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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

____________________________

FORM 10-K

____________________________

☒ Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2024

☐ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the Transition Period from ___________ to ___________

Commission File No. 001-12257

____________________________

MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

____________________________


California		95-2211612
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

4484 Wilshire Boulevard
Los Angeles,	California	90010
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (323) 937-1060

____________________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock	MCY	New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

____________________________

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☒

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant at June 30, 2024 was $1,411,146,942 (which represents 26,555,268 shares of common equity held by non-affiliates multiplied by $53.14, the closing sales price on the New York Stock Exchange for such date, as reported by the Wall Street Journal).

At February 6, 2025, the registrant had issued and outstanding an aggregate of 55,388,627 shares of its Common Stock.

____________________________

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Certain information from the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders is incorporated herein by reference into Part III hereof.

MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION

INDEX TO FORM 10-K


		Page
PART I

Item 1	Business	1
Item 1A	Risk Factors	15
Item 1B	Unresolved Staff Comments	27
Item 1C	Cybersecurity	27
Item 2	Properties	29
Item 3	Legal Proceedings	29
Item 4	Mine Safety Disclosures	30

PART II

Item 5	Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	31
Item 6	Reserved	33
Item 7	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	34
Item 7A	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risks	53
Item 8	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	55
Item 9	Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	100
Item 9A	Controls and Procedures	100
Item 9B	Other Information	100
Item 9C	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	100

PART III

Item 10	Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance	101
Item 11	Executive Compensation	101
Item 12	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	101
Item 13	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	101
Item 14	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	101

PART IV

Item 15	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	102
Item 16	Form 10-K Summary	106

SIGNATURES		107
Financial Statement Schedules		S-1

PART I

Item 1.Business

General

Mercury General Corporation ("Mercury General") and its subsidiaries (referred to herein collectively as the "Company") are primarily engaged in writing personal automobile insurance through 12 insurance subsidiaries (referred to herein collectively as the "Insurance Companies") in 11 states, principally California. The Company also writes homeowners, commercial automobile, commercial property, mechanical protection, and umbrella insurance. The Company's insurance policies are mostly sold through independent agents who receive a commission for selling policies. The Company believes that it has thorough underwriting and claims handling processes that, together with its agent relationships, provide the Company with competitive advantages.

The direct premiums written for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 by state and line of insurance business were:

Year Ended December 31, 2024

(Dollars in thousands)


	Private Passenger Automobile			Homeowners			Commercial Automobile			Other Lines (2)			Total
California	$	2,845,294		$	970,054		$	280,987		$	334,293		$	4,430,628		80.5	%
Texas	127,808			190,928			62,788			6,824			388,348			7.1	%
Other states (1)	422,722			206,315			43,219			9,603			681,859			12.4	%
Total	$	3,395,824		$	1,367,297		$	386,994		$	350,720		$	5,500,835		100.0	%
	61.7		%	24.9		%	7.0		%	6.4		%	100.0		%

Year Ended December 31, 2023

(Dollars in thousands)


	Private Passenger Automobile			Homeowners			Commercial Automobile			Other Lines (2)			Total
California	$	2,317,678		$	813,056		$	246,253		$	235,735		$	3,612,722		79.3	%
Texas	123,390			147,854			53,430			5,592			330,266			7.2	%
Other states (1)	400,714			158,094			46,538			10,154			615,500			13.5	%
Total	$	2,841,782		$	1,119,004		$	346,221		$	251,481		$	4,558,488		100.0	%
	62.4		%	24.5		%	7.6		%	5.5		%	100.0		%

Year Ended December 31, 2022

(Dollars in thousands)


	Private Passenger Automobile			Homeowners			Commercial Automobile			Other Lines (2)			Total
California	$	2,142,265		$	716,651		$	193,809		$	216,022		$	3,268,747		80.8	%
Texas	97,620			105,269			43,641			6,174			$	252,704		6.2	%
Other states (1)	358,973			118,419			39,312			10,375			527,079			13.0	%
Total	$	2,598,858		$	940,339		$	276,762		$	232,571		$	4,048,530		100.0	%
	64.3		%	23.2		%	6.8		%	5.7		%	100.0		%

_____________

(1) No individual state accounted for more than 5% of total direct premiums written.

(2) No individual line of insurance business accounted for more than 5% of total direct premiums written.

The Company offers the following types of automobile coverage: collision, property damage, bodily injury ("BI"),

comprehensive, personal injury protection ("PIP"), underinsured and uninsured motorist, and other hazards.

The Company offers the following types of homeowners coverage: dwelling, liability, personal property, and other coverages.

The following table presents the Company's published maximum limits of coverage:


Insurance type			Published maximum limits of coverage
Private Passenger Automobile - bodily injury (BI)			$500,000 per person; $500,000 per accident (1)
Private Passenger Automobile (combined policy limits)			$500,000 per accident
Private Passenger Automobile - property damage			$250,000 per accident (1)
Commercial Automobile (combined policy limits)			$1,000,000 per accident
Homeowner property			no maximum (2) (3)
Homeowner liability			$1,000,000 (3)
Commercial property			no maximum (2)
Umbrella liability			$5,000,000 (4)

________

(1) The majority of the Company’s automobile policies have coverage limits that are equal to or less than $100,000 per person and $300,000 per accident for BI and $50,000 per accident for property damage.

