UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q


			☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025


			☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to .

Commission File Number: 1-8944

CLEVELAND-CLIFFS INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Ohio

34-1464672

(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization)

(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)

200 Public Square,

Cleveland,

Ohio

44114-2315

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (216) 694-5700

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Common shares, par value $0.125 per share

CLF

New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐ No ☒

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common shares, par value $0.125 per share, was 494,~~695~~707,~~276~~468 as of ~~July~~October 2322, 2025.

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Number

DEFINITIONS

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL POSITION AS OF JUNE 30, 2025 AND DECEMBER 31, 2024

STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL POSITION AS OF SEPTEMBER 30, 2025 AND DECEMBER 31, 2024

STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED OPERATIONS FOR THE THREE AND SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2025 AND 2024

STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED OPERATIONS FOR THE THREE AND NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2025 AND 2024

STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) FOR THE THREE AND SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2025 AND 2024

STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED COMPREHENSIVE LOSS FOR THE THREE AND NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2025 AND 2024

STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED CASH FLOWS FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2025 AND 2024

STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED CASH FLOWS FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2025 AND 2024

STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2025 AND 2024

STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2025 AND 2024

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

ITEM 2.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

2628

ITEM 3.

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

4043

ITEM 4.

CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

4044

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1.

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

4145

ITEM 1A.

RISK FACTORS

4145

ITEM 2.

UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

4145

ITEM 4.

MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

4246

ITEM 5.

OTHER INFORMATION

4246

ITEM 6.

EXHIBITS

4246

SIGNATURES

4347

Table of Contents

DEFINITIONS

The following abbreviations or acronyms are used in the text. References in this report to the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” "Cleveland-Cliffs" and “Cliffs” are to Cleveland-Cliffs Inc. and subsidiaries, collectively. References to “$” is to United States currency, unless otherwise stated.

Abbreviation or acronym						Term
ABL Facility						Asset-Based Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of March 13, 2020, which matures the earlier of June 9, 2028, or 91 days prior to the maturity of certain other material debt, among Cleveland-Cliffs Inc., the lenders party thereto from time to time and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, as amended as of March 27, 2020, December 9, 2020, December 17, 2021, June 9, 2023, July 31, 2024, and September 13, 2024, and as may be further amended from time to time
Adjusted EBITDA						EBITDA, excluding certain items such as EBITDA from noncontrolling interests, idled facilities charges, acquisition-related costs, changes in fair value of derivatives, net, currency exchange, loss on extinguishment of debt, arbitration decision, severance, and other, net.
AOCI						Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Arrangement Agreement						Arrangement Agreement, by and between Stelco Holdings Inc., 13421422 Canada Inc. and Cleveland-Cliffs Inc., dated July 14, 2024, in respect of the Stelco Acquisition
ASU						Accounting Standards Update
BOF						Basic oxygen furnace
CERCLA						Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980
CODM						Chief Operating Decision Maker
CO2e						Carbon dioxide equivalent
Dodd-Frank Act						Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
EAF						Electric arc furnace
EBITDA						Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization
EPA						U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPS						Earnings per share
Exchange Act						Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
FASB						Financial Accounting Standards Board
GAAP						Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States
GHG						Greenhouse gas
GOES						Grain oriented electrical steel
HBI						Hot briquetted iron
HRC						Hot-rolled coil steel
IAM						International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers
Long ton (lt)						2,240 pounds
Metric ton (mt)						2,205 pounds
MMBtu						Million British Thermal Units
Net ton (nt)						2,000 pounds
NOES						Non-oriented electrical steel
OPEB						Other postretirement benefits
RCRA						Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
SEC						U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Section 232						Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (as amended by the Trade Act of 1974)
Securities Act						Securities Act of 1933, as amended
Stelco						Stelco Holdings Inc., a Canadian corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries, collectively, unless stated otherwise or the context indicates otherwise, which continues as Stelco Inc. following the amalgamation of Stelco Holdings Inc., Stelco Inc. and 13421422 Canada Inc. effective November 8, 2024
Stelco Acquisition						The acquisition of all of the outstanding common shares of Stelco Holdings Inc. by the Company, as provided for in the Arrangement Agreement
SunCoke Middletown						Middletown Coke Company, LLC, a subsidiary of SunCoke Energy, Inc.
UAW						United Auto Workers
USW						United Steelworkers
VIE						Variable interest entity

Table of Contents

PART I



ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL POSITION

CLEVELAND-CLIFFS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(In millions, except share information)	~~June~~September 30,2025		December 31,2024
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	6166	$	54
Accounts receivable, net	1,~~783~~797		1,576
Inventories	4,~~699~~683		5,094
Other current assets	~~144~~143		183
Total current assets	6,~~687~~689		6,907
Non-current assets:
Property, plant and equipment, net	9,~~620~~508		9,942
Goodwill	1,~~814~~796		1,768
Intangible assets	1,~~185~~142		1,170
Pension and OPEB assets	~~453~~469		427
Other non-current assets	~~712~~686		733
TOTAL ASSETS	$	20,~~471~~290	$	20,947
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	1,~~947~~914	$	2,008
Accrued employment costs	~~521~~565		~~447~~486
Accrued expenses	~~348~~339		375
Other current liabilities	~~461~~462		492
Total current liabilities	3,~~277~~280		3,~~322~~361
Non-current liabilities:
Long-term debt	78,~~727~~039		7,065
Pension and OPEB liabilities	~~693~~645		751
Deferred income taxes	~~612~~506		~~858~~849
Asset retirement and environmental obligations	~~613~~614		601
Other non-current liabilities	1,~~507~~499		1,453
TOTAL LIABILITIES	14,~~429~~583		14,~~050~~080
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 18)
Equity:
Common shares - par value $0.125 per share
Authorized - 1,200,000,000 shares (2024 - 1,200,000,000 shares);
Issued - 531,051,530 shares (2024 - 531,051,530 shares);
Outstanding - 494,679,326 shares (2024 - 493,948,905 shares)	66		66
Outstanding - 494,699,774 shares (2024 - 493,948,905 shares)	66		66
Capital in excess of par value of shares	4,~~768~~783		4,758
Retained earnings	1		979
Retained earnings (deficit)	(286)		949
Cost of 36,372,204 common shares in treasury (2024 - 37,102,625 shares)	(660)		(676)
Cost of 36,351,756 common shares in treasury (2024 - 37,102,625 shares)	(660)		(676)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	1,~~644~~563		1,537
Total Cliffs shareholders' equity	5,~~819~~466		6,~~664~~634
Noncontrolling interests	~~223~~241		233
TOTAL EQUITY	65,~~042~~707		6,~~897~~867
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY	$	20,~~471~~290	$	20,947

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED OPERATIONS

CLEVELAND-CLIFFS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions, except per share amounts)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Revenues	$	4,~~934~~734	$	54,~~092~~569	$	914,~~563~~297	$	1014,~~291~~860
Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	(54,~~143~~780)		(4,~~930~~675)		(1014,~~163~~951)		(914,~~844~~524)
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(~~137~~130)		(~~103~~112)		(~~270~~399)		(~~235~~347)
Restructuring and other charges	(86)		(25)		(89)		(129)
Acquisition-related costs	—		(14)		(1)		(14)
Asset impairment	(39)		(15)		(39)		(79)
Restructuring and other charges	(3)		(2)		(92)		(131)
Miscellaneous – net	(27)		(13)		(38)		(36)
Asset impairment	—		—		(39)		(79)
Total operating costs	(5,432)		(5,086)		(10,599)		(10,323)
Miscellaneous – net	(25)		(27)		(63)		(63)
Operating income (loss)	(498)		6		(1,036)		(32)
Total operating costs	(4,938)		(4,830)		(15,545)		(15,158)
Operating loss	(204)		(261)		(1,248)		(298)
Other income (expense):
Interest expense, net	(~~149~~153)		(69102)		(~~289~~442)		(~~133~~235)
Loss on extinguishment of debt	—		~~(6)~~—		—		(27)
Net periodic benefit credits other than service cost component	4357		62		~~100~~157		~~122~~184
Other non-operating income (expense)	(14)		1		(23)		3
Changes in fair value of derivatives, net	(10)		(7)		(34)		(7)
Total other expense	(120)		(12)		(212)		(35)
Other non-operating income	1		—		2		3
Loss before income taxes	(618)		(6)		(1,248)		(67)
Total other expense	(105)		(47)		(317)		(82)
Income tax benefit	148		15		295		23
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes	(309)		(308)		(1,565)		(380)
Net income (loss)	(470)		9		(953)		(44)
Income tax benefit	78		76		375		100
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(13)		(7)		(25)		(21)
Loss from continuing operations	(231)		(232)		(1,190)		(280)
Net income (loss) attributable to Cliffs shareholders	$	(483)	$	2	$	(978)	$	(65)
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax	(3)		—		(3)		—
Earnings (loss) per common share attributable to Cliffs shareholders:
Net loss	(234)		(232)		(1,193)		(280)
Basic	$	(0.97)	$	0.00	$	(1.97)	$	(0.13)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(17)		(12)		(42)		(33)
Diluted	$	(0.97)	$	0.00	$	(1.97)	$	(0.13)
Net loss attributable to Cliffs shareholders	$	(251)	$	(244)	$	(1,235)	$	(313)
Loss per common share attributable to Cliffs shareholders - basic
Continuing operations	$	(0.51)	$	(0.52)	$	(2.49)	$	(0.66)
Discontinued operations	—		—		—		—
	$	(0.51)	$	(0.52)	$	(2.49)	$	(0.66)
Loss per common share attributable to Cliffs shareholders - diluted
Continuing operations	$	(0.51)	$	(0.52)	$	(2.49)	$	(0.66)
Discontinued operations	—		—		—		—
	$	(0.51)	$	(0.52)	$	(2.49)	$	(0.66)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED COMPREHENSIVE ~~INCOME (~~LOSS)

CLEVELAND-CLIFFS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Net income (loss)	$	(470)	$	9	$	(953)	$	(44)
Net loss	$	(234)	$	(232)	$	(1,193)	$	(280)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Changes in pension and OPEB, net of tax	(2526)		(29)		(5278)		(5786)
Changes in derivative financial instruments, net of tax	(4519)		472		5637		6769
Changes in foreign currency translation, net of tax	~~102~~(36)		—1		~~103~~67		~~(1)~~—
Total other comprehensive income	32		18		107		9
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(81)		(26)		26		(17)
Comprehensive income (loss)	(438)		27		(846)		(35)
Comprehensive loss	(315)		(258)		(1,167)		(297)
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(1317)		(712)		(2542)		(2133)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Cliffs shareholders	$	(451)	$	20	$	(871)	$	(56)
Comprehensive loss attributable to Cliffs shareholders	$	(332)	$	(270)	$	(1,209)	$	(330)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED CASH FLOWS

CLEVELAND-CLIFFS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss	$	(~~953~~1,193)	$	(44280)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided (used) by operating activities:
Depreciation, depletion and amortization	~~675~~963		~~458~~693
Pension and OPEB credits	(82130)		(~~104~~157)
Deferred income taxes	(~~301~~381)		(2167)
Restructuring and other charges	8992		~~129~~131
Asset impairments	39		79
Other	63126		95159
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net	(~~199~~215)		67258
Inventories	~~396~~399		~~227~~190
Income taxes	1015		(1246)
Pension and OPEB payments and contributions	(73121)		(62162)
Payables, accrued employment and accrued expenses	(331)		(~~176~~210)
Other, net	33(12)		25(11)
Net cash provided (used) by operating activities	(~~306~~449)		~~661~~577
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchase of property, plant and equipment	(~~264~~421)		(~~339~~490)
Other investing activities	827		813
Net cash used by investing activities	(~~256~~394)		(~~331~~477)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from issuance of senior notes	~~850~~1,700		~~825~~1,421
Repayments of senior notes	—		(845)
Repurchase of common shares	—		(733)
Borrowings (repayments) under credit facilities, net	(~~183~~713)		~~370~~47
Debt issuance costs	(1426)		(1373)
Other financing activities	(86108)		(2276)
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities	~~567~~853		(~~418~~259)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	510		(88159)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period	60		198
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	3		—
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period	6873		~~110~~39
Restricted cash	(7)		—
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	6166	$	~~110~~39

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED CHANGES IN EQUITY

CLEVELAND-CLIFFS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(In millions)	Number ofCommon Shares Outstanding	Par Value of CommonShares Issued		Capital inExcess ofPar Valueof Shares		RetainedEarnings (Deficit)		CommonSharesinTreasury		AOCI		Non-Controlling Interest		Total
December 31, 2024	493.9	$	66	$	4,758	$	~~979~~949	$	(676)	$	1,537	$	233	$	6,~~897~~867
Comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—		(~~495~~498)		—		75		12		(~~408~~411)
Stock and other incentive plans	0.6	—		(2)		—		12		—		—		10
Net distributions to noncontrolling interests	—	—		—		—		—		—		(15)		(15)
March 31, 2025	494.5	$	66	$	4,756	$	~~484~~451	$	(664)	$	1,612	$	230	$	6,~~484~~451
Comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—		(~~483~~486)		—		32		13		(~~438~~441)
Stock and other incentive plans	0.2	—		12		—		4		—		—		16
Net distributions to noncontrolling interests	—	—		—		—		—		—		(20)		(20)
June 30, 2025	494.7	$	66	$	4,768	$	1(35)	$	(660)	$	1,644	$	223	$	6,~~042~~006
Comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—		(251)		—		(81)		17		(315)
Stock and other incentive plans	—	—		15		—		—		—		—		15
Net contributions to noncontrolling interests	—	—		—		—		—		—		1		1
September 30, 2025	494.7	$	66	$	4,783	$	(286)	$	(660)	$	1,563	$	241	$	5,707

(In millions)	Number ofCommon Shares Outstanding	Par Value of CommonShares Issued		Capital inExcess ofPar Valueof Shares		RetainedEarnings		CommonSharesinTreasury		AOCI		Non-Controlling Interest		Total
December 31, 2023	504.9	$	66	$	4,861	$	1,~~733~~709	$	(430)	$	1,657	$	235	$	8,~~122~~098
Comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—		(6770)		—		(9)		14		(6265)
Common stock repurchases, net of excise tax	(30.4)	—		—		—		(615)		—		—		(615)
Stock and other incentive plans	1.0	—		(10)		—		15		—		—		5
Net distributions to noncontrolling interests	—	—		—		—		—		—		(8)		(8)
March 31, 2024	475.5	$	66	$	4,851	$	1,~~666~~639	$	(1,030)	$	1,648	$	241	$	7,~~442~~415
Comprehensive income	—	—		—		21		—		18		7		2726
Common stock repurchases, net of excise tax	(7.5)	—		—		—		(125)		—		—		(125)
Stock and other incentive plans	—	—		13		—		1		—		—		14
Net contributions to noncontrolling interests	—	—		—		—		—		—		14		14
June 30, 2024	468.0	$	66	$	4,864	$	1,~~668~~640	$	(1,154)	$	1,666	$	262	$	7,~~372~~344
Comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—		(244)		—		(26)		12		(258)
Stock and other incentive plans	0.1	—		11		—		1		—		—		12
Net distributions to noncontrolling interests	—	—		—		—		—		—		(33)		(33)
September 30, 2024	468.1	$	66	$	4,875	$	1,396	$	(1,153)	$	1,640	$	241	$	7,065

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

CLEVELAND-CLIFFS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTE 1 - BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

BUSINESS, CONSOLIDATION AND PRESENTATION

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with SEC rules and regulations and, in the opinion of management, include all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income (loss), cash flows and changes in equity for the periods presented. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Management bases its estimates on various assumptions and historical experience, which are believed to be reasonable; however, due to the inherent nature of estimates, actual results may differ significantly due to changed conditions or assumptions. The results of operations for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2025 or any other future period. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current year presentation. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

NATURE OF BUSINESS

We are a leading North America-based steel producer with focus on value-added sheet products, particularly for the automotive industry. We are vertically integrated from the mining of iron ore, production of pellets and direct reduced iron, and processing of ferrous scrap through primary steelmaking and downstream finishing, stamping, tooling and tubing. Headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio, we employ approximately 30,000 people across our operations in the United States and Canada. More than 90% of our hourly workforce is represented by three prominent unions – USW, UAW and IAM.

ACQUISITION OF STELCO

On November 1, 2024, pursuant to the terms of the Arrangement Agreement announced on July 15, 2024, we completed the Stelco Acquisition. In connection with closing, Stelco shareholders received CAD $60.00 in cash and 0.454 shares of Cliffs common stock per share of Stelco common stock. Refer to NOTE 3 - ACQUISITIONS for further information.

BUSINESS OPERATIONS

We are organized into four operating segments based on differentiated products – Steelmaking, Tubular, Tooling and Stamping, and European Operations. We primarily operate through one reportable segment – the Steelmaking segment.

BASIS OF CONSOLIDATION

The consolidated financial statements consolidate our accounts and the accounts of our wholly owned subsidiaries, all subsidiaries in which we have a controlling interest and VIEs for which we are the primary beneficiary. All intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated upon consolidation.

INVESTMENTS IN AFFILIATES

We have investments in several businesses accounted for using the equity method of accounting. These investments are included within our Steelmaking segment. We review an investment for impairment when circumstances indicate that a loss in value below its carrying amount is other than temporary.

Our investment in affiliates of $132 million and $131 million as of ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, was classified in Other non-current assets.

CORRECTION OF AN IMMATERIAL ERROR

During the third quarter of 2025, we identified an immaterial error related to our accrual for certain employment costs, resulting in an understatement of Costs of goods sold in prior periods. Prior periods affected include the interim periods ended March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2025, and the interim and annual periods during the years 2022, 2023 and 2024.

For the three months and nine months ended September, 30, 2024, Costs of goods sold was increased by $2 million and $7 million, respectively, to adjust for the error. These adjustments were partially offset by related income tax effects that resulted in an increase to Income tax benefit of $1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Included within operating results for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 is an increase to Cost of goods sold and Income tax benefit of $8 million and $2 million, respectively, related to the current-year effect of the error.

As of December 31, 2024, Accrued employment costs, Deferred income taxes, and Retained earnings (deficit) were adjusted by $39 million, $9 million and $30 million, respectively. Any related impact to cash flows was limited to captions within operating activities. Related changes to financial statement subtotals and related disclosures within the notes accompanying these financial statements reflect the correction of the error. Management has evaluated the quantitative and qualitative considerations of the error and determined that the related impact was not material to the results of operations, financial position, or cash flows for any historical annual or interim period.

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SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

A detailed description of our significant accounting policies can be found in the audited financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC. There have been no material changes in our significant accounting policies and estimates from those disclosed therein.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS AND LEGISLATION

ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS - ISSUED AND NOT EFFECTIVE

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This guidance requires additional annual disclosures for income taxes. This new standard does not affect the recognition, measurement or financial statement presentation. The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. This new standard does not affect the recognition, measurement or financial statement presentation. However, this guidance does require additional annual and interim disclosures related to the disaggregation of various income statement expense captions. The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027.

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disaggregation of various income statement expense captions. The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027.

LEGISLATION

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act was enacted in the U.S. The One Big Beautiful Bill Act includes significant provisions, such as the permanent extension of certain expiring provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, modifications to the international tax framework and the restoration of favorable tax treatment for certain business provisions. The legislation has multiple effective dates, with certain provisions effective in 2025 and others implemented through future years. WeThe ~~are~~legislation ~~currently~~does ~~assessing~~not ~~its~~have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements for the interim period ended September 30, 2025, and we do not expect it to materially change our effective income tax rate for 2025.

NOTE 2 - SUPPLEMENTARY FINANCIAL STATEMENT INFORMATION

INVENTORIES

The following table presents the detail of our Inventories on the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Position:

(In millions)	~~June~~September 30,2025		December 31,2024
Product inventories
Finished and semi-finished goods	$	2,~~319~~312	$	2,393
Raw materials	1,~~882~~857		2,208
Total product inventories	4,~~201~~169		4,601
Manufacturing supplies and critical spares	~~498~~514		493
Inventories	$	4,~~699~~683	$	5,094

SUPPLY CHAIN FINANCE PROGRAMS

We negotiate payment terms directly with our suppliers for the purchase of goods and services. We currently offer voluntary supply chain finance programs that enable our suppliers to sell their Cliffs receivables to financial intermediaries, at the sole discretion of both the suppliers and financial intermediaries. No guarantees are provided by us or our subsidiaries under the supply chain finance programs. The supply chain finance programs allow our suppliers to be paid by the financial intermediaries earlier than the due date on the applicable invoice. Supply chain finance programs that extend terms or provide us an economic benefit are classified as short-term financings. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had $22 million and $29 million, respectively, deemed as short-term financings that are classified in Other current liabilities. Additionally, as of ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had $8275 million and $76 million, respectively, classified as Accounts payable.

