assumed responsibility for pension benefits and annuity administration. The following table provides details regarding each transaction:

Transaction Date	Reporting Period	Assets Transferred		Projected BenefitObligationsTransferred		Settlement GainRecognized		Number ofParticipants Impacted
September 20, 2022	Q3 2022	$	629	$	656	$	47		10,200
February 24, 2022	Q1 2022		1,260		1,257		10		13,300
July 21, 2021	Q3 2021		941		959		22		16,300

Fabri-Kal Acquisition

On October 1, 2021, we acquired 100% of the outstanding ownership interests of Fabri-Kal for a purchase price of $378 million, including final adjustments for cash, indebtedness and working capital of $2 million, in total, paid during the year ended December 31, 2022. Fabri-Kal is a U.S. manufacturer of thermoformed plastic packaging products. Its products include food containers and drinkware (cold cups and lids) for the institutional foodservice and consumer packaged goods markets. The acquisition included four manufacturing facilities in the U.S. The acquisition broadened our portfolio of sustainable packaging products and expanded our manufacturing capacity to better serve our customers. The acquisition was funded with our existing cash resources and a portion of the U.S. term loans Tranche B-3 incurred in September 2021.

Winter Storm Elliott, Winter Storm Uri and Tropical Storm Fred

In December 2022, the U.S. was impacted by Winter Storm Elliott, which brought unusually low temperatures, snow and ice and resulted in power failures, hazardous road conditions, damage to property and death and injury to individuals. During most of this weather event,

we were unable to fully operate our mills in Arkansas and North Carolina, and our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment incurred $8 million of incremental costs, primarily related to precautionary shut-down costs.

During February 2021, the Southern portion of the U.S. was impacted by Winter Storm Uri, which brought record low temperatures, snow and ice and resulted in power failures, hazardous road conditions, damage to property and death and injury to individuals in those states. During most of this weather event, we were unable to fully operate some of our mills, plants and warehouses in Texas and Arkansas. During the first half of 2021, we incurred approximately $50 million of incremental costs including energy costs, primarily related to natural gas, shut-down costs and some property damage during the storm. Our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment was impacted to the greatest degree with incremental costs of $37 million incurred by our mill in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. As a result of the storm, certain of our suppliers with locations in the impacted areas were also unable to operate which subsequently has resulted in their declaration of force majeure on meeting the supply quantities due to us. In particular, our supply of various resin types was limited, and we were required to purchase from other suppliers, and at a higher price, in order to meet our production demands for March and April. As further discussed in our Results of Operations, our cost of sales was impacted for 2021 as the products manufactured with this higher priced material were sold.

During August 2021, the Southeastern portion of the U.S. was impacted by Tropical Storm Fred which brought severe flooding. As a result of the storm, our mill in Canton, North Carolina experienced a flood which resulted in the damage of certain property, plant and equipment. The mill subsequently experienced an explosion and resulting fire. Due to the extensive damage sustained from the flood, fire and related events, we were unable to fully operate our mill for several days during the third quarter of 2021. Accordingly, our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment incurred $7 million of incremental costs, including costs related to the shut-down of the mill and to repair damaged property, plant and equipment, during 2021.

COVID-19

During the early part of 2021, we experienced lower demand for our products and, as a result, a decline in revenues. Commencing in the second quarter of 2021 and continuing throughout 2021, volumes improved in our business, most significantly in our Foodservice segment. The strong volumes in 2021 were followed by more typical customer order patterns in 2022. We did not experience significant issues across our supply chain due to the COVID-19 pandemic, including the sourcing of materials and logistics service providers.

Summary of Results

Our results for the year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 reflect ~~the~~ impacts from the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring, including the ~~closure~~Pine ofBluff ~~the~~Transaction ~~Canton, North Carolina mill in the second quarter of 2023,~~ as well as the impact from ~~the~~closure ~~sale~~ of ~~Beverage~~the ~~Merchandising~~Canton ~~Asia~~Mill onin ~~August~~the 2,second ~~2022~~quarter of 2023. Our net revenues decreased 117% to $5,~~510~~148 million for the year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 compared to $65,~~220~~510 million in the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to the closure of ~~our~~the Canton, ~~North~~Mill ~~Carolina~~in ~~mill,~~the ~~lower~~second ~~sales~~quarter ~~volume~~of ~~and~~2023, the ~~disposition~~Pine ofBluff ~~Beverage~~Transaction ~~Merchandising~~and ~~Asia~~lower sales volume. Lower sales volume was mainly due to a focus on value over volume ~~and~~in the ~~market softening amid inflationary pressures. Favorable pricing in our~~ Food and Beverage Merchandising segment, ~~driven~~and ~~by pricing actions, was offset by unfavorable pricing in our Foodservice segment, mainly due to~~ the ~~contractual~~broader ~~pass-through~~demand ~~of lower material costs~~environment.

Net loss from continuing operations was $~~222~~133 million for the year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 compared to ~~net income from continuing operations of~~ $~~319~~222 million in the prior year. The ~~change~~decrease was ~~impacted~~primarily driven by $~~470~~231 million of ~~current~~higher ~~year~~gross ~~charges~~profit, ~~related~~largely todriven ~~the~~by ~~Beverage~~accelerated ~~Merchandising~~depreciation ~~Restructuring~~incurred ~~and~~in athe ~~$152~~prior ~~million~~year ~~decrease~~related into ~~tax~~the ~~expense.~~Beverage ~~The~~Merchandising ~~decline~~Restructuring inthat ~~tax~~did ~~expense~~not ~~was~~recur. ~~driven~~In byaddition, the ~~tax~~improved ~~effects~~results onwere ~~the~~driven ~~sale~~by of$36 ~~businesses~~million inof ~~the~~lower ~~prior~~selling, ~~year~~general and ~~benefits~~administrative ~~of restructuring charges in the current year~~expenses, ~~which~~$20 ~~were~~million ~~partially~~of ~~offset~~pension bysettlement ~~our~~gains ~~inability~~and to$11 ~~recognize~~million aof ~~tax~~lower ~~benefit on all current year~~ interest expense. InThe ~~addition,~~decrease ~~the~~was ~~prior~~partially ~~year~~offset ~~included~~by $~~266~~193 million of ~~gains~~higher onrestructuring, ~~the~~asset ~~sale~~impairment ~~of businesses~~ and ~~$57~~other ~~million~~related ofcharges ~~pension~~primarily ~~settlement~~as ~~gains, partially offset by~~ a ~~$56~~result ~~million~~of ~~impairment~~the ~~charge~~Pine ~~due~~Bluff toTransaction ~~the~~and ~~decision~~a to$32 ~~exit~~million ~~our~~increase ~~remaining~~in ~~closures~~income ~~businesses.~~tax expense.

Our Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations ~~increased~~decreased 76% to $~~840~~791 million compared to $~~785~~840 million in the prior year. The ~~increase~~decrease reflects ~~lower~~higher ~~material~~manufacturing costs, ~~net~~lower ofsales ~~costs~~volume ~~passed through,~~ and ~~lower~~unfavorable ~~transportation~~product ~~and employee-related costs~~mix, partially offset by ~~higher~~favorable ~~manufacturing~~pricing, ~~costs~~net ~~and lower sales volume as well as the impact from the closure~~ of ~~our~~material ~~Canton,~~costs ~~North~~passed ~~Carolina~~through ~~mill~~ and ~~the~~lower ~~disposition~~incentive ofbased ~~Beverage~~compensation ~~Merchandising Asia~~costs. Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations is a non-GAAP measure. For details, refer to Non-GAAP Measures - Adjusted EBITDA from Continuing Operations, including a reconciliation between net (loss) income from continuing operations and Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations.

Our capital expenditures were $~~285~~232 million for the year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 compared to $~~258~~285 million in the prior year.

Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

We believe that our performance and future success depend on a number of factors that present significant opportunities for us but also pose risks and challenges, including those discussed below and in the section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K titled “Risk Factors.”

Consumer Behavior and Trends

Our sales are driven by consumer buying habits in the markets that our customers serve and by the volume of sales made from our customers to consumers. Consequently, we are exposed to changes in consumer demand patterns that ultimately influence our customers’ purchasing decisions. Changes in consumer preferences for products in the industries that we serve or the packaging formats in which such products are delivered, whether as a result of changes in cost, convenience or health or environmental and social concerns and perceptions, may result in a decline in the demand for certain of our products. For example, certain of our products are used for dairy and fresh juice, and as sales of those beverages have generally declined over recent years, we have had to find new markets for these products. On the other hand, changing preferences for products and packaging formats may also result in increased demand for other products we manufacture. For instance, the growth in consumer preference for organic meat and poultry outpaces the growth in consumer preference for conventional meat and poultry. Organic meat and poultry are often packaged in PET or molded fiber, which may drive a shift from polystyrene foam packaging for these products toward higher value PET and molded fiber substrates.

purchasing decisions. Changes in consumer preferences for products in the industries that we serve or the packaging formats in which such products are delivered, whether as a result of changes in cost, convenience or health or environmental and social concerns and perceptions, may result in a decline in the demand for certain of our products. For example, certain of our products are used for dairy and fresh juice, and as sales of those beverages have generally declined over recent years, we have had to find new markets for these products. On the other hand, changing preferences for products and packaging formats may also result in increased demand for other products we manufacture. For instance, the growth in consumer preference for organic meat and poultry outpaces the growth in consumer preference for conventional meat and poultry. Organic meat and poultry are often packaged in PET or molded fiber, which may drive a shift from polystyrene foam packaging for these products toward higher value PET and molded fiber substrates.

Sustainability

Interest in environmental sustainability has increased over the past decade, and we expect that sustainability will play an increasing role in customer and consumer purchasing decisions. There have been recent concerns about the environmental impact of single-use products and products made from plastic, particularly polystyrene foam. Governmental authorities in the U.S. and abroad continue to implement legislation aimed at reducing the amount of plastic and other materials incapable of being recycled or composted. This type of legislation, as well as voluntary initiatives similarly aimed at reducing the level of single-use packaging waste, could reduce demand for certain products. In addition, state and local bans on polystyrene foam packaging may drive a shift to the use of higher value substrates, such as paper, molded fiber, polypropylene and PET.

Some consumer products companies, including some of our customers, have responded to these governmental initiatives and to perceived environmental or sustainability concerns of consumers by using only recyclable or compostable containers. As our customers may shift towards purchasing more sustainable products, we have focused much of our innovation efforts around sustainability. Across our business, we believe we are well positioned to benefit from growth in fiber-based, recycled, recyclable and/or compostable packaging. For instance, in Foodservice, we continue to develop and introduce new products under our EarthChoice®, Greenware® and Recycleware® brands. In Food and Beverage Merchandising, we continue to develop and produce new sustainable product innovations, such as our recycled PET meat and poultry trays and new fiber-based beverage cartons.

We intend to continue sustainability-driven innovation to ensure that we are at the leading edge of recyclable, renewable and compostable products in order to offer our customers environmentally sustainable choices. Our goal is that 100% of the packaging products we sell will be made from recycled, recyclable or renewable materials by 2030, based on associated net revenue. In 2023, we reached approximately 66% of that goal. We expect to incur capital expenditures and research and development costs as a result of developing these products and/or increasing manufacturing of existing sustainable products.

Food Safety

Food safety remains a top concern among our customers and consumers, and packaging plays a critical role in keeping food safe. Within food processing and retail, consumers increasingly value enhanced packaging features such as tamper-evident containers to ensure freshness and food safety. Within foodservice, providers value tamper-evident packaging due to increased customer concerns around food quality and safety. In addition, the growth of food delivery is creating a greater need for tamper-evident seals and packaging formats to ensure consumer safety. We expect that the desire for safe packaging will play an increasing role in customer purchasing decisions and create significant new product opportunities for us.

Raw Materials, Energy and Labor

Raw Materials and Energy Prices

Our results of operations and the gross profits corresponding to each of our segments are impacted by changes in the costs of our raw materials and energy prices. Resin prices have historically fluctuated based on changes in supply and demand and been influenced by the prices of crude oil and monomers, which may be impacted by extreme weather conditions and the demand for other end uses. The prices of raw wood and wood chips may fluctuate due to external conditions such as weather, product scarcity and commodity market fluctuations and changes in governmental policies and regulations. Purchases of most of our raw materials are based on negotiated rates with suppliers, which are tied to published indices. Many of the raw materials formerly utilized by our mill ~~are~~were purchased on the spot market. The prices for some of our raw materials, particularly resins, have fluctuated significantly in recent years. Prices for raw wood and wood chips have fluctuated less than the prices of resins. Raw wood and wood chips are typically purchased from sources close to our mill and, as a result, prices are established locally based on factors such as local competitive conditions and weather conditions. Management expects continued volatility in raw material prices and such volatility may impact our results of operations.

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Historical index prices of resin from December ~~2021~~2022 through December ~~2023~~2024 are shown in the chart below. This chart presents index prices and does not represent the prices at which we purchase resin.

We are also sensitive to energy-related cost movements, particularly those that affect transportation and utility costs. Historically, we have been able to mitigate the effect of higher energy-related costs with productivity improvements and other cost reductions. However, significant spikes in energy costs due to abnormal weather conditions may not be recovered through such means and could have a significant impact to our profitability. ~~For example, in the first quarter of 2021, the impact of Winter Storm Uri increased energy costs for our facilities in the southern portion of the U.S.~~

We use various strategies to manage cost exposures on certain raw material purchases with the objective of obtaining more predictable costs for these commodities. From time to time, we enter into hedging agreements for some of our raw materials and energy sources to minimize the impact of price fluctuations. From time to time, we may enter into commodity financial instruments or derivatives to hedge commodity prices primarily related to resin, natural gas and diesel. Although we continue to take steps to minimize the impact of the volatility of raw material prices through commodity hedging, fixed supplier pricing, reducing the lag time in contractual raw material cost pass-through mechanisms and entering into additional indexed customer contracts that include raw material cost pass-through provisions, these efforts may prove to be inadequate.

Labor Costs and Availability

Labor is one of the primary components in the cost of operating our business. Our cost of labor is influenced by the demand and supply of labor as well as employee productivity. At times during the past three years, and in particular during the ~~fourth quarter of 2021 and the~~ first quarter of 2022, we experienced labor shortages that decreased production output in many of our plants and contributed to an increase in our labor cost. Although we noticed a marked increase in our ability to attract employees over the course of ~~2022~~the ~~and~~past ~~2023~~three years, we continue to experience heightened employee turnover, particularly among our newest employees. Increased turnover particularly affects our business, as the equipment required to operate our business is complicated and requires substantial training before an employee is at full productivity. As a result, we have experienced a decrease in employee productivity in certain of our plants, which has also contributed to increasing our operating expenses.

Competition and Pricing

The markets in which we sell our products historically have been, and continue to be, highly competitive, and our pricing strategy is influenced by industry dynamics and market competition. While we have long-term relationships with many of our customers, the underlying contracts may be re-bid or renegotiated from time to time, and we may not be successful in renewing on favorable terms or at all.

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Revenue is also directly impacted by changes in raw material costs as a result of raw material cost pass-through mechanisms in many of our customer pricing agreements. Generally, the contractual price adjustments do not occur simultaneously with commodity price fluctuations, but rather on a mutually agreed upon schedule, which often causes a lead-lag effect, during which margins are negatively impacted in the short term when raw material costs increase and positively impacted in the short term when raw material costs decrease. Historically, the average lag time in implementing raw material cost pass-through mechanisms has been ~~between~~approximately three ~~and four~~ months. We take pricing actions, where possible, to mitigate the effects of raw material cost increases for customers that are not subject to raw material cost pass-through agreements and to mitigate the effects of other costs increases, such as increases in labor and transportation costs.

Non-GAAP Measures – Adjusted EBITDA from Continuing Operations

In this Annual Report on Form 10-K we use the non-GAAP measure Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations.

Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations is defined as net (loss) income from continuing operations calculated in accordance with GAAP, plus the sum of income tax expense, net interest expense, depreciation and amortization and further adjusted to exclude certain items, including but not limited to restructuring, asset impairment and other related charges, gains or losses on the sale of businesses and noncurrent assets, non-cash pension income or expense, unrealized gains or losses on derivatives, foreign exchange gains or losses on cash, Merger-related costs, gains or losses on certain legal settlements, business acquisition and integration costs and purchase accounting adjustments, operational process engineering-related consultancy costs and executive transition charges.

We present Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations because it is a key measure used by our management team to evaluate our operating performance, generate future operating plans, make strategic decisions and incentivize and reward our employees. Accordingly, we believe that Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management team and Board of Directors. We also believe that using Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations facilitates operating performance comparisons on a period-to-period basis because it excludes variations primarily caused by changes in the items noted above. In addition, our chief operating decision maker, who is our President and Chief Executive Officer, uses Adjusted EBITDA of each reportable segment to evaluate the operating performance of such segments.

Our use of Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Instead, you should consider it alongside other financial performance measures, including our net (loss) income and other GAAP results. In addition, in evaluating Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations, you should be aware that in the future we will incur expenses such as those that are the subject of adjustments made in deriving Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations, and you should not infer from our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations that our future results will not be affected by these expenses or any unusual or non-recurring items. The following is a reconciliation of our net (loss) income from continuing operations, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, to Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations for each of the years indicated:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
(In millions)	~~2023~~2024			~~2022~~2023			~~2021~~2022
Net (loss) income from continuing operations	$	(~~222~~133	)	$	~~319~~(222	)	$	33319
Income tax (benefit) expense		(3	)		149			(4	)
Income tax expense (benefit)		29			(3	)		149
Interest expense, net		~~245~~234			~~218~~245			~~191~~218
Depreciation and amortization (excluding Beverage Merchandising Restructuring-related charges)		327			339			344
Depreciation and amortization (excluding Beverage Merchandising Restructuring and Footprint Optimization related charges)		289			327			339
Beverage Merchandising Restructuring charges(1)		~~470~~358			—470			—
Other restructuring and asset impairment charges (reversals)(2)		6			58			9
Footprint Optimization charges(2)		19			—			—
Loss (gain) on sale of business and noncurrent assets(3)		2			(266	)		—
Other restructuring and asset impairment charges(3)		5			6			58
Non-cash pension expense (income)(4)		8			(49	)		(101	)
Loss (gain) on sale of business and noncurrent assets(4)		(1	)		2			(266	)
Unrealized losses on derivatives		1			4			7
Non-cash pension (income) expense(5)		(20	)		8			(49	)
Foreign exchange losses on cash		6			3			2
Unrealized (gains) losses on derivatives		(4	)		1			4
Gain on legal settlement(5)		—			(15	)		—
Foreign exchange (gains) losses on cash		(2	)		6			3
Business acquisitions costs and purchase accounting adjustments(6)		—			6			15
Merger-related costs(6)		19			—			—
Operational process engineering-related consultancy costs(7)		—			9			21
Gain on legal settlement(7)		—			—			(15	)
Executive transition charges(8)		—			2			10
Business acquisitions costs and purchase accounting adjustments(8)		—			—			6
Costs associated with legacy sold facility(9)		—			6			—
Operational process engineering-related consultancy costs(9)		—			—			9
Other		—			2			4
Executive transition charges(10)		—			—			2
Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations (Non-GAAP)	$	840		$	785		$	531
Costs associated with legacy sold facility(11)		—			—			6
Other		(2	)		—			2
Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations (Non-GAAP)	$	791		$	840		$	785

Reflects charges related to the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring, including $274 million of accelerated depreciation expense during the year ended December 31, 2023. Refer to Note 4, Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges, for additional details.38

(1)

37Reflects charges related to the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring including $323 million of non-cash Pine Bluff Transaction impairment charges recorded during the year ended December 31, 2024. Also includes $11 million and $274 million of accelerated depreciation expense during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Refer to Note 2, Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges, for additional details.