(2) The Company has a per-risk reinsurance treaty covering losses of $10 million in excess of $5 million, and facultative reinsurance coverage for losses above $15 million subject to some coverage limitations for certain commercial property policies with multiple structures.

(3) The majority of the Company’s homeowners policies have liability coverage limits of $300,000 or less, a replacement value of $500,000 or less, and a total insured value of $1,000,000 or less.

(4) The majority of the Company’s umbrella policies have coverage limits of $1,000,000. The commercial umbrella liability is 100% reinsured.

The principal executive offices of Mercury General are located in Los Angeles, California. The home office of the Insurance Companies and the information technology center are located in Brea, California. The Company maintains branch offices in a number of locations in California; Clearwater, Florida; Kennesaw, Georgia; Lake Forest, Illinois; Las Vegas, Nevada; Bridgewater, New Jersey; Melville, New York; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Austin, Texas; and Shanghai, China.

Human Capital

The Company had approximately 4,200 employees at December 31, 2024. The Company's employees are critical to its continued success, and it focuses significant attention on attracting and retaining talented and motivated individuals. The Company pays its employees fairly and competitively and offers a wide range of benefits. The Company benchmarks and sets pay ranges based on market data and considers additional factors in compliance with applicable federal and other laws and regulations. Individual goals are set annually for each employee, and attainment of those goals is an element of the employee’s performance assessment. The Company regularly reviews its compensation practices, both in terms of its overall workforce and individual employees, to ensure its pay is fair, equitable and in compliance with applicable federal and other laws and regulations. In addition, the Company reviews its staffing levels periodically to ensure they are aligned with its business needs.

The Company also reviews employee engagement and satisfaction surveys to monitor employee morale and receive feedback on a variety of issues, in order to improve the employee experience and identify opportunities to continually strengthen its culture. The Company devotes extensive resources to employee training and development, including tuition assistance for career-enhancing academic and professional programs. The Company recognizes that its success is based on the talents and dedication of those it employs, and it is highly invested in their success.

The Company is committed to drawing from the largest pools of talent to help find the best people for the Company. All of the Company's employees are expected to exhibit and promote honest, ethical and respectful conduct in the workplace, must adhere to a code of conduct that sets standards for appropriate behavior, and are required to take annual training on preventing, identifying, reporting and stopping any type of unlawful discrimination.

The Company sponsors a wellness program designed to enhance physical, financial and mental well-being for all of its employees, and encourages healthy behaviors through regular communications, educational sessions, voluntary progress

tracking, wellness challenges, and other incentives. The vast majority of the Company's employees currently work from home as a result of the "Mercury's My Workplace" policy that allows most of its employees to work from anywhere in the United States of America. In addition, Mercury's technology subsidiary, Mercury Shanghai, has approximately 50 employees working at a leased office space in Shanghai, China.

Available Information

The Company’s website address is www.mercuryinsurance.com. The Company's website address is not intended to function as a hyperlink and the information contained on the Company’s website is not, and should not be considered part of, and is not incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company makes available on its website its Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, Proxy Statements, and amendments to such periodic reports and proxy statements (the "SEC Reports") filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as soon as reasonably practicable after each SEC Report is filed with or furnished to the SEC. In addition, copies of the SEC Reports are available, without charge, upon written request to the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, Mercury General Corporation, 4484 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90010. The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains the SEC Reports that the Company has filed or furnished electronically with the SEC.

Organization

Mercury General, an insurance holding company, is the parent of Mercury Casualty Company, a California automobile insurer founded in 1961 by George Joseph, the Company’s Chairman of the Board of Directors.

Mercury General conducts its business through the following subsidiaries:

Insurance Companies

Formed or
Acquired

A.M. Best
Rating

Primary States

Mercury Casualty Company ("MCC")(1)

1961

CA, AZ, NV, NY, VA

Mercury Insurance Company ("MIC")(1)

1972

California Automobile Insurance Company ("CAIC")(1)

1975

California General Underwriters Insurance Company, Inc. ("CGU")(1)

1985

Mercury Insurance Company of Illinois

1989

IL, NJ

Mercury Insurance Company of Georgia

1989

Mercury Indemnity Company of Georgia

1991

American Mercury Insurance Company

1996

OK, CA, TX, VA

American Mercury Lloyds Insurance Company ("AML")

1996

Mercury County Mutual Insurance Company

2000

Mercury Indemnity Company of America

2001

FL, NJ

Orion Indemnity Company ("OIC")(1)

2015

Non-Insurance Companies

Formed or
Acquired

Purpose

Mercury Select Management Company, Inc.

1997

AML’s attorney-in-fact

Mercury Insurance Services LLC

2000

Management services to subsidiaries

AIS Management LLC

2009

Parent company of AIS and PoliSeek

Auto Insurance Specialists LLC ("AIS")

2009

Insurance agency

PoliSeek AIS Insurance Solutions, Inc. ("PoliSeek")

2009

Insurance agency

Animas Funding LLC

2013

Special purpose investment vehicle

Fannette Funding LLC

2014

Special purpose investment vehicle

Mercury Plus Insurance Services LLC

2018

Insurance agency

Mercury Information Technology Services LLC

2023

Parent company of Mercury Shanghai

Mercury (Shanghai) Information Technology Services Co., Ltd. ("Mercury Shanghai")

2024

Software development and related technical services to other subsidiaries

Upper Animas Holdings LLC

2024

Special purpose investment vehicle

_____________

(1)The term "California Companies" refers to MCC, MIC, CAIC, CGU, and OIC.