INDEFINITELY IDLED FACILITIES CHARGES

The following table represents a reconciliation of our accrued liabilities related to the discontinuation of certain product lines resulting from the indefinite idling of our Steelton rail production facility and Weirton tinplate production facility:

(In millions)	Employee-Related Costs		Exit Costs		Asset Impairment		Total
Balance as of December 31, 2024	$	56	$	15	$	—	$	71
Costs incurred1	—		3		—		3
Cash payments	(8)		(9)		—		(17)
Balance as of March 31, 2025	$	48	$	9	$	—	$	57
Costs incurred2	70		26		39		135
Cash payments	(7)		(22)		—		(29)
Non-cash	—		—		(39)		(39)
Balance as of June 30, 2025	$	111	$	13	$	—	$	124
1 All $3 million of cost incurred was recorded in Restructuring and other charges.
2 Of the $135 million of cost incurred, $86 million was recorded in Restructuring and other charges, $39 million was recorded in Asset impairments, and $10 million was recorded in Net periodic benefit credits other than service cost component.

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INDEFINITELY IDLED FACILITIES CHARGES


(In millions)	Employee-Related Costs		Exit Costs		Asset Impairment		Total
Balance as of December 31, 2024	$	56	$	15	$	—	$	71
Costs incurred1	—		3		—		3
Cash payments	(8)		(9)		—		(17)

Balance as of March 31, 2025	$	48	$	9	$	—	$	57
Costs incurred2	70		26		39		135
Cash payments	(7)		(22)		—		(29)
Non-cash	—		—		(39)		(39)
Balance as of June 30, 2025	$	111	$	13	$	—	$	124
Costs incurred3	$	—	$	3	$	—	$	3
Cash payments	(15)		(6)		—		(21)

Balance as of September 30, 2025	$	96	$	10	$	—	$	106

1 All $3 million of cost incurred was recorded in Restructuring and other charges.
2 Of the $135 million of cost incurred, $86 million was recorded in Restructuring and other charges, $39 million was recorded in Asset impairments, and $10 million was recorded in Net periodic benefit credits other than service cost component.
3 All $3 million of cost incurred was recorded in Restructuring and other charges.

CASH FLOW INFORMATION

A reconciliation of capital additions to cash paid for capital expenditures is as follows:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024
Capital additions	$	~~281~~488	$	~~346~~557
Less:
Non-cash accruals	(5372)		(4758)
Equipment financed with seller	2860		—50
Right-of-use assets - finance leases	4279		5475
Cash paid for capital expenditures including deposits	$	~~264~~421	$	~~339~~490

Cash payments (receipts) for income taxes and interest are as follows:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024
Income taxes paid	$	45	$	1013
Income tax refunds	(1118)		(45)
Interest paid on debt obligations net of capitalized interest1	~~210~~341		~~134~~193
1 Capitalized interest was $8 million for each of the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
1 Capitalized interest was $11 million for both the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

NOTE 3 - ACQUISITIONS

STELCO ACQUISITION OVERVIEW

On November 1, 2024, pursuant to the Arrangement Agreement, we completed the Stelco Acquisition, in which we were the acquirer. The Stelco Acquisition expands our existing presence in Canada and diversifies our customer base across service centers, construction and other industrial end markets in Canada with higher volumes of spot sales.

The Stelco Acquisition was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations.

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The fair value of the total purchase consideration was determined as follows:


(In millions)
Total cash consideration	$	2,450
Total share exchange consideration	343
Total debt consideration	415
Total purchase consideration	$	3,208

Total consideration shares are calculated as follows:


Number of outstanding Stelco shares			54,448,388
Number of outstanding share-based compensation awards			2,516,415
Total consideration shares			56,964,803

Total estimated cash consideration is calculated as follows:

Number of consideration shares	56,964,803
Consideration share price per share (CAD)	$	60.00
Total cash consideration (CAD) (in millions)	~~3,418~~$	3,418
Exchange rate (November 1, 2024)	0.7168
Total cash consideration (USD)	$	2,450

The fair value of share exchange consideration is as follows:


Number of consideration shares	56,964,803
Fixed share exchange factor	0.454
Total Cliffs exchange shares	25,862,021
Cliffs share price at closing date (November 1, 2024)	$	13.27
Total share exchange consideration (in millions)	$	343

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The fair value of debt consideration includes outstanding obligations with preexisting change-in-control provisions requiring repayment at the time of closing. The debt consideration includes amounts repaid in connection with retiring Stelco's asset-based lending facility and inventory monetization arrangement.

VALUATION ASSUMPTION AND PURCHASE PRICE ALLOCATION

We estimated fair values at November 1, 2024 for the preliminary allocation of consideration to the net tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in connection with the Stelco Acquisition. During the measurement period, we will continue to obtain information to assist in finalizing the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, which may differ materially from these preliminary estimates. If we determine any measurement period adjustments are material, we will apply those adjustments, including any related impacts to net income, in the reporting period in which the adjustments are determined. We are in the process of conducting a valuation of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed related to the Stelco Acquisition, most notably, personal and real property, deferred taxes, environmental obligations, asset retirement obligations and intangible assets, and the final allocation will be made when completed, including the result of any identified goodwill. Accordingly, the provisional measurements noted below are preliminary and subject to modification in the future.

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The preliminary purchase price allocation to assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the Stelco Acquisition was:


(In millions)	Initial Allocation of Consideration		Measurement Period Adjustments		Updated Allocation
Cash and cash equivalents	$	341	$	—	$	341
Accounts receivable	104		—		104
Inventories	726		(11)		715
Other current assets	107		(1)		106
Property, plant and equipment	1,286		(4)		1,282
Intangible assets	1,025		—		1,025
Other non-current assets	250		(1)		249
Accounts payable	(212)		—		(212)
Accrued employment costs	(29)		—		(29)
Accrued expenses	(6)		(1)		(7)
Other current liabilities	(71)		—		(71)
Pension and OPEB liability, non-current	(14)		—		(14)
Deferred income taxes	(449)		10		(439)
Asset retirement and environmental obligations	(20)		—		(20)
Other non-current liabilities	(616)		5		(611)
Net identifiable assets acquired	2,422		(3)		2,419
Goodwill	786		3		789
Total net assets acquired	$	3,208	$	—	$	3,208

The goodwill resulting from the Stelco Acquisition primarily represents the growth opportunities through diversification within our customer base across service centers, construction and other industrial end markets with higher volumes of spot sales, as well as any synergistic benefits to be realized from the Stelco Acquisition within our Steelmaking segment. Goodwill is not expected to be deductible for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

The purchase price allocated to identifiable intangible assets acquired was:


	(In millions)		Weighted Average Life (In years)
Intangible assets:
Customer relationships	$	953	15
Trade names and trademarks	72		15
Total identifiable intangible assets	$	1,025	15

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PRO FORMA RESULTS

The following table provides unaudited pro forma financial information, prepared in accordance with Topic 805, Business Combinations, as if Stelco had been acquired as of January 1, 2023:

(In millions)	Three Months Ended ~~June~~September 30, 2024		~~Six~~Nine Months Ended ~~June~~September 30, 2024
Revenues	$	5,~~615~~049	$	1116,~~367~~416
Net income (loss) attributable to Cliffs shareholders	30		(63)
Net loss attributable to Cliffs shareholders	(323)		(390)

The unaudited pro forma financial information has been calculated after applying our accounting policies and adjusting the historical results with pro forma adjustments, net of tax, that assume the Stelco Acquisition occurred on January 1, 2023. There were no significant non-recurring pro forma adjustments included in the pro forma results for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2024.

The unaudited pro forma financial information does not reflect the potential realization of synergies or cost savings, nor does it reflect other costs relating to the integration of the acquired company. This unaudited pro forma financial information should not be considered indicative of the results that would have actually occurred if the Stelco Acquisition had been consummated on January 1, 2023, nor are they indicative of future results.

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NOTE 4 - REVENUES

We generate our revenue through product sales, in which shipping terms indicate when we have fulfilled our performance obligations and transferred control of products to our customer. Our revenue transactions consist of a single performance obligation to transfer promised goods. Our contracts with customers define the mechanism for determining the sales price, which is generally fixed upon transfer of control, but the contracts generally do not impose a specific quantity on either party. Quantities to be delivered to the customer are determined at a point near the date of delivery through purchase orders or other written instructions we receive from the customer. Spot market sales are made through purchase orders or other written instructions. We consider our performance obligation to be complete and recognize revenue when control transfers in accordance with shipping terms.

Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring product. We reduce the amount of revenue recognized for estimated returns and other customer credits, such as discounts and volume rebates, based on the expected value to be realized. Payment terms are consistent with terms standard to the markets we serve. Sales taxes collected from customers are excluded from revenues. Revenue by market and product are presented net of intersegment revenues, which are entirely related to the Steelmaking segment.

The following table represents our Revenues by market:

Three Months Ended June 30,

Six Months Ended June 30,

Three Months Ended September 30,

Nine Months Ended September 30,

(In millions)

2025

2024

2025

2024

Steelmaking

Automotive

1,~~249~~356

1,~~460~~334

23,~~546~~902

34,~~077~~411

Infrastructure and manufacturing

1,~~489~~326

1,~~421~~160

24,~~843~~169

23,~~813~~973

Distributors and converters

1,~~433~~288

1,~~402~~317

23,~~661~~949

24,~~814~~131

Other

~~600~~591

~~632~~608

1,~~188~~779

1,~~238~~846

Total Steelmaking

4,~~771~~561

4,~~915~~419

913,~~238~~799

914,~~942~~361

Other Businesses

Automotive

~~129~~144

~~148~~123

~~259~~403

~~288~~411

Infrastructure and manufacturing

1411

109

2435

2029

Distributors and converters

2018

1918

4260

4159

Total Other Businesses

~~163~~173

~~177~~150

~~325~~498

~~349~~499

Total revenues

4,~~934~~734

54,~~092~~569

914,~~563~~297

1014,~~291~~860

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The following tables represent our Revenues by product line:

Three Months Ended June 30,

Six Months Ended June 30,

Three Months Ended September 30,

Nine Months Ended September 30,

(In millions)

2025

2024

2025

2024

Steelmaking

Hot-rolled steel

1,~~332~~122

1,~~115~~003

23,~~498~~620

23,~~243~~246

Cold-rolled steel

~~645~~636

~~711~~671

1,~~236~~872

12,~~460~~131

Coated steel

1,~~392~~442

1,~~546~~377

24,~~753~~195

34,~~169~~546

Stainless and electrical steel

~~434~~466

~~480~~449

~~878~~1,344

~~941~~1,390

Plate steel

~~275~~286

~~317~~237

~~522~~808

~~650~~887

Other steel products

~~276~~204

~~318~~276

~~523~~727

~~653~~929

Other

~~417~~405

~~428~~406

~~828~~1,233

~~826~~1,232

Total Steelmaking

4,~~771~~561

4,~~915~~419

913,~~238~~799

914,~~942~~361

Other Businesses

Other

~~163~~173

~~177~~150

~~325~~498

~~349~~499

Total revenues

4,~~934~~734

54,~~092~~569

914,~~563~~297

1014,~~291~~860

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NOTE 5 - SEGMENT REPORTING

We are vertically integrated from the mining of iron ore, production of pellets and direct reduced iron, and processing of ferrous scrap through primary steelmaking and downstream finishing, stamping, tooling, and tubing. We are organized into four operating segments based on our differentiated products – Steelmaking, Tubular, Tooling and Stamping, and European Operations. We have one reportable segment – Steelmaking. The operating segment results of our Tubular, Tooling and Stamping, and European Operations that do not constitute reportable segments are combined and disclosed in the Other Businesses category. Our Steelmaking segment operates as a leading North America-based steel producer with focus on value-added sheet products, primarily serving the automotive, infrastructure and manufacturing, and distributors and converters markets. Our Other Businesses primarily include the operating segments that provide customer solutions with carbon and stainless steel tubing products, advanced-engineered solutions, tool design and build, hot- and cold-stamped steel components, and complex assemblies. All intersegment transactions were eliminated in consolidation. Corporate assets and capital additions are primarily related to and support the operations of the Steelmaking segment and therefore have been incorporated within the Steelmaking segment total assets and capital additions below. We allocate Corporate Selling, general and administrative expenses to our operating segments.

Our CODM, Lourenco Goncalves, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, evaluates performance on an operating segment basis, as well as a consolidated basis, based on Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP measure. This measure is used by our CODM, management, investors, lenders and other external users of our financial statements to assess our operating performance and to compare operating performance to other companies in the steel industry. In addition, our CODM believes Adjusted EBITDA is a useful measure to assess the earnings power of the business without the impact of capital structure and can be used to assess our ability to service debt and fund future capital expenditures in the business.

12The following tables provide our results by segment as well as a reconciliation from consolidated Adjusted EBITDA to our consolidated Net loss:

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	Three Months Ended September 30, 2025
(In millions)	Steelmaking		Other Businesses		Eliminations		Total
Revenues	$	4,585	$	173	$	(24)	$	4,734
Cost of goods sold	(4,643)		(163)		26		(4,780)
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(123)		(7)		—		(130)
Net periodic benefit credits other than service cost component	57		—		—		57
Excluding depreciation, depletion and amortization	279		9		—		288
Other segment items1	(26)		—		—		(26)
Total Adjusted EBITDA	$	129	$	12	$	2	$	143

Interest expense, net							(153)
Income tax benefit							78
Depreciation, depletion and amortization							(288)
EBITDA from noncontrolling interests2							23
Idled facilities charges							3

Changes in fair value of derivatives, net							(10)
Currency exchange							(20)

Severance							(5)
Other, net							(5)
Net loss							$	(234)

Capital Additions	$	205	$	2	$	—	$	207

1 Other segment items primarily consists of the exclusion of EBITDA from noncontrolling interests from Adjusted EBITDA and certain idled facilities charges and the inclusion of items within Miscellaneous – net and Other non-operating income.
2 EBITDA from noncontrolling interests includes net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $17 million and the exclusion of depreciation, depletion, and amortization of $6 million.

The following tables provide our results by segment as well as a reconciliation from consolidated Adjusted EBITDA to our consolidated Net income (loss):

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2025
(In millions)	Steelmaking		Other Businesses		Eliminations		Total
Revenues	$	4,808	$	163	$	(37)	$	4,934
Cost of goods sold	(5,031)		(147)		35		(5,143)
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(130)		(7)		—		(137)
Net periodic benefit credits other than service cost component	43		—		—		43
Excluding depreciation, depletion and amortization	386		7		—		393
Other segment items1	7		—		—		7
Total Adjusted EBITDA	$	83	$	16	$	(2)	$	97
Interest expense, net							(149)
Income tax benefit							148
Depreciation, depletion and amortization							(393)
EBITDA from noncontrolling interests2							20
Idled facilities charges							(204)
Changes in fair value of derivatives, net							(15)
Currency exchange							48
Severance							(19)
Other, net							(3)
Net loss							$	(470)
Capital Additions	$	150	$	2	$	—	$	152
1 Other segment items primarily consists of the exclusion of EBITDA from noncontrolling interests from Adjusted EBITDA and certain idled facilities charges and the inclusion of items within Miscellaneous – net and Other non-operating income (expense).
2 EBITDA from noncontrolling interests includes net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $13 million and the exclusion of depreciation, depletion, and amortization of $7 million.

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	Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
(In millions)	Steelmaking		Other Businesses		Eliminations		Total
Revenues	$	4,~~937~~439	$	~~177~~150	$	(2220)	$	54,~~092~~569
Cost of goods sold	(4,~~791~~558)		(~~160~~140)		2123		(4,~~930~~675)
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(96105)		(7)		—		(~~103~~112)
Net periodic benefit credits other than service cost component	62		—		—		62
Excluding depreciation, depletion and amortization	~~219~~228		97		—		~~228~~235
Other segment items1	~~(25)~~45		(12)		—		~~(26)~~43
Total Adjusted EBITDA	$	~~306~~111	$	188	$	~~(1)~~3	$	~~323~~122
Interest expense, net							(69102)
Income tax benefit							1576
Depreciation, depletion and amortization							(~~228~~235)
EBITDA from noncontrolling interests2							1520
Idled facilities charges							(402)
Loss on extinguishment of debt							(6)
Acquisition-related costs							(14)
Severance							(1)
Changes in fair value of derivatives, net							(7)
Net income							$	9
Arbitration decision							(71)
Capital Additions	$	187	$	2	$	—	$	189
Severance							(10)
1 Other segment items primarily consists of the exclusion of EBITDA from noncontrolling interests from Adjusted EBITDA and the inclusion of items within Miscellaneous – net and Other non-operating income (loss).
Other, net							(9)
2 EBITDA from noncontrolling interests includes net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $7 million and the exclusion of depreciation, depletion, and amortization of $8 million.
Net loss							$	(232)
Capital Additions	$	211	$	—	$	—	$	211
1 Other segment items primarily consists of the exclusion of EBITDA from noncontrolling interests and the Arbitration decision from Adjusted EBITDA and the inclusion of items within Miscellaneous – net and Other non-operating income.
2 EBITDA from noncontrolling interests includes net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $12 million and the exclusion of depreciation, depletion, and amortization of $8 million.

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	Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
(In millions)	Steelmaking		Other Businesses		Eliminations		Total
Revenues	$	913,~~303~~888	$	~~325~~498	$	(6589)	$	914,~~563~~297
Cost of goods sold	(914,~~926~~577)		(~~300~~463)		6389		(1014,~~163~~951)
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(~~256~~378)		(1421)		—		(~~270~~399)
Net periodic benefit credits other than service cost component	~~100~~157		—		—		~~100~~157
Excluding depreciation, depletion and amortization	~~660~~939		1524		—		~~675~~963
Other segment items1	18(9)		—		—		18(9)
Total Adjusted EBITDA	$	~~(101)~~20	$	2638	$	~~(2)~~—	$	~~(77)~~58
Interest expense, net							(~~289~~442)
Income tax benefit							~~295~~375
Depreciation, depletion and amortization							(~~675~~963)
EBITDA from noncontrolling interests2							3861
Idled facilities charges							(~~248~~245)
Changes in fair value of derivatives, net							(24)
Acquisition-related costs							(1)
Currency exchange							46
Changes in fair value of derivatives, net							(34)
Severance							(20)
Currency exchange							26
Other, net							1
Severance							(25)
Net loss							$	(953)
Other, net							(3)
Capital Additions	$	273	$	8	$	—	$	281
Net loss							$	(1,193)
1 Other segment items primarily consists of the exclusion of EBITDA from noncontrolling interests from Adjusted EBITDA and certain idled facilities charges and the inclusion of items within Miscellaneous – net and Other non-operating income (expense).
Capital Additions	$	478	$	10	$	—	$	488
2 EBITDA from noncontrolling interests includes net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $25 million and the exclusion of depreciation, depletion, and amortization of $13 million.
1 Other segment items primarily consists of the exclusion of EBITDA from noncontrolling interests from Adjusted EBITDA and certain idled facilities charges and the inclusion of items within Miscellaneous – net and Other non-operating income.
2 EBITDA from noncontrolling interests includes net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $42 million and the exclusion of depreciation, depletion, and amortization of $19 million.

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	Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
(In millions)	Steelmaking		Other Businesses		Eliminations		Total
Revenues	$	914,~~990~~429	$	~~349~~499	$	(4868)	$	1014,~~291~~860
Cost of goods sold	(914,~~576~~139)		(~~317~~457)		4972		(914,~~844~~524)
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(~~221~~326)		(1421)		—		(~~235~~347)
Net periodic benefit credits other than service cost component	~~122~~184		—		—		~~122~~184
Excluding depreciation, depletion and amortization	~~441~~669		1724		—		~~458~~693
Other segment items1	(5510)		—(2)		—		(5512)
Total Adjusted EBITDA	$	~~701~~807	$	3543	$	14	$	~~737~~854
Interest expense, net							(~~133~~235)
Income tax benefit							23100
Depreciation, depletion and amortization							(~~458~~693)
EBITDA from noncontrolling interests2							3656
Idled facilities charges							(~~217~~219)
Acquisition-related costs							(14)
Changes in fair value of derivatives, net							(7)
Loss on extinguishment of debt							(27)
Severance							(3)
Arbitration decision							(71)
Other, net							(2)
Severance							(13)
Net loss							$	(44)
Other, net							(11)
Capital Additions	$	343	$	3	$	—	$	346
Net loss							$	(280)
1 Other segment items primarily consists of the exclusion of EBITDA from noncontrolling interests from Adjusted EBITDA and the inclusion of items within Miscellaneous – net and Other non-operating income (loss).
Capital Additions	$	554	$	3	$	—	$	557
2 EBITDA from noncontrolling interests includes net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $21 million and the exclusion of depreciation, depletion, and amortization of $15 million.
1 Other segment items primarily consists of the exclusion of EBITDA from noncontrolling interests and the Arbitration decision from Adjusted EBITDA and the inclusion of items within Miscellaneous – net and Other non-operating income.
2 EBITDA from noncontrolling interests includes net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $33 million and the exclusion of depreciation, depletion, and amortization of $23 million.