(2)

Reflects acharges ~~non-cash impairment charge~~ related to ~~our equity interests in a joint venture for~~ the ~~year~~Footprint ~~ended December 31~~Optimization, ~~2023~~including ~~and~~$6 ~~restructuring,~~million ~~impairment and other related charges (net~~ of ~~reversals)~~accelerated ~~primarily~~depreciation ~~associated~~expense ~~with~~during the ~~decision to exit our remaining closures businesses for the~~ year ended December 31, ~~2022 and our closure of Food and Beverage Merchandising’s coated groundwood operations for the year ended December 31, 2021~~2024. Refer to Note 4, Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges, for additional details.

(3)

Reflects other restructuring and asset impairment charges not related to the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring or the Footprint Optimization. Refer to Note 4, Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges, for additional details.

(4)

Reflects the loss (gain) from the sale of businesses and noncurrent assets. For the year ended December 31, 2022 this primarily related to the sale of Beverage Merchandising Asia and the sale of our equity interests in Naturepak Beverage. Refer to Note 3, Acquisitions and Dispositions, for additional details.

(5)

Reflects the non-cash pension ~~expense~~ (income) expense related to our employee benefit plans, including the pension settlement gains of $5720 million and $2257 million recognized during the years ended December 31, ~~2022~~2024 and ~~2021~~2022, respectively. Refer to Note 12, Employee Benefits, for additional details.

(6)

Reflects costs incurred in connection with the Merger primarily related to professional fees for financial advisory and legal services.

(7)

Reflects the gain, net of costs, arising from the settlement of a historical legal action.

(8)

Reflects the acquisition and integration costs related to the acquisition of Fabri-Kal~~, including a $12 million inventory fair value step-up that was expensed within cost of sales during 2021~~.

(9)

Reflects the costs incurred to evaluate and improve the efficiencies of our manufacturing and distribution operations.

(10)

Reflects charges relating to key executive retirement and separation agreements.

(11)

Reflects costs related to a closed facility that was sold prior to our acquisition of the entity.

Results of Operations

The following discussion compares our results of operations for ~~2023~~2024 with ~~2022 and 2022 with 2021~~2023:

Comparison of Results of Operations for 2023 with 2022

Consolidated Results

	For the Years Ended December 31,
(In millions, except for %)	~~2023~~2024			% of Revenue			~~2022~~2023			% of Revenue			Change			% of Change
Net revenues	$	54,~~124~~810			93	%	$	5,~~783~~124			93	%	$	(~~659~~314	)		(116	)%
Related party net revenues		~~386~~338			7	%		~~437~~386			7	%		(5148	)		(12	)%
Total net revenues		5,~~510~~148			100	%		65,~~220~~510			100	%		(~~710~~362	)		(117	)%
Cost of sales		(4,~~777~~184	)		(8781	)%		(54,~~223~~777	)		(8487	)%		~~446~~593			(912	)%
Gross profit		~~733~~964			1319	%		~~997~~733			1613	%		~~(264~~231	)		~~(26~~32	)%
Selling, general and administrative expenses		(~~536~~500	)		(10	)%		(~~583~~536	)		(910	)%		4736			(87	)%
Restructuring, asset impairment and other related charges		(~~171~~364	)		(37	)%		(58171	)		(13	)%		(~~113~~193	)		~~195~~(113	)%
Other income, net		210			—	%		~~281~~2			5—	%		~~(279~~8	)	NM	~~(99~~	)%
Operating income from continuing operations		28110			12	%		~~637~~28			101	%		~~(609~~82	)	NM	~~(96~~	)%
Non-operating (expense) income, net		(8	)		—	%		49			1	%		(57	)		(116	)%
Non-operating income (expense), net		20			—	%		(8	)		—	%		28		NM
Interest expense, net		(~~245~~234	)		(45	)%		(~~218~~245	)		(4	)%		~~(27~~11	)		124	%
(Loss) income from continuing operations before tax		(225	)		(4	)%		468			8	%		(693	)		(148	)%
Loss from continuing operations before tax		(104	)		(2	)%		(225	)		(4	)%		121			54	%
Income tax benefit (expense)		3			—	%		(149	)		(2	)%		152			(102	)%
Income tax (expense) benefit		(29	)		(1	)%		3			—	%		(32	)	NM
(Loss) income from continuing operations		(222	)		(4	)%		319			5	%		(541	)		(170	)%
Loss from continuing operations		(133	)		(3	)%		(222	)		(4	)%		89			40	%
Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes		2—			—	%		12			—	%		1(2	)	NM
Net (loss) income	$	(220	)				$	320					$	(540	)
Net loss	$	(133	)		(3	)%	$	(220	)		(4	)%	$	87			40	%
Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations(1)	$	~~840~~791			15	%	$	~~785~~840			1315	%	$	55(49	)		7(6	)%

NM indicates that the calculation is “not meaningful”.

(1) Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations is a non-GAAP measure. For details, refer to Non-GAAP Measures - Adjusted EBITDA from Continuing Operations, including a reconciliation between net (loss) income from continuing operations and Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations.

Components of Change in Reportable Segment Net Revenues for 2023 Compared with 2022

	Price/Mix			Volume			FX			Dispositions / Mill Closure			Total
Total net revenues		—	%		(4	)%		—	%		(7	)%		(11	)%
By reportable segment:
Foodservice		(4	)%		(2	)%		—	%		—	%		(6	)%
Food and Beverage Merchandising		2	%		(5	)%		1	%		(13	)%		(15	)%

Total Net Revenues. Total net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased by $710 million, or 11%, to $5,510 million compared to the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to the closure of our Canton, North Carolina mill during the second quarter of 2023, lower sales volume and the disposition of Beverage Merchandising Asia on August 2, 2022. Lower sales volume was mainly due to a focus on value over volume and the market softening amid inflationary pressures. Favorable pricing in our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment, driven by pricing actions, was offset by unfavorable pricing in our Foodservice segment, mainly due to the contractual pass-through of lower material costs.

Cost of Sales. Cost of sales for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased by $446 million, or 9%, to $4,777 million compared to the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to the closure of our Canton, North Carolina mill, lower sales volume, lower material costs, the disposition of Beverage Merchandising Asia and lower transportation costs. This decrease was partially offset by $299 million of charges related to the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring as well as higher manufacturing costs. Refer to Note 4, Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details of the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased by $47 million, or 8%, to $536 million compared to the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to lower employee-related costs, including the impact of cost savings from the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring and the sale of Beverage Merchandising Asia in the prior year.

Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges. Restructuring, asset impairment and other related charges for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $113 million to $171 million compared to the prior year. The current year period expense primarily arose from Beverage Merchandising Restructuring charges. The prior year period expense was primarily related to an impairment charge related to the decision to exit our remaining closures businesses. Refer to Note 4, Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details.

Other Income, Net. Other income, net for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased by $279 million to $2 million compared to the prior year. The prior year period included a $239 million gain on the sale of Beverage Merchandising Asia, a $27 million gain on the sale of our equity interests in Naturepak Beverage and a gain of $15 million, net of costs, related to the settlement of a historical legal action.

Non-operating (Expense) Income, Net. Non-operating (expense) income, net for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $8 million of expense compared to $49 million of income in the prior year period. The change was principally due to $57 million of pension settlement gains recognized in the prior year period. Refer to Note 10, Employee Benefits, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details.

Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $27 million, or 12%, to $245 million, compared to the prior year, primarily due to an increase in the interest rate on our floating rate term loans, partially offset by a reduction in total debt outstanding. Refer to Note 9, Debt, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details.

Income Tax Benefit (Expense). During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized a tax benefit of $3 million on a loss from continuing operations before tax of $225 million, compared to tax expense of $149 million on income from continuing operations before tax of $468 million in the prior year period. The effective tax rate during the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily a result of the inability to recognize a tax benefit on all interest expense. The effective tax rate during the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to the tax impacts from the sale of businesses and the mix of income and losses taxed at varying rates among the jurisdictions in which we operate. The tax impacts from the sale of businesses included withholding taxes and U.S. tax on capital gains partially offset by foreign tax credit.

(Loss) Income from Continuing Operations. (Loss) income from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 was a loss of $222 million compared to income of $319 million in the prior year period. The change was impacted by $470 million of current period charges related to the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring and a $152 million decrease in tax expense for the reasons discussed above. In addition, the prior year period included $266 million on gains from the sale of businesses and a $57 million pension settlement gain, partially offset by a $56 million impairment charge due to the decision to exit our remaining closures businesses.

Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Income Taxes. Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 represented adjustments arising from the settlement of obligations arising from the sale and purchase agreements from previously divested businesses.

Adjusted EBITDA from Continuing Operations. Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $55 million, or 7%, to $840 million compared to the prior year. The increase reflects lower material costs, net of costs passed through, and lower transportation and employee-related costs, partially offset by higher manufacturing costs, lower sales volume as well as the impact from the closure of our Canton, North Carolina mill and the disposition of Beverage Merchandising Asia.

Components of Change in Reportable Segment Net Revenues for 2024 Compared with 2023


	Price/Mix			Volume			Dispositions / Mill Closure			Total
Total net revenues		—	%		(3	)%		(4	)%		(7	)%
By reportable segment:
Foodservice		1	%		(1	)%		—	%		—	%
Food and Beverage Merchandising		—	%		(5	)%		(9	)%		(14	)%

Total Net Revenues. Total net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $362 million, or 7%, to $5,148 million compared to the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to the closure of the Canton Mill in the second quarter of 2023, the completion of the Pine Bluff Transaction in the fourth quarter and lower sales volume. Lower sales volume was mainly due to a focus on value over volume in the Food and Beverage Merchandising segment and the broader demand environment.

Cost of Sales. Cost of sales for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $593 million, or 12%, to $4,184 million compared to the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to lower charges related to the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring as well as the closure of the Canton Mill, the completion of the Pine Bluff Transaction and lower sales volume. Refer to Note 4, Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $36 million, or 7%, to $500 million compared to the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to lower incentive based compensation costs.

Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges. Restructuring, asset impairment and other related charges for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $193 million to $364 million compared to the prior year. The expense in both periods is primarily related to activities associated with the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring, with the current period including a $323 million impairment charge related to the Pine Bluff Transaction. Refer to Note 4, Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details.

Other Income, Net. Other income, net for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $8 million to $10 million compared to the prior year. Refer to Note 13, Other Income, Net, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details.

Non-operating Income (Expense), Net. Non-operating income (expense), net for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $20 million of income compared to $8 million of expense in the prior year. The change was principally due to $20 million of pension settlement gains recognized in the current year period. Refer to Note 10, Employee Benefits, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details.

Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $11 million, or 4%, to $234 million, compared to the prior year, primarily due to lower interest rates on our variable rate debt and a reduction in total debt outstanding, partially offset by a $6 million loss on extinguishment of debt during the current year. Refer to Note 9, Debt, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details.

Income Tax (Expense) Benefit. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized tax expense of $29 million on a loss from continuing operations before tax of $104 million, compared to a tax benefit of $3 million on loss from continuing operations before tax of $225 million in the prior year period. The effective tax rates during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were primarily a result of the inability to recognize a tax benefit on all interest expense.

Loss from Continuing Operations. Loss from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $133 million compared to $222 million in the prior year period. The decrease was primarily driven by $231 million of higher gross profit, largely driven by accelerated depreciation incurred in the prior year related to the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring that did not recur. In addition, the improved results were driven by $36 million of lower selling, general and administrative expenses, $20 million of pension settlement gains and $11 million of lower interest expense. The decrease was partially offset by $193 million of higher restructuring, asset impairment and other related charges primarily as a result of the Pine Bluff Transaction and a $32 million increase in income tax expense.

Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Income Taxes. Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2023 represented adjustments arising from the settlement of obligations arising from the sale and purchase agreements from previously divested businesses.

Adjusted EBITDA from Continuing Operations. Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $49 million, or 6%, to $791 million compared to the prior year. The decrease reflects higher manufacturing costs, lower sales volume and unfavorable product mix, partially offset by favorable pricing, net of material costs passed through, and lower incentive based compensation costs.

Segment Information

Foodservice

	For the Years Ended December 31,
(In millions, except for %)	~~2023~~2024			~~2022~~2023			Change			Change %
Total segment net revenues	$	2,~~571~~572		$	2,~~748~~571		$	~~(177~~1	)		(6—	)%
Segment Adjusted EBITDA	$	~~463~~426		$	463		$	—(37	)		—(8	)%
Segment Adjusted EBITDA margin(1)		1817	%		1718	%

(1) For each segment, segment Adjusted EBITDA margin is calculated as segment Adjusted EBITDA divided by total segment net revenues.

Total Segment Net Revenues. Foodservice total segment net revenues for the year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 ~~decreased~~increased by $~~177~~1 million, ~~or 6%,~~ to $2,~~571~~572 million compared to the prior year. ~~The~~Favorable ~~decrease~~pricing, ~~was~~largely ~~mainly~~ due to ~~unfavorable~~the ~~pricing,~~pass ~~largely~~through ~~due~~of tohigher ~~lower~~ material costs, ~~and~~was offset by lower sales volume, ~~primarily~~and ~~due~~unfavorable toproduct ~~our focus on value over volume~~mix.

Adjusted EBITDA. Foodservice Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 ~~was~~decreased ~~flat~~by $37 million, or 8%, to $426 million compared to the prior year. ~~Lower~~The ~~material~~decrease ~~costs,~~was ~~net~~primarily ofdue ~~costs~~to ~~passed~~higher ~~through~~manufacturing costs, unfavorable product mix and lower ~~transportation~~sales ~~costs~~volume, ~~were~~partially offset by ~~higher~~favorable ~~manufacturing~~pricing, net of material costs passed through, and lower ~~sales~~incentive ~~volume~~based compensation costs.

Food and Beverage Merchandising

	For the Years Ended December 31,
(In millions, except for %)	~~2023~~2024			~~2022~~2023			Change			Change %
Total segment net revenues	$	32,~~020~~589		$	3,~~549~~020		$	(~~529~~431	)		(1514	)%
Segment Adjusted EBITDA	$	~~453~~438		$	~~412~~453		$	41(15	)		10(3	)%
Segment Adjusted EBITDA margin		1517	%		1215	%

Total Segment Net Revenues. Food and Beverage Merchandising total segment net revenues for the year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 decreased by $~~529~~431 million, or 1514%, to $32,~~020~~589 million compared to the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to the closure of ~~our~~the Canton, ~~North~~Mill ~~Carolina~~in ~~mill,~~the ~~lower~~second ~~sales~~quarter ~~volume~~of ~~and~~2023, the ~~disposition~~impacts of ~~Beverage~~the ~~Merchandising~~Pine ~~Asia.~~Bluff ~~Lower~~Transaction ~~sales~~in ~~volume~~the ~~was~~fourth ~~driven~~quarter, bylower asales ~~focus on value over~~ volume and ~~the~~unfavorable ~~market~~pricing, ~~softening~~mostly ~~amid~~due ~~inflationary~~to ~~pressures.~~the ~~The~~pass ~~decrease~~through ~~was~~of ~~partially~~lower ~~offset~~material bycosts. ~~favorable~~Lower ~~pricing~~sales ~~due~~volume towas ~~pricing~~due ~~actions taken~~ to ~~offset~~a ~~higher~~focus ~~input~~on ~~costs,~~value ~~including~~over ~~pricing~~volume ~~benefit from the extension of key business,~~ and the ~~contractual~~broader ~~pass-through~~demand ~~of higher material costs~~environment.

Adjusted EBITDA. Food and Beverage Merchandising Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 ~~increased~~decreased by $4115 million, or 103%, to $~~453~~438 million compared to the prior year. The ~~increase~~decrease was primarily ~~due~~attributable to ~~favorable~~lower ~~pricing~~sales volume, ~~net~~higher ofmanufacturing ~~material~~ costs ~~passed through,~~ and ~~lower~~unfavorable ~~transportation costs~~pricing, ~~partially~~mostly ~~offset~~due byto ~~higher~~the ~~manufacturing~~pass ~~costs,~~through of lower ~~sales~~material ~~volume~~costs, ~~the~~partially ~~closure~~offset ofby ~~our~~lower ~~Canton,~~incentive ~~North~~based ~~Carolina~~compensation ~~mill and the disposition of Beverage Merchandising Asia~~costs.

40Comparison of Results of Operations for 2023 with 2022

~~Comparison~~For a discussion of results of operations for 2023 compared to 2022, refer to Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for ~~2022~~the ~~with~~year ~~2021~~end December 31, 2023.

Consolidated Results

	For the Years Ended December 31,
(In millions, except for %)	2022			% of Revenue			2021			% of Revenue			Change			% of Change
Net revenues	$	5,783			93	%	$	5,047			93	%	$	736			15	%
Related party revenues		437			7	%		390			7	%		47			12	%
Total net revenues		6,220			100	%		5,437			100	%		783			14	%
Cost of sales		(5,223	)		(84	)%		(4,863	)		(89	)%		(360	)		7	%
Gross profit		997			16	%		574			11	%		423			74	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses		(583	)		(9	)%		(466	)		(9	)%		(117	)		25	%
Restructuring, asset impairment and other related charges		(58	)		(1	)%		(9	)		—	%		(49	)	NM
Other income, net		281			5	%		20			—	%		261		NM
Operating income from continuing operations		637			10	%		119			2	%		518		NM
Non-operating income, net		49			1	%		101			2	%		(52	)		(51	)%
Interest expense, net		(218	)		(4	)%		(191	)		(4	)%		(27	)		14	%
Income from continuing operations before tax		468			8	%		29			1	%		439		NM
Income tax (expense) benefit		(149	)		(2	)%		4			—	%		(153	)	NM
Income from continuing operations		319			5	%		33			1	%		286		NM
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of income taxes		1						(8	)					9
Net income	$	320					$	25					$	295
Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations(1)	$	785			13	%	$	531			10	%	$	254			48	%

NM indicates that the calculation is not meaningful.