Production and Servicing of Business

The Company sells its policies through a network of approximately 6,340 independent agents, its 100% owned insurance agencies, AIS and PoliSeek, and directly through internet sales portals. Approximately 1,700, 1,050, and 1,040 of the independent agents are located in California, Florida, and Texas, respectively. The independent agents and agencies are independent contractors selected and contracted by the Company and generally also represent competing insurance companies. Certain of these independent agencies are under the common ownership of a parent company; however, they each operate autonomously with their own contractual agreements with the Company and hence are accounted for as separate independent agencies. Excluding AIS and PoliSeek, independent agents and agencies collectively accounted for approximately 89% of the Company's direct premiums written in 2024 and no single independent agent or agency accounted for more than 1.9% of the Company’s direct premiums written during any of the last three years. AIS and PoliSeek represented the Company as independent agencies prior to their acquisition in 2009, and continue to act as independent agencies selling policies for a number of other insurance companies. Policies sold directly through the internet sales portals are assigned to and serviced by the Company's agents and agencies, including AIS and PoliSeek.

The Company believes that it compensates its agents above the industry average. Net commissions incurred in 2024 were approximately 15% of net premiums written.

The Company’s advertising budget is allocated among television, radio, newspaper, internet, and direct mailing media with the intent to provide the best coverage available within targeted media markets. While the majority of these advertising costs are borne by the Company, a portion of these costs are reimbursed by the Company’s independent agents based upon the number of account leads generated by the advertising. The Company believes that its advertising program is important to generate leads and create brand awareness. In 2024, the Company incurred approximately $21 million in net advertising expense.

Underwriting

The Company sets its own automobile insurance premium rates, subject to rating regulations issued by the Department of Insurance or similar governmental agency of each state in which it is licensed to operate ("DOI"). Each state has different rate approval requirements. See "Regulation—Department of Insurance Oversight."

The Company offers standard, non-standard, and preferred private passenger automobile insurance in 11 states. The Company also offers homeowners insurance in 10 states, commercial automobile insurance in 4 states, and mechanical protection insurance in most states.

In California, "good drivers," as defined by the California Insurance Code, accounted for approximately 87% of the Company's California voluntary private passenger automobile policies-in-force at December 31, 2024, while higher risk categories accounted for approximately 13%. The Company's private passenger automobile renewal rate in California (the rate of acceptance of offers to renew) averaged approximately 99%, 95%, and 96% in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Claims

The Company conducts the majority of claims processing without the assistance of outside adjusters. The claims staff administers all claims and manages all legal and adjustment aspects of claims processing.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves ("Loss Reserves") and Reserve Development

The Company maintains loss reserves for both reported and unreported claims. Loss reserves for reported claims are estimated based upon a case-by-case evaluation of the type of claim involved and the expected development of such claims. Loss reserves for unreported claims are determined on the basis of historical information by line of insurance business. Inflation is reflected in the reserving process through analysis of cost trends and review of historical reserve settlement.

The Company’s ultimate liability may be greater or less than management estimates of reported loss reserves. The Company does not discount to a present value that portion of loss reserves expected to be paid in future periods. However, the Company is required to discount loss reserves for federal income tax purposes.

The following table provides a reconciliation of beginning and ending estimated reserve balances for the years indicated:

RECONCILIATION OF NET LOSS AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSE RESERVES


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
	(Amounts in thousands)
Gross reserves at January 1(1)	$	2,785,702	$	2,584,910	$	2,226,430
Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses	(32,148)		(25,323)		(41,379)
Net reserves at January 1(1)	2,753,554		2,559,587		2,185,051
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses related to:
Current year	3,659,724		3,553,801		3,314,938
Prior years	24,787		(35,948)		47,281
Total incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses	3,684,511		3,517,853		3,362,219
Loss and loss adjustment expense payments related to:
Current year	1,963,076		2,080,690		1,862,006
Prior years	1,351,603		1,243,196		1,125,677
Total payments	3,314,679		3,323,886		2,987,683
Net reserves at December 31(1)	3,123,386		2,753,554		2,559,587
Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses	28,645		32,148		25,323
Gross reserves at December 31(1)	$	3,152,031	$	2,785,702	$	2,584,910

_____________

(1)Under statutory accounting principles ("SAP"), reserves are stated net of reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses whereas under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"), reserves are stated gross of reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses.

Inflationary trends accelerated to their highest level in decades in 2022, which had a significant impact on the cost of automobile parts and labor as well as medical expenses for bodily injuries, and supply chain and labor shortage issues lengthened the time to repair vehicles. Bodily injury costs were also under pressure from social inflation. The severe inflationary trend continued into 2023, but moderated as the year progressed. During 2024, the inflation rate continued to be moderate for automobile parts and labor but it was at an elevated level for bodily injury costs.

The increase in the provision for insured events of prior years in 2024 of approximately $24.8 million primarily resulted from higher than estimated losses and loss adjustment expenses in the commercial automobile and commercial property lines of insurance business, partially offset by favorable reserve development in the private passenger automobile line of insurance business.