The following summarizes our assets by segment:

(In millions)	~~June~~September 30,2025		December 31,2024
Assets:
Steelmaking	$	19,~~848~~663	$	20,327
Other Businesses	~~623~~627		620
Total segment assets	$	20,~~471~~290	$	20,947

NOTE 6 - PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

The following table indicates the carrying value of each of the major classes of our depreciable assets:

(In millions)	~~June~~September 30,2025		December 31,2024
Land, land improvements and mineral rights	$	1,~~457~~458	$	1,451
Buildings	1,~~114~~172		1,104
Equipment	11,~~319~~539		11,119
Other	358		349
Construction in progress	~~751~~604		728
Total property, plant and equipment1	1415,~~999~~131		14,751
Allowance for depreciation and depletion	(5,~~379~~623)		(4,809)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	9,~~620~~508	$	9,942
1 Includes right-of-use assets related to finance leases of $547 million and $505 million as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
1 Includes right-of-use assets related to finance leases of $581 million and $505 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

We recorded depreciation and depletion expense of $374 million and $638 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, and $227 million and $454 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively.

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~~During~~We ~~the~~recorded ~~second~~depreciation ~~quarter~~and ofdepletion ~~2025,~~expense ~~the~~of ~~decision~~$268 tomillion ~~indefinitely idle our Steelton, Conshohocken,~~ and ~~Riverdale~~$906 ~~facilities~~million ~~occurred. This~~for ~~resulted~~the inthree aand ~~$39~~nine ~~million~~months ~~Asset~~ended ~~impairment~~September 30, to2025, ~~Property~~respectively, ~~plant~~ and ~~equipment,~~$233 ~~net~~million and ~~accelerated depreciation of~~ $~~119~~687 million for ~~both~~ the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, ~~2025~~2024, ~~included within depreciation and depletion expense~~respectively.

During the second quarter of 2025, the decision to indefinitely idle our Steelton, Conshohocken, and Riverdale facilities occurred. This resulted in a $39 million Asset impairment to Property, plant and equipment, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and accelerated depreciation of $12 million and $131 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, included within depreciation and depletion expense.

NOTE 7 - GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

GOODWILL

The following is a summary of Goodwill by segment:

(In millions)	~~June~~September 30,2025		December 31,2024
Steelmaking	$	1,~~765~~747	$	1,719
Other Businesses	49		49
Total	$	1,~~814~~796	$	1,768

The increase of $4628 million in the balance of Goodwill in our Steelmaking segment as of ~~June~~September 30, 2025, compared to December 31, 2024, is primarily due to fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates. Additionally, to a lesser extent, the change is attributable to an increase in estimated identified goodwill as a result of measurement period adjustments to the preliminary purchase price allocation for the Stelco Acquisition. Refer to NOTE 3 - ACQUISITIONS for further details.

INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

The following is a summary of our intangible assets and liabilities:

	June 30, 2025						December 31, 2024
	September 30, 2025						December 31, 2024
	Gross Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Amount		Gross Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Amount
(In millions)	Gross Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Amount		Gross Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Amount
Intangible assets1:
Customer relationships	$	1,~~067~~045	$	(6986)	$	~~998~~959	$	1,015	$	(34)	$	981
Developed technology	60		(1920)		4140		60		(17)		43
Trade names and trademarks	9190		(1112)		8078		87		(8)		79
Mining permits	72		(2930)		4342		72		(29)		43
Supplier relationships	29		(6)		23		29		(5)		24
Total intangible assets	$	1,~~319~~296	$	(~~134~~154)	$	1,~~185~~142	$	1,263	$	(93)	$	1,170
Intangible liabilities2:
Above-market supply contracts	$	(71)	$	3334	$	(3837)	$	(71)	$	30	$	(41)
1 Intangible assets are classified as Other non-current assets. Amortization related to mining permits and supplier relationships is recognized in Cost of goods sold. Amortization of all other intangible assets is recognized in Selling, general and administrative expenses.
1 Amortization related to mining permits and supplier relationships is recognized in Cost of goods sold. Amortization of all other intangible assets is recognized in Selling, general and administrative expenses.
2 Intangible liabilities are classified as Other non-current liabilities. Amortization of all intangible liabilities is recognized in Cost of goods sold.

Amortization expense related to Intangible assets was $21 million and $3 million for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Amortization expense related to Intangible assets was $4061 million and $710 million for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Estimated future amortization expense is $4220 million for the remainder of 2025 and $8381 million annually for the years 2026 through 2030. Additionally, customer relationships and trade names and trademarks intangibles are impacted by period over period fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

Income from amortization related to the intangible liabilities was $21 million for both the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024. Income from amortization related to the intangible liabilities was $34 million for both the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024. Estimated future income from amortization is $21 million for the remainder of 2025 and $5 million annually for the years 2026 through 2030.

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NOTE 8 - DEBT AND CREDIT FACILITIES

The following represents a summary of our long-term debt:

(In millions)
Debt Instrument	Issuer1	Annual Effective Interest Rate	~~June~~September 30,2025		December 31,2024
Senior Unsecured Notes:
7.000% 2027 Senior Notes	Cliffs	9.240%	$	73	$	73
7.000% 2027 Senior Notes4	Cliffs	9.240%	$	73	$	73
7.000% 2027 AK Senior Notes	AK Steel	9.240%	56		56
7.000% 2027 AK Senior Notes4	AK Steel	9.240%	56		56
5.875% 2027 Senior Notes	Cliffs	6.490%	556		556
5.875% 2027 Senior Notes4	Cliffs	6.490%	556		556
4.625% 2029 Senior Notes	Cliffs	4.625%	368		368
6.875% 2029 Senior Notes	Cliffs	6.875%	900		900
6.750% 2030 Senior Notes	Cliffs	6.750%	750		750
4.875% 2031 Senior Notes	Cliffs	4.875%	325		325
7.500% 2031 Senior Notes	Cliffs	7.500%	850		—
7.000% 2032 Senior Notes	Cliffs	7.054%	1,425		1,425
7.375% 2033 Senior Notes	Cliffs	7.375%	900		900
7.625% 2034 Senior Notes	Cliffs	7.625%	850		—
6.250% 2040 Senior Notes	Cliffs	6.340%	235		235
ABL Facility	Cliffs2	Variable3	~~1,377~~847		1,560
Total principal amount			78,~~815~~135		7,148
Unamortized discounts and issuance costs			(8896)		(83)
Total long-term debt			$	78,~~727~~039	$	7,065
1 Unless otherwise noted, references in this column and throughout this NOTE 8 - DEBT AND CREDIT FACILITIES to "Cliffs" are to Cleveland-Cliffs Inc., and references to "AK Steel" are to AK Steel Corporation (n/k/a Cleveland-Cliffs Steel Corporation).
2 Refers to Cleveland-Cliffs Inc. as borrower under our ABL Facility.
3 Our ABL Facility annual effective interest rate was 6.17% as of June 30, 2025.
3 Our ABL Facility annual effective interest rate was 5.87% as of September 30, 2025.
4 On September 3, 2025, we issued (a) a conditional notice to redeem, in full, all $73 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of the 7.000% 2027 Senior Notes, (b) a notice to redeem, in full, all $56 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of the 7.000% 2027 AK Senior Notes, and (c) a conditional notice to redeem, in full, all $556 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of the 5.875% 2027 Senior Notes, in each case on October 3, 2025 at a redemption price of 100.000% plus accrued and unpaid interest. Refer to NOTE 19 - SUBSEQUENT EVENTS for further details.

7.625% 2034 SENIOR NOTES OFFERING

On September 8, 2025, we entered into an indenture among Cliffs, the guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, relating to the issuance of $850 million aggregate principal amount of our 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes, which were issued at par. The 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes were issued in a private placement transaction exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act.

The 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes bear interest at a rate of 7.625% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15 of each year, commencing on January 15, 2026. The 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes mature on January 15, 2034.

The 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes are unsecured senior obligations and rank equally in right of payment with all of our existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness. The 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes are guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by our material direct and indirect wholly owned domestic subsidiaries. The 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes are structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities of our subsidiaries that do not guarantee the 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes.

The 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at any time at our option not less than 10 days nor more than 60 days after prior notice is sent to the holders of the 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes. The 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes are redeemable prior to January 15, 2029, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount thereof plus a "make-whole" premium set forth in the indenture. We may also redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes prior to January 15, 2029, at a redemption price equal to 107.625% of the principal amount thereof with the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings. The 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes are redeemable beginning on January 15, 2029, at a redemption price equal to 103.813% of the principal amount thereof, decreasing to 101.906% on January 15, 2030, and are redeemable at par beginning on January 15, 2031. In each case, we pay the applicable redemption or "make-whole" premiums plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the date of redemption.

In addition, if a change in control triggering event, as defined in the indenture, occurs with respect to the 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes, we will be required to offer to repurchase the notes at a purchase price equal to 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the date of repurchase.

The terms of the 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes contain certain customary covenants; however, there are no financial covenants.

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On October 10, 2025, we issued an additional $275 million aggregate principal amount of our 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes at 102.750% of their principal amount. Refer to NOTE 19 - SUBSEQUENT EVENTS for further details.

7.500% 2031 SENIOR NOTES OFFERING

On February 6, 2025, we entered into an indenture among Cliffs, the guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, relating to the issuance of $850 million aggregate principal amount of our 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes, which were issued at par. The 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes were issued in a private placement transaction exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act.

The 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes bear interest at a rate of 7.500% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year, commencing on September 15, 2025. The 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes mature on September 15, 2031.

The 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes are unsecured senior obligations and rank equally in right of payment with all of our existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness. The 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes are guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by our material direct and indirect wholly owned domestic subsidiaries. The 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes are structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities of our subsidiaries that do not guarantee the 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes.

The 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at any time at our option not less than 10 days nor more than 60 days after prior notice is sent to the holders of the 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes. The 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes are redeemable prior to March 15, 2028, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount thereof plus a "make-whole" premium set forth in the indenture. We may also redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes prior to March 15, 2028, at a redemption price equal to 107.500% of the principal amount thereof with the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings. The 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes are redeemable beginning on March 15, 2028, at a redemption price equal to 103.750% of the principal amount thereof, decreasing to 101.875% on March 15, 2029, and are redeemable at par beginning on March 15, 2030. In each case, we pay the applicable redemption or "make-whole" premiums plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the date of redemption.

In addition, if a change in control triggering event, as defined in the indenture, occurs with respect to the 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes, we will be required to offer to repurchase the notes at a purchase price equal to 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the date of repurchase.

The terms of the 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes contain certain customary covenants; however, there are no financial covenants.

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ABL FACILITY

As of ~~June~~September 30, 2025, we were in compliance with the ABL Facility liquidity requirements and, therefore, the springing financial covenant requiring a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.0 to 1.0 was not applicable.

The following represents a summary of our borrowing capacity under the ABL Facility:

(In millions)	~~June~~September 30,2025
Available borrowing base on ABL Facility1	$	43,~~058~~972
Borrowings	(~~1,377~~847)
Letter of credit obligations2	(63)
Borrowing capacity available	$	23,~~618~~062
1 As of June 30, 2025, the ABL Facility has a maximum available borrowing base of $4.75 billion. The borrowing base is determined by applying customary advance rates to eligible accounts receivable, inventory and certain mobile equipment.
1 As of September 30, 2025, the ABL Facility has a maximum available borrowing base of $4.75 billion. The borrowing base is determined by applying customary advance rates to eligible accounts receivable, inventory and certain mobile equipment.
2 We issued standby letters of credit with certain financial institutions in order to support business obligations, including, but not limited to, operating agreements, employee severance, environmental obligations, workers' compensation and insurance obligations.

DEBT MATURITIES

The following represents a summary of our maturities of debt instruments based on the principal amounts outstanding at ~~June~~September 30, 2025 (in millions):

2025						2026						2027						2028						2029						Thereafter						Total
$	—					$	—					$	685					$	~~1,377~~847					$	1,268					$	45,~~485~~335					$	78,~~815~~135

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NOTE 9 - PENSIONS AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS

We offer defined benefit pension plans, defined contribution pension plans and OPEB plans to a significant portion of our employees and retirees. Benefits are also provided through multiemployer plans for certain union members.

The following are the components of defined benefit pension and OPEB costs (credits):

DEFINED BENEFIT PENSION COSTS (CREDITS)

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Service cost	$	7	$	7	$	1421	$	1421
Interest cost	5253		54		~~105~~158		~~109~~163
Expected return on plan assets	(8079)		(80)		(~~159~~238)		(~~160~~240)
Amortization:
Prior service costs	54		45		913		813
Net actuarial gain	(2)		—		(46)		—
Net periodic benefit credits	$	(1817)	$	(1514)	$	(3552)	$	(2943)

OPEB COSTS (CREDITS)

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Service cost	$	2	$	2	$	46	$	46
Interest cost	1514		13		2943		2538
Expected return on plan assets	(1011)		(1011)		(2132)		(2132)
Termination benefits1	15—		—		15		2
Amortization:
Prior service credits	(43)		(4)		(710)		(812)
Net actuarial gain	(3433)		(39)		(67100)		(77116)
Net periodic benefit credits	$	(1631)	$	(3839)	$	(4778)	$	(75114)
1 The termination benefits relate to the decision to indefinitely idle our Conshohocken, Riverdale and Steelton facilities in the second quarter of 2025 and the indefinite idle of our Weirton tinplate production facility in the first quarter of 2024.

Based on funding requirements, we made $1422 million and $2951 million of defined benefit pension contributions for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025, respectively. Based on funding requirements, we made $1675 million and $91 million of defined benefit pension contributions for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. Based on funding requirements, we made no contributions to our voluntary employee benefit association trust plans for any of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

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contributions for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. Based on funding requirements, we made no contributions to our voluntary employee benefit association trust plans for any of the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

NOTE 10 - INCOME TAXES

Our income tax benefit for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 is $~~148~~78 million and $~~295~~375 million, respectively, compared to income tax benefit of $1576 million and $23100 million, respectively, for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2024,. This increase is primarily due to an increase in Loss from continuing operations before income taxes and the impact of immaterial discrete items relative to those losses.

NOTE 11 - ASSET RETIREMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL OBLIGATIONS

ASSET RETIREMENT OBLIGATIONS

The accrued closure obligation provides for contractual and legal obligations related to our indefinitely idled and closed operations and for the eventual closure of our active operations. The closure date for each of our active mine sites was determined based on the exhaustion date of the remaining mineral reserves, and the amortization of the related asset and accretion of the liability is recognized over the estimated mine lives. The closure date and expected timing of the capital requirements to meet our obligations for our indefinitely idled or closed mines is determined based on the unique circumstances of each property. For indefinitely idled or closed mines, the accretion of the liability is recognized over the anticipated timing of remediation. Asset retirement obligations at our steelmaking operations primarily include the closure and post-closure care for on-site landfills and other waste containment facilities. Asset retirement obligations have been recorded at present values using settlement dates based on when we expect these facilities to reach capacity and close.

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The following is a summary of our asset retirement obligations:

(In millions)	~~June~~September 30,2025		December 31,2024
Asset retirement obligations1	$	~~534~~535	$	526
Less: current portion	2118		25
Long-term asset retirement obligations	$	~~513~~517	$	501
1 Includes $308 million and $302 million related to our active operations as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
1 Includes $310 million and $302 million related to our active operations as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The following is a roll-forward of our asset retirement obligations:

(In millions)	2025		2024
Asset retirement obligations as of January 1	$	526	$	459
Accretion expense	1521		1117
Revision in estimated cash flows	54		5049
Remediation payments	(1216)		(1424)
Asset retirement obligations as of June 30	$	534	$	506
Asset retirement obligations as of September 30	$	535	$	501

During the first quarter of 2024, we announced the indefinite idle of our Weirton tinplate production plant, resulting in an increase to our asset retirement obligations as a result of acceleration of the timing and refinement in the cost required.

ENVIRONMENTAL OBLIGATIONS

Our operations currently use, and have in the past used, hazardous materials and substances, and we have generated, and expect to continue to generate, solid and hazardous waste. We have been, and may in the future be, subject to claims under laws and regulations for toxic torts, natural resource damages and other damages, as well as for the investigation and clean-up of soil, surface water, sediments, groundwater, and other natural resources and reclamation of properties. If we reasonably can, we estimate potential remediation expenditures for those sites where future remediation efforts are probable based on identified conditions, regulatory requirements, or contractual obligations arising from the sale of a business or facility. For sites involving government required investigations, including pursuant to RCRA and CERCLA, we typically make an estimate of potential remediation expenditures only after the investigation is complete and when we better understand the nature and scope of the remediation. In general, the material factors in these estimates include the costs associated with investigations, delineations, risk assessments, remedial work, governmental response and oversight, site monitoring and preparation of reports to the appropriate environmental agencies.

The following is a summary of our environmental obligations:

(In millions)	~~June~~September 30,2025		December 31,2024
Environmental obligations	$	112	$	114
Less: current portion	1215		14
Long-term environmental obligations	$	~~100~~97	$	100

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NOTE 12 - FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The carrying values of certain financial instruments (e.g., Accounts receivable, net, Accounts payable and Other current liabilities) approximate fair value and, therefore, have been excluded from the table below. See NOTE 13 - DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING for information on our derivative instruments, which are accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis.

A summary of the carrying value and fair value of other financial instruments were as follows:

		June 30, 2025				December 31, 2024
		September 30, 2025				December 31, 2024
(In millions)	Valuation Hierarchy Classification	CarryingValue		Fair Value		CarryingValue		Fair Value
Senior notes	Level 1	$	67,~~350~~192	$	67,~~095~~328	$	5,505	$	5,496
ABL Facility - outstanding balance	Level 2	~~1,377~~847		~~1,377~~847		1,560		1,560
Total		$	78,~~727~~039	$	78,~~472~~175	$	7,065	$	7,056

The valuation of the financial asset classified in Level 2 was determined using a market approach based upon quoted prices for similar assets in active markets or other inputs that were observable.

EMPLOYEE BENEFIT COMMITMENT

In connection with the Stelco Acquisition, we have acquired funding commitments to employee life and health trusts. These obligations pertain to plans previously sponsored by Stelco prior to its bankruptcy. The commitments primarily involve fixed scheduled payments that will continue until 2042, with an additional variable component tied to Stelco's standalone operating performance. The financial liability is recorded at fair value on a recurring basis using a discounted cash flow model, which incorporates observable and unobservable inputs for risk-free interest rates and future operating estimates. The liability is classified as a Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. The current and non-current portions of the employee benefit commitment are classified within Other current liabilities and Other non-current liabilities on the Statements of Consolidated Financial Position, respectively.

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performance. The financial liability is recorded at fair value on a recurring basis using a discounted cash flow model, which incorporates observable and unobservable inputs for risk-free interest rates and future operating estimates. The liability is classified as a Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. The current and non-current portions of the employee benefit commitment are classified within Other current liabilities and Other non-current liabilities on the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Position, respectively.

The following table summarizes the changes in fair value of the employee benefit commitment:

(In millions)	2025
Beginning balance as of January 1	$	(188)
Change in fair value	(58)
Payments	1119
Foreign currency translation	(116)
Ending balance as of June 30	$	(193)
Ending balance as of September 30	$	(183)

MINNTAC OPTION

Stelco is party to an option to purchase a 25% ownership interest in the MinnTac iron ore mine and related infrastructure located in Mt. Iron, Minnesota from U. S. Steel for $500 million. This option is exercisable by Stelco at any time until January 31, 2027. This option is recorded as a derivative instrument at fair value on a recurring basis and included within Other non-current assets on the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Position. Any gain or loss recorded in relation to the fair value of this option is presented within Other non-operating income ~~(expense)~~. The fair value of the derivative asset is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which incorporates observable or unobservable inputs for risk-free interest rates, foreign exchange rates, commodity prices, discount rates, corresponding market volatility levels and other market-based pricing factors. This option is classified as a Level 3 derivative asset within the fair value hierarchy.