Components of Change in Reportable Segment Net Revenues for 2022 Compared with 2021

	Price/Mix			Volume			Acquisitions			Dispositions			Total
Total net revenues		18	%		(8	)%		6	%		(2	)%		14	%
By reportable segment:
Foodservice		19	%		(9	)%		9	%		—	%		19	%
Food and Beverage Merchandising		18	%		(6	)%		4	%		(2	)%		14	%

Total Net Revenues. Total net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $783 million, or 14%, to $6,220 million compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily due to favorable pricing, due to the contractual pass-through of higher material costs and pricing actions across both of our segments. The acquisition of Fabri-Kal on October 1, 2021 contributed $337 million of incremental sales for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the prior year. These increases were partially offset by lower sales volume and the impact from the sale of Beverage Merchandising Asia on August 2, 2022. Sales volume was lower primarily due to strong sales volume in the prior year as businesses and restaurants re-opened post-COVID-19 lockdowns in our Foodservice segment and labor and related impacts, the market softening amid inflationary pressures and our strategic exit from the coated groundwood business in December 2021 in our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment.

Cost of Sales. Cost of sales for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $360 million, or 7%, to $5,223 million compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily due to higher material and manufacturing costs across all of our segments, as well as the incremental costs associated with the full year contribution from the acquisition of Fabri-Kal. These increases were partially offset by lower sales volume, the impact from the sale of Beverage Merchandising Asia and the benefit related to prior year costs of $50 million from Winter Storm Uri.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $117 million, or 25%, to $583 million compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily due to higher employee-related costs and higher costs related to the full year contribution from the acquisition of Fabri-Kal.

Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges. Restructuring, asset impairment and other related charges for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $49 million to $58 million compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily attributable to a $56 million impairment charge related to the decision to exit our remaining closures businesses. Refer to Note 4, Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details.

Other Income, Net. Other income, net for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $261 million to $281 million compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily attributable to the $239 million gain on the sale of Beverage Merchandising Asia, the $27 million gain on the sale of our equity interests in Naturepak Beverage and the $15 million gain, net of costs, arising from the settlement of a historical legal action, partially offset by lower transition service agreement income. Refer to Note 13, Other Income, Net, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details.

Non-operating Income, Net. Non-operating income, net for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased by $52 million, or 51%, to $49 million compared to the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to lower ongoing pension plan income, partially offset by $57 million of pension settlement gains recognized in the current year period compared to a $22 million pension settlement gain recognized in the prior year. Refer to Note 12, Employee Benefits, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details.

Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $27 million, or 14%, to $218 million, compared to the prior year, primarily due to an increase in the interest rate on our variable rate term loans and a net increase in principal amounts outstanding under our senior secured notes. These increases were partially offset by $14 million of fees and third party costs incurred in the prior year that did not recur. Refer to Note 9, Debt, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details.

Income Tax (Expense) Benefit. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized a tax expense of $149 million on income from continuing operations before tax of $468 million, compared to a tax benefit of $4 million on income from continuing operations before tax of $29 million in the prior year. The effective tax rate during the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to the tax impacts from the sale of businesses and the mix of book income and losses taxed at varying rates among the jurisdictions in which we operate. The tax impacts from the sale of businesses included withholding taxes and U.S. tax on capital gains partially offset by foreign tax credit. The effective tax rate during the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily attributable to the release of valuation allowances, mainly in relation to the deductibility of deferred interest deductions, and a benefit related to the reversal of deferred taxes on unremitted earnings.

Income from Continuing Operations. Income from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $286 million to $319 million compared to the prior year. The increase was mainly due to a $428 million increase in gross profit, driven by favorable pricing, net of material costs passed through, a $239 million gain on the sale of Beverage Merchandising Asia and $57 million of pension settlement gains. These increases were partially offset by a $153 million increase in tax expense, largely driven by the tax effect on the gain on sale of Beverage Merchandising Asia, a $117 million increase in selling, general and administrative expenses, primarily driven by higher employee-related costs, and a $56 million impairment charge due to the decision to exit our remaining closures businesses.

Income (Loss) from Discontinued Operations, Net of Income Taxes. Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 represented income and charges primarily related to obligations arising from the sale and purchase agreements from previously divested businesses.

Adjusted EBITDA from Continuing Operations. Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $254 million, or 48%, to $785 million compared to the prior year. The increase reflects favorable pricing, net of material costs passed through, and the impact from the acquisition of Fabri-Kal, partially offset by higher manufacturing costs, lower sales volume and higher employee-related costs. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations also included the benefit related to prior year costs of $50 million from Winter Storm Uri.

Segment Information

Foodservice

	For the Years Ended December 31,
(In millions, except for %)	2022			2021			Change		Change %
Total segment net revenues	$	2,748		$	2,305		$	443		19	%
Segment Adjusted EBITDA	$	463		$	290		$	173		60	%
Segment Adjusted EBITDA margin		17	%		13	%

Total Segment Net Revenues. Foodservice total segment net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $443 million, or 19%, to $2,748 million compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily due to favorable pricing, due to the contractual pass-through of higher material costs and pricing actions taken to offset higher input costs. In addition, the acquisition of Fabri-Kal on October 1, 2021 contributed $209 million of incremental sales for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the prior year. These increases were partially offset by lower sales volume, primarily due to strong sales volume in the prior year as businesses and restaurants re-opened post-COVID-19 lockdowns.

Adjusted EBITDA. Foodservice Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $173 million, or 60%, to $463 million compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily due to favorable pricing, net of material costs passed through, and the impact from the acquisition of Fabri-Kal, partially offset by higher manufacturing costs, lower sales volume and higher employee-related costs.

Food and Beverage Merchandising

	For the Years Ended December 31,
(In millions, except for %)	2022			2021			Change		Change %
Total segment net revenues	$	3,549		$	3,126		$	423		14	%
Segment Adjusted EBITDA	$	412		$	277		$	135		49	%
Segment Adjusted EBITDA margin		12	%		9	%

Total Segment Net Revenues. Food and Beverage Merchandising total segment net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $423 million, or 14%, to $3,549 million compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily due to favorable pricing, due to the contractual pass-through of higher material costs and pricing actions taken to offset higher input costs. In addition, the acquisition of Fabri-Kal on October 1, 2021 contributed $128 million of incremental sales for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the prior year. These increases were partially offset by lower sales volume due to labor and related impacts, the market softening amid inflationary pressures and our strategic exit from the coated groundwood business in December 2021 as well as the impact from the disposition of Beverage Merchandising Asia on August 2, 2022.

Adjusted EBITDA. Food and Beverage Merchandising Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $135 million, or 49%, to $412 million compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily due to favorable pricing, net of material costs passed through, and the benefit related to prior year costs of $37 million from Winter Storm Uri and $7 million from Tropical Storm Fred. These increases were partially offset by higher manufacturing costs, lower sales volume, higher employee-related and logistics costs and the impact from the disposition of Beverage Merchandising Asia. The higher costs for the year ended December 31, 2022 included $8 million of additional costs incurred related to the impact of Winter Storm Elliott.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We manage our capital structure in an effort to most effectively execute our strategic priorities and maximize shareholder value. We believe that we have sufficient liquidity to support our ongoing operations and to re-invest in our business to drive future growth. Our projected operating cash flows, cash on-hand and available capacity under our ~~revolving~~Revolving ~~credit~~Tranche facility are our primary sources of liquidity for the next 12 months. We expect our liquidity to fund capital expenditures, payments of interest and principal on our debt and distributions to shareholders that require approval by our Board of Directors. Additionally, we may utilize portions of our excess cash to prepay or repurchase certain amounts of our long-term debt prior to maturity depending on market conditions, among other factors.

Cash flows

Our cash flows were as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
(In millions)	~~2023~~2024			~~2022~~2023
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	~~534~~395		$	~~414~~534
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities		(272	)		102
Net cash used in investing activities		(156	)		(272	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(~~633~~275	)		(~~193~~633	)
Effect of exchange rate on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		1(5	)		(41	)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(370	)	$	319
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(41	)	$	(370	)

Net cash flows were an outflow of $370 million in the current year period compared to an inflow of $319 million in the prior year period primarily due to $547 million of debt repayments during 2023 and proceeds received from the sale of Beverage Merchandising Asia and Naturepak Beverage during the prior year, partially offset by higher net cash provided by operating activities. Net cash provided by operating activities increased primarily due to favorable changes in inventory balances, driven by our focus on value over volume and 41

43Net cash flows were an outflow of $41 million in the current year compared to an outflow of $370 million in the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to a reduction in cash used in financing activities largely driven by $547 million of early debt repayment in the prior year and a decrease in the cash used in investing activities primarily due to the proceeds from the Pine Bluff Transaction. These items were partially offset by lower net cash provided by operating activities primarily driven by lower income from operations and changes in working capital.

During the ~~strategic~~year ~~inventory~~ended ~~build~~December ~~during~~31, ~~the~~2024, ~~prior~~our ~~year~~primary ~~that~~source ~~did~~of ~~not~~cash ~~recur~~was $395 million of net cash provided by operating activities. The net cash provided by operating activities reflects income from operations, partially offset by $223 million of cash interest payments, ~~made~~net ~~related~~of toincome received on interest rate swaps, and $62 million of cash taxes. Our primary uses of cash for the ~~Beverage~~same ~~Merchandising~~period ~~Restructuring~~were $232 million of capital expenditures, ~~higher~~$72 ~~incentive~~million ~~compensation~~of ~~payments~~dividends paid and ~~higher~~$67 ~~cash~~million ~~interest~~of ~~payments~~early term loan debt repayments.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, our primary source of cash was $534 million of net cash provided by operating activities. The net cash provided by operating activities reflects income from operations, partially offset by $253 million of cash interest payments, net of income received on interest rate swaps, and $73 million of cash taxes. Our primary uses of cash for the same period were $547 million of debt repayments, $285 million of capital expenditures and $71 million of dividends paid.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, our primary sources of cash were $414 million of net cash provided by operating activities and $364 million in combined proceeds related to the sale of Beverage Merchandising Asia and our equity interests in Naturepak Beverage. The net cash provided by operating activities reflects income from operations, partially offset by $223 million of cash interest payments and $72 million of cash taxes. Our primary uses of cash for the same period were $258 million of capital expenditures, $112 million for outstanding debt reductions and $71 million of dividends paid.

Dividends

During ~~each of~~ the years ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023, we paid cash dividends of $7172 million. Onand ~~February 27, 2024, our Board of Directors declared a dividend of~~ $~~0.10~~71 ~~per share to be paid on March 29~~million, ~~2024 to shareholders of record as of March 15, 2024~~respectively.

~~Our~~Under the Merger Agreement, we may not declare, set aside, make or pay any dividend or other distribution, whether in cash, stock, property or otherwise, in respect of any of our capital stock, without obtaining Novolex’s approval (which may not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed). Further, our Credit Agreement and Notes limit the ability to make dividend payments, subject to specified exceptions. ~~Our~~Future ~~Board~~dividends ofwill ~~Directors~~depend ~~must~~on ~~review~~the ~~and~~impact ~~approve~~of ~~future~~these ~~dividend~~restrictions ~~payments~~ and ~~will~~other ~~determine~~factors ~~whether~~deemed torelevant ~~declare~~by ~~additional~~our ~~dividends~~Board ~~based~~of onDirectors, ~~our~~including operating performance, expected future cash flows, debt levels, liquidity needs and investment opportunities.

Financing and capital resources

As of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, we had $3,~~605~~435 million of total principal amount of borrowings. Refer to Note 9, Debt, for additional details. Of our total debt, $1,~~680~~517 million is subject to variable interest rates, representing borrowings drawn under our Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2024, $517 million of variable rate indebtedness was not hedged by an interest rate swap, and any additional interest rate swaps into which we enter may not fully mitigate our remaining interest rate risk.

OnWe ~~April~~borrowed ~~17,~~$391 ~~2023,~~million weof ~~amended~~our ~~the~~Revolving ~~Credit~~Tranche ~~Agreement,~~Facility ~~replacing~~and ~~the~~repaid ~~LIBOR-based reference rate with~~ a ~~SOFR-based~~total ~~reference~~of ~~rate,~~$131 ~~effective~~million ~~for~~plus interest ~~payments~~during ~~for the period commencing April 28, 2023~~2024. ~~As of December 31, 2023 the SOFR-based reference rate was 5.35%.~~

On ~~July~~May 261, ~~2023~~2024, we ~~further~~ amended the Credit Agreement to ~~extend~~increase the ~~maturity~~capacity ~~date~~ on our ~~$250 million~~ Revolving Tranche facility from ~~August~~$250 5million to $1,100 ~~2024~~million and extend the maturity date to ~~August~~May 51, ~~2025~~2029. ~~There~~We ~~were~~also noamended ~~other~~the ~~material~~applicable ~~changes~~interest torate ~~the~~and other pricing terms, ofincluding by replacing the ~~Credit~~facility ~~Agreement~~fee aswith a ~~result~~lower offee ~~this~~on ~~amendment~~unutilized capacity.

~~During~~On May 28, 2024, we further amended the ~~year~~Credit ~~ended~~Agreement ~~December~~to ~~31,~~replace ~~2023,~~the weexisting ~~repaid~~$990 anmillion ~~aggregate~~outstanding ofU.S. term loans Tranche B-3 with a new upsized $~~535~~1,330 million tranche of ~~our~~ U.S. term loans Tranche B-24. InThe ~~addition~~U.S. term loans Tranche B-4 will mature on September 24, ~~during~~2028. ~~November~~The ~~2023~~$340 million proceeds from upsizing the U.S. term loans, wetogether ~~made~~with anthe ~~early~~proceeds of a $5350 million ~~repayment~~draw ofupon our Revolving Tranche facility, were used to prepay in full the $690 million of existing U.S. term loans Tranche B-32 ~~which~~maturing ~~was~~in ~~applied~~February 2026. The U.S. term loans Tranche B-4 have a lower interest rate relative to the ~~quarterly~~U.S. ~~amortization~~term ~~payments~~loans ~~due~~Tranches onB-2 ~~December~~and ~~31,~~B-3 ~~2023~~that ~~and~~they ~~March~~replaced. ~~31,~~There ~~2024~~were no other material changes to the terms of the Credit Agreement as a result of these amendments.

~~During~~On ~~the~~September ~~fourth~~30, ~~quarter of 2022~~2024, we ~~entered~~repaid ~~into derivative financial instruments with large institutions that fixed the LIBO rate at a weighted average rate of 4.12% for an aggregate notional amount of~~ $~~1,000~~70 million ~~to hedge a portion~~ of ~~the interest rate exposure resulting from our~~ U.S. term loans ~~and~~Tranche ~~classified~~B-4, ~~the~~of ~~instruments~~which as$67 ~~cash~~million ~~flow~~was ~~hedges.~~considered ~~Our~~a ~~cash flow hedge contracts mature in October 2025~~prepayment. ~~During~~As ~~the~~a ~~second~~result ~~quarter~~ of ~~2023~~this prepayment, we ~~amended~~have ~~our~~no ~~interest~~further ~~rate~~quarterly ~~swap~~amortization ~~agreements, replacing the LIBOR-based reference rate with a SOFR-based reference rate, effective for swap~~ payments ~~for~~under the ~~period commencing April 28, 2023~~U. ~~The weighted average fixed rate of 4~~S.~~12%~~ ~~for~~term ~~our interest rate swap agreements was unchanged as a result of these amendments~~loans.

As of December 31, 2024, the SOFR-based reference rate was 4.33%. Based on the one-month SOFR rate as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, and including the impact of our interest rate swap agreements, our ~~2024~~2025 annual cash interest obligations on our borrowings are expected to be approximately $~~230~~200 million.

Under the Credit Agreement, we may incur additional indebtedness either by satisfying certain incurrence tests or by incurring such additional indebtedness under certain specific categories of permitted debt. Incremental senior secured indebtedness under the Credit Agreement and senior secured or unsecured notes in lieu thereof are permitted to be incurred up to an aggregate principal amount of $750 million subject to pro forma compliance with the Credit Agreement’s total secured leverage ratio covenant. In addition, we may incur senior secured indebtedness in an unlimited amount as long as our total secured leverage ratio does not exceed 4.50 to 1.00 on a pro forma basis, and (in the case of incremental senior secured indebtedness under the Credit Agreement only) we are in pro forma compliance with the Credit Agreement’s total secured leverage ratio covenant. The incurrence of unsecured indebtedness, including the issuance of senior notes, and unsecured subordinated indebtedness is also permitted (subject to the terms of the Credit Agreement) if the fixed charge coverage ratio is at least 2.00 to 1.00 on a pro forma basis.

Under the respective indentures governing the Notes, we may incur additional indebtedness either by satisfying certain incurrence tests or by incurring such additional indebtedness under certain specific categories of permitted debt. Indebtedness may be incurred under the incurrence tests if the fixed charge coverage ratio is at least 2.00 to 1.00 on a pro forma basis or the consolidated total leverage ratio is no greater than 5.50 to 1.00 and the liens securing first lien secured indebtedness do not exceed a 4.10 to 1.00 consolidated secured first lien leverage ratio.

44We are required to make annual prepayments of term loans with up to 50% of excess cash flow (which will be reduced to 25% or 0% if specified senior secured first lien leverage ratios are met) as determined in accordance with the Credit Agreement. No excess cash flow prepayments were due for the year ended December 31, 2024.

We are required to make annual prepayments of term loans with up to 50% of excess cash flow (which will be reduced to 25% or 0% if specified senior secured first lien leverage ratios are met) as determined in accordance with the Credit Agreement. No excess cash flow prepayments were due for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Liquidity and working capital

Our liquidity position is summarized in the table below:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
(In millions, except for current ratio)	~~2023~~2024		~~2022~~2023
Cash and cash equivalents(1)	$	~~164~~146	$	~~531~~164
Availability under revolving credit facility		201		200
Availability under Revolving Tranche facility		797		201
	$	~~365~~943	$	~~731~~365
Working capital(2)		~~793~~515		~~1,305~~793
Current ratio		21.05		2.40

(1)

Excluded $21 million and $242 million of restricted cash classified as other noncurrent assets ~~as of December 31, 2023~~ and ~~2022, respectively, $2 million of restricted cash classified as~~ other current assets, ~~as of December 31~~respectively, ~~2023 and $2 million of cash classified~~ as ~~assets held for sale as~~ of December 31, ~~2022~~2023.