The decrease in the provision for insured events of prior years in 2023 of approximately $35.9 million primarily resulted from lower than estimated losses and loss adjustment expenses in the private passenger automobile and homeowners lines of insurance business, partially offset by unfavorable reserve development in the commercial property line of insurance business. The moderated inflationary trend in 2023 relative to 2022 discussed above was a major contributor to the favorable reserve development in the private passenger automobile line of insurance business for 2023.

The increase in the provision for insured events of prior years in 2022 of approximately $47.3 million primarily resulted from higher than estimated losses and loss adjustment expenses in the automobile line of insurance business. The inflationary pressures and the supply chain and labor shortage issues discussed above were major contributors to the adverse reserve development in the automobile line of insurance business for 2022.

The Company recorded catastrophe losses net of reinsurance of approximately $277 million, $239 million, and $102 million in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Catastrophe losses due to events that occurred in 2024 totaled approximately $268 million, with no reinsurance benefits used for these losses, resulting primarily from tornadoes, hailstorms and convective storms in Texas and Oklahoma, winter storms, rainstorms and wildfires in California, and the impact of Hurricane Helene in Florida and Georgia. In addition, the Company experienced unfavorable development of approximately $9 million on prior years' catastrophe losses in 2024. Catastrophe losses due to the events that occurred in 2023 totaled approximately $247 million, with no reinsurance benefits used for these losses, resulting primarily from rainstorms and hail in Texas and Oklahoma, winter

storms and rainstorms in California, and the impact of Tropical Storm Hilary in California. In addition, the Company experienced favorable development of approximately $8 million on prior years' catastrophe losses in 2023. Catastrophe losses due to the events that occurred in 2022 totaled approximately $101 million, with no reinsurance benefits used for these losses, resulting primarily from the deep freeze of Winter Storm Elliott and other extreme weather events in Texas, Oklahoma and Georgia, winter storms in California, and the impact of Hurricane Ian in Florida. In addition, the Company experienced unfavorable development of approximately $1 million on prior years' catastrophe losses in 2022.

Statutory Accounting Principles

The Company’s results are reported in accordance with GAAP, which differ in some respects from amounts reported under SAP prescribed by insurance regulatory authorities. Some of the significant differences under GAAP are described below:

•Policy acquisition costs such as commissions, premium taxes, and other costs that vary with and are primarily related to the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance contracts, are capitalized and amortized on a pro rata basis over the period in which the related premiums are earned, whereas under SAP, these costs are expensed as incurred.

•Certain assets are included in the consolidated balance sheets, whereas under SAP, such assets are designated as "nonadmitted assets," and charged directly against statutory surplus. These assets consist primarily of premium receivables that are outstanding for more than 90 days, deferred tax assets that do not meet statutory requirements for recognition, furniture, equipment, leasehold improvements, capitalized software, and prepaid expenses.

•Amounts related to ceded reinsurance are shown gross as prepaid reinsurance premiums and reinsurance recoverables, whereas under SAP, these amounts are netted against unearned premium reserves and loss and loss adjustment expense reserves.

•Fixed-maturity securities are reported at fair value, whereas under SAP, these securities are reported at amortized cost, or the lower of amortized cost, or fair value, depending on the specific type of security.

•Equity securities are marked to market through the consolidated statements of operations, whereas under SAP, these securities are marked to market through unrealized gains and losses in surplus.

•Goodwill is reported as the excess of cost of an acquired entity over the fair value of the underlying assets and assessed periodically for impairment. Intangible assets are amortized over their useful lives. Under SAP, goodwill is reported as the excess of cost of an acquired entity over the statutory book value and amortized over 10 years. Its carrying value is limited to 10% of adjusted surplus. Under SAP, intangible assets are not recognized.

•The differing treatment of income and expense items results in a corresponding difference in federal income tax expense. Changes in deferred income taxes are reflected as an item of income tax benefit or expense, whereas under SAP, changes in deferred income taxes are recorded directly to statutory surplus as regards policyholders. Admittance testing under SAP may result in a charge to unassigned surplus for non-admitted portions of deferred tax assets. Under GAAP, a valuation allowance may be recorded against the deferred tax assets and reflected as an expense.

•Certain assessments paid to regulatory agencies that are recoverable from policyholders in future periods are expensed, whereas under SAP, these assessments are recorded as receivables.

Operating Ratios (SAP basis)

Loss and Expense Ratios

Loss and expense ratios are used to evaluate the underwriting experience of property and casualty insurance companies. Under SAP, losses and loss adjustment expenses are stated as a percentage of premiums earned because losses occur over the life of a policy, while underwriting expenses are stated as a percentage of premiums written rather than premiums earned because most underwriting expenses are incurred when policies are written and are not spread over the policy period. The statutory underwriting profit margin is the extent to which the combined loss and expense ratios are less than 100%.

The following table presents, on a statutory basis, the Insurance Companies’ loss, expense and combined ratios, and the private passenger automobile industry combined ratio. The Insurance Companies’ ratios (Company-wide) include lines of insurance business other than private passenger automobile that accounted for approximately 38.3% of direct premiums written in 2024; hence, the Company believes its combined ratio (for private passenger automobile only) is more comparable to the industry ratios.