The following table summarizes the changes in fair value of the MinnTac option:

(In millions)	2025
Beginning balance as of January 1	$	95
Change in fair value	(2434)
Foreign currency translation	54
Ending balance as of June 30	$	76
Ending balance as of September 30	$	65

NOTE 13 - DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING

We are exposed to price risk associated with fluctuations in the market prices of purchased raw materials and energy sources and the sales price of certain steel products. We may use cash-settled commodity purchase swaps to hedge the market risk associated with the purchase of certain of our raw materials and energy requirements and cash-settled sales swaps to hedge the sales price risk of certain steel products. Our hedging strategy is to reduce the effect on earnings from the price volatility of these various exposures.

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sales price risk of certain steel products. Our hedging strategy is to reduce the effect on earnings from the price volatility of these various exposures.

Our commodity purchase swaps and sales swaps are designated as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes, and we record the gains and losses for the derivatives in Accumulated other comprehensive income until we reclassify them into Cost of goods sold when we recognize the associated underlying operating costs or Revenues when we recognize the associated underlying sale. Impacts of our designated commodity purchase swaps and sales swaps are reflected within Other, net in the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Cash Flows. Refer to NOTE 15 - ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME for further information.

Our commodity purchase swaps and sales swaps are classified as Level 2 as values were determined using a market approach based upon quoted prices for similar assets in active markets or other inputs that were observable.

The following table presents the notional amount of our outstanding hedge contracts:

Notional Amount

Hedge Contract Type

Classification

Unit of Measure

Maturity Dates

~~June~~September 30,2025

December 31,2024

Natural Gas

Commodity purchase swaps

MMBtu

~~July~~October 2025 - ~~May~~August 2028

~~112~~125,~~900~~450,000

143,250,000

Electricity

Commodity purchase swaps

Megawatt hours

~~July~~October 2025 - July 2028

2,~~583~~276,~~822~~561

3,224,227

HRC

Sales swaps

Net tons

July 2025 - August 2025

91,800

—

At ~~June~~September 30, 2025, we estimate $1133 million of net losses related to our commodity purchase swaps ~~and $7 million of net losses related to our sales swaps~~ will be reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive income into Cost of goods sold ~~and Revenues, respectively,~~ during the next 12 months. ~~These~~This ~~estimates~~estimate ~~are~~is based on ~~June~~September 30, 2025 fair values, some of which will change before their actual reclassification into Cost of goods sold ~~and Revenues~~.

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The following table presents the fair value of our outstanding cash flow hedges and the classification in the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Position:

Balance Sheet Location (In millions)	~~June~~September 30,2025		December 31,2024
Other current assets	$	179	$	5
Other non-current assets	1911		9
Other current liabilities	(1419)		(41)
Other non-current liabilities	—		(6)

NOTE 14 - CAPITAL STOCK

SHARE REPURCHASE PROGRAM

During the first quarter of 2024, we fully utilized the remaining portion of our prior $1 billion share repurchase program, which was approved by our Board of Directors on February 10, 2022. During the second quarter of 2024, our Board of Directors authorized a new program to repurchase our outstanding common shares in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, which may include purchases pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 plans or accelerated share repurchases, up to a maximum of $1.5 billion. We are not obligated to make any repurchases, and the program may be suspended or discontinued at any time. The share repurchase program does not have a specific expiration date.

During the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and the three months ended September 30, 2024, we did not repurchase any common shares. During the ~~three~~nine ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2024, we repurchased ~~7.5 million and~~ 37.9 million common shares, ~~respectively,~~ at an aggregate cost of $~~124 million and $~~733 million, ~~respectively,~~ excluding any excise tax due under the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2025, there was $1.4 billion remaining authorization under our active share repurchase program.

PREFERRED STOCK

We have 3 million shares of Serial Preferred Stock, Class A, without par value, authorized and 4 million shares of Serial Preferred Stock, Class B, without par value, authorized. No preferred shares are issued or outstanding.

STELCO ACQUISITION

As more fully described in NOTE 3 - ACQUISITIONS, we completed the Stelco Acquisition on November 1, 2024. At closing, each Stelco shareholder received CAD $60.00 in cash and 0.454 shares of Cliffs common stock per share of Stelco common stock. Additionally, Stelco equity award holders received CAD $60.00 in cash and 0.454 shares of Cliffs common stock per outstanding restricted share unit and deferred share unit. As a result of the Stelco Acquisition, we issued a total of 25.9 million Cliffs treasury shares at a fair value of $343 million.

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NOTE 15 - ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

The components of Accumulated other comprehensive income within Cliffs shareholders’ equity and related tax effects allocated to each are shown below:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Foreign Currency Translation
Beginning balance	$	~~(69)~~33	$	(1)	$	(70)	$	—
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	~~108~~(42)		—1		~~109~~67		~~(1)~~—
Income tax	(6)		—		~~(6)~~—		—
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of tax	~~102~~(36)		—1		~~103~~67		~~(1)~~—
Ending balance	$	33(3)	$	~~(1)~~—	$	33(3)	$	~~(1)~~—
Derivative Instruments
Beginning balance	$	483	$	(~~150~~103)	$	(53)	$	(170)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(93)		2		8		(31)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications	(41)		(36)		(33)		(67)
Income tax	2210		—9		~~(2)~~8		817
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of tax	(71)		2		6		(23)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications, net of tax	(31)		(27)		(25)		(50)
Losses (gains) reclassified from AOCI to net income (loss)1	34		61		66		120
Losses reclassified from AOCI to net loss1	16		38		82		158
Income tax expense (benefit)2	(8)		(16)		(16)		(30)
Income tax benefit2	(4)		(9)		(20)		(39)
Net losses (gains) reclassified from AOCI to net income (loss)	26		45		50		90
Net losses reclassified from AOCI to net loss	12		29		62		119
Ending balance	$	3(16)	$	(~~103~~101)	$	3(16)	$	(~~103~~101)
Pension and OPEB
Beginning balance	$	1,~~633~~608	$	1,~~799~~770	$	1,660	$	1,827
Gains reclassified from AOCI to net income (loss)3	(34)		(39)		(69)		(77)
Gains reclassified from AOCI to net loss3	(34)		(37)		(103)		(114)
Income tax expense2	98		108		1725		2028
Net gains reclassified from AOCI to net income (loss)	(25)		(29)		(52)		(57)
Net gains reclassified from AOCI to net loss	(26)		(29)		(78)		(86)
Ending balance	$	1,~~608~~582	$	1,~~770~~741	$	1,~~608~~582	$	1,~~770~~741
Total AOCI Ending Balance	$	1,~~644~~563	$	1,~~666~~640	$	1,~~644~~563	$	1,~~666~~640
1 Amounts recognized in Revenues and Cost of goods sold for sales swaps and commodity purchase swaps, respectively, within the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Operations.
2 Amounts recognized in Income tax benefit in the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Operations.
3 Amounts recognized in Net periodic benefit credits other than service cost component in the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Operations.

NOTE 16 - VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

SUNCOKE MIDDLETOWN

We purchase all the coke and electrical power generated from SunCoke Middletown’s plant under long-term supply agreements and have committed to purchase all the expected production from the facility through 2032. We consolidate SunCoke Middletown as a VIE because we are the primary beneficiary despite having no ownership interest in SunCoke Middletown. SunCoke Middletown had income before income taxes of $1418 million and $2947 million for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $914 million and $2438 million for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2024, respectively, that was included in our consolidated Loss from continuing operations before income taxes. Additionally, SunCoke Middletown had cash used for capital expenditures of a$3 ~~nominal~~million ~~amount~~ for ~~each of~~ the ~~three~~nine ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025, compared to $820 million ~~and $12 million~~ for the ~~three~~nine ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2024, ~~respectively,~~ that are included in our consolidated Purchase of property, plant and equipment on the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Cash Flows.

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The assets of the consolidated VIE can only be used to settle the obligations of the consolidated VIE and not obligations of the Company. The creditors of SunCoke Middletown do not have recourse to the assets or general credit of the Company to satisfy liabilities of the VIE. The Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Position includes the following amounts for SunCoke Middletown:

(In millions)	~~June~~September 30,2025		December 31,2024
Inventories	$	32	$	27
Property, plant and equipment, net	~~279~~275		288
Accounts payable	(1817)		(19)
Other assets (liabilities), net	(5333)		(47)
Noncontrolling interests	(~~240~~257)		(249)

NOTE 17 - EARNINGS PER SHARE

The following table summarizes the computation of basic and diluted EPS:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions, except per share amounts)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Net income (loss)	$	(470)	$	9	$	(953)	$	(44)
Loss from continuing operations	$	(231)	$	(232)	$	(1,190)	$	(280)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(13)		(7)		(25)		(21)
Net income from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interest	(17)		(12)		(42)		(33)
Net income (loss) attributable to Cliffs shareholders	$	(483)	$	2	$	(978)	$	(65)
Net loss from continuing operations attributable to Cliffs shareholders	(248)		(244)		(1,232)		(313)
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax	(3)		—		(3)		—
Net loss attributable to Cliffs shareholders	$	(251)	$	(244)	$	(1,235)	$	(313)
Weighted average number of shares:
Basic	495		~~473~~468		495		~~483~~478
Employee stock plans1	—		1—		—		—
Diluted	495		~~474~~468		495		~~483~~478
Earnings (loss) per common share attributable to Cliffs shareholders:
Loss per common share attributable to Cliffs shareholders - basic:
Basic	$	(0.97)	$	0.00	$	(1.97)	$	(0.13)
Continuing operations	$	(0.51)	$	(0.52)	$	(2.49)	$	(0.66)
Diluted	$	(0.97)	$	0.00	$	(1.97)	$	(0.13)
Discontinued operations	—		—		—		—
1 For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, 4 million and 2 million potentially dilutive shares, respectively, were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive. For both the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, 2 million potentially dilutive shares were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive.
	$	(0.51)	$	(0.52)	$	(2.49)	$	(0.66)
Loss per common share attributable to Cliffs shareholders - diluted:
Continuing operations	$	(0.51)	$	(0.52)	$	(2.49)	$	(0.66)
Discontinued operations	—		—		—		—
	$	(0.51)	$	(0.52)	$	(2.49)	$	(0.66)
1 Excluded from the diluted EPS calculation are anti-dilutive shares related to employee stock plans. For both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, 3 million shares were excluded. For both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, 2 million shares were excluded.

NOTE 18 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

PURCHASE COMMITMENTS

We purchase portions of the principal raw materials required for our steel manufacturing operations under annual and multi-year agreements, some of which have minimum quantity requirements. We also use large volumes of natural gas, electricity and industrial gases in our operations. We negotiate most of our purchases of chrome, industrial gases and a portion of our electricity under multi-year agreements. Our purchases of coke and iron ore are made under annual or multi-year agreements with periodic price adjustments. We typically purchase coal under annual fixed price agreements. We also purchase certain transportation services under multi-year contracts with minimum quantity requirements.

OTHER COMMERCIAL COMMITMENTS

We use surety bonds and letters of credit to provide financial assurance for certain obligations and statutory requirements. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2025, we had $~~268~~270 million of surety-backed letters of credit and surety bonds outstanding. Additionally, as of ~~June~~September 30, 2025, we had $63 million of outstanding letters of credit issued under our ABL Facility.

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CONTINGENCIES

We are currently the subject of, or party to, various claims and legal proceedings incidental to our current and historical operations. These claims and legal proceedings are subject to inherent uncertainties and unfavorable rulings could occur. An unfavorable ruling could include monetary damages, additional funding requirements or an injunction. If an unfavorable ruling were to occur, there exists the possibility of a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations for the period in which the ruling occurs or future periods. However, based on currently available information, we do not believe that any pending claims or legal proceedings will result in a material adverse effect in relation to our consolidated financial statements.

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ENVIRONMENTAL CONTINGENCIES

Our environmental remediation obligations for known environmental matters at active and closed operations have been recognized based on estimates of the cost of investigation and remediation at each facility. We cannot predict the ultimate costs for each site with certainty because of the evolving nature of the investigation and remediation process. Rather, to estimate the probable costs, we must make certain assumptions. The most significant of these assumptions is for the nature and scope of the work that will be necessary to investigate and remediate a particular site and the cost of that work. Other significant assumptions include the cleanup technology that will be used, whether and to what extent any other parties will participate in paying the investigation and remediation costs, reimbursement of past response costs and future oversight costs by governmental agencies, and the reaction of the governing environmental agencies to the proposed work plans. Costs for future investigation and remediation are not discounted to their present value, unless the amount and timing of the cash disbursements are readily known. To the extent that we have been able to reasonably estimate future liabilities, we do not believe that there is a reasonable possibility that we will incur a loss or losses that exceed the amounts we accrued that would, either individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. However, since we recognize amounts in the consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP that exclude potential losses that are not probable or that may not be currently estimable, the ultimate costs of these environmental matters may be higher than the liabilities we currently have recorded in our consolidated financial statements.

Pursuant to RCRA, which governs the treatment, handling and disposal of hazardous waste, the EPA and authorized state environmental agencies may conduct inspections of RCRA-regulated facilities to identify areas where there have been releases of hazardous waste or hazardous constituents into the environment and may order the facilities to take corrective action to remediate such releases. Likewise, the EPA or the states may require closure or post-closure care of residual, industrial and hazardous waste management units. Environmental regulators have the authority to inspect all of our facilities. While we cannot predict the future actions of these regulators, it is possible that they may identify conditions in future inspections of these facilities that they believe require corrective action.

Pursuant to CERCLA, the EPA and state environmental authorities have conducted site investigations at some of our facilities and other third-party facilities, portions of which previously may have been used for disposal of materials that are currently regulated. The results of certain of these investigations remain pending, and we could be directed to spend funds for remedial activities at the former disposal areas. Because of the uncertain status of these investigations, however, we cannot reasonably predict whether or when such spending might be required or its magnitude.

In addition to the foregoing matters, we are or may be involved in proceedings with various regulatory authorities that may require us to pay fines, comply with more rigorous standards or other requirements, or incur capital and operating expenses for environmental compliance. We believe that the ultimate disposition of any such proceedings will not have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

TAX MATTERS

The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations. We recognize liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. If we ultimately determine that payment of these amounts is unnecessary, we reverse the liability and recognize a tax benefit during the period in which we determine that the liability is no longer necessary. We also recognize tax benefits to the extent that it is more likely than not that our positions will be sustained when challenged by the taxing authorities. To the extent we prevail in matters for which liabilities have been established, or are required to pay amounts in excess of our liabilities, our effective tax rate in a given period could be materially affected. An unfavorable tax settlement would require use of our cash and result in an increase in our effective tax rate in the year of resolution. A favorable tax settlement would be recognized as a reduction in our effective tax rate in the year of resolution. Refer to NOTE 10 - INCOME TAXES for further information.

OTHER CONTINGENCIES

In addition to the matters discussed above, there are various pending and potential claims against us and our subsidiaries involving antitrust, product liability, personal injury, commercial, mining royalties, employee benefits and other matters arising in the ordinary course of business. Because of the considerable uncertainties that exist for any claim, it is difficult to reliably or accurately estimate what the amount of a loss would be if a claimant prevails. If material assumptions or factual understandings we rely on to evaluate exposure for these contingencies prove to be inaccurate or otherwise change, we may be required to record a liability for an adverse outcome. If, however, we have reasonably evaluated potential future liabilities for all of these contingencies, including those described more specifically above, it is our opinion, unless we otherwise noted, that the ultimate liability from these contingencies, individually or in the aggregate, should not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

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NOTE 19 - SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

WeOn ~~have~~October ~~evaluated~~3, ~~subsequent~~2025, ~~events~~we ~~through~~redeemed ~~the~~all ~~date~~$685 million aggregate principal amount of ~~financial~~our ~~statement~~5.875% 2027 Senior Notes, 7.000% 2027 Senior Notes, and 7.000% 2027 AK Senior Notes with a portion of the net proceeds from the issuance of our 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes issued in September 2025.

25On October 10, 2025, we issued an additional $275 million aggregate principal amount of our 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes at 102.750% of their principal amount. The net proceeds were used to repay borrowings under our ABL Facility.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is designed to provide a reader of our financial statements with a narrative from the perspective of management on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and other factors that may affect our future results. We believe it is important to read our Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as well as other publicly available information. During the third quarter of 2025, we identified an immaterial error related to our accrual for certain employment costs, resulting in an understatement of Costs of goods sold in prior periods. Prior periods affected include the interim periods ended March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2025, and the interim and annual periods during the years 2022, 2023 and 2024. Refer to NOTE 1 - BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES for further information.

OVERVIEW

We are a leading North America-based steel producer with focus on value-added sheet products, particularly for the automotive industry. We are vertically integrated from the mining of iron ore, production of pellets and direct reduced iron, and processing of ferrous scrap through primary steelmaking and downstream finishing, stamping, tooling, and tubing. Headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio, we employ approximately 30,000 people across our operations in the United States and Canada.

FINANCIAL SUMMARY

The following is a summary of our consolidated results for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in millions, except for diluted EPS):

Total Revenue

Net Income (loss)

Adjusted EBITDA

Diluted EPS

See "— Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below for a reconciliation of our Net ~~income (~~loss) to Adjusted EBITDA.

ECONOMIC OVERVIEW

STEEL MARKET OVERVIEW

We continued to navigate volatile but improving market conditions throughout the ~~second~~third quarter of 2025. Steel market conditions in the ~~second~~third quarter of 2025 benefited from higher than historical HRC pricing and lower import levels, but demand remained impacted by ~~weak light vehicle production and~~ inconsistent buying behavior from ~~customers~~weaker non-automotive demand. The price for domestic HRC, the most significant index impacting our revenues and profitability, averaged $~~910~~843 per net ton during the ~~second~~third quarter of 2025, 1624% higher than the ~~second~~third quarter of 2024. Finished steel import levels ~~declined~~continued to decline in the ~~second~~third quarter of 2025 after being elevated in early 2025 in anticipation of the recently implemented steel tariffs, which helped support domestic steel pricing. Looking forward, we expect domestic steel demand to grow, as recently implemented steel and automotive tariffs support demand for domestically produced steel, other end-user demand improves, interest rates continue to decline, and incremental steel demand stimulated by recent government legislation and manufacturing on-shoring is realized. Steel and light vehicles remain at the top of the Trump administration's trade agenda, and we are at the intersection of both of these industries.

We believe that steel tariffs play a crucial role in protecting the U.S. economy, national security and industrial base from violators of fair trade. The steel industry has long faced significant challenges due to overcapacity and overproduction of steel beyond certain countries' domestic needs, along with other unfair trade practices. The overproduction by certain countries results in dumping of steel in the U.S. at below market value. The U.S. remains the only major steel-producing country that produces less steel than it consumes. Additionally, foreign steel producers often take advantage of government subsidies, currency manipulation and weak environmental regulations. Furthermore, there is an overall lack of foreign countries holding their own steel producers accountable for unfair trade practices. We believe that the steel tariffs recently implemented by President Trump are critical to addressing global overproduction issues, confronting unfair trade practices and supporting a healthy domestic steel market. As a leading domestic steel producer, we expect to benefit for years to come from the recently implemented tariffs, not only for steel but also for the automotive industry.

~~During~~The ~~2025,~~Canadian tosteel ~~appropriately~~industry ~~respond~~is toalso ~~market~~an ~~conditions~~important ~~and~~market tofor ~~optimize~~us. ~~our~~Similar ~~footprint,~~to ~~we made~~ the ~~decision to fully or partially idle six of our operations~~U. AsS. asteel ~~consequence of continued weak automotive production~~market, ~~we made~~ the ~~decision~~Canadian ~~to idle our blast furnace, BOF~~ steel ~~shop,~~market ~~and~~is ~~continuous~~impacted ~~casting~~by ~~facilities~~global atovercapacity ~~our Dearborn Works facility. We also made the decision to idle Conshohocken, Riverdale~~ and ~~Steelton~~other ~~due~~unfair totrade ~~financial underperformance at these operations. Additionally~~practices, weresulting ~~made~~in the ~~decision~~dumping toof ~~idle~~steel ~~the Minorca mine and partially idle the Hibbing Taconite mine~~ in ~~order~~Canada toat ~~consume~~below ~~excess~~market ~~pellet inventory produced in 2024.~~

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~~These~~value. This ~~operational~~has ~~changes~~weakened ~~allow~~our usresults tofor ~~streamline~~ our Canadian operations. We ~~and~~believe ~~enhance~~it ~~efficiency,~~is ~~with~~crucial ~~minimal~~for ~~expected~~Canada ~~impact~~to put measures in place to ~~our~~protect ~~flat-rolled~~its domestic steel ~~output~~industry in order to preserve the Canadian economy and national security.