(2)

Included $412 million of assets and $627 million of ~~assets~~liabilities classified as held for sale as of December 31, ~~2023 and 2022~~2024, ~~respectively,~~ and $34 million of ~~liabilities~~assets classified as held for sale as of December 31, ~~2022~~2023.

As of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, we had $~~164~~146 million of cash and cash equivalents on-hand. We also had $~~201~~797 million available for drawing under our ~~revolving~~Revolving ~~credit~~Tranche facility, net of $4943 million utilized in the form of letters of credit under the facility. Our next debt maturity is $217 million of Pactiv Debentures due in December 2025, excluding ~~amortization~~finance ~~payments~~lease ~~related to our U~~obligations.~~S. term loans tranche B-3 under our Credit Agreement.~~

We believe that we have sufficient liquidity to support our ongoing operations in the next 12 months and to invest in future growth to create further value for our shareholders. ~~Our~~The ~~primary~~increased ~~drivers of decreased~~ liquidity for the year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 ~~were~~was ~~$547~~primarily ~~million~~due ~~for~~to ~~reductions in debt during~~ the ~~year~~amendment ~~and~~to ~~$285~~our ~~million~~Credit ofAgreement ~~capital~~increasing ~~expenditures.~~the ~~These~~availability ~~cash~~under ~~outflows~~our ~~were~~Revolving ~~partially~~Tranche ~~offset by $534 million of net operating cash flows~~facility. We currently anticipate incurring a total of approximately $~~300~~265 million in capital expenditures during ~~2024~~2025.

During ~~2023~~2024, our working capital decreased $~~512~~278 million, or 3935%, primarily due to ~~cash outflows of~~ $~~547~~217 million ~~for~~of ~~debt~~Pactiv ~~repayments,~~Debentures ~~$285~~becoming ~~million~~current as of ~~capital~~December ~~expenditures~~31, 2024 and a $~~210~~90 million reduction in our inventory levels which were partially offset by income from continuing operations and proceeds from the Pine Bluff Transaction. Our working capital position provides us the flexibility for further consideration of strategic initiatives, including reinvestment in our business and deleveraging of our balance sheet. As a result, we may continue to utilize portions of our excess cash to repurchase certain amounts of our long-term debt prior to maturity depending on market conditions, among other factors. Our current ratio also decreased during the year primarily due to the increase in the current portion of our long-term debt and reduced inventory levels mentioned above, partially offset by a decrease in accrued and other current liabilities.

Our ability to borrow under our ~~revolving~~Revolving ~~credit~~Tranche facility or to incur additional indebtedness may be limited by the terms of such indebtedness or other indebtedness, including the Credit Agreement and the Notes, as well as the Merger Agreement. The Credit Agreement and the respective indentures governing the Notes generally allow our subsidiaries to transfer funds in the form of cash dividends, loans or advances within the Company.

Other than short-term leases executed in the normal course of business, we have no material off-balance sheet obligations.

Critical Accounting Policies, Estimates and Assumptions

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and related notes. Critical accounting estimates are those that involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations. These assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of net revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Our most critical accounting policies and estimates are related to our defined benefit pension plans, goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, other long-lived assets and income taxes. A summary of our significant accounting policies and use of estimates is contained in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements.

We believe that the accounting estimates and assumptions described below involve significant subjectivity and judgment, and changes to such estimates or assumptions could have a material impact on our financial condition or operating results. Therefore, we consider an understanding of the variability and judgment required in making these estimates and assumptions to be critical to fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results.

Employee Benefit Plans—Defined Benefit Retirement Plans

We have several non-contributory defined benefit retirement plans. Our defined benefit pension obligations are concentrated in the PPPE, which, as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, represented 9697% of our defined benefit plan obligations. We assumed this plan in a business combination in 2010. As a result, while persons who are not current employees do not accrue benefits under this plan, the total number of beneficiaries covered by this plan is much larger than if it only provided benefits to our current and retired employees.

combination in 2010. As a result, while persons who are not current employees do not accrue benefits under this plan, the total number of beneficiaries covered by this plan is much larger than if it only provided benefits to our current and retired employees.

We measure changes in funded status using actuarial models which utilize an attribution approach that generally spreads individual events either over the estimated service lives of the remaining employees in the plan or, for plans where participants will not earn additional benefits by rendering future service, over the plan participants’ estimated remaining lives.

Net pension and postretirement benefit income or expense is actuarially determined using assumptions which include expected long-term rates of return on plan assets, discount rates and mortality rates. We use a mix of actual historical rates, expected rates and external data to determine the assumptions used in the actuarial models. While we believe that our assumptions are reasonable and appropriate, significant differences in actual experience or changes in assumptions may materially affect our benefit plan obligations and future benefit plan expense.

The discount rates utilized to measure the pension obligations use the yield on corporate bonds that are denominated in the currency in which the benefits will be paid, have maturity dates approximating the terms of our obligations and are based on the yield on high-quality bonds. Our largest U.S. benefit plan obligation is highly sensitive to changes in the discount rate. As a sensitivity measure, a fifty-basis point change in our discount rates or the expected rate of return on plan assets would have the following effects, increase/(decrease), on our benefit plans:

	As of December 31, 2023
	As of December 31, 2024
	Fifty-Basis-Point
(In millions)	Increase			Decrease
Effect of change in discount rate on defined benefit obligation	$	(5037	)	$	5541
Effect of change in discount rate on pension cost		—			—
Effect of change in expected rate of return on plan assets on pension cost		(54	)		54

Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

We test goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis in the fourth quarter and whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. We may perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount.

Goodwill

Our reporting units for goodwill impairment testing purposes are Foodservice, Food Merchandising and Beverage Merchandising. Each of our reporting units had goodwill as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024.

In our evaluation of goodwill impairment, we may perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. As part of this assessment, we consider various factors, including the excess of prior year estimates of fair value compared to carrying value, the effect of market or industry changes and the reporting unit’s actual results compared to projected results. We may bypass the qualitative assessment for any reporting unit in any period and proceed directly with a quantitative assessment, where we compare the estimated fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value. If the estimated fair value of any reporting unit is less than its carrying value, an impairment charge would be recorded for the amount by which the reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value. As of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, each of the reporting units were tested for impairment using a ~~quantitative~~qualitative assessment., and no impairment was identified.

The quantitative assessment performed as of December 31, 2023 included estimating the fair value of each reporting unit using both the income and market approaches. The income approach requires management to estimate a number of factors for each reporting unit, including projected future operating results, economic projections, anticipated future cash flows, discount rates and the allocation of shared or corporate items. The market approach estimates fair value using comparable marketplace fair value data from within a comparable industry grouping. 44

The determination of fair value in the quantitative assessment requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions primarily include, but are not limited to: (i) the selection of appropriate peer group companies for market comparable data; (ii) discount rates; (iii) terminal growth rates; and (iv) estimates of future revenue, operating income, depreciation and amortization and capital expenditures.

As a result of the 2023 annual goodwill impairment test, we did not recognize any goodwill impairment as the estimated fair values of all reporting units exceeded their respective carrying amounts.

Although we believe our estimates of fair value are reasonable, actual financial results could differ from those estimates due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making such estimates. Changes in assumptions concerning future financial results or other underlying assumptions could have a significant impact on either the fair value of the reporting units, the amount of any goodwill impairment charge, or both.

Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

46Our indefinite-lived intangible assets consist primarily of certain trademarks. We test indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis in the fourth quarter and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. If the carrying amount of such asset exceeds its estimated fair value, an impairment charge is recorded for the difference between the carrying amount and the estimated fair value. When a quantitative test is performed, we use a relief from royalty computation under the income approach to estimate the fair value of our trademarks. This approach requires significant judgments in determining (i) the estimated future revenue from the use of the asset; (ii) the relevant royalty rate to be applied to these estimated future cash flows; and (iii) the appropriate discount rates applied to those cash flows to determine fair value. Changes in such estimates or the use of alternative assumptions could produce different results. For the year ended December 31, 2024, no instances of impairment were identified.

Our indefinite-lived intangible assets consist primarily of certain trademarks. We test indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis in the fourth quarter and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. If the carrying amount of such asset exceeds its estimated fair value, an impairment charge is recorded for the difference between the carrying amount and the estimated fair value. When a quantitative test is performed, we use a relief from royalty computation under the income approach to estimate the fair value of our trademarks. This approach requires significant judgments in determining (i) the estimated future revenue from the use of the asset; (ii) the relevant royalty rate to be applied to these estimated future cash flows; and (iii) the appropriate discount rates applied to those cash flows to determine fair value. Changes in such estimates or the use of alternative assumptions could produce different results. For the year ended December 31, 2023, no instances of impairment were identified.

Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets, including finite-lived intangible assets, are reviewed for possible impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances occur that indicate that the carrying amount of an asset (or asset group) may not be recoverable. Our impairment review requires significant management judgment, including estimating the future success of product lines, future sales volumes, revenue and expense growth rates, alternative uses for the assets and estimated proceeds from the disposal of the assets. We review business plans for possible impairment indicators. Impairment is indicated when the carrying amount of the asset (or asset group) exceeds its estimated future undiscounted cash flows. When impairment is indicated, an impairment charge is recorded for the difference between the asset’s carrying value and its estimated fair value. Depending on the asset, estimated fair value may be determined either by use of a discounted cash flow model or by reference to estimated selling values of a similar asset in similar condition. The use of different assumptions would increase or decrease the estimated fair value of assets and would increase or decrease any impairment measurement.

Income Taxes

Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide income tax provision. In the ordinary course of an international business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax outcome is uncertain. Some of these uncertainties arise from examinations in various jurisdictions and assumptions and estimates used in evaluating the need for a valuation allowance.

We are subject to income taxes in both the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions. We compute our provision for income taxes using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and for operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the currently enacted tax rates that are expected to apply to taxable income for the years in which those tax assets and liabilities are expected to be realized or settled. Significant judgments are required in order to determine the expected realization of these deferred tax assets. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we evaluate all significant available positive and negative evidence, including historical operating results, estimates of future taxable income and the existence of prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. Changes in the expectations regarding the realization of deferred tax assets have in the past materially impacted our reported tax expense, and future changes in expectations could materially impact income tax expense in future periods. One of our largest deferred tax assets is generated from book to tax differences related to the treatment of interest expense, for which the deductibility for tax purposes is deferred. The future recoverability of this deferred tax asset is based on the future reversal of existing taxable temporary differences.

We continuously review issues raised in connection with all ongoing examinations and open tax years to evaluate the adequacy of our tax liabilities. We evaluate uncertain tax positions under a two-step approach. The first step is to evaluate the uncertain tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination based on its technical merits. For those positions that meet the recognition criteria, the second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than fifty percent likely of being realized. We believe our recorded tax liabilities are adequate to cover all open tax years based on our assessment. This assessment relies on estimates and assumptions and involves significant judgments about future events. To the extent that our view as to the outcome of these matters changes, we will adjust income tax expense in the period in which such determination is made. We classify interest and penalties related to income taxes as income tax expense.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements.

4745

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

In the normal course of business, we are exposed to risks from adverse fluctuations in interest and foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices. We manage these risks through a combination of an appropriate mix between variable rate and fixed rate borrowings, interest rate swaps and natural offsets of foreign currency receipts and payments, supplemented by forward foreign currency exchange contracts and commodity derivatives when deemed appropriate. Derivative contracts are not used for trading or speculative purposes. The extent to which we use derivative instruments is dependent upon our access to them in the financial markets, the costs associated with entering into such arrangements and our use of other risk management methods, such as netting exposures for foreign currency exchange risk and establishing sales arrangements that permit the pass-through of changes in commodity prices to customers. Our objective in managing our exposure to market risk is to limit the impact on earnings and cash flow.

Interest Rate Risk

We had significant debt commitments outstanding as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023. These on-balance sheet financial instruments, to the extent they accrue interest at variable interest rates, expose us to interest rate risk. Our interest rate risk arises primarily on significant borrowings that are denominated in U.S. dollars drawn under our Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement includes interest rate floors of 0.00% per annum on the U.S. term loans Tranche B-24 and the ~~revolving~~Revolving ~~loan and 0.50% per annum on the U.S. term loans~~ Tranche ~~B-3~~facility.

The underlying rate for our Credit Agreement is the one-month SOFR, and as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024 the applicable rate, including the relevant margin, was 86.7283% for ~~each~~ the U.S. term loans Tranche B-~~2 and Tranche B-3~~4. As of December 31, ~~2022~~2023 the ~~LIBOR~~SOFR-based reference rate, including the relevant margin, was 78.6372% for each of the U.S. term loans Tranche B-2 and Tranche B-3.

During the fourth quarter of 2022, we entered into interest rate swap agreements to hedge a portion of the interest rate exposure resulting from our U.S. term loans. The agreements fixed the LIBO rate to a weighted average annual rate of 4.12% (for an annual weighted average effective interest rate of 7.37%, including margin) for an aggregate notional amount of $1,000 million, and we classified the instruments as cash flow hedges. Our cash flow hedge contracts mature in October 2025. In April 2023, we amended our interest rate swap agreements to replace the interest rate benchmark from LIBOR to SOFR, effective for swap payments for the period commencing April 28, 2023. The weighted average fixed rate of 4.12% for our interest rate swap agreements was unchanged as a result of these amendments.

Based on our outstanding debt commitments as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, and December 31, ~~2022~~2023, a one-year timeframe and all other variables remaining constant, and after including the impact of the $1,000 million interest rate swap agreements, a 100 basis point increase (decrease) in interest rates would result in an increase (decrease) in our interest expense of $75 million and $127 million, respectively.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

As a result of our international operations, we are exposed to foreign currency exchange risk arising from sales, purchases, assets and borrowings that are denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of the respective entities. We are also exposed to foreign currency exchange risk on certain intercompany borrowings between certain of our entities with different functional currencies.

We take advantage of natural offsets to the extent possible. On a limited basis, we use contracts to hedge residual foreign currency exchange risk arising from receipts and payments denominated in foreign currencies. We generally do not hedge our exposure to translation gains or losses in respect of our non-U.S. dollar functional currency assets or liabilities. Additionally, when considered appropriate, we may enter into forward exchange contracts to hedge foreign currency exchange risk arising from specific transactions. We had no foreign currency derivative contracts as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Commodity Risk

We are exposed to commodity and other price risk principally from the purchase of resin, natural gas, electricity, raw wood, wood chips and diesel. We use various strategies to manage cost exposures on certain material purchases with the objective of obtaining more predictable costs for these commodities. From time to time, we may enter into commodity financial instruments or derivatives to hedge commodity prices related to resin (and its components), natural gas and diesel.

We periodically enter into futures and swaps to reduce our exposure to commodity price fluctuations. These derivatives are implemented to either (a) mitigate the impact of the lag in timing between when material costs change and when we can pass-through these changes to our customers or (b) fix our input costs for a period. Refer to Note 11, Financial Instruments, to the consolidated financial statements for the details of our commodity derivative contracts as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023.

A 10% upward (downward) movement in the price curve used to value the commodity derivative contracts, applied as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023, would have resulted in a change of less than $1 million in the unrealized loss recognized in the consolidated statement of (loss) income, assuming all other variables remain constant.

48Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

In accordance with our treasury policy, we take advantage of natural offsets to the extent possible. On a limited basis, we use contracts to hedge residual foreign currency exchange risk arising from receipts and payments denominated in foreign currencies. We generally do not hedge our exposure to translation gains or losses in respect of our non-U.S. dollar functional currency assets or liabilities. Additionally, when considered appropriate, we may enter into forward exchange contracts to hedge foreign currency exchange risk arising from specific transactions. We had no foreign currency derivative contracts as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

	Page
INDEX TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 238)	5048
Consolidated Statements of (Loss) Income	5250
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income	5351
Consolidated Balance Sheets	5452
Consolidated Statements of Equity	5553
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	5654
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements	5856

4947

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Pactiv Evergreen Inc.

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Pactiv Evergreen Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023, and the related consolidated statements of (loss) income, of comprehensive (loss) income, of equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Revenue Recognition

As described in Notes 2 and 20 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s total net revenues were $5,~~510~~148 million for the year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024. Revenue is recognized when performance obligations are satisfied, in an amount reflecting the consideration the Company expects to receive. If the consideration agreed to in a contract includes a variable amount, management estimates the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring the promised goods to the customer using the expected value method. The main sources of variable consideration are customer rebates and cash discounts.

The principal consideration for our determination that performing procedures relating to revenue recognition is a critical audit matter is a high degree of auditor effort in performing procedures related the Company’s revenue recognition.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the revenue recognition process, including controls over the consideration the Company expects to receive when the performance obligation is satisfied. These procedures also included, among others, evaluating the recognition of certain customer rebates and ~~cash discounts and~~ certain revenue transactions. Evaluating the recognition of certain customer rebates ~~and cash discounts~~ involved ~~either~~ (i) on a sample basis, obtaining and inspecting source documents, such as invoices, sales agreements, and evidence of subsequent settlement orand (ii) developing an independent expectation of customer rebates based on historical claims activity and revenues and comparing itthe independent expectation to ~~management’s~~the recorded balance as of year end. Evaluating the recognition of certain revenue transactions involved either (i) agreeing certain information between the sales order and related delivery document and billing document, and where applicable, obtaining and inspecting source documents, such as invoices, sales agreements, shipping documents, and cash receipts or (ii) on a sample basis, obtaining and inspecting source documents, such as invoices, sales agreements, shipping documents, and cash receipts. The procedures performed also included (i) on a sample basis, testing outstanding customer invoice balances atas of year end, ~~on a sample basis,~~ by obtaining and inspecting source documents, such as invoices, sales agreements, shipping documents, and subsequent cash receipts and (ii) testing the completeness and accuracy of data provided by management.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Chicago, Illinois

February 2925, ~~2024~~2025

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2009.

5149

Pactiv Evergreen Inc.