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020
Loss ratio (Company-wide)	72.6	%	82.3	%	85.1	%	73.8	%	67.4	%
Expense ratio (Company-wide)	23.5	%	23.5	%	24.4	%	24.9	%	26.2	%
Combined ratio (Company-wide)	96.1	%	105.8	%	109.5	%	98.7	%	93.6	%
Combined ratio (Company's private passenger automobile only)	93.1	%	103.0	%	110.3	%	96.0	%	88.3	%
Industry combined ratio (all writers)(1)	N/A		104.6	%	111.7	%	100.7	%	90.5	%
Industry combined ratio (excluding direct writers)(1)	N/A		102.2	%	104.6	%	99.4	%	91.4	%

____________

(1)Source: A.M. Best, Aggregates & Averages (2020 through 2023), for all property and casualty insurance companies (private passenger automobile line only, after policyholder dividends).

Premiums to Surplus Ratio

The following table presents the Insurance Companies’ statutory ratios of net premiums written to policyholders’ surplus. Guidelines established by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (the "NAIC") suggest that this ratio should be no greater than 3 to 1.


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020
	(Amounts in thousands, except ratios)
Net premiums written	$	5,378,310	$	4,464,199	$	3,978,017	$	3,855,369	$	3,611,543
Policyholders’ surplus	$	2,030,460	$	1,667,187	$	1,502,424	$	1,827,210	$	1,768,103
Ratio	2.7 to 1		2.7 to 1		2.7 to 1		2.1 to 1		2.0 to 1

Investments

The Company’s investments are directed by the Chief Investment Officer under the supervision of the Investment Committee of the Board of Directors. The Company’s investment strategy emphasizes safety of principal and consistent income generation, within a total return framework. The investment strategy has historically focused on maximizing after-tax yield with a primary emphasis on maintaining a well diversified, investment grade, fixed income portfolio to support the underlying liabilities and achieve a return on capital and profitable growth. The Company believes that investment yield is maximized by selecting assets that perform favorably on a long-term basis and by disposing of certain assets to enhance after-tax yield and minimize the potential effect of downgrades and defaults. The Company believes that this strategy maintains the optimal investment performance necessary to sustain investment income over time. The Company’s portfolio management approach utilizes a market risk and asset allocation strategy as the primary basis for the allocation of interest sensitive, liquid and credit assets as well as for monitoring credit exposure and diversification requirements. Within the ranges set by the asset allocation strategy, tactical investment decisions are made in consideration of prevailing market conditions.

Tax considerations are important in portfolio management. The Company closely monitors the timing and recognition of capital gains and losses to maximize the realization of any deferred tax assets arising from capital losses. The Company had no capital loss carryforward at December 31, 2024.

Investment Portfolio

The following table presents the composition of the Company’s total investment portfolio:


	December 31,
	2024				2023				2022
	Cost(1)		Fair Value		Cost(1)		Fair Value		Cost(1)		Fair Value
					(Amounts in thousands)
Taxable bonds	$	2,759,532	$	2,704,046	$	2,102,740	$	2,031,594	$	1,758,853	$	1,649,078
Tax-exempt state and municipal bonds	2,222,926		2,209,332		2,292,243		2,287,742		2,467,937		2,439,233
Total fixed maturities	4,982,458		4,913,378		4,394,983		4,319,336		4,226,790		4,088,311
Equity securities	795,068		879,175		654,939		730,693		668,843		699,552
Short-term investments	283,792		283,817		179,375		178,491		123,928		122,937
Total investments	$	6,061,318	$	6,076,370	$	5,229,297	$	5,228,520	$	5,019,561	$	4,910,800

__________

(1)Fixed maturities and short-term bonds at amortized cost; equities and other short-term investments at cost.

The Company applies the fair value option to all fixed maturity and equity securities and short-term investments at the time the eligible item is first recognized. For more detailed discussion on the Company's investment portfolio, including credit ratings, see "Liquidity and Capital Resources—C. Invested Assets" in "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and Note 3. Investments, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

Investment Results

The following table presents the investment results of the Company for the most recent five years:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2022			2021			2020
				(Dollars in thousands)
Average invested assets at cost(1) (2)	$	5,683,973		$	5,096,428		$	4,902,755		$	4,681,462		$	4,291,888
Net investment income(3)(4)
Before income taxes	$	279,989		$	234,630		$	168,356		$	129,727		$	134,858
After income taxes	$	235,419		$	200,209		$	146,204		$	115,216		$	120,043
Average annual yield on investments(3)(4)
Before income taxes	4.5		%	4.3		%	3.4		%	2.8		%	3.1		%
After income taxes	3.8		%	3.7		%	3.0		%	2.5		%	2.8		%
Net realized investment gains (losses) after income taxes	$	70,050		$	79,801		$	(385,583)		$	88,210		$	67,727

__________

(1)Fixed maturities and short-term bonds at amortized cost; equities and other short-term investments at cost. Average invested assets at cost are based on the monthly amortized cost of the invested assets for each period.

(2)At December 31, 2024, fixed maturity securities with call features totaled $3.6 billion at fair value and $3.6 billion at amortized cost.

(3)Net investment income includes approximately $25.5 million, $14.5 million, and $0.5 million of interest income earned on cash (approximately $20.2 million, $11.5 million, and $0.4 million after tax) for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Average annual yield on investments does not include interest income earned on cash. No interest income was earned on cash in 2021 and 2020.

(4)Net investment income before and after income taxes for 2024 increased compared to 2023, primarily due to higher average yield combined with higher average invested assets and cash. Average annual yield on investments before and after income taxes for 2024 increased compared to 2023, primarily due to the maturity and replacement of lower yielding investments purchased when market interest rates were lower with higher yielding investments.