During 2025, to appropriately respond to market conditions and to optimize our footprint, we made the decision to fully or partially idle or permanently close six of our operations. As a consequence of weak automotive production, we made the decision to idle our blast furnace, BOF steel shop, and continuous casting facilities at our Dearborn Works facility. We also made the decision to permanently close Steelton, Conshohocken and Riverdale due to financial underperformance at these operations. Additionally, we made the decision to idle the Minorca mine and partially idle the Hibbing Taconite mine in order to consume excess pellet inventory produced in 2024. These operational changes allow us to streamline our operations and enhance efficiency, with minimal expected impact to our flat-rolled steel output.

OTHER KEY DRIVERS

The largest market for our steel products is the automotive industry in North America, which makes light vehicle production a key driver of demand. North American light vehicle production in the ~~second~~third quarter of 2025 was approximately 43.09 million units, ~~down~~up from approximately 43.18 million units in the ~~second~~third quarter of 2024. During the ~~second~~third quarter of 2025, light vehicle sales in the U.S. saw an average seasonally adjusted annualized rate of 16.13 million units sold, representing a 35% increase compared to the ~~second~~third quarter of 2024. The seasonally adjusted annualized rate ~~reached~~has 17averaged 16.3 million units sold during the ~~second~~first ~~quarter~~nine months of 2025, 5% higher compared to the same period of 2024, indicating healthy consumer demand. Additionally, the average age of light vehicles on the road in the U.S. is at an all-time high of 12.8 years, surpassing the previous record set in 2024, which should support demand as older vehicles need to be replaced. Furthermore, we expect the recently implemented 25% tariff on imports of automobiles and certain automobile parts to lead to increased demand for domestically produced vehicles that consume domestically made steel. As a leading supplier of automotive-grade steel in the U.S., we expect to benefit from healthier domestic vehicle production over the coming years as we continue to be an established and reliable supplier.

Since 2021, the price for busheling scrap, a necessary input for flat-rolled steel production in EAFs in the U.S., has continued to average well above the prior annual ten-year average of approximately $400 per long ton. The busheling price averaged $~~466~~461 per long ton during the ~~second~~third quarter of 2025, representing a 913% increase compared to the ~~second~~third quarter of 2024. We expect the supply of busheling scrap to further tighten due to decreasing prime scrap generation from original equipment manufacturers as they improve their production efficiency, the growth of EAF capacity in the U.S., ~~reduced metallics imports due to recently announced tariffs on all Brazilian imports,~~ potential for higher prices as a result of tariffs, and a push for expanded scrap use globally. As we are fully integrated and have primarily a blast furnace footprint, increased prices for busheling scrap in the U.S. bolster our competitive advantage, as we source the majority of our iron feedstock from our stable-cost mining and pelletizing operations in Minnesota and Michigan.

COMPETITIVE STRENGTHS

As a leading North America-based steel producer, we benefit from having the size and scale necessary in a competitive, capital intensive business. We have a unique vertically integrated profile from mined raw materials, direct reduced iron, and ferrous scrap to primary steelmaking and downstream finishing, stamping, tooling and tubing. This positioning gives us more predictable costs throughout our supply chain and more control over both our manufacturing inputs and our end-product destination.

One of our most critical strengths that differentiates us from others in our industry is a unique and powerful partnership with our unionized workforce, particularly the USW. With over 20,000 employees subject to collective bargaining agreements, our strong and productive labor relationships are key to our long-term success and allow us to work together in achieving our goals. A clear example of the strength of our relationship is how we partner together to fight against dumped and illegally subsidized imported steel products. Our deep alignment with our represented employees is also recognized by our political leaders, who often publicly support us as a significant employer of a unionized workforce with a track record of working to maintain and increase middle class jobs.

Our primary competitive strength lies within our automotive steel business. We are a leading supplier of automotive-grade steel in the U.S. Compared to other steel end markets, automotive steel is generally higher quality, more operationally and technologically intensive to produce, and requires significantly more devotion to customer service than other steel end markets. This dedication to service and the infrastructure in place to meet our automotive customers’ demanding needs took decades to develop. We have continued to invest capital and resources to meet the requirements needed to serve the automotive industry. We continue to be an established and reliable supplier of automotive-grade steel and intend to bolster our position as an industry leader going forward.

Due to its demanding nature, the automotive steel business typically generates higher through-the-cycle margins, making it a desirable end market. Demand for our automotive-grade steel is expected to be healthier in the coming years as a result of government support for domestically produced vehicles, low unemployment rate, declining interest rates and the replacement of older vehicles. As an established and reliable supplier of domestically produced automotive-grade steel, we expect customers to continue to look to us to serve increased demand in the coming years.

Since becoming a steel company in 2020, we have dedicated significant resources to maintain and upgrade our facilities and equipment. The quality of our assets gives us a unique advantage in product offerings and operational efficiencies. After elevated spend in 2022 to perform overdue maintenance work at the facilities acquired as part of our 2020 acquisitions, we resumed normalized levels of maintenance capital and operating expenses in 2023, which continued throughout 2024 and into 2025. The necessary resources that we have invested in our footprint are expected to keep our assets at an automotive-grade level of quality and reliability for years to come.

Our utilization of fixed price contracts provides us a competitive advantage, as the steel industry is often viewed as volatile and subject to the market price of steel. Our fixed price contracts mitigate pricing volatility through the cycle. Approximately 30-35% of our volumes are sold under these contracts.29

Our ability to source our primary feedstock domestically, and primarily internally, is a competitive strength. This model reduces our exposure to volatile pricing and unreliable global sourcing. The ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, along with recently announced tariffs impacting Brazilian pig iron, and the Trump administration's focus on U.S. manufactured products, has displayed the importance of our North American-centric footprint, as our competitors primarily operating EAF facilities rely on imported pig iron, mostly from Brazil, to produce flat-rolled steel, the supply of which is expected to be disrupted. Additionally, the outcome of

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~~ongoing~~Our ~~trade~~utilization ~~discussions~~of ~~could~~annual ~~result~~or inmulti-year ~~additional~~fixed ~~tariffs~~price oncontracts ~~imported~~provides ~~pig~~us ~~iron~~a ~~and~~competitive ~~other~~advantage, ~~raw~~as ~~materials~~the ~~that~~steel ~~could~~industry ~~further~~is ~~elevate~~often ~~the~~viewed ~~cost~~as ~~structure~~volatile ~~for~~and ~~our~~subject ~~competitors~~to ~~who~~the ~~import~~market ~~raw~~price ~~materials~~of steel. ~~The~~Our ~~best~~fixed ~~example~~price iscontracts ~~our~~mitigate ~~legacy~~pricing ~~business~~volatility ofthrough ~~producing~~the ~~iron ore pellets~~cycle. ByApproximately ~~internally~~30-35% ~~sourcing the vast majority~~ of our ~~iron~~volumes ~~ore~~are ~~pellet~~sold ~~requirements,~~under ~~our~~these ~~primary steelmaking raw material feedstock can be secured at a stable and predictable cost and not be subject to as many factors outside of our control~~contracts.

Our ability to source our primary feedstock domestically, and primarily internally, is a competitive strength. This model reduces our exposure to volatile pricing and unreliable global sourcing. The ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the Trump administration's focus on U.S. manufactured products have displayed the importance of our North American-centric footprint, as our competitors primarily operating EAF facilities rely on imported pig iron to produce flat-rolled steel, the supply of which is expected to be disrupted. Additionally, the outcome of ongoing trade discussions could result in additional tariffs on other raw materials that could further elevate the cost structure for our competitors who import raw materials. The best example is our legacy business of producing iron ore pellets. By internally sourcing the vast majority of our iron ore pellet requirements, our primary steelmaking raw material feedstock can be secured at a stable and predictable cost and not be subject to as many factors outside of our control.

We believe we offer the most comprehensive flat-rolled steel product selection in the industry, along with several complementary products and services. A sampling of our offering includes advanced high-strength steel, hot-dipped galvanized, aluminized, galvalume, electrogalvanized, galvanneal, HRC, cold-rolled coil, plate, GOES, NOES, stainless steels, tool and die, stamped components, slab and cast ingot. Across the quality spectrum and the supply chain, our customers can frequently find the solutions they need from our product selection.

We are a leading producer of electrical steels referred to as GOES and NOES in the U.S., which we believe will be critical for the modernization of the electrical grid and the infrastructure needed to allow for increased electric vehicle adoption, both of which require electrical steels. Distribution transformers are critical to the maintenance and expansion of America’s electric grid. Transformers are in short supply, and that shortage stifles economic growth across the country. The shortage will continue to be exacerbated by the widespread adoption of Artificial Intelligence in virtually all sectors of the economy, which will exponentially increase the consumption of electricity in the U.S. and worldwide. Because of these industry dynamics and our current customer base, our electrical steel business is expected to continue to achieve strong profitability in the coming years.

We are the first and the only producer of HBI in the Great Lakes region. From our Toledo, Ohio facility, we produce a high-quality, low-cost and low-carbon intensive HBI product that can be used in our blast furnaces as a productivity enhancer, or in our BOFs and EAFs as a premium scrap alternative. We use HBI to stretch our hot metal production, lowering carbon intensity and reliance on coke. With increasing tightness in the scrap and metallics markets combined with our own internal needs, we expect our Toledo direct reduction plant to continue to support our operational efficiency going forward. The unique value of our HBI facility is even more evident as recent trade discussions could result in tariffs on pig iron or other imported raw materials for competitors who rely on international suppliers.

STRATEGY

MAXIMIZE OUR COMMERCIAL STRENGTHS

We offer a full suite of flat steel products encompassing effectively all of our customers' needs. We are a leading supplier to the automotive sector, where our portfolio of high-end products delivers a broad range of differentiated solutions for this highly sought after customer base. As an established and reliable supplier of domestically produced automotive-grade steel, we expect to bolster our position as an industry leader going forward.

Our unique capabilities, driven by our portfolio of assets and technical expertise, give us an advantage in our flat-rolled product offering. We offer products that have superior formability, surface quality, strength and corrosion resistance for the automotive industry. In addition, our state-of-the-art Research and Innovation Center in Middletown, Ohio gives us the ability to collaborate with our customers and create new products and develop new and efficient steel manufacturing processes.

Our five-year contract to supply semi-finished steel slabs that was initiated in connection with the closing of the acquisition of ArcelorMittal USA concludes in December 2025. This contract has historically represented approximately 10 percent of our sales volume and has recently become unprofitable as a result of current market conditions. The conclusion of this contract provides a significant opportunity to shift sales and product mix to higher margin business and improve efficiency within our operations.

SUPPORT DOMESTICALLY PRODUCED AUTOMOTIVE SALES

On March 7, 2025, we announced a "Buy American" incentive program for all of our employees in an effort to support President Trump's long-term vision of bringing manufacturing back to the U.S. Under this program, any Cliffs employee who purchases or leases a new American-built vehicle in 2025 with substantial Cliffs steel content will receive a $1,000 cash bonus in connection with the purchase or lease. As the domestic automotive market has long been undermined by excessive imports, we are proud to play a role in encouraging the purchase of domestically produced vehicles. Since the program's inception, feedback has been extremely positive, and employees have been very enthusiastic about the opportunity to support the sale of domestically produced vehicles.

We continue to work with our automotive partners to ensure the availability of domestically produced, automotive-grade steel. With the recently announced automotive tariffs, we expect to see an increase in demand for domestically produced vehicles, which should result in an increase in production of vehicles in the U.S. As a leading supplier of automotive-grade steel, we expect to benefit from increased production of vehicles in the U.S. over the coming years.

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should result in an increase in production of vehicles in the U.S. As a leading supplier of automotive-grade steel, we expect to benefit from increased production of vehicles in the U.S. over the coming years.

OPTIMIZE OUR FULLY-INTEGRATED STEELMAKING FOOTPRINT

We are a fully-integrated steel enterprise with an expansive footprint providing the opportunity to achieve healthy margins for flat-rolled steel throughout the business cycle. Our focus remains on realizing our inherent cost advantage in flat-rolled steel while continuing to optimize our footprint. The combination of our ferrous raw materials, including iron ore, scrap and HBI, allows us to do so relative to peers who must rely on more unpredictable and unreliable raw material sourcing strategies.

We have ample access to scrap, along with internally sourced iron ore pellets and HBI. Our ability to optimize use of these raw materials in our blast furnaces and BOFs ultimately boosts liquid steel output, reduces coke needs and lowers carbon emissions from our operations.

28During 2025, we made the decision to fully or partially idle or permanently close six of our operations. We made the decision to idle our blast furnace, BOF steel shop, and continuous casting facilities at our Dearborn Works facility. We also made the decision to permanently close Steelton, Conshohocken and Riverdale due to underperformance at these operations. Additionally, we made the decision to idle the Minorca mine and partially idle the Hibbing Taconite mine in order to consume excess pellet inventory produced in 2024. Our recent changes allow us to streamline our operations and enhance efficiency, with minimal impact to our flat-rolled steel output.

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During 2025, we made the decision to fully or partially idle six of our operations. We made the decision to idle our blast furnace, BOF steel shop, and continuous casting facilities at our Dearborn Works facility. We also made the decision to idle Conshohocken, Riverdale and Steelton due to underperformance at these operations. Additionally, we made the decision to idle the Minorca mine and partially idle the Hibbing Taconite mine in order to consume excess pellet inventory produced in 2024. Our recent changes allow us to streamline our operations and enhance efficiency, with minimal impact to our flat-rolled steel output.

During the second quarter of 2025, we announced the commissioning of our new state-of-the-art vertical stainless bright anneal line at our Coshocton Works facility in Coshocton, Ohio. The $150 million capital investment will supply premium stainless steel for high-end automotive and critical appliance applications. The new annealing line uses a 100% hydrogen atmosphere, replacing the conventional acid-based processing, and includes a hydrogen recovery unit to recycle hydrogen and use a 50/50 mix of new and used hydrogen in the process. This new line is expected to improve efficiency and the quality of our products at Coshocton Works.

CAPTURE SYNERGIES FROM RECENT ACQUISITIONS

On November 1, 2024, we completed the Stelco Acquisition. The Stelco Acquisition confirms our commitment and leadership in integrated steel production in North America and strengthens our cost position by incorporating one of the lowest cost flat-rolled steelmaking assets in North America within our footprint. The Stelco Acquisition expands our existing presence in Canada and diversifies our customer base in Canada across service centers, construction and other industrial end markets with higher volumes of spot sales. As a result of the Stelco Acquisition, our exposure to the North American spot market has doubled, giving us further insight into spot market dynamics and diversifying our customer base toward spot customers.

We have demonstrated a consistent track record of exceeding our initial synergy estimates associated with value-enhancing transactions through mergers and acquisitions. Significant synergy opportunities from the Stelco Acquisition have been identified, including asset and capital expenditure optimization, procurement savings, selling, general and administrative expenses, duplicative public company costs and other opportunities. With our proven ability to integrate acquired assets and capture synergies, along with our powerful partnership with our union and non-union employees, we are confident in our ability to achieve identified synergies related to the Stelco Acquisition.

EXPLORE STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITIES

During the third quarter of 2025, we announced that we engaged J.P.Morgan as our advisor and launched sell-side processes to explore the potential sale of certain non-core operating assets. As an American-based company with desirable assets, we are favorably positioned to potentially benefit from asset sales. In addition to non-core operating assets, we have received inbound inquiries for us to sell recently idled facilities and certain other inactive sites. We expect the net proceeds of any potential transaction would be used to pay down debt.

Also, during the third quarter of 2025, we signed a Memorandum of Understanding (the "Memorandum of Understanding") with a major global steel producer who seeks to leverage our unmatched U.S. footprint and trade-compliant operations. The Memorandum of Understanding reflects rising interest in Cliffs amid the resurgence of U.S. manufacturing and should enable smooth onboarding for downstream industrial customers moving production from the party’s home country to the United States. The potential transaction with this party is expected to be highly accretive to Cliffs shareholders. UBS is acting as financial advisor to Cliffs for the potential transaction.

Beyond steelmaking, the renewed importance of rare earths in the United States has driven us to re-focus on this potential opportunity at our upstream mining assets. We have begun to explore rare earths at our ore bodies and tailings basins and have identified two sites with key geological indicators for rare earth extraction potential. If successful, it would align Cleveland-Cliffs with the broader national strategy for critical material independence. Before we can determine the economic potential for rare-earth extraction at our properties, we will need to conduct additional technical and economic studies. There can be no assurance that rare-earth extraction at our properties will be economical.

ENHANCE OUR ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

We remain committed to operating our business in a more sustainable manner. In May 2024, we announced our commitment to achieve new GHG emissions reduction targets after we successfully achieved our prior commitment set in 2021 to reduce Scope 1 (direct emissions) and Scope 2 (indirect emissions from purchased electricity or other forms of energy) GHG emissions by 25% by 2030, relative to 2017 levels, well ahead of our 2030 target year. Our new goals set forth below, relative to 2023 levels, include:

•A target to reduce Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions intensity per metric ton of crude steel by 30% by 2035;

•A target to reduce material upstream Scope 3 GHG emissions intensity per metric ton of crude steel by 20% by 2035; and

•A long-term target aligned with the Paris Agreement’s 1.5 degrees Celsius scenario to reduce Scope 1, 2 and material upstream 3 emissions intensity per metric ton of crude steel to near net zero by 2050.

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We have made significant progress in reducing our emissions on a per ton basis. Since 2020, we have reduced our average Scope 1 and 2 emissions of integrated mills from 1.82 to 1.58 metric tons of CO2e per metric ton of crude steel produced in 2024, which is 27% lower than the global industry average.

MAINTAIN FINANCIAL FLEXIBILITY

Given the cyclicality of our business, it is important to us to be in the financial position to easily withstand economic cycles and be opportunistic when attractive strategic opportunities arise. Since becoming a steel company in 2020, we have demonstrated our ability to generate healthy free cash flow and use it to reduce substantial amounts of debt, return capital to shareholders through share repurchases and make investments to both improve and grow our business.

We have a track record of demonstrating that we can quickly deleverage our balance sheet and have also historically shown our ability to take advantage of volatility in the debt markets and repurchase notes at a discount. We expect to generate healthy free cash flow in the coming years and intend to utilize it to deleverage our balance sheet. We also maintain a long maturity runway with our outstanding debt, with our nearest senior notes maturities coming in 2029 (after redeeming in October 2025 all senior notes that had a maturity date in 2027), have healthy liquidity, and have approximately $3.2 billion of secured debt capacity, which supports our flexibility to navigate varied economic environments for extended periods of time.