Consolidated Statements of (Loss) Income

For the Years Ended December 31

(In millions, except per share amounts)

	2023			2022			2021
	2024			2023			2022
Net revenues	$	54,~~124~~810		$	5,~~783~~124		$	5,~~047~~783
Related party net revenues		~~386~~338			~~437~~386			~~390~~437
Total net revenues		5,~~510~~148			65,~~220~~510			56,~~437~~220
Cost of sales		(4,~~777~~184	)		(54,~~223~~777	)		(45,~~863~~223	)
Gross profit		~~733~~964			~~997~~733			~~574~~997
Selling, general and administrative expenses		(~~536~~500	)		(~~583~~536	)		(~~466~~583	)
Restructuring, asset impairment and other related charges		(~~171~~364	)		(58171	)		(958	)
Other income, net		210			~~281~~2			20281
Operating income from continuing operations		28110			~~637~~28			~~119~~637
Non-operating (expense) income, net		(8	)		49			101
Non-operating income (expense), net		20			(8	)		49
Interest expense, net		(~~245~~234	)		(~~218~~245	)		(~~191~~218	)
(Loss) income from continuing operations before tax		(~~225~~104	)		~~468~~(225	)		29468
Income tax benefit (expense)		3			(149	)		4
Income tax (expense) benefit		(29	)		3			(149	)
(Loss) income from continuing operations		(~~222~~133	)		~~319~~(222	)		33319
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of income taxes		2			1			(8	)
Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes		—			2			1
Net (loss) income		(~~220~~133	)		~~320~~(220	)		25320
Income attributable to non-controlling interests		(3	)		(23	)		(2	)
Net (loss) income attributable to Pactiv Evergreen Inc. common shareholders	$	(~~223~~136	)	$	~~318~~(223	)	$	23318
(Loss) earnings per share attributable to Pactiv Evergreen Inc. common shareholders
From continuing operations
Basic	$	(10.2877	)	$	(1.7728	)	$	01.1777
Diluted	$	(10.2877	)	$	(1.7728	)	$	01.1777
From discontinued operations
Basic	$	~~0.02~~—		$	0.0102		$	(0.0401	)
Diluted	$	~~0.02~~—		$	—0.02		$	~~(0.04~~—	)
Total
Basic	$	(10.2677	)	$	(1.7826	)	$	01.1378
Diluted	$	(10.2677	)	$	(1.7726	)	$	01.1377

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

5250

Pactiv Evergreen Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income

For the Years Ended December 31

(In millions)

	2023			2022			2021
	2024			2023			2022
Net (loss) income	$	(~~220~~133	)	$	~~320~~(220	)	$	25320
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes:
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of income taxes:
Currency translation adjustments		26(41	)		1826			(18	)
Defined benefit plans		393			~~(20~~39	)		~~268~~(20	)
Interest rate derivatives		—1			(1—	)		—(1	)
Other comprehensive income (loss)		65			(3	)		250
Other comprehensive (loss) income		(37	)		65			(3	)
Comprehensive (loss) income		(~~155~~170	)		~~317~~(155	)		~~275~~317
Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interests		(3	)		(23	)		(2	)
Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to Pactiv Evergreen Inc. common shareholders	$	(~~158~~173	)	$	~~315~~(158	)	$	~~273~~315

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

5351

Pactiv Evergreen Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

As of December 31

(In millions, except share amounts)

	2023			2022
	2024			2023
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	~~164~~146		$	~~531~~164
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $2 and $3		426			448
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $1 and $2		406			426
Related party receivables		35			4635
Inventories		~~852~~762			~~1,062~~852
Other current assets		~~112~~114			~~132~~108
Total current assets		1,589			2,219
Assets held for sale		12			4
Property, plant and equipment, net		1,511			1,773
Total current assets		1,475			1,589
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net		263			262
Property, plant and equipment, net		1,170			1,511
Goodwill		1,815			1,815
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net		264			263
Intangible assets, net		1,004			1,064
Goodwill		1,807			1,815
Other noncurrent assets		213			173
Intangible assets, net		943			1,004
Total assets		6,395			7,306
Other noncurrent assets		218			213
Total assets	$	5,877		$	6,395
Liabilities
Accounts payable	$	~~300~~339		$	~~388~~300
Related party payables		76			67
Current portion of long-term debt		15223			3115
Current portion of operating lease liabilities		6463			6564
Income taxes payable		114			611
Accrued and other current liabilities		~~399~~298			~~418~~399
Total current liabilities		796			914
Liabilities held for sale		27			—
Long-term debt		3,571			4,105
Total current liabilities		960			796
Long-term operating lease liabilities		217			209
Long-term debt		3,201			3,571
Deferred income taxes		244			319
Long-term operating lease liabilities		217			217
Long-term employee benefit obligations		57			60
Deferred income taxes		223			244
Other noncurrent liabilities		161			146
Long-term employee benefit obligations		43			57
Total liabilities	$	5,046		$	5,753
Other noncurrent liabilities		125			161
Total liabilities	$	4,769		$	5,046
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)
Equity
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 2,000,000,000 shares authorized; 178,557,086 and 177,926,081 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively	$	—		$	—
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 2,000,000,000 shares authorized; 180,630,534 and 178,557,086 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively	$	—		$	—
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued or outstanding		—			—
Additional paid in capital		~~676~~683			~~647~~676
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(3774	)		(~~102~~37	)
Retained earnings		~~706~~496			~~1,003~~706
Total equity attributable to Pactiv Evergreen Inc. common shareholders		1,~~345~~105			1,~~548~~345
Non-controlling interests		43			54
Total equity		1,~~349~~108			1,~~553~~349
Total liabilities and equity	$	65,~~395~~877		$	76,~~306~~395

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

5452

Pactiv Evergreen Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Equity

(In millions, except per share amounts)

								Accumulated
					Additional			Other						Non-
	Common Stock				Paid in			Comprehensive			Retained			Controlling			Total
	Shares		Amount		Capital			Loss			Earnings			Interest			Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2020		177.2	$	—	$	614		$	(349	)	$	806		$	3		$	1,074
Net income		—		—		—			—			23			2			25
Other comprehensive income, net of income taxes		—		—		—			250			—			—			250
Equity based compensation		—		—		11			—			—			—			11
Vesting of restricted stock units, net of tax withholdings		0.1		—		—			—			—			—			—
Dividends declared - common shareholders ($0.40 per share)		—		—		—			—			(71	)		—			(71	)
Dividends declared - non-controlling interests		—		—		—			—			—			(1	)		(1	)
Balance as of December 31, 2021		177.3	$	—	$	625		$	(99	)	$	758		$	4		$	1,288
Net income		—		—		—			—			318			2			320
Other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes		—		—		—			(3	)		—			—			(3	)
Equity based compensation		—		—		24			—			—			—			24
Vesting of restricted stock units, net of tax withholdings		0.6		—		(2	)		—			—			—			(2	)
Vesting of equity awards, net of tax withholdings		0.6		—		(2	)		—			—			—			(2	)
Dividends declared - common shareholders ($0.40 per share)		—		—		—			—			(73	)		—			(73	)
Dividends declared - non-controlling interests		—		—		—			—			—			(1	)		(1	)
Balance as of December 31, 2022		177.9	$	—	$	647		$	(102	)	$	1,003		$	5		$	1,553
Net (loss) income		—		—		—			—			(223	)		3			(220	)
Other comprehensive income, net of income taxes		—		—		—			65			—			—			65
Equity based compensation		—		—		31			—			—			—			31
Vesting of restricted stock units, net of tax withholdings		0.7		—		(2	)		—			—			—			(2	)
Vesting of equity awards, net of tax withholdings		0.7		—		(2	)		—			—			—			(2	)
Dividends declared - common shareholders ($0.40 per share)		—		—		—			—			(74	)		—			(74	)
Dividends declared - non-controlling interests		—		—		—			—			—			(3	)		(3	)
Disposal of subsidiary		—		—		—			—			—			(1	)		(1	)
Balance as of December 31, 2023		178.6	$	—	$	676		$	(37	)	$	706		$	4		$	1,349
Net (loss) income		—		—		—			—			(136	)		3			(133	)
Other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes		—		—		—			(37	)		—			—			(37	)
Equity based compensation		—		—		26			—			—			—			26
Vesting of equity awards, net of tax withholdings		2.0		—		(19	)		—			—			—			(19	)
Dividends declared - common shareholders ($0.40 per share)		—		—		—			—			(74	)		—			(74	)
Dividends declared - non-controlling interests		—		—		—			—			—			(4	)		(4	)
Balance as of December 31, 2024		180.6	$	—	$	683		$	(74	)	$	496		$	3		$	1,108

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

5553

Pactiv Evergreen Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

For the Years Ended December 31

(In millions)

	2023			2022			2021
	2024			2023			2022
Operating Activities:
Net (loss) income	$	(~~220~~133	)	$	~~320~~(220	)	$	25320
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to operating cash flows:
Depreciation and amortization		~~600~~306			~~339~~600			~~344~~339
Deferred income taxes		(9319	)		81(93	)		~~(27~~81	)
Unrealized losses on derivatives		1			4			7
Unrealized (gains) losses on derivatives		(4	)		1			4
Asset impairment and restructuring related non-cash charges (net of reversals)		56327			56			—56
Loss (gain) on sale of businesses and noncurrent assets		2			(266	)		—
(Gain) loss on sale of businesses and noncurrent assets		(1	)		2			(266	)
Non-cash portion of employee benefit obligations		8(20	)		~~(48~~8	)		(9548	)
Non-cash portion of operating lease expense		8083			8280			7782
Equity based compensation		3126			2431			1124
Other non-cash items, net		52			185			518
Change in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net		417			2941			~~(77~~29	)
Inventories		~~176~~(18	)		~~(246~~176	)		(8246	)
Accounts payable		~~(70~~43	)		16(70	)		5016
Operating lease payments		(8084	)		(8180	)		(7581	)
Income taxes payable/receivable		22(15	)		(722	)		41(7	)
Accrued and other current liabilities		(2782	)		~~104~~(27	)		~~(13~~104	)
Other assets and liabilities		2(23	)		~~(11~~2	)		(411	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		~~534~~395			~~414~~534			~~261~~414
Investing Activities:
Acquisition of property, plant and equipment		(~~285~~232	)		(~~258~~285	)		(~~282~~258	)
Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired		—			(2	)		(374	)
Disposal of businesses and joint venture equity interests, net of cash disposed		86			1			358
Disposal of businesses and joint venture equity interests, net of cash disposed		1			358			(6	)
Purchase of investments		(23	)		—			—
Other investing activities		1213			412			42
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities		(~~272~~156	)		~~102~~(272	)		~~(658~~102	)
Financing Activities:
Long-term debt proceeds		—			—			1,510
Term loan debt proceeds		372			—			—
Long-term debt repayments		(547	)		(112	)		(1,280	)
Term loan debt repayments		(795	)		(547	)		(112	)
Dividends paid to common shareholders		(71	)		(71	)		(71	)
Revolver proceeds		391			—			—
Other financing activities		(15	)		(10	)		(12	)
Revolver prepayments		(131	)		—			—
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(633	)		(193	)		147
Deferred financing transaction costs		(7	)		—			—
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		1			(4	)		(4	)
Dividends paid to common shareholders		(72	)		(71	)		(71	)
(Decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(370	)		319			(254	)
Other financing activities		(33	)		(15	)		(10	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, including amounts classified as held for sale, as of beginning of the year		557			238			492
Net cash used in financing activities		(275	)		(633	)		(193	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash as of end of the year	$	187		$	557		$	238
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(5	)		1			(4	)
(Decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(41	)		(370	)		319
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, including amounts classified as held for sale, as of beginning of the year		187			557			238
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash as of end of the year	$	146		$	187		$	557
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash are comprised of:
Cash and cash equivalents		~~164~~146			~~531~~164			~~197~~531
Restricted cash classified as other current assets		2—			—2			—
Restricted cash classified as other noncurrent assets		21—			2421			24
Cash and cash equivalents classified as assets held for sale		—			2—			172
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash as of end of the year	$	~~187~~146		$	~~557~~187		$	~~238~~557
Cash paid:
Interest		253			223			166
Interest paid, net		223			253			223
Income taxes paid (refunded), net		73			72			(19	)
Income taxes paid, net		62			73			72

5654

Significant non-cash investing and financing activities

Refer to Note 10, Leases, for details of non-cash additions to operating lease right-of-use assets, net as a result of changes in operating and lease liabilities.

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

5755

Pactiv Evergreen Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions, except per share data and unless otherwise indicated)

Note 1. Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements comprise the accounts of Pactiv Evergreen Inc. (“PTVE”) and its subsidiaries (“we”, “us”, “our” or the “Company”). These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

We are a manufacturer and distributor of fresh food and beverage packaging products, ~~primarily~~ in North America. We report our business in two reportable segments: Foodservice and Food and Beverage Merchandising. Our Foodservice segment manufactures a broad range of products that enable consumers to eat and drink where they want and when they want with convenience. Our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment manufactures products that protect and attractively display food while preserving freshness and manufactures cartons for fresh refrigerated beverage products, primarily serving dairy (including plant-based, organic and specialties), juice and other specialty beverage end-markets.

~~Reclassifications~~Merger ~~and Revision to Restricted Cash~~Agreement

WeOn ~~made~~December ~~reclassifications~~9, 2024, we entered into the Merger Agreement with Novolex and Merger Sub. Subject to ~~certain~~the ~~previously~~terms ~~reported~~and ~~financial~~conditions ~~information~~of the Merger Agreement, Novolex agreed to ~~conform~~acquire the Company for $18.00 per Share, in an all-cash transaction. Later on December 9, 2024, following the execution and delivery of the Merger Agreement, PFL delivered a written consent, adopting the Merger Agreement as required by Delaware law. As a result, no further approval of the stockholders of the Company is required to ~~our~~adopt ~~current~~the ~~period~~Merger ~~presentation~~Agreement or approve the Merger.

~~During~~Pursuant to the ~~year~~Merger ~~ended~~Agreement, ~~December~~following ~~31,~~the ~~2023~~Merger, wethe ~~revised~~Company ~~the~~will ~~presentation~~be ofa ~~restricted~~wholly-owned ~~cash~~subsidiary ~~balances~~of onNovolex. ~~our~~As ~~consolidated~~a ~~statements~~result of ~~cash~~the ~~flows~~Merger, towe ~~include~~will ~~restricted~~cease ~~cash~~to inbe ~~the~~a ~~beginning~~publicly ~~and~~traded ~~ending~~company. ~~balances~~We ~~for~~have ~~all~~agreed ~~periods~~to ~~presented.~~various Ascustomary ofcovenants ~~December~~and 31agreements, ~~2023~~including, ~~our~~among ~~consolidated~~others, ~~balance~~agreements ~~sheet~~to ~~included~~conduct $2our ~~million~~business ~~and~~in ~~$21~~the ~~million~~ordinary ofcourse ~~restricted~~during ~~cash~~the ~~classified~~period asbetween ~~current~~the ~~and~~execution ~~noncurrent assets, respectively. As~~ of ~~December~~the ~~31,~~Merger ~~2022~~Agreement and ~~December~~the ~~31,~~effective ~~2021,~~time ~~our consolidated balance sheet included $24 million~~ of ~~restricted~~the ~~cash classified as noncurrent assets~~Merger. ~~There~~We ~~was~~do nonot ~~impact~~believe tothat ~~our~~these ~~operating,~~restrictions ~~investing~~will orprevent ~~financing~~us ~~cash~~from ~~flow~~meeting ~~activities, and there was no impact to~~ our ~~consolidated~~debt ~~balance~~service ~~sheets~~obligations, orongoing ~~our~~costs ~~consolidated statements~~ of ~~(loss) income~~operations, ~~comprehensive~~working ~~(loss)~~capital ~~income~~needs or ~~equity.~~capital ~~The~~expenditure ~~impact to all previously reported interim and annual periods was not material~~requirements.

The consummation of the Merger remains subject to customary closing conditions, including receipt of certain regulatory approvals and is expected to close in mid-2025.

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Although our current estimates contemplate current conditions and how we expect them to change in the future, as appropriate, it is reasonably possible that actual conditions could be different than anticipated in those estimates, which could materially affect our results of operations, balance sheet and cash flows. Among other effects, such changes could result in future impairments of goodwill, intangibles and long-lived assets and adjustments to reserves for employee benefits and income taxes.

Business Combinations

We record business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. All of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded at fair value as of the acquisition date. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. The application of the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions in the determination of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, in order to properly allocate purchase price consideration between assets that are depreciated and amortized from goodwill. The fair values assigned to tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on our estimates and assumptions, as well as other information, including valuations that utilize customary valuation procedures and techniques. Significant assumptions and estimates include, but are not limited to, the cash flows that an asset is expected to generate in the future, the appropriate weighted-average cost of capital and the cost savings expected to be derived from acquiring an asset. If the actual results differ from the estimates and judgments used in these estimates, the amounts recorded in the financial statements may be exposed to potential impairment charges.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include demand deposits with banks and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Money market funds held in segregated accounts that are used as investments to satisfy specific obligations are classified as investments and recorded in other current and noncurrent assets on our consolidated balance sheets. We maintain our bank accounts with a relatively small number of high quality financial institutions.

5856

Pactiv Evergreen Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions, except per share data and unless otherwise indicated)

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are stated net of allowances for credit losses and primarily include trade receivables. In 2024 and 2023, one customer in our Foodservice segment had sales that were approximately 10% of our consolidated net revenues and, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, 15% and 17%, respectively, of our consolidated accounts receivable net of allowances. No single customer comprised more than 10% of our consolidated net revenues in 2022 ~~or 2021~~. Specific customer provisions are made when a review of outstanding amounts, utilizing information about customer creditworthiness and current economic trends, indicates that collection is doubtful. In addition, provisions are made at differing rates, based upon the age of the receivable and our historical collection experience.

Inventories

Inventories include raw materials, supplies, direct labor and manufacturing overhead associated with production and are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, utilizing the first-in, first-out method. In evaluating net realizable value, appropriate consideration is given to obsolescence, excessive inventory levels, product deterioration and other factors.

Property, Plant and Equipment and Finite-Lived Intangible Assets

Property, plant and equipment are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, if any. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Machinery and equipment are depreciated over periods ranging from 3 to 15 years and buildings and building improvements over periods ranging from 10 to 40 years. Maintenance and repair costs are charged to expense as incurred. Major overhauls that extend the useful lives of existing assets are capitalized. When assets are retired or disposed, the cost and accumulated depreciation are eliminated and the resulting profit or loss is recognized in our consolidated statements of income.

Finite-lived intangible assets, which primarily consist of customer relationships, are stated at historical cost and amortized using the straight-line method (which reflects the pattern of how the assets’ economic benefits are consumed) over the assets’ estimated useful lives which range from 8 to 20 years.

We assess potential impairments to our long-lived assets if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. In those circumstances, we perform an undiscounted cash flow analysis to determine if an impairment exists. When testing for asset impairment, we group assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which cash flows are separately identifiable. An impaired asset is written down to its estimated fair value based upon the most recent information available. Depending on the asset, estimated fair value may be determined either by use of a discounted cash flow model or by reference to estimated selling values of assets in similar condition. Long-lived assets which are part of a disposal group are presented as held for sale and are recorded at the lower of the carrying value or the fair market value less the estimated cost to sell.

Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

We test goodwill for impairment on an annual basis on December 31 and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable.

For certain reporting units, we may perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. As part of this assessment, we consider various factors, including the excess of prior year estimates of fair value compared to carrying value, the effect of market or industry changes and the reporting units’ actual results compared to projected results. Based on this qualitative analysis, if we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying value, no further impairment testing is performed.