Competitive Conditions

The Company operates in the highly competitive property and casualty insurance industry subject to competition on pricing, claims handling, consumer recognition, coverage offered and product features, customer service, and geographic

coverage. Some of the Company’s competitors are larger and well-capitalized national companies that sell directly to consumers or have broad distribution networks of employed or captive agents.

Reputation for customer service and price are the principal means by which the Company competes with other insurers. In addition, the marketing efforts of independent agents can provide a competitive advantage. Based on the most recent regularly published statistical compilations of premiums written in 2023, the Company was the eighth largest writer of private passenger automobile insurance in California and the sixteenth largest in the United States.

The property and casualty insurance industry is highly cyclical, with alternating hard and soft market conditions. The Company has historically seen premium growth during hard market conditions. The Company believes that the automobile insurance market in most states was hard during 2024 as insurance carriers increased rates reflecting high inflation and loss severity and tightened their underwriting. In addition, in California, several insurance carriers stopped writing new business policies.

Reinsurance

For California homeowners policies, the Company has reduced its catastrophe exposure from earthquakes by placing earthquake risks directly with the California Earthquake Authority ("CEA"). However, the Company continues to have catastrophe exposure to fires following an earthquake. For more detailed discussion, see "Regulation—Insurance Assessments" below.

The Company is the assuming reinsurer under a Catastrophe Portfolio Participation Reinsurance Contract ("Contract") effective through December 31, 2025. The Company reimburses a group of affiliates of a ceding company for a proportional share of a portfolio of catastrophe losses based on the premiums ceded to the Company under the Contract, to the extent the actual loss ratio exceeds the threshold loss ratio of 73.5%. The total assumed premium under the Contract is $15.0 million for each of the 12 month periods ending December 31, 2023 through 2025 and $10.0 million for the 12 months ended December 31, 2022. The total possible amount of losses for the Company under the Contract is $30.0 million for each of the 12 month periods ending December 31, 2023 through 2025 and $25.0 million for the 12 months ended December 31, 2022. The Company recognized $15.0 million and $15.0 million in earned premiums and $1.5 million and $9.6 million in incurred losses under the Contract for the 12 months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Company is the assuming reinsurer under a Property Quota Share Reinsurance Contract ("Quota Share") and reimburses ceding companies for a proportional share of losses based on the premiums ceded to the Company under the Quota Share. The total annual assumed premium under the Quota Share is approximately $11 million. The total annual possible amount of losses for the Company under the Quota Share is approximately $32 million. The Quota Share commenced on January 1, 2025 and is effective through December 31, 2025.

The Company is the ceding party to a Catastrophe Reinsurance Treaty ("Treaty") covering a wide range of perils that is effective through June 30, 2025. For the 12 months ending June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Treaty provides $1,290 million and $1,111 million of coverage, respectively, on a per occurrence basis after covered catastrophe losses exceed the Company retention limit of $150 million and $100 million, respectively. The Treaty specifically excludes coverage for any Florida business and for California earthquake losses on fixed property policies such as homeowners, but does cover losses from fires following an earthquake. The Treaty includes additional restrictions as noted in the tables below.

Coverage on individual catastrophes provided for the 12 months ending June 30, 2025 under the Treaty is presented below in various layers:


	Catastrophe Losses and LAE
	In Excess of		Up to		Percentage of Coverage

	(Amounts in millions)
Retained	$	—	$	150	—	%
Layer of Coverage (1)	150		650		100.0
Layer of Coverage (1) (2) (3) (4)	650		1,300		100.0
Layer of Coverage	1,300		1,440		100.0

__________

(1) Layer of Coverage represents multiple actual treaty layers that are grouped for presentation purposes.

(2) Approximately 10% of this layer covers California, Arizona, Nevada and Texas only, and has a maximum contribution

limit to ultimate net loss from all losses in Texas of $425 million.

(3) Approximately 14% of this layer excludes losses from named storms.

(4) Approximately 8% of this layer covers only California wildfires and fires following an earthquake in California, and is not subject to reinstatement.

Coverage on individual catastrophes provided for the 12 months ended June 30, 2024 under the Treaty is presented below in various layers:


	Catastrophe Losses and LAE
	In Excess of		Up to		Percentage of Coverage

	(Amounts in millions)
Retained	$	—	$	100	—	%
Layer of Coverage	100		140		5.0
Layer of Coverage (1) (3)	140		610		100.0
Layer of Coverage (2) (3) (4)	610		1,120		99.8
Layer of Coverage	1,120		1,250		100.0

__________

(1) Approximately 4% of this layer covers California, Arizona and Nevada only.

(2) Approximately 30% of this layer covers California, Arizona and Nevada only.

(3) Layer of Coverage represents multiple actual treaty layers that are grouped for presentation purposes.

(4) Approximately 10% of this layer covers only California wildfires and fires following an earthquake in California, and is not subject to reinstatement.

The table below presents the combined total reinsurance premiums under the Treaty (annual premiums and reinstatement premiums) for the 12 months ending June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively:


Treaty	Annual Premium (1)		Reinstatement Premium (2)		Total Combined Premium (2)

	(Amounts in millions)
For the 12 months ending June 30, 2025	$	105	$	101	$	206
For the 12 months ended June 30, 2024	$	99	$	—	$	99

__________

(1) The increase in the annual premium is primarily due to higher reinsurance coverage and rates and growth in the covered book of business.