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STEELMAKING RESULTS

The following is a summary of our Steelmaking segment operating results, net of intersegment eliminations, for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in millions, except for average selling price, and shipments in thousands of net tons):

Total Revenue

Gross Margin

Adjusted EBITDA

Steel Shipments (nt)

Q2 2025	Q2 2024	YTD 2025	YTD 2024	Q2 2025	Q2 2024	YTD 2025	YTD 2024	Q2 2025	Q2 2024	YTD 2025	YTD 2024	Q2 2025	Q2 2024	YTD 2025	YTD 2024
Q3 2025	Q3 2024	YTD 2025	YTD 2024	Q3 2025	Q3 2024	YTD 2025	YTD 2024	Q3 2025	Q3 2024	YTD 2025	YTD 2024	Q3 2025	Q3 2024	YTD 2025	YTD 2024
STEEL PRODUCT REVENUE:				GROSS MARGIN %:				ADJUSTED EBITDA %:				AVERAGE SELLING PRICE PER TON OF STEEL PRODUCTS:
$4,354	$4,487	$8,410	$9,116	(5)%	3%	(7)%	4%	2%	6%	(1)%	7%	$1,015	$1,125	$998	$1,150
$4,156	$4,013	$12,566	$13,129	(1)%	(3)%	(5)%	2%	3%	3%	—%	6%	$1,032	$1,045	$1,009	$1,116

REVENUES

The following tables represent our steel shipments by product and total revenues by market:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands of net tons)	2025		2024		% Change		2025		2024		% Change
Steel shipments by product:
Hot-rolled steel	1,~~727~~484		1,~~393~~400		246	%	34,~~420~~904		24,~~659~~059		2921	%
Cold-rolled steel	~~627~~611		~~632~~635		(14)	%	1,~~235~~846		1,~~295~~930		(54)	%
Coated steel	1,~~142~~178		1,~~171~~078		~~(2)~~9	%	23,~~265~~443		23,~~387~~465		(51)	%
Stainless and electrical steel	~~135~~149		~~151~~140		~~(11)~~6	%	~~277~~426		~~296~~436		(62)	%
Plate	~~217~~232		~~207~~173		534	%	~~420~~652		~~408~~581		312	%
Slab and other steel products	~~442~~375		~~435~~414		2(9)	%	~~813~~1,188		~~884~~1,298		(8)	%
Total steel shipments by product	4,~~290~~029		3,~~989~~840		85	%	812,~~430~~459		711,~~929~~769		6	%
	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024		% Change		2025		2024		% Change
Steelmaking revenues by market:
Direct automotive	$	1,~~249~~356	$	1,~~460~~334	~~(14)~~2	%	$	23,~~546~~902	$	34,~~077~~411	(1712)	%
Infrastructure and manufacturing	1,~~489~~326		1,~~421~~160		514	%	24,~~843~~169		23,~~813~~973		15	%
Distributors and converters	1,~~433~~288		1,~~402~~317		(2)	%	23,~~661~~949		24,~~814~~131		(54)	%
Steel producers	~~600~~591		~~632~~608		(53)	%	1,~~188~~779		1,~~238~~846		(4)	%
Total Steelmaking revenues by market	$	4,~~771~~561	$	4,~~915~~419	(3)	%	$	913,~~238~~799	$	914,~~942~~361	(74)	%

Revenues ~~decreased~~increased by $142 million, or 3%, during the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025, as compared to the prior-year period, primarily due to:

•AAn ~~decrease~~increase ~~of $211 million, or 14%,~~ in revenues ~~from~~related ~~the~~to ~~direct~~incremental ~~automotive~~tons ~~market,~~sold ~~predominantly~~attributed ~~due~~ to athe ~~decrease~~addition inof ~~demand~~Stelco (approximately $400 million); which ~~was~~is partially offset by

•AnA ~~increase~~decrease in ~~revenues~~revenue ~~related~~driven toby ~~incremental~~inconsistent buying behavior from service centers and other customers resulting in lower tons sold, ~~related~~excluding toStelco ~~the~~(approximately ~~addition~~$150 ofmillion); ~~Stelco.~~and

~~Revenues~~•A ~~decreased~~decrease byin 7%revenue ~~during~~driven by the ~~six~~decision ~~months~~to ~~ended~~indefinitely ~~June 30,~~idle ~~2025,~~the asRiverdale ~~compared~~and Steelton operations due to ~~the~~financial ~~prior-year~~underperformance ~~period,~~at ~~primarily~~these ~~due~~operations ~~to:~~(approximately $150 million).

~~•A decrease of $531 million, or 17%, in revenues from the direct automotive market, predominantly due to a decrease in demand; and~~33

•A decrease of $153 million, or 5%, in revenues from the distributors and converters market, predominantly due to a decrease in average selling price; which was partially offset by

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~~•An~~Revenues ~~increase~~decreased inby ~~revenues~~$562 ~~related~~million, toor ~~incremental~~4%, ~~tons~~during ~~sold~~the ~~related~~nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the ~~addition~~prior-year ofperiod, ~~Stelco.~~primarily due to:

•A decrease in revenues driven by lower realized revenue rates (approximately $550 million); and

•A decrease in revenue driven by inconsistent buying behavior from automotive, service centers and other customers resulting in lower tons sold (approximately $900 million); and

•A decrease in revenue driven by the decision to indefinitely idle the Weirton, Riverdale and Steelton operations due to financial underperformance at these operations (approximately $250 million); which was partially offset by

•An increase in revenues related to incremental tons sold related to the addition of Stelco (approximately $1.2 billion).

GROSS MARGIN

Gross margin ~~decreased~~increased by $~~370~~60 million during the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025, as compared to the prior-year period, primarily due to:

•AHigher ~~decrease~~steel inmargins ~~average~~driven ~~selling~~by ~~price~~product ~~(approximately~~mix ~~$200~~and ~~million~~lower ~~impact)~~maintenance spend, ~~predominantly~~partially ~~due~~offset toby lower ~~direct~~realized ~~automotive~~revenue ~~mix. The~~rates ~~average~~and ~~selling~~higher ~~price~~energy ~~was~~costs ~~additionally~~(approximately ~~impacted~~$20 ~~as a result of incremental hot-rolled steel tons sold related to the addition of Stelco~~million); and

•AnThe ~~increase~~unfavorable inarbitration ~~depreciation~~decision ~~expense~~related ofto ~~approximately~~iron ~~$120~~ore ~~million~~mining asroyalties athat ~~result~~was ofrealized in the ~~indefinite~~third ~~idling~~quarter of ~~our~~2024 ~~Conshohocken~~(approximately ~~and~~$70 ~~Riverdale~~million), ~~facilities.~~which was partially offset by

~~Gross~~•An ~~margin~~increase ~~decreased~~in bydepreciation, $1depletion,~~040~~ ~~million~~and ~~during~~amortization ~~the~~(approximately ~~six months ended June~~ $30, ~~2025, as compared to the prior-year period, primarily due to:~~million).

•AGross ~~decrease~~margin indecreased ~~average~~by ~~selling price (approximately~~ $~~700~~983 million ~~impact),~~during ~~predominantly~~the ~~due~~nine tomonths ~~lower~~ended ~~direct~~September 30, ~~automotive~~2025, ~~mix and lower index prices. The average selling price was additionally impacted~~ as acompared ~~result~~to ofthe ~~incremental hot~~prior-~~rolled~~year ~~steel~~period, ~~tons~~primarily ~~sold~~due ~~related~~ to ~~the addition of Stelco;~~:

•AnLower ~~increase~~realized inrevenue ~~depreciation~~rates ~~expense of~~ (approximately $~~120~~670 million ~~as a result of the indefinite idling of our Conshohocken and Riverdale facilities~~); ~~and~~

•An increase in ~~idled~~depreciation ~~facilities~~and ~~charges~~amortization ofexpense ~~approximately $60 million~~ as a result of the ~~operational~~indefinite ~~adjustments~~idling ~~related~~of to our ~~Hibbing,~~Conshohocken ~~Minorca~~ and ~~Dearborn~~Riverdale facilities. and acquisition of Stelco (approximately $220 million); and

•An increase in idled facilities charges as a result of the operational adjustments related to our Hibbing, Minorca and Dearborn facilities (approximately $60 million).

ADJUSTED EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA from our Steelmaking segment for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025, ~~decreased~~increased by $~~225~~20 million, as compared to the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2024, primarily due to the ~~decreased~~increased gross margin from our Steelmaking operations. Additionally, our Steelmaking Adjusted EBITDA included $~~130~~123 million and $96105 million of Selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Adjusted EBITDA from our Steelmaking segment for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025, decreased by $~~804~~787 million, as compared to the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2024, primarily due to the decreased gross margin from our Steelmaking operations. Additionally, our Steelmaking Adjusted EBITDA included $~~256~~378 million and $~~221~~326 million of Selling, general and administrative expenses for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

REVENUES & GROSS MARGIN

During the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025, our consolidated Revenues ~~decreased~~increased by $~~158~~165 million and decreased by $~~728~~563 million, respectively, and our consolidated gross margin ~~decreased~~increased by $~~371~~60 million and decreased by $~~1,047~~990 million, respectively, as compared to the prior-year periods. See "— Steelmaking Results" above for further detail on our operating results.

RESTRUCTURING AND OTHER CHARGES AND ASSET IMPAIRMENT

As a result of the announcements to indefinitely idle two of our non-core Steelmaking ~~assets~~operations, we recorded both Restructuring and other charges and Asset impairment. The indefinite idling of our Steelton rail production facility occurred in the second quarter of 2025, while the idling of our Weirton tinplate production facility was announced in the first quarter of 2024.

In connection with these decisions, we recorded $863 million and $8992 million of Restructuring and other charges during the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025, respectively, ~~and~~compared to $252 million and $~~129~~131 million for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2024, respectively. Additionally, Asset impairment of $39 million was recorded for ~~both~~ the ~~three~~nine ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025, ~~and~~compared ~~$15~~to ~~million and~~ $79 million for the ~~three~~nine ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2024~~, respectively~~.

MISCELLANEOUS - NET

During the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025, Miscellaneous – net ~~increased~~remained byrelatively ~~$14~~consistent ~~million and $2 million, respectively,~~ as compared to the prior-year periods. ~~Both~~Included ~~the~~within ~~three~~Miscellaneous ~~and~~– ~~six~~net for the nine months ended ~~June~~ September 30, 2025 ~~included~~is ~~idled~~an ~~facilities~~increase ~~charges~~ of approximately $4840 million of charges related to the ~~indefinite~~idled ~~idling of our Conshohocken and Riverdale~~ facilities~~. Additionally~~ ~~recorded during these periods,~~ and ~~included~~severance ~~within Miscellaneous – net~~charges, isas ~~approximately~~compared ~~$20 million in severance related~~ to athe ~~reduction~~prior-year ~~in salaried workforce~~period. ~~These~~This ~~increases~~was ~~were~~ largely offset by ~~increases~~a decrease in ~~miscellaneous income from~~ currency exchange ~~during~~expense ~~both the three~~ and ~~six~~various ~~months~~other ~~ended~~items ~~June 30,~~not ~~2025~~individually significant.

~~LOSS ON EXTINGUISHMENT OF DEBT~~34

During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we used a portion of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 7.000% 2032 Senior Notes to repurchase $829 million in aggregate principal amount of our 6.750% 2026 Secured Senior Notes, resulting in a $6 million and $27 million of Loss on extinguishment of debt for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, we did not repurchase any outstanding senior notes. Refer to NOTE 8 - DEBT AND CREDIT FACILITIES for further information.

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LOSS ON EXTINGUISHMENT OF DEBT

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we used a portion of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 7.000% 2032 Senior Notes to repurchase $829 million in aggregate principal amount of our 6.750% 2026 Secured Senior Notes, resulting in a $27 million of Loss on extinguishment of debt for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we did not repurchase any outstanding senior notes. Refer to NOTE 8 - DEBT AND CREDIT FACILITIES for further information.

INTEREST EXPENSE, NET

During the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025, our consolidated Interest expense, net increased by $8051 million and $~~156~~207 million, respectively, as compared to the prior-year ~~period~~periods. This increase is primarily due to an increase in our outstanding borrowings.

INCOME TAXES

Our effective tax rate is impacted by state and foreign income taxes as well as permanent items, such as depletion. It also is affected by discrete items that may occur in any given period but are not consistent from period to period.

During the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025, our consolidated Income tax benefit increased by $~~133~~2 million and $~~272~~275 million, respectively, as compared to the prior-year ~~period~~periods. This increase is primarily due to an increase in Loss from continuing operations before income taxes and the impact of immaterial discrete items relative to those losses.

LIQUIDITY, CASH FLOWS AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

OVERVIEW

Our capital allocation decision-making process is focused on preserving healthy liquidity levels, strengthening our balance sheet, and creating financial flexibility to manage through the cyclical demand for our products and volatility in commodity prices. We are focused on maximizing the cash generation of our operations, reducing debt, and aligning capital investments with our strategic priorities and the requirements of our business plan, including regulatory and permission-to-operate related projects.

The following table provides a summary of our cash flow:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024
Cash flows provided (used) by:
Operating activities	$	(~~306~~449)	$	~~661~~577
Investing activities	(~~256~~394)		(~~331~~477)
Financing activities	~~567~~853		(~~418~~259)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	510	$	(88159)
Free cash flow1	$	(~~570~~870)	$	~~322~~87
1See "— Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for a reconciliation of our free cash flow.

CASH FLOWS

OPERATING ACTIVITIES

Six Months Ended June 30,

Nine Months Ended September 30,

(In millions)

2025

2024

Variance

Net loss

(~~953~~1,193)

(44280)

(~~909~~913)

Non-cash adjustments to net loss

~~483~~709

~~636~~838

(~~153~~129)

Working capital:

Accounts receivable, net

(~~199~~215)

67258

(~~266~~473)

Inventories

~~396~~399

~~227~~190

~~169~~209

Income taxes

1015

(1246)

2261

Pension and OPEB payments and contributions

(73121)

(62162)

~~(11)~~41

Payables, accrued employment and accrued expenses

(331)

(~~176~~210)

~~173~~179

Other, net

33(12)

25(11)

8(1)

Total working capital

~~164~~35

6919

9516

Net cash provided (used) by operating activities

(~~306~~449)

~~661~~577

(~~967~~1,026)

~~The variance was primarily driven by:~~ 35

•A $1.1 billion decrease in net loss after adjustments for non-cash items primarily due to lower gross margins resulting from a decrease in selling prices for our steel products as compared to the first half of 2024. See "— Steelmaking Results" above for further detail on our operating results; and

•A $266 million decrease in cash primarily related to increasing average selling prices of our steel products during the first half of 2025 as compared to the end of 2024, resulting in growing accounts receivable balances; which was partially offset by

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•AThe ~~$173~~variance ~~million~~was ~~increase in cash~~ primarily asdriven aby: ~~result of lower incentive-based compensation paid in the first half of 2025, as compared to the prior-year period; and~~

•A $~~169~~1.0 ~~million~~billion ~~increase~~decrease in net loss after adjustments for non-cash items primarily ~~related~~due to lower gross margins resulting from a ~~reduction~~decrease in ~~raw~~selling ~~material~~prices ~~inventories,~~for ~~including~~our ~~iron~~steel ~~ore~~products ~~pellets~~as ~~and~~compared ~~coke,~~to ~~during~~ the ~~first~~prior-year ~~half~~period. See of"— ~~2025.~~Steelmaking Results" above for further detail on our operating results; and

•A $473 million decrease in cash primarily as a result of volatility in average selling price. Lower average selling prices at the end of 2024, which increased throughout the first three quarters of 2025, led to higher outstanding accounts receivable balances at September 30, 2025. In contrast, higher average selling prices at the end of 2023, which decreased throughout the first three quarters of 2024, led to lower outstanding accounts receivable balances at September 30, 2024. Such decrease in cash was partially offset by

•A $209 million increase in cash primarily related to a reduction in raw material inventories, including iron ore pellets and coke, during the first three quarters of 2025; and

•A $179 million increase in cash primarily as a result of lower incentive-based compensation paid in the first three quarters of 2025, as compared to the prior-year period.

INVESTING ACTIVITIES

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024		Variance
Purchase of property, plant and equipment	$	(~~264~~421)	$	(~~339~~490)	$	7569
Other investing activities	827		813		—14
Net cash used by investing activities	$	(~~256~~394)	$	(~~331~~477)	$	7583

Our ~~capital~~cash ~~expenditures~~used ~~primarily~~for ~~relate~~capital toexpenditures ~~sustaining~~during ~~capital~~the ~~spend,~~nine ~~which~~months ~~includes~~ended ~~infrastructure~~September 30, ~~mobile~~2025 ~~equipment,~~was ~~fixed~~$69 ~~equipment,~~million ~~product~~less ~~quality,~~as ~~environmental,~~compared ~~and~~to ~~health~~the ~~and~~prior-year ~~safety spend~~period. Our cash used for capital expenditures ~~during~~primarily ~~the~~relates ~~first~~to ~~half~~sustaining ofcapital ~~2025~~spend, ~~was~~which ~~$75~~includes ~~million~~infrastructure, ~~less~~mobile asequipment, ~~compared~~fixed toequipment, ~~the~~product ~~prior-year~~quality, ~~period~~environmental, and health and safety spend. Included within cash used for capital expenditures was a$3 ~~nominal~~million ~~amount~~ related to our non-owned SunCoke Middletown VIE for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025, compared to $1220 million for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2024.

We anticipate total cash used for capital expenditures during the next 12 months to be approximately $700 million, which primarily consists of sustaining capital spend.

FINANCING ACTIVITIES

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024		Variance
Net proceeds (repayments) of senior notes	$	850	$	(20)	$	870
Net proceeds of senior notes	$	1,700	$	576	$	1,124
Net borrowings (repayments) under credit facilities	(~~183~~713)		~~370~~47		(~~553~~760)
Repurchase of common shares	—		(733)		733
Other financing activities	(~~100~~134)		(35149)		~~(65)~~15
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities	$	~~567~~853	$	(~~418~~259)	$	~~985~~1,112

The variance was primarily driven by:

•~~The~~An ~~repurchase~~increase ofin ~~37.9~~proceeds ~~million~~from ~~common~~senior ~~shares~~notes offerings of $1.1 billion during the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, ~~2024,~~2025 ~~while~~related noto ~~shares~~the ~~were~~issuance ~~repurchased~~of ~~during~~an ~~the~~aggregate ~~six~~principal ~~months~~amount ~~ended~~of ~~June~~$1.7 ~~30,~~billion ~~2025~~of our 7.500% Senior Notes due 2031 and 7.625% Senior Notes due 2034; and

•AThe ~~net~~repurchase ~~increase~~of in37.9 ~~cash~~million ~~provided~~common ~~from~~shares ~~proceeds~~during ofthe ~~senior~~nine ~~notes~~months ~~issued~~ended ~~and~~September ~~borrowings~~30, ~~under~~2024, while no shares were repurchased during the ~~ABL~~nine ~~Facility. These~~months ~~proceeds~~ended ~~were~~September ~~used~~30, ~~for~~2025; ~~general~~which ~~operational~~was ~~purposes.~~partially offset by

•An increase in repayments under our credit facilities primarily as a result of temporarily paying down our ABL Facility with a portion of the net proceeds from the 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes issuance in September 2025, prior to redeeming in October 2025 all $685 million aggregate principal amount of our senior notes that had maturity dates in 2027 with the remaining net proceeds from the 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes issuance in September 2025.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our primary sources of liquidity are Cash and cash equivalents, cash generated from our operations, availability under the ABL Facility and access to capital markets. Cash and cash equivalents, which totaled $6166 million as of ~~June~~September 30, 2025, include cash on hand and on deposit, as well as short-term securities held for the primary purpose of general liquidity. The combination of cash and availability under our ABL Facility equated to $23.71 billion in liquidity as of ~~June~~September 30, 2025.

On February 6, 2025, we issued $850 million aggregate principal amount of 7.500% Senior Notes due 2031 at par. The net proceeds from this offering were used for general corporate purposes, including repayment of borrowings under our ABL Facility. We believe our liquidity and access to capital markets will be adequate to fund our cash requirements for the next 12 months and for the foreseeable future. However, our ability in the future to issue additional notes could be limited by market conditions.

Our ABL Facility, which matures in June 2028, has a maximum borrowing base of $4.75 billion, including a $500 million multicurrency sub-facility, a $555 million sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit and a $200 million sublimit for swingline loans. The available borrowing base is determined by applying customary advance rates to eligible accounts receivable, inventory and certain mobile equipment. As of June 30, 2025, outstanding letters of credit totaled $63 million, which reduced availability. We issue standby letters of credit with certain financial institutions in order to support business obligations, including, but not limited to, workers' compensation, operating agreements, employee severance, environmental obligations and insurance. Our ABL Facility agreement contains various financial and other covenants. As of June 30, 2025, we were in compliance with all of our ABL Facility covenants.36

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~~depend~~On onSeptember ~~prevailing~~8, ~~market conditions~~2025, ~~our~~we ~~liquidity~~issued ~~requirements,~~$850 ~~contractual~~million ~~restrictions~~aggregate ~~and~~principal ~~other~~amount ~~factors,~~of ~~and~~7.625% ~~the~~Senior ~~amounts~~Notes ~~involved~~due ~~may~~2034 beat ~~material~~par. WeOn ~~also~~October 3, ~~have~~2025, a portion of the ~~potential~~net proceeds from this offering, which were initially utilized to ~~generate~~pay ~~liquidity~~down ~~from~~our ~~the~~ABL ~~sale~~Facility, was used to redeem all $685 million in aggregate principal amount of ~~non-core~~our ~~assets~~5.875% 2027 Senior Notes, 7.000% 2027 Senior Notes and 7.000% 2027 AK Senior Notes. The remaining net proceeds from this offering were used to repay borrowings under our ABL Facility.

On October 10, 2025, we issued an additional $275 million aggregate principal amount of our 7.625% Senior Notes due 2034 at 102.750% of their principal amount. The net proceeds of this offering were used to repay borrowings under our ABL Facility.