For the year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024, each of the reporting units was reviewed for impairment using a ~~quantitative~~qualitative assessment. WeNo ~~compared~~instances ~~each~~of reporting unit’s fair value, estimated based on comparable company market valuations and expected future discounted cash flows to be generated by the reporting unit, to its carrying amount. If the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, we would recognize an impairment ~~loss~~were ~~for~~identified ~~the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value. The results of the quantitative assessment of goodwill impairment~~ during the ~~fourth~~2024 ~~quarter~~annual ~~indicated that the estimated fair values for each of the reporting units exceeded their respective carrying amounts. Therefore, no~~ impairment ~~charges were recognized~~review.

Our indefinite-lived intangible assets consist primarily of certain trademarks. We test indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis on December 31 and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable.

We may perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a trademark is less than its carrying amount. If potential impairment risk exists for a specific asset, we quantitatively test it for impairment by comparing its estimated fair value with its carrying value. We determine estimated fair value using the relief-from-royalty method, using key assumptions including planned revenue growth rates, market-based discount rates and estimates of royalty rates. If the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value, we consider the asset impaired and reduce its carrying value to the estimated fair value. For the year ended December 31, 2024, no instances of impairment were identified.

5957

Pactiv Evergreen Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions, except per share data and unless otherwise indicated)

the asset exceeds its fair value, we consider the asset impaired and reduce its carrying value to the estimated fair value. For the year ended December 31, 2023, no instances of impairment were identified.

Revenue Recognition

Our revenues are primarily derived from the sale of packaging products to customers. Revenue is recognized when performance obligations are satisfied, in an amount reflecting the consideration we expect to receive. We consider the promise to transfer products to be our sole performance obligation. If the consideration agreed to in a contract includes a variable amount, we estimate the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring the promised goods to the customer using an expected value method. Our main sources of variable consideration are customer rebates and cash discounts. We base these estimates on anticipated performance and our best judgment at the time to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue recognized will not occur. Estimates are monitored and adjusted each period until the incentives are realized. There are no material instances where variable consideration is constrained and not recorded at the initial time of sale.

Generally, our revenue is recognized at the time of shipment, when title and risk of loss pass to the customer. A small number of our contracts are for sales of products which are customer specific and cannot be repurposed. Revenue for these products is recognized over time based on costs incurred plus a reasonable profit. This revenue represents approximately 3% of our net revenues and has a relatively short period of time between the goods being manufactured and shipped to customers. Shipping and handling fees billed to a customer are recorded on a gross basis in net revenues with the corresponding shipping and handling costs included in cost of sales in the concurrent period as the revenue is recorded. Any taxes collected on behalf of government authorities are excluded from net revenues. We do not receive non-cash consideration for the sale of goods nor do we grant payment financing terms greater than one year.

We consider purchase orders, which in some cases are governed by master supply agreements, to be the contracts with a customer. Key sales terms, such as pricing and quantities ordered, are established frequently, so most customer arrangements and related sales incentives have a duration of one year or shorter. We do not incur any significant costs to obtain a contract. We generally do not have any unbilled receivables at the end of a period.

Refer to Note 20, Segment Information, for information regarding the disaggregation of revenue by products and geography.

Restructuring Costs

We incur restructuring costs when we take action to exit or significantly curtail a part of our operations or change the deployment of assets or personnel. A restructuring charge can consist of, among others, an impairment or accelerated depreciation of affected assets, severance costs associated with reductions to our workforce, costs to terminate an operating lease or contract, charges for legal obligations from which no future benefit will be derived, transition labor costs and environmental remediation costs. Such restructuring activities are recorded when management has committed to an exit or reorganization plan and when termination benefits are probable and can be reasonably estimated based on circumstances at the time the restructuring plan is approved by management or when termination benefits are communicated. The accrual of both severance and exit costs requires the use of estimates. Though we believe that our estimates accurately reflect the anticipated costs, actual results may differ. Refer to Note 4, Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges, for additional details.

Leases

We determine if an arrangement is a lease or a service contract at inception. Where an arrangement is a lease, we determine if it is an operating lease or a finance lease. Subsequently, if the arrangement is modified, we re-evaluate our classification.

At the commencement of a lease, we record a lease liability and corresponding right-of-use (“ROU”) asset in accordance with ASC 842 Leases. Lease liabilities represent the present value of our future lease payments over the expected lease term which includes options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain those options will be exercised. We have elected to include lease and non-lease components in determining our lease liability for all leased assets. Non-lease components are generally services that the lessor provides for the entity associated with the leased asset. For those leases with payments based on an index, the lease liability is determined using the index at lease commencement. Lease payments based on increases in the index subsequent to lease commencement are recognized as variable lease expense as they occur. Some leases have variable payments, however, because they are not based on an index or rate, they are not included in the measurement of ROU assets and operating lease liabilities. Variable payments for real estate leases relate primarily to common area maintenance, insurance, taxes and utilities associated with the properties. Variable payments for equipment leases relate primarily to hours, miles or other quantifiable usage factors, which are not determinable at the time the lease agreement is entered into. These variable payments are expensed as incurred.

The present value of our lease liability is determined using our incremental borrowing rate at lease inception. ROU assets represent our right to control the use of the leased asset during the lease and are generally recognized in an amount equal to the lease liability. Over the lease term we use the effective interest rate method to account for the lease liability as lease payments are made and the ROU asset is amortized to earnings in a manner that results in a straight-line expense recognition in our consolidated statements ~~of (loss) income.~~

6058

Pactiv Evergreen Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions, except per share data and unless otherwise indicated)

of (loss) income. An ROU asset and lease liability are not recognized for leases with an initial term of 12 months or less, and we recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. All operating lease cash payments and finance lease cash payments related to the interest portion of the lease liability are recorded within cash flows from operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Finance lease cash payments related to the principal portion of the lease liability are recorded within cash flows from financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. We test ROU assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired. Our lease agreements do not include significant restrictions, covenants or residual value guarantees. Refer to Note 10, Leases, for additional details.

Employee Benefit Plans

We record annual income and expense amounts relating to our defined benefit pension plans and other post-employment benefit (“OPEB”) plans based on calculations which include various actuarial assumptions, including discount rates, mortality, assumed rates of return, compensation increases, turnover rates and healthcare cost trends. We review our actuarial assumptions on an annual basis, or whenever a remeasurement event occurs, and make modifications to the assumptions based on current rates and trends when it is deemed appropriate to do so. The effect of modifications on the value of plan obligations and assets is recognized immediately within other comprehensive ~~income~~ (loss) income and amortized into non-operating income (expense) ~~income~~, net over future periods. We believe that the assumptions utilized in recording our obligations under our plans are reasonable based on our experience, market conditions and input from our actuaries and investment advisors. Refer to Note 12, Employee Benefits, for additional details.

Equity Based Compensation

Equity based compensation awarded to employees and non-employee directors is valued at fair value on the grant date and is recognized ratably over the requisite service period. For performance share units (“PSUs”), which vest based on the achievement of a company performance target during a performance period set by our Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors, we recognize compensation expense when it is probable the performance target will be achieved. Forfeitures are recognized as incurred, rather than estimated. Refer to Note 18, Equity Based Compensation, for additional details.

Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock and the effect of dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period, calculated using the treasury stock method. Dilutive potential common shares include outstanding restricted stock units (“RSUs”). PSUs are considered dilutive when the related performance criterion has been met.

Financial Instruments

We are exposed to certain risks relating to our ongoing business operations. From time to time, we may enter into various derivative instruments to mitigate certain risks under our risk management policies. We are not a party to leveraged derivatives and, by policy, do not use financial instruments for speculative purposes. We terminate derivative instruments if the underlying asset or liability matures or is repaid, or if we determine the underlying forecasted transaction is no longer probable of occurring.

Interest Rate Derivatives

We manage interest rate risk by using interest rate derivative instruments. We enter into interest rate swaps (pay fixed, receive variable) to manage a portion of the interest rate risk associated with our variable rate borrowings. We record interest rate derivative instruments at fair value (Level 2) and on a gross basis in our consolidated balance sheets in other current or noncurrent assets or liabilities, depending on their duration. Cash flows from interest rate derivative instruments are classified as operating activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows based on the nature of the derivative instrument.

We elected to use hedge accounting for the interest rate derivative instruments entered into during 2022. Accordingly, for such derivative instruments, the effective portion of the gain or loss on the open hedging instrument is recorded in other comprehensive ~~income~~ (loss) income and is reclassified into earnings as interest expense, net when settled.

Commodity Derivatives

We are exposed to price risk related to forecasted purchases of certain commodities that we primarily use as raw materials or sources of energy. We periodically enter into commodity derivatives to manage such price risk. We record commodity derivative instruments at fair value (Level 2) and on a gross basis in our consolidated balance sheets in other current or noncurrent assets or liabilities, depending on their duration. Cash flows from commodity derivative instruments are classified as operating activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows based on the nature of the derivative instrument. Historically, we have not elected to use hedge accounting for our commodity derivatives. Accordingly, any unrealized gains or losses (mark-to-market impacts) and realized gains or losses are recorded in cost of sales in our consolidated statements of (loss) income.

6159

Pactiv Evergreen Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions, except per share data and unless otherwise indicated)

use hedge accounting for our commodity derivatives. Accordingly, any unrealized gains or losses (mark-to-market impacts) and realized gains or losses are recorded in cost of sales in our consolidated statements of (loss) income.

Foreign Exchange Derivatives

We are exposed to risk from exchange rate fluctuations due to the global nature of our operations and certain commodity risks. In order to manage these risks, we periodically hedge portions of our forecasted purchases expected to occur within the next twelve months that are denominated in non-functional currencies, with foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes.

We record foreign currency derivatives at fair value (Level 2) and on a gross basis in our consolidated balance sheets in other current assets or liabilities. Cash flows from foreign currency derivative instruments are classified as operating activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows based on the nature of the derivative instrument. Gains or losses are recognized as a component of other comprehensive (loss) income and reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transactions affect earnings.

Income Taxes

Our income tax benefit (expense) includes amounts payable or refundable for the current year, the effects of deferred taxes and impacts from uncertain tax positions. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of our assets and liabilities, tax loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply in the years in which those differences are expected to reverse.

The realization of certain deferred tax assets is dependent on generating sufficient taxable income in the appropriate jurisdiction prior to the expiration of the carryforward periods. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. When assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider any carryback potential, future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences (including liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits), future taxable income and tax planning strategies.

We recognize tax benefits in our consolidated financial statements from uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained based on the technical merits of the position. The amount we recognize is measured as the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon resolution. Future changes related to the expected resolution of uncertain tax positions could affect tax expense in the period when the change occurs.

Foreign Operations

Our consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars, which is our reporting currency. We translate the results of operations of our subsidiaries with functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar using average exchange rates during each period and translate balance sheet accounts using exchange rates at the end of each period. We record currency translation adjustments as a component of equity within accumulated other comprehensive loss (“AOCL”) and transaction gains and losses in other income, net in our consolidated statements of (loss) income. Foreign currency translation balances reported within ~~accumulated~~AOCL ~~other comprehensive loss~~ are recognized in the consolidated statements of (loss) income when the operation is disposed of or substantially liquidated.

Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures

Certain assets and liabilities are required to be recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Certain other assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Fair value is determined based on the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Our assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are presented in Note 11, Financial Instruments. Assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include long-lived assets held and used, long-lived assets held for sale, goodwill and other intangible assets. The fair value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts and other receivables, accounts payable, related party payables and accrued and other current liabilities approximate their carrying values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes valuation methodologies based on the reliability of the inputs, is:

•

Level 1: Valuations based on quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in active markets.

•

Level 2: Valuations based on observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

~~Level 3: Valuations based on unobservable inputs reflecting our own assumptions, consistent with reasonably available assumptions made by other market participants.~~60

Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07 Segment Reporting - Improving Reportable Segment Disclosures (Topic 280). The ASU is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant expenses. The ASU requires disclosures to include significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM), a description of other segment items by reportable segment and any additional measures of a segment's profit or loss used by the CODM when deciding how to allocate resources. The ASU also requires all annual disclosures currently required by Topic 280 to be included in interim periods. The update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments should be applied on a retrospective basis to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. We are currently assessing the impact of adopting the updated provisions.

Pactiv Evergreen Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions, except per share data and unless otherwise indicated)

•

~~reconciliation~~Level ~~table.~~3: ~~The~~Valuations ~~ASU~~based ~~also~~on ~~requires~~unobservable ~~disclosure~~inputs ofreflecting ~~disaggregated~~our ~~information~~own ~~related to income taxes paid~~assumptions, ~~income~~consistent orwith ~~loss~~reasonably ~~from~~available ~~continuing~~assumptions ~~operations~~made ~~before~~by ~~income~~other ~~tax~~market ~~expense or benefit, and income tax expense or benefit from continuing operations~~participants. The requirements of the ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments should be applied on a prospective basis. We are currently assessing the impact of the ASU on our related disclosures.

Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07 Segment Reporting - Improving Reportable Segment Disclosures (Topic 280). The ASU is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant expenses. The ASU requires disclosures to include significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM), a description of other segment items by reportable segment and any additional measures of a segment's profit or loss used by the CODM when deciding how to allocate resources. The ASU also requires all annual disclosures currently required by Topic 280 to be included in interim periods. The update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. We adopted this ASU during the fourth quarter of 2024 on a retrospective basis. Adoption of this standard resulted in additional disclosure of the significant expenses in the respective segments. Refer to Note 20, Segment Information, for additional details.

Accounting Guidance Issued but Not Yet Adopted as of December 31, 2024

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 Income Taxes - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740) requiring enhanced income tax disclosures. The ASU requires the disclosure of specific categories and disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation table. The ASU also requires disclosure of disaggregated information related to income taxes paid, income or loss from continuing operations before income tax expense or benefit, and income tax expense or benefit from continuing operations. The requirements of the ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments should be applied on a prospective basis. We are currently assessing the impact of the ASU on our related disclosures.

In March 2024, the SEC adopted final rules under SEC Release No. 33-11275, The Enhancement and Standardization of Climate-Related Disclosures for Investors, which, as adopted, require registrants to include certain climate-related information in their annual reports and registration statements. The rules require, among other matters, information about climate-related risks that are reasonably likely to have a material impact on a registrant’s business, results of operations or financial condition. The required information about climate-related risks also includes disclosure of a registrant’s greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the rules would require registrants to include certain climate-related financial disclosures in their audited financial statements. As adopted, these disclosure requirements would be phased in over several years beginning with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2026. However, while the SEC has adopted these rules, the rules have been stayed and are subject to pending legal and political challenges causing significant uncertainty regarding when and how they will ultimately apply to us. We are currently assessing the impact of these rules on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03 Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (Topic 220-40). The ASU requires disclosure of additional information in a disaggregated manner within the footnotes for relevant expense captions presented on the face of the statement of income. The requirements of the ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments may be applied on a prospective basis with the option for retrospective application. We are currently assessing the impact of the ASU on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

We reviewed all other recently issued accounting pronouncements and concluded that they were either not applicable or not expected to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Note 3. Acquisitions and Dispositions

~~Acquisition~~Dispositions

OnBeverage ~~October~~Merchandising 1,Restructuring ~~2021,~~Related we acquired 100% of the outstanding ownership interests of Fabri-Kal LLC, Monarch Mill Pond LLC and Pure Pulp Products LLC (collectively, “Fabri-Kal”) for a purchase price of $378 million, including final adjustments for cash, indebtedness and working capital of $2 million, in total, which was paid during the year ended December 31, 2022. Fabri-Kal is a U.S. manufacturer of thermoformed plastic packaging products. Its products include food containers and drinkware (cold cups and lids) for the institutional foodservice and consumer packaged goods markets. The acquisition included four manufacturing facilities in the U.S. The acquisition broadened our portfolio of sustainable packaging products and expanded our manufacturing capacity to better serve our customers.Dispositions

~~The~~As ~~Fabri-Kal~~discussed ~~acquisition~~in ~~was~~further ~~accounted~~detail ~~for~~in ~~under~~Note ~~the~~4, ~~acquisition~~Restructuring ~~method~~Asset ofImpairment ~~accounting~~ and ~~the~~Other ~~results~~Related ofCharges, ~~operations~~the ~~were~~Beverage Merchandising Restructuring included inthe ~~our~~exploration ~~consolidated~~of ~~financial~~strategic ~~statements~~alternatives ~~from~~for the ~~date~~Facilities ofas ~~acquisition.~~well ~~Included~~as inthe ~~our~~closure ~~consolidated statements~~ of ~~(loss)~~the ~~income~~Canton ~~are~~Mill. ~~Fabri-Kal’s~~These ~~net~~actions ~~revenues~~resulted ofin ~~$106~~the ~~million~~Pine ~~and~~Bluff aTransaction, ~~loss~~which ~~before~~closed ~~income~~on ~~taxes~~October of1, ~~$13~~2024, ~~million~~and ~~from~~ the ~~date~~Canton ofTransaction, ~~acquisition~~which ~~through~~closed ~~December~~on 31January 10, ~~2021~~2025.

~~The~~As ~~following~~a ~~table~~result ~~summarizes~~of the ~~final~~Pine ~~purchase~~Bluff ~~price~~Transaction, ~~allocation~~we received proceeds of $83 million during the ~~fair~~year ~~value~~ended December 31, 2024. We recognized an impairment charge of ~~net~~$315 ~~tangible~~million ~~and~~during ~~intangible~~the ~~assets~~year ~~acquired~~ended ~~and~~December ~~liabilities~~31, ~~assumed:~~2024 related to the measurement of the

	As of October 1, 2021
Cash and cash equivalents	$	3
Accounts receivable		46
Inventories		84
Other current assets		2
Property, plant and equipment		122
Operating lease right-of-use assets		31
Goodwill		69
Customer relationships		56
Trademarks		34
Deferred income taxes		10
Assets acquired	$	457
Accounts payable	$	17
Current portion of long-term debt		1
Current portion of operating lease liabilities		3
Accrued and other current liabilities		25
Long-term debt		1
Long-term operating lease liabilities		25
Long-term employee benefit obligations		6
Other noncurrent liabilities		1
Liabilities assumed	$	79
Total purchase price	$	378

We allocated finite-lived intangible assets acquired to the Foodservice segment which included $56 million of customer relationships with an estimated life of eight years and $34 million of trademarks with an estimated life of ten years. We increased the cost of acquired inventories by $12 million, all of which was expensed as a component of cost of sales during the year ended December 31, 2021. We allocated $69 million of goodwill to the Foodservice segment, of which $41 million is expected to be tax deductible. Goodwill arises principally as a result of expansion opportunities provided by Fabri-Kal’s manufacturing capacity to better serve our customers, in addition to plant operational synergies. The purchase price allocation in the table above is based on our final valuation analysis and reflects measurement period adjustments we recorded during the year ended December 31, 2022 which increased goodwill by $3 million. These adjustments related to reductions in inventories, property, plant and equipment and accrued and other current liabilities, and the related deferred tax effects. None of these adjustments were individually significant.