(2) The reinstatement premium and the total combined premium for the treaty period ending June 30, 2025 are projected amounts to be paid based on the latest information available and an indication that there will be full reinstatements of all layers of coverage occurring during this treaty period. The reinstatement premium for the treaty period ended June 30, 2024 is zero, as there were no actual reinstatement premiums paid.

The Treaty ending June 30, 2025 and 2024 each provides for one full reinstatement of coverage limits. Reinstatement premiums are based on the amount of reinsurance benefits used by the Company at 100% of the annual premium rate, with the exception of the reinstatement restrictions noted in the tables above, up to the maximum reinstatement premium of approximately $101 million and $95 million if the full amount of benefit is used for the 12 months ending June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The total amount of reinstatement premiums is recorded as ceded reinstatement premiums written at the time of the catastrophe event based on the total amount of reinsurance benefits expected to be used for the event, and such reinstatement premiums are recognized ratably over the remaining term of the Treaty as ceded reinstatement premiums earned.

The catastrophe events that occurred in 2024 caused approximately $268 million in losses to the Company, resulting primarily from tornadoes, hailstorms and convective storms in Texas and Oklahoma, winter storms, rainstorms and wildfires in California, and the impact of Hurricane Helene in Florida and Georgia. No reinsurance benefits were available under the Treaty for these losses as none of the 2024 catastrophe events individually resulted in losses in excess of the Company’s per-occurrence retention limit of $150 million and $100 million under the Treaty for the 12 months ending June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The catastrophe events that occurred in 2023 caused approximately $258 million in losses to the Company as of December 31, 2024, resulting primarily from the rainstorms and hail in Texas and Oklahoma, winter storms and rainstorms in California, and the impact of Tropical Storm Hilary in California. No reinsurance benefits were available under the Treaty for these losses as none of the 2023 catastrophe events individually resulted in losses in excess of the Company’s per-occurrence retention limit of $100 million and $60 million under the Treaty for the 12 months ending June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Company carries a commercial umbrella reinsurance treaty and a per-risk property reinsurance treaty, and seeks facultative arrangements for large property risks. In addition, the Company has other reinsurance in force that is not material to the consolidated financial statements. If any reinsurers are unable to perform their obligations under a reinsurance treaty, the Company will be required, as primary insurer, to discharge all obligations to its policyholders in their entirety.

Regulation

The Insurance Companies are subject to significant regulation and supervision by insurance departments of the jurisdictions in which they are domiciled or licensed to operate business.

Department of Insurance Oversight

The powers of the DOI in each state primarily include the prior approval of insurance rates and rating factors and the establishment of capital and surplus requirements, solvency standards, restrictions on dividend payments and transactions with affiliates. DOI regulations and supervision are designed principally to benefit policyholders rather than shareholders.

California Proposition 103 (the "Proposition") requires that property and casualty insurance rates be approved by the California DOI prior to their use and that no rate be approved which is excessive, inadequate, unfairly discriminatory, or otherwise in violation of the provisions of the Proposition. The Proposition specifies four statutory factors required to be applied in "decreasing order of importance" in determining rates for private passenger automobile insurance: (1) the insured’s driving safety record, (2) the number of miles the insured drives annually, (3) the number of years of driving experience of the insured and (4) whatever optional factors are determined by the California DOI to have a substantial relationship to risk of loss and are adopted by regulation. The statute further provides that insurers are required to give at least a 20% discount to "good drivers," as defined, from rates that would otherwise be charged to such drivers and that no insurer may refuse to insure a "good driver." The Company’s rate plan operates under these rating factor regulations.

Insurance rates in California, Georgia, New York, New Jersey, and Nevada require prior approval from the state DOI, while insurance rates in Illinois, Texas, Virginia, Oklahoma, and Arizona must only be filed with the respective DOI before they are implemented. Florida has a modified version of use and file laws. Insurance laws and regulations in all states in which the Company operates provide that rates must not be excessive, inadequate, or unfairly discriminatory.

The DOI in each state in which the Company operates is responsible for conducting periodic financial and market conduct examinations of the Insurance Companies in their states. Market conduct examinations typically review compliance with insurance statutes and regulations with respect to rating, underwriting, claims handling, billing, and other practices. For more detailed information on the Company’s current financial and market conduct examinations, see "Liquidity and Capital Resources—F. Regulatory Capital Requirements" in "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."

For a discussion of current regulatory matters in California, see "Regulatory and Legal Matters" in "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and Note 18. Commitments and Contingencies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

The operations of the Company are dependent on the laws of the states in which it does business and changes in those laws can materially affect the revenue and expenses of the Company. The Company retains its own legislative advocates in California. The Company made direct financial contributions of approximately $0 and $24,000 to officeholders and candidates in 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company believes in supporting the political process and intends to continue to make such contributions in amounts which it determines to be appropriate.

The Insurance Companies must comply with minimum capital requirements under applicable state laws and regulations. The risk-based capital ("RBC") formula is used by insurance regulators to monitor capital and surplus levels. It was designed to capture the widely varying elements of risks undertaken by writers of different lines of insurance business having differing risk characteristics, as well as writers of similar lines where differences in risk may be related to corporate structure, investment policies, reinsurance arrangements, and a number of other factors. The Company periodically monitors the RBC level of each of the Insurance Companies. As of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, each of the Insurance Companies exceeded the minimum

required RBC level. For more detailed information, see "Liquidity and Capital Resources—F. Regulatory Capital Requirements" in "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."