Our ABL Facility, which matures in June 2028, has a maximum borrowing base of $4.75 billion, including a $500 million multicurrency sub-facility, a $555 million sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit and a $200 million sublimit for swingline loans. The available borrowing base is determined by applying customary advance rates to eligible accounts receivable, inventory and certain mobile equipment. As of September 30, 2025, outstanding letters of credit totaled $63 million, which reduced availability. We issue standby letters of credit with certain financial institutions in order to support business obligations, including, but not limited to, workers' compensation, operating agreements, employee severance, environmental obligations and insurance. Our ABL Facility agreement contains various financial and other covenants. As of September 30, 2025, we were in compliance with all of our ABL Facility covenants.

We have the capability to issue additional unsecured notes and, subject to the limitations set forth in our existing senior notes indentures and ABL Facility, additional secured debt, if we elect to access the debt capital markets. We currently have approximately $3.2 billion of secured debt capacity. We believe our liquidity and access to capital markets will be adequate to fund our cash requirements for the next 12 months and for the foreseeable future. However, our ability in the future to issue additional debt could be limited by market conditions. We intend from time to time to seek to redeem or repurchase our outstanding senior notes with cash on hand, borrowings from existing credit sources or new debt financings and/or exchanges for debt or equity securities, in open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. Such redemptions or repurchases, if any, will depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors, and the amounts involved may be material. We also have the potential to generate liquidity from the sale of non-core assets. In addition to non-core operating assets, we have received inbound inquiries for us to sell recently idled facilities and certain other inactive sites.

Refer to NOTE 8 - DEBT AND CREDIT FACILITIES for more information on our ABL Facility and debt.

NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

The following provides a description and reconciliation of each of our non-GAAP financial measures to its most directly comparable respective GAAP measure. The presentation of these measures is not intended to be considered in isolation from, as a substitute for, or as superior to, the financial information prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP. The presentation of these measures may be different from non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies.

ADJUSTED EBITDA

We evaluate performance on an operating segment basis, as well as a consolidated basis, based on Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP measure. This measure is used by management, investors, lenders and other external users of our financial statements to assess our operating performance and to compare operating performance to other companies in the steel industry. In addition, management believes Adjusted EBITDA is a useful measure to assess the earnings power of the business without the impact of capital structure and can be used to assess our ability to service debt and fund future capital expenditures in the business.

~~The following table provides a reconciliation of our Net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA:~~37

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Net loss	$	(470)	$	9	$	(953)	$	(44)
Less:
Interest expense, net	(149)		(69)		(289)		(133)
Income tax benefit	148		15		295		23
Depreciation, depletion and amortization	(393)		(228)		(675)		(458)
Total EBITDA	(76)		291		(284)		524
Less:
EBITDA from noncontrolling interests1	20		15		38		36
Idled facilities charges	(204)		(40)		(248)		(217)
Changes in fair value of derivatives, net	(15)		—		(24)		—
Currency exchange	48		—		46		—
Loss on extinguishment of debt	—		(6)		—		(27)
Severance	(19)		(1)		(20)		(3)
Other, net	(3)		—		1		(2)
Total Adjusted EBITDA	$	97	$	323	$	(77)	$	737
1 EBITDA from noncontrolling interests includes the following:
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	$	13	$	7	25		21
Depreciation, depletion and amortization	7		8		13		15
EBITDA from noncontrolling interests	$	20	$	15	$	38	$	36
2 Refer to NOTE 2 - SUPPLEMENTARY FINANCIAL STATEMENT INFORMATION for further information.

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The following table provides a reconciliation of our Net loss to Adjusted EBITDA:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Net loss	$	(234)	$	(232)	$	(1,193)	$	(280)
Less:
Interest expense, net	(153)		(102)		(442)		(235)
Income tax benefit	78		76		375		100
Depreciation, depletion and amortization	(288)		(235)		(963)		(693)
Total EBITDA	129		29		(163)		548
Less:
EBITDA from noncontrolling interests1	23		20		61		56
Idled facilities charges	3		(2)		(245)		(219)
Acquisition-related costs	—		(14)		(1)		(14)
Changes in fair value of derivatives, net	(10)		(7)		(34)		(7)
Currency exchange	(20)		—		26		—
Loss on extinguishment of debt	—		—		—		(27)
Arbitration decision	—		(71)		—		(71)
Severance	(5)		(10)		(25)		(13)
Other, net	(5)		(9)		(3)		(11)
Total Adjusted EBITDA	$	143	$	122	$	58	$	854

1 EBITDA from noncontrolling interests includes the following:
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	$	17	$	12	42		33
Depreciation, depletion and amortization	6		8		19		23
EBITDA from noncontrolling interests	$	23	$	20	$	61	$	56

2 Refer to NOTE 2 - SUPPLEMENTARY FINANCIAL STATEMENT INFORMATION for further information.

The following table provides a summary of our Adjusted EBITDA by segment:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Adjusted EBITDA:
Steelmaking	$	83129	$	~~306~~111	$	~~(101)~~20	$	~~701~~807
Other Businesses	1612		188		2638		3543
Intersegment Eliminations	(2)		~~(1)~~3		~~(2)~~—		14
Total Adjusted EBITDA	$	97143	$	~~323~~122	$	~~(77)~~58	$	~~737~~854

FREE CASH FLOW

Free cash flow is a non-GAAP measure defined as operating cash flow less purchase of property, plant and equipment. Management believes it is an important measure to assess the cash generation available to service debt, strategic initiatives or other financing activities.

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The following table provides a reconciliation of our Net cash provided (used) by operating activities to free cash flow:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024
Net cash provided (used) by operating activities	$	(~~306~~449)	$	~~661~~577
Purchase of property, plant and equipment	(~~264~~421)		(~~339~~490)
Free cash flow	$	(~~570~~870)	$	~~322~~87

INFORMATION ABOUT OUR GUARANTORS AND THE ISSUER OF OUR GUARANTEED SECURITIES

The accompanying summarized financial information has been prepared and presented pursuant to SEC Regulation S-X, Rule 3-10, “Financial Statements of Guarantors and Issuers of Guaranteed Securities Registered or Being Registered,” and Rule 13-01 "Financial Disclosures about Guarantors and Issuers of Guaranteed Securities and Affiliates Whose Securities Collateralized a Registrant's Securities." Certain of our subsidiaries (the "Guarantor subsidiaries") as of ~~June~~September 30, 2025 have fully and unconditionally, and jointly and severally, guaranteed the obligations under the 5.875% 2027 Senior Notes, the 7.000% 2027 Senior Notes, the 4.625% 2029 Senior Notes, the 6.875% 2029 Senior Notes, the 6.750% 2030 Senior Notes, the 4.875% 2031 Senior Notes, the 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes, the 7.000% 2032 Senior Notes and the 7.375% 2033 Senior Notes issued by Cleveland-Cliffs Inc. on a senior unsecured basis. See NOTE 8 - DEBT AND CREDIT FACILITIES for further information.

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fully and unconditionally, and jointly and severally, guaranteed the obligations under the 5.875% 2027 Senior Notes, the 7.000% 2027 Senior Notes, the 4.625% 2029 Senior Notes, the 6.875% 2029 Senior Notes, the 6.750% 2030 Senior Notes, the 4.875% 2031 Senior Notes, the 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes, the 7.000% 2032 Senior Notes, the 7.375% 2033 Senior Notes, and the 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes issued by Cleveland-Cliffs Inc. on a senior unsecured basis. See NOTE 8 - DEBT AND CREDIT FACILITIES for further information.

The following presents the summarized financial information on a combined basis for Cleveland-Cliffs Inc. (parent company and issuer of the guaranteed obligations) and the Guarantor subsidiaries, collectively referred to as the obligated group. Transactions between the obligated group have been eliminated. Information for the non-Guarantor subsidiaries was excluded from the combined summarized financial information of the obligated group.

Each Guarantor subsidiary is consolidated by Cleveland-Cliffs Inc. as of ~~June~~September 30, 2025. Refer to Exhibit 22, incorporated herein by reference, for the detailed list of entities included within the obligated group as of ~~June~~September 30, 2025.

As of ~~June~~September 30, 2025, the guarantee of a Guarantor subsidiary with respect to the 5.875% 2027 Senior Notes, the 7.000% 2027 Senior Notes, the 4.625% 2029 Senior Notes, the 6.875% 2029 Senior Notes, the 6.750% 2030 Senior Notes, the 4.875% 2031 Senior Notes, the 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes, the 7.000% 2032 Senior Notes, ~~and~~ the 7.375% 2033 Senior Notes, and the 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes will be automatically and unconditionally released and discharged, and such Guarantor subsidiary’s obligations under the guarantee and the related indentures (the “Indentures”) will be automatically and unconditionally released and discharged, upon the occurrence of any of the following, along with the delivery to the trustee of an officer’s certificate and an opinion of counsel, each stating that all conditions precedent provided for in the applicable Indenture relating to the release and discharge of such Guarantor subsidiary’s guarantee have been complied with:

(a) any sale, exchange, transfer or disposition of such Guarantor subsidiary (by merger, consolidation, or the sale of) or the capital stock of such Guarantor subsidiary after which the applicable Guarantor subsidiary is no longer a subsidiary of the Company or the sale of all or substantially all of such Guarantor subsidiary’s assets (other than by lease), whether or not such Guarantor subsidiary is the surviving entity in such transaction, to a person which is not the Company or a subsidiary of the Company; provided that (i) such sale, exchange, transfer or disposition is made in compliance with the applicable Indenture, including the covenants regarding consolidation, merger and sale of assets and, as applicable, dispositions of assets that constitute notes collateral, and (ii) all the obligations of such Guarantor subsidiary under all debt of the Company or its subsidiaries terminate upon consummation of such transaction;

(b) designation of any Guarantor subsidiary as an “excluded subsidiary” (as defined in the Indentures); or

Each entity in the summarized combined financial information follows the same accounting policies as described in the consolidated financial statements. The accompanying summarized combined financial information does not reflect investments of the obligated group in non-Guarantor subsidiaries. The financial information of the obligated group is presented on a combined basis; intercompany balances and transactions within the obligated group have been eliminated. The obligated group's amounts due from, amounts due to, and transactions with, non-Guarantor subsidiaries and related parties have been presented in separate line items.

SUMMARIZED COMBINED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF THE ISSUER AND GUARANTOR SUBSIDIARIES

The following table is summarized combined financial information from the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Position of the obligated group:

(In millions)	~~June~~September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Current assets	$	6,~~408~~370	$	6,463
Non-current assets	11,~~659~~562		11,856
Current liabilities	(3,~~900~~876)		(4,~~121~~160)
Non-current liabilities	(9,~~690~~829)		(9,~~241~~232)

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The following table is summarized combined financial information from the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Operations of the obligated group:

	Six Months Ended
	Nine Months Ended
(In millions)	~~June~~September 30, 2025
Revenues	$	812,~~663~~973
Cost of goods sold	(913,~~235~~569)
Net loss	(813)
Loss from continuing operations	(980)
Net loss attributable to Cliffs shareholders	(813)
Net loss	(980)
Net loss attributable to Cliffs shareholders	(980)

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The obligated group had the following balances with non-Guarantor subsidiaries and other related parties:

(In millions)	~~June~~September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Balances with non-Guarantor subsidiaries:
Accounts receivable, net	$	~~740~~741	$	755
Accounts payable	(1,~~076~~049)		(1,279)
Balances with other related parties:
Accounts receivable, net	$	711	$	9
Accounts payable	(1213)		(20)

Additionally, for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025, the obligated group had Revenues of $3964 million and Cost of goods sold of $3556 million, in each case, with other related parties.

MARKET RISKS

We are subject to a variety of risks, including those caused by changes in commodity prices, foreign currency exchange rates, and interest rates. We have established policies and procedures to manage such risks; however, certain risks are beyond our control.

PRICING RISKS

In the ordinary course of business, we are exposed to price fluctuations in both the production and sale of our products. Price fluctuations related to the production of our products are impacted by market prices for natural gas, electricity, ferrous and stainless steel scrap, metallurgical coal, coke, zinc, chrome, nickel and other alloys. Price fluctuations related to the sale of our products are primarily impacted by market prices for HRC and other related spot indices. Our financial results can vary for our operations as a result of these fluctuations.

Our strategy to address the risk of changes in the prices of both energy and raw materials that are purchased and utilized in our operations includes improving efficiency in energy usage, identifying alternative providers, utilizing the lowest cost alternative fuels and making forward physical purchases.

Some customer contracts have fixed pricing terms, which increase our exposure to fluctuations in raw material and energy costs. To reduce our exposure, we enter into annual, fixed price agreements for certain raw materials. Some of our existing multi-year raw material supply agreements have required minimum purchase quantities. Under adverse economic conditions, those minimums may exceed our needs. Absent exceptions for force majeure and other circumstances affecting the legal enforceability of the agreements, these minimum purchase requirements may compel us to purchase quantities of raw materials that could significantly exceed our anticipated needs or pay damages to the supplier for shortfalls. In these circumstances, we would attempt to negotiate agreements for new purchase quantities. There is a risk, however, that we would not be successful in reducing purchase quantities, either through negotiation or litigation. If that occurred, we would likely be required to purchase more of a particular raw material in a particular year than we need, negatively affecting our results of operations and cash flows.

Certain of our customer contracts include variable-pricing mechanisms that adjust selling prices in response to changes in the costs of certain raw materials and energy, while other of our customer contracts exclude such mechanisms. We may enter into multi-year purchase agreements for certain raw materials with similar variable-price mechanisms, allowing us to achieve natural hedges between the customer contracts and supplier purchase agreements. Therefore, in some cases, price fluctuations for energy (particularly natural gas and electricity), raw materials (such as scrap, chrome, zinc and nickel) or other commodities may be, in part, passed on to customers rather than absorbed solely by us. There is a risk, however, that the variable-price mechanisms in the sales contracts may not necessarily change in tandem with the variable-price mechanisms in our purchase agreements, negatively affecting our results of operations and cash flows.

If we are unable to align fixed and variable components between customer contracts and supplier purchase agreements, we routinely evaluate the use of derivative instruments to hedge market risk. As a result, we use cash-settled commodity price swaps to hedge a portion of our exposure from our natural gas and electricity requirements. Our hedging strategy is designed to protect us from excessive pricing volatility. However, since we do not typically hedge 100% of our exposure, abnormal price increases in any of these commodity markets might still negatively affect operating costs.

36Our strategy to address price fluctuations related to the selling price of our products has generally been to obtain competitive prices for our products and allow operating results to reflect market price movements dictated by supply and demand; however, from time to time, we also utilize sales swaps to manage our exposure to HRC price fluctuations in the average selling price of our products.

The following table summarizes the negative effect of a hypothetical change in the fair value of our derivative instruments outstanding as of September 30, 2025, due to a 10% and 25% change in the market price of each of the hedge contracts:


Contract Type (In millions)	10% Change		25% Change
Natural gas	$	48	$	120
Electricity	11		28

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Our strategy to address price fluctuations related to the selling price of our products has generally been to obtain competitive prices for our products and allow operating results to reflect market price movements dictated by supply and demand; however, to an extent, we also utilize sales swaps to manage our exposure to HRC price fluctuations in the average selling price of our products.

The following table summarizes the negative effect of a hypothetical change in the fair value of our derivative instruments outstanding as of June 30, 2025, due to a 10% and 25% change in the market price of each of the hedge contracts:

Contract Type (In millions)	10% Change		25% Change
Natural gas	$	45	$	113
Electricity	13		32
HRC	8		20

Any resulting changes in fair value would be recorded as adjustments to AOCI, net of income taxes, or recognized in net earnings, as appropriate. These hypothetical losses would be partially offset by the benefit of lower prices paid for the related commodities or the benefit of higher selling prices related to the HRC price, respectively.

VALUATION OF GOODWILL AND OTHER LONG-LIVED ASSETS

GOODWILL

We assign goodwill arising from acquired companies to the reporting units that are expected to benefit from the synergies of the acquisition. Goodwill is tested on a qualitative or quantitative basis for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis (October 1) and between annual tests if a triggering event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. We have an unconditional option to bypass the qualitative test for any reporting unit in any period and proceed directly to performing the quantitative test. Should our qualitative test indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we perform a quantitative test to determine the amount of impairment, if any, to the carrying value of the reporting unit and its associated goodwill.

Triggering events could include a significant and sustained change in the business climate, including, among other factors, declines in historical or projected revenue, operating income, Adjusted EBITDA or cash flows, and declines in the stock price or market capitalization, considered both in absolute terms and relative to peers, legal factors, competition, or sale or disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit. Automotive production and sales are cyclical and sensitive to general economic conditions and other factors, including interest rates, consumer credit, spending and preferences, and supply chain disruptions. Additionally, to the extent that commodity prices, including the HRC price, coated and other specialty steel prices, international steel prices and scrap metal prices, significantly decline for an extended period, we may have to further revise our operating plans. As a result, testing for potential impairment on our goodwill may be adversely affected by uncertain market conditions for the global steel industry, as well as changes in interest rates, inflation, commodity prices and general economic conditions. Changes in general economic and/or industry specific conditions, such as the impacts of significant recent shifts in trade policies, including the imposition of tariffs, retaliatory tariff measures and subsequent modifications or suspensions thereof, and market reactions to such policies and resulting trade disputes, could further impact our impairment assessments. We do not believe the current challenging macroeconomic and industry conditions, or our depressed market capitalization, have significantly changed our assessment of the fair value of our reporting units.

Application of a goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, assignment of goodwill to reporting units, and the determination of the fair value of each reporting unit, if a quantitative assessment is deemed necessary. The fair value of each reporting unit is estimated using the guideline public company method, the discounted cash flow methodology, or a combination of both, which considers forecasted cash flows discounted at an estimated weighted average cost of capital. Assessing the recoverability of our goodwill requires significant assumptions regarding discount rates, market multiples, the estimated future cash flows and other factors to determine the fair value of a reporting unit, including, among other things, estimates related to forecasts of future revenues, Adjusted EBITDA, capital expenditures and working capital requirements, which are based upon our long-range plan estimates. The assumptions used to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit may change based on operating results, market conditions and other factors. Changes in these assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each reporting unit.

OTHER LONG-LIVED ASSETS

Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment upon the occurrence of events or changes in circumstances that would indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Such indicators may include: a significant decline in expected future cash flows; a sustained, significant decline in market pricing; a significant adverse change in legal or environmental factors or in the business climate; changes in estimates of our recoverable reserves; and unanticipated competition. Any adverse change in these factors could have a significant impact on the recoverability of our long-lived assets and could have a material impact on our consolidated statements of operations and statements of financial position.

A comparison of each asset group's carrying value to the estimated undiscounted net future cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets, including cost of disposition, is used to determine if an asset is recoverable. Projected future cash flows reflect management's best estimate of economic and market conditions over the projected period, including growth rates in revenues and costs, and estimates of future expected changes in operating margins and capital expenditures. If the carrying value of the asset group is higher than its undiscounted net future cash flows, the asset group is measured at fair value and the difference is recorded as a reduction to the long-lived assets. We estimate fair value using a market approach, an income approach or a cost approach. For the ~~three~~nine ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025, we concluded that there were no additional triggering events resulting in the need for an impairment assessment except for the announcement of the indefinite idle of our Steelton rail production facility, which resulted in a $34 million impairment charge to Property, plant and equipment, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

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need for an impairment assessment except for the announcement of the indefinite idle of our Steelton rail production facility, which resulted in a $34 million impairment charge to Property, plant and equipment, net for the six months ended June 30, 2025.

The triggering events discussed above related to goodwill additionally apply to testing for potential impairment of other long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment and/or intangible assets.

FOREIGN CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATE RISK

We are subject to changes in foreign currency exchange rates primarily as a result of our operations in Canada, which could impact our financial condition. Foreign exchange rate risk arises from our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates because our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, but the functional currency of our Stelco subsidiaries is the Canadian dollar. Specifically, we are primarily exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency rates in relation to an intercompany note with our Stelco subsidiary that is denominated in the Canadian dollar. Changes in the Canadian dollar exchange rate may result in volatility in our financial condition due to the routine remeasurement of this note. As of June 30, 2025, a 1% change in the Canadian dollar foreign currency exchange rate would result in a $9 million change in currency exchange income (expense). Additionally, we engage in routine transactions denominated in foreign currencies, such as the purchases of goods and services. However, the potential impact of these transactions to our financial condition is significantly less than the potential impact of the routine remeasurement of the intercompany note.

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financial condition due to the routine remeasurement of this note. As of September 30, 2025, a 1% change in the Canadian dollar foreign currency exchange rate would result in a $9 million change in currency exchange income (expense). Additionally, we engage in routine transactions denominated in foreign currencies, such as the purchases of goods and services. However, the potential impact of these transactions to our financial condition is significantly less than the potential impact of the routine remeasurement of the intercompany note.