Pactiv Evergreen Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions, except per share data and unless otherwise indicated)

~~Real~~disposal ~~property~~group ~~and~~upon ~~personal~~qualifying ~~property~~as ~~fair~~held ~~values~~for ~~were determined using the cost approach~~sale. ~~The~~In ~~fair~~addition ~~values~~to ~~for~~this ~~customer~~charge, ~~relationships~~we atrecorded ~~the~~an ~~acquisition~~$8 ~~date~~million ~~were~~goodwill ~~determined~~impairment ~~using~~charge ~~the~~related ~~multi-period~~to ~~excess earnings method under~~ the ~~income~~disposal ~~approach~~group. ~~Significant~~The ~~assumptions~~operations ~~used in assessing the fair value~~ of the ~~customer~~Facilities ~~relationships~~did ~~intangible~~not ~~asset~~meet ~~were forecasted Adjusted EBITDA margins and contributory asset charges. Trademark fair values were determined using~~ the ~~relief~~criteria ~~from~~to ~~royalty~~be ~~method.~~presented ~~The~~as ~~fair~~discontinued ~~value measurements of intangible assets are based on significant unobservable inputs and thus represent Level 3 inputs~~operations.

~~The~~We ~~following~~classified ~~unaudited~~the ~~pro~~assets ~~forma~~and ~~information~~liabilities ~~shows~~associated ~~our~~with ~~results of operations as if~~ the ~~Fabri-Kal~~Canton ~~acquisition~~Mill ~~had been completed~~ as ofheld ~~January 1, 2020. Adjustments have been made~~ for ~~the~~sale ~~pro forma effects of depreciation and amortization of tangible and intangible assets recognized~~ as ~~part~~ of ~~the~~December ~~business~~31, ~~combination~~2024, ~~the~~and ~~amortization~~we ofexpect ~~the~~to ~~inventory~~record ~~fair~~a ~~value step~~pre-uptax ~~and~~gain ~~acquisition-related costs. Excluded from the 2021 pro forma results are $3 million~~ of ~~acquisition-related costs and~~ $1218 million ~~of expense~~ related to the ~~step-up~~Canton Transaction in the ~~fair~~first ~~value~~quarter of ~~inventory incurred in connection with the acquisition as they have been included in the 2020 pro forma results~~2025. The ~~pro~~Canton ~~forma~~Mill ~~results~~did ~~may~~ not ~~necessarily~~meet ~~reflect~~the ~~actual~~criteria ~~results~~to ofbe ~~operations~~presented ~~that~~as ~~would~~discontinued ~~have been achieved, nor are they necessarily indicative of future results of~~ operations.

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2021		2020
Pro forma net revenues from continuing operations	$	5,725	$	5,001
Pro forma income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes		55		(134	)

Refer to Note 4, Restructuring Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges, for further details regarding these transactions.

~~Dispositions~~Ducart Joint Venture

During the fourth quarter of 2024, we sold our 50% equity interests in a joint venture located in the Middle East region (the “Ducart Joint Venture”), resulting in proceeds of approximately $2 million and the recognition of an immaterial loss. Refer to Note 4, Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges, for additional details on this transaction.

Beverage Merchandising Asia

On January 4, 2022, we entered into a definitive agreement with SIG Schweizerische Industrie-Gesellschaft GmbH to sell our carton packaging and filling machinery businesses in China, Korea and Taiwan (“Beverage Merchandising Asia”) included in the Food and Beverage Merchandising segment. The transaction closed on August 2, 2022, and we received proceeds of $336 million. We recognized a gain on sale of $239 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, which was reflected in other income, net. The operations of Beverage Merchandising Asia did not meet the criteria to be presented as discontinued operations.

~~The~~Income ~~carrying~~from ~~amounts~~operations ofbefore ~~the~~income ~~major~~taxes ~~classes~~for of Beverage Merchandising Asia’s ~~assets~~for ~~and~~the ~~liabilities~~year asended of December 31, ~~2021~~2022 ~~comprised~~was ~~the~~$13 ~~following:~~million.

	As of December 31, 2021
Cash and cash equivalents	$	17
Current assets		53
Noncurrent assets		69
Total current assets held for sale	$	139
Current liabilities	$	28
Noncurrent liabilities		3
Total current liabilities held for sale	$	31

Income from operations before income taxes for Beverage Merchandising Asia for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $13 million and $22 million, respectively.

Closures Businesses

During the third quarter of 2022, we committed to a plan to sell our remaining closures businesses included in the Other operating segment. As a result, we classified the assets and liabilities of these businesses as held for sale and recognized an impairment charge of $56 million within restructuring, asset impairment and other related charges during the year ended December 31, 2022 to reduce the carrying value of the disposal group to its fair value less costs to sell. This impairment charge included $26 million of cumulative currency translation adjustment losses. We completed the sale of a substantial portion of these businesses on October 31, 2022, and the remaining operations in the first quarter of 2023, each for an immaterial amount. ~~The carrying amounts of the closures businesses’ assets and liabilities held for sale as of December 31, 2022 were $6 million and $3 million, respectively.~~

We recognized a partial reversal of the initial impairment charge of $1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 which was reflected in restructuring, asset impairment and other related charges. The operations of the remaining closures businesses did not meet the criteria to be presented as discontinued operations. The remaining closures businesses’ income from operations before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2023, ~~2022~~ and ~~2021~~2022 was immaterial.

64Naturepak Beverage

On March 29, 2022, we completed the sale of our equity interests in Naturepak Beverage Packaging Co. Ltd. (“Naturepak Beverage”), our 50% joint venture with Naturepak Limited, to affiliates of Elopak ASA. We received proceeds of $47 million and recognized a gain on the sale of our equity interests of $27 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 which was reflected in other income, net. Our interests in Naturepak Beverage did not meet the criteria to be presented as discontinued operations. The income from operations before income taxes from our equity interests in Naturepak Beverage for the year ended December 31, 2022 was immaterial.

Note 4. Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges

Footprint Optimization

On February 29, 2024, we announced the Footprint Optimization, a restructuring plan approved by our Board of Directors to optimize our manufacturing and warehousing footprint that we expect will improve our operating efficiency. We expect to incur capital expenditures of $40 million to $45 million, total cash restructuring charges of $50 million to $65 million and total non-cash charges of $20 million to $40 million, each primarily during 2025, to execute our plan. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred cash charges of $11 million, primarily related to severance and other exit costs and non-cash charges of $8 million, primarily related to accelerated property, plant and equipment depreciation. The estimated ranges of restructuring charges are provisional and include significant management judgments and assumptions that could change materially as we execute our

Pactiv Evergreen Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions, except per share data and unless otherwise indicated)

~~Naturepak~~plans. ~~Beverage~~Actual results may differ from these estimates, and the execution of our plan could result in additional restructuring charges or impairments.

~~On March 29, 2022, we completed the sale of our equity interests in Naturepak~~ Beverage ~~Packaging~~Merchandising Co. Ltd. (“Naturepak Beverage”), our 50% joint venture with Naturepak Limited, to affiliates of Elopak ASA. We received proceeds of $47 million and recognized a gain on the sale of our equity interests of $27 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 which was reflected in other income, net. Our interests in Naturepak Beverage did not meet the criteria to be presented as discontinued operations. The income from operations before income taxes from our equity interests in Naturepak Beverage for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was immaterial.Restructuring

~~Note~~On 4.March 6, 2023, we announced the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring, ~~Asset~~a ~~Impairment~~plan ~~and~~approved ~~Other~~by ~~Related~~our ~~Charges~~Board of Directors to take significant restructuring actions related to our beverage merchandising operations. The Beverage Merchandising Restructuring includes, among other things:

•

OnClosure ~~March~~of ~~6, 2023, we announced~~ the ~~Beverage~~Canton ~~Merchandising Restructuring~~Mill, aincluding ~~plan~~the ~~approved~~cessation ~~by our Board~~ of ~~Directors~~mill ~~to take significant restructuring actions related to our Beverage Merchandising~~ operations., ~~The~~during ~~Beverage~~the ~~Merchandising~~second ~~Restructuring~~quarter ~~includes,~~of ~~among other things:~~2023;

•

Closure of our Canton, North Carolina mill, including the cessation of mill operations, during the second quarter of 2023;

Closure of our Olmsted Falls, Ohio converting facility and concurrent reallocation of certain production to our remaining converting facilities during the second quarter of 2023; and

•

Reorganizing our operating and reporting structure to achieve increased efficiencies and related cost savings.

~~The~~Additionally, ~~Beverage~~the ~~Merchandising~~plan ~~Restructuring~~included ~~resulted~~the inexploration aof ~~workforce~~strategic ~~reduction~~alternatives offor ~~approximately~~the ~~1,300 employees~~Facilities. WeFollowing ~~also~~authorization ~~continue~~by toour ~~explore~~Board ~~strategic~~of ~~alternatives~~Directors ~~for~~on ~~our~~July ~~Pine~~12, ~~Bluff~~2024, ~~Arkansas~~we ~~mill~~entered ~~and~~into ~~our~~a ~~Waynesville,~~definitive ~~North~~agreement ~~Carolina~~to ~~facility.~~sell Wethe ~~have~~Facilities ~~not~~and ~~set~~associated aassets ~~definitive~~and ~~timetable~~liabilities ~~in relation~~ to ~~this process~~Suzano.

AsThe aPine ~~result~~Bluff Transaction closed on October 1, 2024. We received proceeds of $83 million, inclusive of the ~~Beverage~~$10 ~~Merchandising~~million ~~Restructuring,~~exclusivity wepayment ~~incurred~~previously ~~charges~~received during the ~~year~~second ~~ended~~quarter ~~December~~of ~~31,~~2024. ~~2023,~~We ~~and~~also weentered ~~estimate~~into wea ~~will~~long-term ~~incur~~liquid ~~further~~packaging ~~charges~~board insupply ~~future~~arrangement ~~periods,~~with asSuzano ~~follows:~~upon closing of the Pine Bluff Transaction.

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023		Total Expected Charges(1)(2)
Non-cash:
Accelerated property, plant and equipment depreciation	$	274	$	280
Other non-cash charges(3)		50	45 - 50
Total non-cash charges	$	324	325 - 330
Cash:
Severance, termination and related costs		43		45
Exit, disposal and other transition costs(4)		103	105 - 115
Total cash charges		146	150 - 160
Total Beverage Merchandising Restructuring charges	$	470	$ 475 - 490

We classified the assets and liabilities associated with the Facilities, including an allocated portion of the goodwill associated with the Beverage Merchandising reporting unit, as held for sale as of July 12, 2024. Upon qualifying as held for sale, we measured the disposal group at the lower of its carrying value and its fair value, less costs to sell, and recognized an impairment charge of $314 million. In addition to this charge, we recorded an $8 million goodwill impairment charge related to the disposal group. During the fourth quarter of 2024 we recognized an additional $1 million impairment charge related to the Pine Bluff Transaction. The operations of the Facilities did not meet the criteria to be presented as discontinued operations. Additionally, we evaluated the assets of our Beverage Merchandising reporting unit that were not allocated to the disposal group for impairment and determined no additional impairment charge was warranted.

WeDuring ~~expect~~the tofourth ~~incur~~quarter ~~any~~of ~~remaining~~2024, ~~charges~~we ~~during~~determined ~~2024.~~that ~~These~~the ~~charges~~assets ~~include~~and ~~certain~~liabilities ~~estimates~~associated ~~that~~with ~~are~~the ~~provisional~~Canton ~~and~~Mill ~~include~~met ~~significant~~the ~~management~~criteria ~~judgments~~to ~~and~~be ~~assumptions~~classified ~~that~~as ~~could~~held ~~change~~for ~~materially~~sale. asAs wea ~~complete~~result, ~~the~~$12 ~~execution~~million of ~~our~~property, ~~plans.~~plant ~~Actual~~and ~~results~~equipment, ~~may~~$5 ~~differ~~million ~~from~~of ~~these~~accrued ~~estimates,~~and other current liabilities and ~~the~~$22 ~~completion~~million of ~~our~~other ~~plan~~non-current ~~could~~liabilities ~~result~~related into ~~additional~~the ~~restructuring~~Canton ~~charges~~Mill orwere ~~impairments~~reclassified as held for sale as of December 31, 2024. The Canton Mill did not ~~reflected~~meet ~~above~~the criteria to be presented as discontinued operations.

~~Total~~As ~~cash~~a ~~charges~~result ~~exclude~~of the ~~benefit~~Beverage ofMerchandising ~~any potential cash proceeds related to possible sales of any property~~Restructuring, ~~plant~~we ~~and~~incurred ~~equipment~~charges ~~that~~during ~~may be disposed of as part of our ongoing restructuring activities. During~~ the year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024, ~~we received $4 million in cash proceeds~~ and ~~recognized~~we anestimate ~~immaterial~~we ~~gain~~will onincur ~~the~~further ~~sale~~charges ofin ~~these~~future ~~assets. As of December 31~~periods, ~~2023, we classified $4 million of properties~~ as ~~held for sale related to our Beverage Merchandising Restructuring and expect to recognize an immaterial gain on the sale of these properties.~~follows:

Other non-cash charges include the write-down of certain spare parts classified as inventories on our consolidated balance sheet, the write-off of scrapped raw materials and certain construction in-progress balances and accelerated amortization expense for certain operating lease right-of-use assets.


	For the Year Ended December 31, 2024			Cumulative Charges Incurred to Date		Total Expected Charges(1)(2)
Non-cash:
Accelerated property, plant and equipment depreciation	$	11		$	285	$	285
Pine Bluff Transaction impairment charges(3)		323			323		323
Other non-cash charges(4)		(1	)		49		37
Total non-cash charges	$	333		$	657		645
Cash:
Severance, termination and related costs		1			44		45
Exit, disposal and other transition costs(5)		24			127		125
Total cash charges		25			171		170
Total Beverage Merchandising Restructuring charges	$	358		$	828	$	815

(1)

~~Exit,~~We ~~disposal~~expect ~~and~~any ~~other~~remaining ~~transition~~charges ~~costs are primarily related~~ to ~~equipment~~occur ~~decommissioning~~in ~~and~~2025 ~~dismantlement,~~but ~~transition~~do ~~labor~~not ~~associated~~expect ~~with~~that ~~the~~they ~~facility~~will ~~closures~~be ~~and management restructuring, site remediation, contract terminations, systems conversion and other related costs~~material.

(2)

65Total expected charges include the impact of the Pine Bluff Transaction and the Canton Transaction discussed above. In addition to these transactions, during both the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we received $4 million in cash proceeds and recognized an immaterial gain on the sale of other assets.

Pactiv Evergreen Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions, except per share data and unless otherwise indicated)

(3)

~~The~~Pine ~~Beverage~~Bluff ~~Merchandising~~Transaction ~~Restructuring~~impairment charges ~~and~~included ~~other~~a ~~restructuring~~goodwill ~~and asset~~ impairment ~~charges~~charge ~~(net~~ of ~~reversals)~~$8 ~~were~~million ~~classified~~related onto ~~our~~the ~~consolidated~~Facilities ~~statements~~disposal ~~of (loss) income as follows by segment:~~group.

(4)

	Food and BeverageMerchandising		Other		Total
For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
Cost of sales	$	299	$	—	$	299
Selling, general and administrative expenses		6		—		6
Restructuring, asset impairment and other related charges		157		14		171
Total	$	462	$	14	$	476
For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
Restructuring, asset impairment and other related charges	$	2	$	56	$	58
Total	$	2	$	56	$	58
For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
Cost of sales	$	24	$	—	$	24
Restructuring, asset impairment and other related charges		9		—		9
Total	$	33	$	—	$	33

(5)

~~For the year ended December 31~~Exit, ~~2023,~~disposal weand ~~recorded~~other atransition ~~non-cash~~costs ~~impairment~~are ~~charge~~primarily ~~of $6 million~~ related to ~~our~~equipment ~~equity~~decommissioning ~~interests~~and ~~in a joint venture located in the Middle East region~~dismantlement, ~~which~~transition islabor ~~reported~~associated ~~within~~with the ~~Food~~facility closures and ~~Beverage~~management ~~Merchandising~~restructuring, ~~operating~~site ~~segment.~~remediation, Wecontract ~~concluded~~terminations, ~~the~~systems ~~impairment~~conversion ~~was~~and other~~-than-temporary;~~ ~~accordingly, the carrying value of our equity interests was reduced to its fair value. The impairment arose due to our assessment of unfavorable economic developments~~ related ~~to the operations of the joint venture~~costs.

The Beverage Merchandising Restructuring charges, Footprint Optimization charges and other restructuring and asset impairment charges (net of reversals) were classified on our consolidated statements of (loss) income as follows by segment:


	Food and Beverage Merchandising		Foodservice		Other		Total
For the Year Ended December 31, 2024
Cost of sales(1)	$	16	$	2	$	—	$	18
Restructuring, asset impairment and other related charges(2)		355		4		5		364
Total	$	371	$	6	$	5	$	382

For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
Cost of sales	$	299	$	—	$	—	$	299
Selling, general and administrative expenses		6		—		—		6
Restructuring, asset impairment and other related charges		157		—		14		171
Total	$	462	$	—	$	14	$	476

For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
Restructuring, asset impairment and other related charges	$	2	$	—	$	56	$	58
Total	$	2	$	—	$	56	$	58

(1)

Included $8 million of non-cash charges related to the Footprint Optimization for the year ended December 31, 2024, of which $2 million related to our Foodservice segment and $6 million related to our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment.

(2)

Included $323 million of non-cash impairment charges related to the Pine Bluff Transaction for the year ended December 31, 2024, all related to the Food and Beverage Merchandising segment. Also included $11 million of cash charges related to the Footprint Optimization for the year ended December 31, 2024, of which $4 million related to our Foodservice segment and $7 million related to our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment, respectively.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we also recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $2 million related to our equity interests in the Ducart Joint Venture, which is reported within the Food and Beverage Merchandising operating segment. Additionally, we recorded cash charges of $2 million for severance related to other corporate overhead restructuring and the resulting reduction in force, which is recorded in Other.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $6 million related to our equity interests in the Ducart Joint Venture. We concluded the impairment was other-than-temporary; accordingly, the carrying value of our equity interests was reduced to its fair value. The impairment arose due to our assessment of unfavorable economic developments related to the operations of the joint venture.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $56 million related to our remaining closures businesses, which is reported within the Other operating segment. Accordingly, the carrying value of the remaining closures businesses was reduced to fair value. The impairment arose as a result of our decision to sell the remaining closures businesses. In addition, we closed our El Salvador operations in the Food and Beverage Merchandising segment. As a result, we recognized $1 million for contractual termination benefits.

During 2021, we announced the decision to close our coated groundwood paper production line located in our Pine Bluff, Arkansas mill and ceased manufacturing coated groundwood paper. As a result, we incurred a charge of $3 million for contractual termination benefits, accelerated plant and equipment depreciation expense of $24 million and other restructuring charges of $6 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. We also recognized $1 million for disassembly costs in the year ended December 31, 2022.64

The following table summarizes the changes to our restructuring liability related to the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring during the year ended December 31, 2023:

	December 31, 2022		Charges to Earnings		Cash Paid			December 31, 2023
Severance, termination and related costs	$	—	$	43	$	(34	)	$	9
Exit, disposal and other transition costs		—		103		(73	)		30
Total(1)	$	—	$	146	$	(107	)	$	39

Included $36 million classified within accrued and other current liabilities and $3 million classified within other noncurrent liabilities as of December 31, 2023.

Note 5. Inventories

The components of inventories consisted of the following:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Raw materials	$	223	$	260
Work in progress		67		101
Finished goods		465		596
Spare parts		97		105
Inventories	$	852	$	1,062

Pactiv Evergreen Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions, except per share data and unless otherwise indicated)

The following table summarizes the changes to our restructuring liability during the year ended December 31, 2024:


	December 31, 2023		Charges to Earnings		Reclassified to Held for Sale			Cash Paid			December 31, 2024
Beverage Merchandising Restructuring
Severance, termination and related costs	$	9	$	1	$	—		$	(8	)	$	2
Exit, disposal and other transition costs		30		24		(4	)		(39	)	$	11
Footprint Optimization
Severance, termination and related costs		—		9		—			(1	)		8
Exit, disposal and other transition costs		—		2		—			(2	)		—
Other
Severance, termination and related costs		—		2		—			(2	)		—
Total(1)	$	39	$	38	$	(4	)	$	(52	)	$	21

(1)

Included $19 million and $36 million classified within accrued and other current liabilities and $2 million and $3 million classified within other noncurrent liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Note 5. Inventories

The components of inventories consisted of the following:


	As of December 31,
	2024		2023
Raw materials	$	231	$	223
Work in progress		48		67
Finished goods		408		465
Spare parts		75		97
Inventories	$	762	$	852

Note 6. Property, Plant and Equipment, Net

Property, plant and equipment, net consisted of the following:

	As of December 31,
	2023			2022
	2024			2023
Land and land improvements	$	7153		$	7271
Buildings and building improvements		~~690~~564			~~661~~690
Machinery and equipment		32,~~669~~600			3,~~485~~669
Construction in progress		~~193~~161			~~189~~193
Property, plant and equipment, at cost		43,~~623~~378			4,~~407~~623
Less: accumulated depreciation		(32,~~112~~208	)		(23,~~634~~112	)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	1,~~511~~170		$	1,~~773~~511

Depreciation expense was recognized in the following components in the consolidated statements of (loss) income:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
	2024		2023		2022
Cost of sales	$	~~508~~221	$	~~254~~508	$	~~265~~254
Selling, general and administrative expenses		3225		2432		24
Total depreciation expense(1)	$	~~540~~246	$	~~278~~540	$	~~289~~278

(1)

For the ~~year~~years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, total depreciation expense included $17 million and $274 million, respectively, of accelerated depreciation expense related to the ~~Beverage~~restructuring ~~Merchandising Restructuring~~programs, substantially all of which was included in cost of sales. Refer to Note 4, Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges, for additional details.

~~Note 7. Goodwill and Intangible Assets~~65

Goodwill by reportable segment was as follows:

	Foodservice			Food and BeverageMerchandising		Total
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	990		$	822	$	1,812
Measurement period adjustments		3			—		3
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	993		$	822	$	1,815
Reclassified due to segment composition change		(35	)		35		—
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	958		$	857	$	1,815

In the second quarter of 2023, in conjunction with the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring, we implemented a new operating and reporting structure resulting in the combination of our legacy Food Merchandising and Beverage Merchandising segments, creating our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment. Refer to Note 4, Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges, for additional details. We also reorganized the management of certain product lines from our Foodservice segment to our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment. Refer to Note 20, Segment Information, for additional details. The change in the management of certain product lines resulted in a $35 million reclassification of goodwill between the segments based on the estimated relative fair value of the product

Pactiv Evergreen Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions, except per share data and unless otherwise indicated)

~~lines~~Note ~~compared to the estimated fair value of the Foodservice reporting unit~~7. WeGoodwill ~~have~~and ~~reflected~~Intangible ~~these changes in our segments in the table above.~~Assets

InGoodwill ~~analyzing~~by ~~the~~reportable ~~results~~segment ofwas ~~operations and business conditions of our reporting units~~ as ~~of December 31, 2023, each of the reporting units was reviewed for impairment using a quantitative assessment. No impairment was recorded for any reporting unit.~~follows:


	Foodservice			Food and Beverage Merchandising			Total
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	993		$	822		$	1,815
Reclassified due to segment composition change(1)		(35	)		35			—
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	958		$	857		$	1,815
Reclassification to assets held for sale(2)		—			(8	)		(8	)
Balance as of December 31, 2024	$	958		$	849		$	1,807

(1)

In the second quarter of 2023, in conjunction with the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring, we implemented a new operating and reporting structure resulting in the combination of our legacy Food Merchandising and Beverage Merchandising segments, creating our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment. Refer to Note 4, Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges, for additional details. We also reorganized the management of certain product lines from our Foodservice segment to our Food and Beverage Merchandising segment. The change in the management of certain product lines resulted in a $35 million reclassification of goodwill between the segments based on the estimated relative fair value of the product lines compared to the estimated fair value of the Foodservice reporting unit. We have reflected these changes in our segments in the table above.

(2)

The reclassification relates to the Pine Bluff Transaction. Refer to Note 4, Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges, for additional details.

In analyzing the results of operations and business conditions of our reporting units as of December 31, 2024, each of the reporting units was reviewed for impairment using a qualitative assessment. No impairment was recorded for any reporting unit.

Intangible assets, net consisted of the following:

	As of December 31, 2023							As of December 31, 2022
	As of December 31, 2024							As of December 31, 2023
	GrossCarryingAmount		AccumulatedAmortization			Net		GrossCarryingAmount		AccumulatedAmortization			Net
Finite-lived intangible assets
Customer relationships	$	1,~~062~~056	$	(~~698~~749	)	$	~~364~~307	$	1,~~060~~062	$	(~~639~~698	)	$	~~421~~364
Trademarks		42		(1519	)		2723		42		(1215	)		3027
Other		7		(7	)		—		7		(7	)		—
Total finite-lived intangible assets	$	1,~~111~~105	$	(~~720~~775	)	$	~~391~~330	$	1,~~109~~111	$	(~~658~~720	)	$	~~451~~391
Indefinite-lived intangible assets
Trademarks	$	554	$	—		$	554	$	554	$	—		$	554
Other		59		—			59		59		—			59
Total indefinite-lived intangible assets	$	613	$	—		$	613	$	613	$	—		$	613
Total intangible assets	$	1,~~724~~718	$	(~~720~~775	)	$	~~1,004~~943	$	1,~~722~~724	$	(~~658~~720	)	$	1,~~064~~004

In analyzing our indefinite-lived intangible assets as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, we elected to perform qualitative impairment analyses for all of our indefinite-lived intangible assets and no instances of impairment were identified.

Amortization expense for intangible assets of $60 million, $6160 million and $5561 million for the years ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021~~2022, respectively, was recognized in selling, general and administrative expenses.

For the next five years, we estimate annual amortization expense as follows:

2024	$	60
2025	$	58
2025		58
2026		57
2027		57
2028		57
Total	$	289
2029		55
Total	$	284

~~Note 8. Accrued and Other Current Liabilities~~66

Accrued and other current liabilities consisted of the following:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Personnel costs	$	134	$	160
Rebates and credits		85		108
Restructuring costs(1)		36		—
Interest		17		17
Other(2)		127		133
Accrued and other current liabilities	$	399	$	418

Pactiv Evergreen Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions, except per share data and unless otherwise indicated)

~~Restructuring~~Note ~~costs relate to the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring~~8. ~~Refer~~Accrued ~~to Note 4, Restructuring, Asset Impairment~~ and Other ~~Related~~Current ~~Charges, for additional details.~~Liabilities

Accrued and other current liabilities consisted of the following:


	As of December 31,
	2024		2023
Personnel costs	$	87	$	134
Rebates and credits		54		85
Restructuring costs(1)		19		36
Interest		17		17
Other(2)		121		127
Accrued and other current liabilities	$	298	$	399

(1)

Restructuring costs are primarily related to the Beverage Merchandising Restructuring and the Footprint Optimization. Refer to Note 4, Restructuring, Asset Impairment and Other Related Charges, for additional details.

(2)

Other includes items such as freight, utilities and other non-income related taxes.

Note 9. Debt

Debt consisted of the following:

	As of December 31,
	2023			2022
	2024			2023
Credit Agreement	$	1,680		$	2,227
Credit Agreement:
U.S. Term Loans	$	1,257		$	1,680
U.S. Revolving Loans		260			—
Notes:
4.000% Senior Secured Notes due 2027		1,000			1,000
4.375% Senior Secured Notes due 2028		500			500
Pactiv Debentures:
7.950% Debentures due 2025		217			217
8.375% Debentures due 2027		167			167
Other		4134			4941
Total principal amount of borrowings		3,~~605~~435			43,~~160~~605
Deferred debt issuance costs (“DIC”)		(119	)		(1411	)
Original issue discounts, net of premiums (“OID”)		(82	)		(108	)
		3,586			4,136
		3,424			3,586
Less: current portion		(15223	)		(3115	)
Long-term debt	$	3,~~571~~201		$	43,~~105~~571

We were in compliance with all debt covenants during the years ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023.

Credit Agreement

PTVE and certain of its U.S. subsidiaries are parties to a senior secured credit agreement dated August 5, 2016 as amended (the “Credit Agreement”). As of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, the Credit Agreement comprised the following term and revolving tranches:

	Maturity Date	Value Drawn ~~or Utilized~~		Applicable Interest Rate
Term Tranches
Term Tranche
U.S. term loans Tranche B-2	February 5, 2026	$	690	SOFR (floor of 0.000%) + 3.250%
U.S. term loans Tranche B-4	September 24, 2028	$	1,257	SOFR (floor of 0.000%) + 2.500%
U.S. term loans Tranche B-3	September 24, 2028	$	990	SOFR (floor of 0.500%) + 3.250%
Revolving Tranche(1)
Revolving Tranche(1)
U.S. Revolving Loans	May 1, 2029	$	260	SOFR (floor of 0.000%) + 2.500%
U.S. Revolving Loans	August 5, 2025	$	49		—

(1)

The Revolving Tranche represents a $~~250~~1,100 million facility. ~~The~~In ~~amount~~addition to the value drawn, we have utilized is$43 million in the form of letters of credit.

We ~~repaid~~borrowed ~~a total of~~ $~~535~~391 million of our ~~U.S.~~Revolving ~~term loans~~ Tranche ~~B-2~~Facility ~~during~~and ~~the~~repaid year ended December 31, 2023. The repayments were first applied to the remaining U.S term loans Tranche B-2 quarterly amortization payments, thereby eliminating all remaining quarterly amortization payments for the U.S term loans Tranche B-2, with the residual balance applied to the outstanding principal balance due at maturity. In addition to quarterly amortization payments, during November 2023, we also made an early $5131 million ~~repayment~~plus ofinterest ~~our~~during ~~U.S. term loans Tranche B-3 which was applied to the quarterly amortization payments due on December 31, 2023 and March 31,~~ 2024.

On ~~April~~May 171, ~~2023~~2024, we amended the Credit Agreement, ~~replacing~~to increase the ~~LIBOR-based~~capacity ~~reference~~on ~~rate~~our ~~with~~Revolving aTranche ~~Secured~~facility ~~Overnight~~from ~~Financing~~$250 ~~Rate~~million ~~(“SOFR”)~~to ~~based reference rate~~$1,100 ~~effective~~million ~~for~~and ~~interest~~extend ~~payments for~~ the ~~period~~maturity ~~commencing~~date ~~April~~to 28May 1, ~~2023~~2029. ~~Other~~We ~~than~~also ~~the~~amended ~~foregoing,~~ the ~~material~~applicable ~~terms~~interest ofrate ~~the~~and ~~Credit~~other ~~Agreement~~pricing ~~remain unchanged~~terms, ~~and~~including ~~our~~replacing ~~election~~the tofacility ~~use~~fee ~~certain~~with ~~practical~~a ~~expedients~~lower ~~under~~fee ~~Accounting Standards Codification Topic 848: Reference Rate Reform resulted in no material impacts~~ on ~~our~~unutilized ~~consolidated financial statements~~capacity.

On July 26, 2023, we further amended the Credit Agreement to extend the maturity date on our $250 million Revolving Tranche facility from August 5, 2024 to August 5, 2025. There were no other material changes to the terms of the Credit Agreement as a result of this amendment.67

The weighted average contractual interest rates related to our U.S. term loans Tranche B-3 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were 8.35%, 5.23% and 4.00%, respectively. The weighted average contractual interest rates related to our U.S. term loans Tranche B-2 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were 8.28%, 4.93% and 3.35%, respectively. Including the impact of interest rate swap agreements, which were entered into in November and December 2022, the weighted average rates on our U.S. term loans for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were 7.80% and 5.07%, respectively. The weighted average contractual interest rate related to our U.S. term loans Tranche B-1 for the year ended December 31, 2021 was 2.86%. The effective interest rates

Pactiv Evergreen Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions, except per share data and unless otherwise indicated)

ofOn ~~our~~May ~~debt~~28, ~~obligations~~2024, ~~under~~we further amended the Credit Agreement ~~are~~to ~~not~~replace ~~materially~~the ~~different~~existing ~~from~~$990 ~~the~~million ~~contractual~~outstanding ~~interest~~U.S. ~~rates~~term loans Tranche B-3 with a new upsized $1,330 million tranche of U.S. ~~Refer~~term toloans ~~Note~~Tranche 11B-4. The U.S. term loans Tranche B-4 will mature on September 24, ~~Financial~~2028. ~~Instruments~~The $340 million proceeds from upsizing the U.S. term loans, ~~for~~together ~~additional~~with ~~details~~the ~~regarding~~proceeds of a $350 million draw upon our Revolving Tranche facility, were used to prepay in full the $690 million of existing U.S. term loans Tranche B-2 maturing in February 2026. The U.S. term loans Tranche B-4 have a lower interest rate ~~swap~~relative ~~agreements~~to the U.S. term loans Tranche B-2 and B-3 that they replaced. There were no other material changes to the terms of the Credit Agreement as a result of these amendments.

On September 30, 2024, we repaid $70 million of U.S. term loans Tranche B-4, of which $67 million was considered a prepayment. As a result of this prepayment, we have no further quarterly amortization payments under the U.S. term loans.

The weighted average contractual interest rates related to our U.S. term loans for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were 8.04%, 8.35%, and 5.23%, respectively. Including the impact of interest rate swap agreements, which were entered into in 2022, the weighted average rates on our U.S. term loans for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were 7.27%, 7.80% and 5.07%, respectively. The effective interest rates of our debt obligations under the Credit Agreement are not materially different from the contractual interest rates. Refer to Note 11, Financial Instruments, for additional details regarding the interest rate swap agreements.

PTVE and certain of its U.S. subsidiaries have guaranteed on a senior basis the obligations under the Credit Agreement to the extent permitted by law. The borrowers and the guarantors have granted security over substantially all of their assets to support the obligations under the Credit Agreement. This security is expected to be shared on a first priority basis with the holders of the Notes.

Indebtedness under the Credit Agreement may be voluntarily repaid, in whole or in part, and must be mandatorily repaid in certain circumstances. We are required to make ~~quarterly amortization payments of 0.25% of the principal amount of U.S. term loans Tranche B-3. Additionally, we are required to make~~ annual prepayments of term loans with up to 50% of excess cash flow (which will be reduced to 25% or 0% if specified senior secured first lien leverage ratios are met) as determined in accordance with the Credit Agreement. No excess cash flow prepayments were due for the year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024.

The Credit Agreement contains customary covenants which restrict us from certain activities including, among others, incurring debt, creating liens over assets, selling assets and making restricted payments, in each case except as permitted under the Credit Agreement.

Notes

As of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, our outstanding notes were as follows:

	Maturity Date	Interest Payment Dates
4.000% Senior Secured Notes due 2027	October 15, 2027	April 15 and October 15
4.375% Senior Secured Notes due 2028	October 15, 2028	April 15 and October ~~15commencing April~~ 15~~, 2022~~

The effective interest rates of our debt obligations under the Notes are not materially different from the contractual interest rates.

PTVE and certain of its U.S. subsidiaries have guaranteed on a senior basis the obligations under the Notes (as defined below) to the extent permitted by law. The issuers and the guarantors have granted security over substantially all of their assets to support the obligations under the Notes. This security is expected to be shared on a first priority basis with the creditors under the Credit Agreement.

The respective indentures governing the 4.000% Senior Secured Notes due 2027 (“4.000% Notes”) and the 4.375% Senior Secured Notes due 2028 (together with the 4.000% Notes, the “Notes”) contain customary covenants which restrict us from certain activities including, among others, incurring debt, creating liens over assets, selling assets and making restricted payments, in each case except as permitted under the respective indentures governing the Notes.

Under the respective indentures governing the Notes, we can, at our option, elect to redeem the Notes under terms and conditions specified in the indentures. Under the respective indentures governing the Notes, in certain circumstances which would constitute a change in control, the holders of the Notes have the right to require us to repurchase the Notes at a premium.

Pactiv Debentures

As of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, our outstanding debentures (together, the “Pactiv Debentures”) were as follows:


	Maturity Date	Interest Payment Dates
7.950% Debentures due 2025	December 15, 2025	June 15 and December 15
8.375% Debentures due 2027	April 15, 2027	April 15 and October 15

Pactiv Evergreen Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions, except per share data and unless otherwise indicated)

In December 2022, we commenced and settled cash tender offers to purchase up to the maximum purchase price of $276 million and $200 million, including principal but excluding accrued and unpaid interest, at a price of 97.000% of our 7.950% Debentures due 2025 and our 8.375% Debentures due 2027, respectively (collectively, the “Tender Offers”). The aggregate principal amount of our

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