INTEREST RATE RISK

Interest payable on our senior notes is at fixed rates. Interest payable under our ABL Facility is at a variable rate based upon the applicable base rate plus the applicable base rate margin depending on the excess availability. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2025, we had $~~1,377~~847 million of outstanding borrowings under our ABL Facility. An increase in prevailing interest rates would increase interest expense and interest paid for any outstanding borrowings under our ABL Facility. For example, a 100 basis point change to interest rates under our ABL Facility at the ~~June~~September 30, 2025 borrowing level would result in a change of $149 million to interest expense on an annual basis.

SUPPLY CONCENTRATION RISKS

Many of our operations and mines rely on one source each of electric power and natural gas. A significant interruption or change in service or rates from our energy suppliers could materially impact our production costs, margins and profitability.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This report contains statements that constitute "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the federal securities laws. As a general matter, forward-looking statements relate to anticipated trends and expectations rather than historical matters. Forward-looking statements are subject to uncertainties and factors relating to our operations and business environment that are difficult to predict and may be beyond our control. Such uncertainties and factors may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. These statements speak only as of the date of this report, and we undertake no ongoing obligation, other than that imposed by law, to update these statements. Investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Uncertainties and risk factors that could affect our future performance and cause results to differ from the forward-looking statements in this report include, but are not limited to:

•continued volatility of steel, scrap metal and iron ore market prices, which directly and indirectly impact the prices of the products that we sell to our customers;

•uncertainties associated with the highly competitive and cyclical steel industry and our reliance on the demand for steel from the automotive industry;

•potential weaknesses and uncertainties in global economic conditions, excess global steelmaking capacity and production, prevalence of steel imports, reduced market demand and oversupply of iron ore;

•severe financial hardship, bankruptcy, temporary or permanent shutdowns or operational challenges of one or more of our major customers, key suppliers or contractors, which, among other adverse effects, could disrupt our operations or lead to reduced demand for our products, increased difficulty collecting receivables, and customers and/or suppliers asserting force majeure or other reasons for not performing their contractual obligations to us;

•risks related to U.S. government actions and other countries' reactions with respect to Section 232, the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement and/or other trade agreements, tariffs, treaties or policies, as well as the uncertainty of obtaining and maintaining effective antidumping and countervailing duty orders to counteract the harmful effects of unfairly traded imports;

•impacts of existing and changing governmental regulation, including actual and potential environmental regulations relating to climate change and carbon emissions, and related costs and liabilities, including failure to receive or maintain required operating and environmental permits, approvals, modifications or other authorizations of, or from, any governmental or regulatory authority and costs related to implementing improvements to ensure compliance with regulatory changes, including potential financial assurance requirements, and reclamation and remediation obligations;

•potential impacts to the environment or exposure to hazardous substances resulting from our operations;

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•our ability to maintain adequate liquidity, our level of indebtedness and the availability of capital could limit our financial flexibility and cash flow necessary to fund working capital, planned capital expenditures, acquisitions, and other general corporate purposes or ongoing needs of our business, or to repurchase our common shares;

•our ability to reduce our indebtedness or return capital to shareholders within the currently expected timeframes or at all;

•adverse changes in credit ratings, interest rates, foreign currency rates and tax laws;

•challenges to successfully implementing our business strategy to achieve operating results in line with our guidance;

•the outcome of, and costs incurred in connection with, lawsuits, claims, arbitrations or governmental proceedings relating to commercial and business disputes, antitrust claims, environmental matters, government investigations, occupational or personal injury claims, property-related matters, labor and employment matters, or suits involving legacy operations and other matters;

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•supply chain disruptions or changes in the cost, quality or availability of energy sources, including electricity, natural gas and diesel fuel, critical raw materials and supplies, including iron ore, industrial gases, graphite electrodes, scrap metal, chrome, zinc, other alloys, coke and metallurgical coal, and critical manufacturing equipment and spare parts;

•problems or disruptions associated with transporting products to our customers, moving manufacturing inputs or products internally among our facilities, or suppliers transporting raw materials to us;

•the risk that the cost or time to implement a strategic or sustaining capital project may prove to be greater than originally anticipated;

•our ability to consummate any public or private acquisition or divestiture transactions and the transactions contemplated by the Memorandum of Understanding and to realize any or all of the anticipated benefits or estimated future synergies, including any expected accretion, as well as to successfully integrate any acquired businesses into our existing businesses;

•uncertainties associated with natural or human-caused disasters, adverse weather conditions, unanticipated geological conditions, critical equipment failures, infectious disease outbreaks, tailings dam failures and other unexpected events;

•cybersecurity incidents relating to, disruptions in, or failures of, information technology systems that are managed by us or third parties that host or have access to our data or systems, including the loss, theft or corruption of our or third parties' sensitive or essential business or personal information and the inability to access or control systems;

•liabilities and costs arising in connection with any business decisions to temporarily or indefinitely idle or permanently close an operating facility or mine, which could adversely impact the carrying value of associated assets, trigger contractual liabilities or termination costs, and give rise to impairment charges or closure and reclamation obligations, as well as uncertainties associated with restarting any previously idled operating facility or mine;

•our ability to realize the anticipated synergies or other expected benefits of the Stelco Acquisition, as well as the impact of additional liabilities and obligations incurred in connection with the Stelco Acquisition;

•our level of self-insurance and our ability to obtain sufficient third-party insurance to adequately cover potential adverse events and business risks;

•uncertainties associated with our ability to meet customers’ and suppliers’ decarbonization goals and reduce our GHG emissions in alignment with our own announced targets;

•challenges to maintaining our social license to operate with our stakeholders, including the impacts of our operations on local communities, reputational impacts of operating in a carbon-intensive industry that produces GHG emissions, and our ability to foster a consistent operational and safety track record;

•our actual economic mineral reserves or reductions in current mineral reserve estimates, and any title defect or loss of any lease, license, option, easement or other possessory interest for any mining property;

•our ability to maintain satisfactory labor relations with unions and employees;

•unanticipated or higher costs associated with pension and OPEB obligations resulting from changes in the value of plan assets or contribution increases required for unfunded obligations;

•uncertain availability or cost of skilled workers to fill critical operational positions and potential labor shortages caused by experienced employee attrition or otherwise, as well as our ability to attract, hire, develop and retain key personnel; ~~and~~

•our ability to complete the requisite technical and economic studies to determine the economic potential for extraction of rare earths at our properties, and the risk that rare-earth extraction at our properties may be uneconomical; and

•potential significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting.

For additional factors affecting our business, refer to Part II – Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. You are urged to carefully consider these risk factors.

Forward-looking and other statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q regarding our GHG reduction plans and goals are not an indication that these statements are necessarily material to investors or required to be disclosed in our filings with the SEC. In addition, historical, current and forward-looking GHG-related statements may be based on standards for measuring progress that are still developing, internal controls and processes that continue to evolve and assumptions that are subject to change in the future.

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Information regarding our market risk is presented under the caption "Market Risks," which is included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, and Part I – Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our President and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure based solely on the definition of “disclosure controls and procedures” in Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

As of the end of the period covered by this report, we carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our President and Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on the foregoing, our President and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

There was no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION



ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

~~Mesabi~~U. ~~Metallics Adversary Proceeding~~S. On ~~September~~Steel 7,– ~~2017,~~Nippon ~~Mesabi Metallics Company LLC (f/k/a Essar~~ Steel ~~Minnesota~~Litigation. As ~~LLC)~~previously ~~("Mesabi~~disclosed ~~Metallics")~~in ~~filed~~our aAnnual ~~complaint~~Report ~~against~~on ~~Cleveland~~Form 10-~~Cliffs~~K ~~Inc.~~for in the ~~Essar~~year ~~Steel~~ended ~~Minnesota~~December 31, ~~LLC~~2024, and ~~ESML~~in ~~Holdings~~our ~~Inc.~~Quarterly ~~bankruptcy~~Report ~~proceeding~~on inForm 10-Q for the ~~United~~quarter ~~States~~ended ~~Bankruptcy~~March ~~Court~~31, ~~District~~2025, ofon ~~Delaware~~January ~~(the~~6, ~~"Bankruptcy~~2025, ~~Court")~~U. ~~Mesabi~~ ~~Metallics~~S. ~~alleged~~Steel, ~~tortious~~Nippon ~~interference~~Steel ~~with~~Corporation ~~its~~and ~~contractual~~Nippon ~~rights~~Steel ~~and~~North ~~business~~America, ~~relations~~Inc. ~~involving~~(together ~~certain~~with ~~vendors,~~Nippon ~~suppliers~~Steel ~~and contractors~~Corporation, ~~violations~~"Nippon ofSteel") ~~federal~~filed ~~and~~a ~~Minnesota~~complaint ~~antitrust~~in ~~laws~~the ~~through~~United ~~monopolization,~~States ~~attempted~~District ~~monopolization~~Court ~~and~~for ~~restraint~~the ofWestern ~~trade,~~District ~~violation~~ of ~~the~~Pennsylvania ~~automatic~~against ~~stay~~Cleveland-Cliffs Inc., ~~and~~Lourenco ~~civil~~Goncalves ~~conspiracy~~and ~~with~~David ~~unnamed~~McCall, ~~Doe~~the ~~defendants. Mesabi~~International ~~Metallics~~President ~~amended~~of ~~its~~the ~~complaint~~USW. The toplaintiffs' ~~add~~lawsuit ~~additional~~was ~~defendants,~~filed ~~including,~~in ~~among~~the ~~others,~~immediate ~~our~~aftermath ~~subsidiary,~~of ~~Cleveland-Cliffs~~former ~~Minnesota~~President ~~Land~~Biden's ~~Development~~issuance ~~Company~~of ~~LLC~~an ~~("Cliffs~~executive ~~Minnesota~~order ~~Land"),~~blocking ~~and~~a toproposed ~~add~~merger ~~additional~~of ~~claims,~~U. ~~including~~S. ~~avoidance~~Steel and ~~recovery~~Nippon ofSteel ~~unauthorized~~on ~~post-petition~~national ~~transfers~~security ofgrounds. The ~~real~~plaintiffs ~~estate~~alleged ~~interests,~~that ~~claims~~the ~~disallowance,~~defendants ~~civil~~entered ~~contempt~~into ~~and~~an ~~declaratory~~unlawful ~~relief. Mesabi~~agreement ~~Metallics seeks~~ to ~~hold~~oppose the ~~defendants~~sale ~~jointly~~of ~~and~~U. ~~severally~~S. ~~liable~~Steel ~~for,~~to ~~among~~any buyer other ~~things,~~than ~~antitrust damages and injunctive relief~~Cliffs. The ~~parties~~plaintiffs ~~filed~~also ~~various~~alleged ~~dispositive~~that ~~motions~~Cliffs onand ~~certain~~Mr. ofGoncalves, with the ~~claims,~~assistance ~~including~~and asupport ~~motion~~of ~~for~~the ~~partial~~USW, ~~summary~~monopolized ~~judgment~~or attempted to ~~settle~~monopolize athe ~~dispute~~markets ~~over~~for ~~real~~NOES, ~~estate~~GOES, ~~transactions~~iron ~~between~~ore ~~Cliffs~~pellets ~~Minnesota Land~~ and ~~Glacier~~exposed ~~Park~~automotive ~~Iron~~steel ~~Ore~~in ~~Properties~~North ~~LLC~~America ~~("GPIOP"). A ruling~~ in ~~favor~~violation of ~~Cliffs,~~federal ~~Cliffs~~antitrust ~~Minnesota~~laws. The ~~Land~~plaintiffs ~~and~~further ~~GPIOP~~alleged ~~was issued on July 23, 2018, finding~~ that ~~Mesabi~~the ~~Metallics'~~defendants ~~leases~~violated ~~had terminated~~ and ~~upholding~~conspired ~~Cliffs'~~to ~~and~~violate ~~Cliffs~~federal ~~Minnesota~~anti-racketeering ~~Land's~~laws ~~purchase~~by ~~and~~pursuing ~~lease~~their ofalleged ~~the~~scheme ~~contested~~to ~~real~~force ~~estate~~U. ~~interests~~S. ~~Mesabi~~ ~~Metallics~~Steel ~~filed~~into ~~a Motion for Leave to File~~ an ~~Interlocutory~~acquisition ~~Appeal,~~by ~~which~~Cliffs ~~was~~and ~~denied~~monopolize onthe ~~September~~aforementioned ~~10, 2019~~markets. ~~Discovery~~Finally, ~~was~~the ~~completed,~~plaintiffs ~~and~~alleged that the ~~parties~~defendants' ~~filed~~speech ~~cross-motions~~and ~~for~~actions ~~summary~~against ~~judgment~~U. On ~~October~~S. 8,Steel's ~~2024,~~proposed ~~the~~acquisition ~~Bankruptcy~~by ~~Court~~Nippon ~~issued~~Steel anconstituted ~~order~~tortious ~~granting~~interference ~~and~~with ~~denying~~existing ~~parts~~and ofprospective ~~the~~business ~~cross-motions~~relations. OnIn ~~February~~addition ~~14,~~to ~~2025,~~their ~~Mesabi~~claims ~~Metallics' motion~~ for ~~the~~monetary ~~case~~relief, towhich beincluded ~~withdrawn~~claims ~~from~~for ~~the~~treble ~~Bankruptcy Court~~ and ~~proceed~~punitive indamages, the ~~United~~plaintiffs ~~States~~sought ~~District~~a ~~Court~~preliminary ~~for~~injunction enjoining the ~~District~~defendants' ofalleged ~~Delaware~~activities (against the ~~“District~~plaintiffs' ~~Court”)~~proposed ~~was granted~~merger. On ~~June~~September 3, 2025, ~~the~~U. ~~District~~S. ~~Court~~Steel ~~issued~~and anNippon ~~order~~Steel ~~setting~~voluntarily ~~the~~dismissed ~~case~~their ~~for~~lawsuit ~~trial~~against inCliffs, ~~May~~Mr. ofGoncalves ~~2027~~and Mr. McCall with prejudice. WeIn ~~continue~~connection towith ~~believe~~the termination of this lawsuit, the ~~claims~~parties ~~asserted~~entered ~~against~~into usa ~~are~~settlement ~~without~~agreement ~~merit,~~providing ~~and~~for wethe ~~intend~~full torelease ~~continue~~of ~~vigorously~~the ~~defending~~defendants ~~against~~and ~~all~~involving ~~remaining~~no ~~claims~~exchange inof ~~the~~financial ~~lawsuit~~consideration.

Environmental Matters. SEC regulations require us to disclose certain information about administrative or judicial proceedings involving the environment and to which a governmental authority is a party if we reasonably believe that such proceedings may result in monetary sanctions above a stated threshold. Pursuant to SEC regulations, we use a threshold of $1 million for purposes of determining whether disclosure of any such proceedings is required. We believe that this threshold is reasonably designed to result in disclosure of any such proceedings that are material to our business or financial condition.

We have described the other material pending legal proceedings, including administrative or judicial proceedings involving the environment, to which we are a party in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.



ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

We caution readers that our business activities involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those currently expected by management. We described the most significant risks that could impact our results in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.



ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

The following table presents information with respect to repurchases by the Company of our common shares during the periods indicated:

ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Period	Total Number of Shares(or Units) Purchased1	Average Price Paid per Share (or Unit)		Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares (or Units) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs2
April 1 - 30, 2025	5,747	$	8.03	—	$	1,375,931,379
July 1 - 31, 2025	2,794	$	8.19	—	$	1,375,931,379
May 1 - 31, 2025	7,340	$	7.13	—	$	1,375,931,379
August 1 - 31, 2025	1,437	$	10.68	—	$	1,375,931,379
June 1 - 30, 2025	3,860	$	7.17	—	$	1,375,931,379
September 1 - 30, 2025	501	$	11.79	—	$	1,375,931,379
Total	164,~~947~~732	$	79.4433	—
1Shares that were delivered to us in order to satisfy tax withholding obligations due upon the vesting or payment of stock awards.
2 On April 22, 2024, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized a program to repurchase our outstanding common shares in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, which may include purchases pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 plans or accelerated share repurchases, up to a maximum of $1.5 billion. We are not obligated to make any repurchases, and the program may be suspended or discontinued at any time. The share repurchase program does not have a specific expiration date.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

We are committed to protecting the occupational health and well-being of each of our employees. Safety is one of our core values and we strive to ensure that safe production is the first priority for all employees. Our internal objective is to achieve zero injuries and incidents across the Company by focusing on proactively identifying needed prevention activities, establishing standards and evaluating performance to mitigate any potential loss to people, equipment, production and the environment. We have implemented intensive employee training that is geared toward maintaining a high level of awareness and knowledge of safety and health issues in the work environment through the development and coordination of requisite information, skills and attitudes. We believe that through these policies, we have developed an effective safety management system.

Under the Dodd-Frank Act, each operator of a coal or other mine is required to include certain mine safety results within its periodic reports filed with the SEC. As required by the reporting requirements included in §1503(a) of the Dodd-Frank Act and Item 104 of Regulation S-K, the information concerning mining safety and health or other regulatory matters for each of our mine locations that are covered under the scope of the Dodd-Frank Act are included in Exhibit 95 of Part II – ITEM 6. EXHIBITS of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.



ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

During the quarter ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025, no director or officer (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act) of the Company adopted or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" (as each term is defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K).



ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

All documents referenced below have been filed pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 by Cleveland-Cliffs Inc., file number 1-09844, unless otherwise indicated.

ExhibitNumber						Exhibit
22						Schedule of the obligated group, including the parent and issuer and the subsidiary guarantors that have guaranteed the obligations under the 5.875% 2027 Senior Notes, the 7.000% 2027 Senior Notes, the 4.625% 2029 Senior Notes, the 6.875% 2029 Senior Notes, the 6.750% 2030 Senior Notes, the 4.875% 2031 Senior Notes, the 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes, the 7.000% 2032 Senior Notes and the 7.375% 2033 Senior Notes issued by Cleveland-Cliffs Inc. (filed herewith).
4.1						Indenture, dated as of September 8, 2025, among Cleveland-Cliffs Inc., the Guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, including Form of 7.625% Senior Guaranteed Notes due 2034 (filed herewith).
31.1						Certification Pursuant to 15 U.S.C. Section 7241, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, signed and dated by Lourenco Goncalves as of July 23, 2025 (filed herewith).
4.2						First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 10, 2025, among Cleveland-Cliffs Inc., the Guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee (filed herewith).
31.2						Certification Pursuant to 15 U.S.C. Section 7241, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, signed and dated by Celso L. Goncalves Jr. as of July 23, 2025 (filed herewith).
22						Schedule of the obligated group, including the parent and issuer and the subsidiary guarantors that have guaranteed the obligations under the 5.875% 2027 Senior Notes, the 7.000% 2027 Senior Notes, the 4.625% 2029 Senior Notes, the 6.875% 2029 Senior Notes, the 6.750% 2030 Senior Notes, the 4.875% 2031 Senior Notes, the 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes, the 7.000% 2032 Senior Notes, the 7.375% 2033 Senior Notes, and the 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes issued by Cleveland-Cliffs Inc. (filed herewith).
32.1						Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, signed and dated by Lourenco Goncalves, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Cleveland-Cliffs Inc., as of July 23, 2025 (filed herewith).
31.1						Certification Pursuant to 15 U.S.C. Section 7241, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, signed and dated by Lourenco Goncalves as of October 22, 2025 (filed herewith).
32.2						Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, signed and dated by Celso L. Goncalves Jr., Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer of Cleveland-Cliffs Inc., as of July 23, 2025 (filed herewith).
31.2						Certification Pursuant to 15 U.S.C. Section 7241, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, signed and dated by Celso L. Goncalves Jr. as of October 22, 2025 (filed herewith).
32.1						Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, signed and dated by Lourenco Goncalves, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Cleveland-Cliffs Inc., as of October 22, 2025 (filed herewith).
32.2						Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, signed and dated by Celso L. Goncalves Jr., Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer of Cleveland-Cliffs Inc., as of October 22, 2025 (filed herewith).
95						Mine Safety Disclosures (filed herewith).
101						The following financial information from Cleveland-Cliffs Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended ~~June~~September 30, 2025 formatted in Inline XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language) includes: (i) the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Position, (ii) the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Operations, (iii) the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Comprehensive ~~Income (~~Loss), (iv) the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Cash Flows, (v) the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Changes in Equity, and (vi) Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
104						The cover page from this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

CLEVELAND-CLIFFS INC.

By:

/s/ Kimberly A. Floriani

Name:

Kimberly A. Floriani

Title:

Senior Vice President, Controller & Chief Accounting Officer

Date:

~~July~~October 2322, 2025

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