Own Risk and Solvency Assessment

Insurance companies are required to file an Own Risk and Solvency Assessment ("ORSA") with the insurance regulators in their domiciliary states. The ORSA is required to cover, among many items, a company’s risk management policies, the material risks to which the company is exposed, how the company measures, monitors, manages and mitigates material risks, and how much economic and regulatory capital is needed to continue to operate in a strong and healthy manner. The ORSA is intended to be used by state insurance regulators to evaluate the risk exposure and quality of the risk management processes within insurance companies to assist in conducting risk-focused financial examinations and for determining the overall financial condition of insurance companies. The Company filed its most recent ORSA Summary Report with the California DOI in November 2024. Compliance with the ORSA requirements did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Insurance Assessments

The California Insurance Guarantee Association ("CIGA") was created to pay claims on behalf of insolvent property and casualty insurers. Each year, these claims are estimated by CIGA and the Company is assessed for its pro-rata share based on prior year California premiums written in the particular line. These assessments are currently limited to 2% of premiums written in the preceding year and are recouped through a mandated surcharge to policyholders in the year after the assessment. There were no CIGA assessments in 2024.

The CEA is a quasi-governmental organization that was established to provide a market for earthquake coverage to California homeowners. The Company places all new and renewal earthquake coverage offered with its homeowner policy directly with the CEA. The Company receives a small fee for placing business with the CEA, which is recorded as other revenue in the consolidated statements of operations. Upon the occurrence of a major seismic event, the CEA has the ability to assess participating companies for losses. These assessments are made after CEA capital has been expended and are based upon each company’s participation percentage multiplied by the amount of the total assessment. Based upon the most recent information provided by the CEA, the Company’s maximum total exposure to CEA assessments at April 30, 2024, the most recent date at which information was available, was $83.8 million. There were no assessments made in 2024.

The Insurance Companies in other states are also subject to the provisions of similar insurance guaranty associations. There were no material assessments during 2024 in other states that cannot be recouped through a premium tax credit or a surcharge to policyholders.

Holding Company Act

The California Companies are subject to California DOI regulation pursuant to the provisions of the California Insurance Holding Company System Regulatory Act (the "Holding Company Act"). The California DOI may examine the affairs of each of the California Companies at any time. The Holding Company Act requires disclosure of any material transactions among affiliates within a holding company system. Some transactions require advance notice and may not be made if the California DOI disapproves the transaction within 30 days after notice. Such transactions include, but are not limited to, extraordinary dividends; management agreements, service contracts, and cost-sharing arrangements, and modifications thereto; all guarantees that are not quantifiable, or, if quantifiable, exceed the lesser of one-half of 1% of admitted assets or 10% of policyholders’ surplus as of the preceding December 31; derivative transactions or series of derivative transactions; reinsurance agreements or modifications thereto in which the reinsurance premium or a change in the insurer’s liabilities equals or exceeds 5% of the policyholders’ surplus as of the preceding December 31; sales, purchases, exchanges, loans, and extensions of credit; and investments, in the net aggregate, involving more than the lesser of 3% of the respective California Companies’ admitted assets or 25% of statutory surplus as regards policyholders as of the preceding December 31. An extraordinary dividend is a dividend which, together with other dividends or distributions made within the preceding 12 months, exceeds the greater of 10% of the insurance company’s statutory policyholders’ surplus as of the preceding December 31 or the insurance company’s statutory net income for the preceding calendar year. The Holding Company Act also requires filing of an annual enterprise risk report identifying the material risks within the insurance holding company system.

California-domiciled insurance companies are also required to notify the California DOI of any dividend after declaration, but prior to payment. There are similar limitations imposed by other states on the Insurance Companies’ ability to pay dividends. As of December 31, 2024, the Insurance Companies are permitted to pay in 2025, without obtaining DOI

approval for extraordinary dividends, $252 million in dividends to Mercury General, of which $228 million may be paid by the California Companies.

The Holding Company Act also provides that the acquisition or change of "control" of a California domiciled insurance company or of any person who controls such an insurance company cannot be consummated without the prior approval of the California DOI. In general, a presumption of "control" arises from the ownership of voting securities and securities that are convertible into voting securities, which in the aggregate constitute 10% or more of the voting securities of a California insurance company or of a person that controls a California insurance company, such as Mercury General. A person seeking to acquire "control," directly or indirectly, of the Company must generally file with the California DOI an application for change of control containing certain information required by statute and published regulations and provide a copy of the application to the Company. The Holding Company Act also effectively restricts the Company from consummating certain reorganizations or mergers without prior regulatory approval.

Each of the Insurance Companies is subject to holding company regulations in the state in which it is domiciled. These provisions are substantially similar to those of the Holding Company Act.

Information about the Company's Executive Officers

The following table presents certain information concerning the executive officers of the Company as of February 6, 2025:

Name

Age

Position

George Joseph

103

Chairman of the Board

Gabriel Tirador

Chief Executive Officer

Victor G. Joseph

President and Chief Operating Officer

Theodore R. Stalick

Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Kelly Butler

Vice President and Chief Underwriting Officer

Nick Colby

Vice President and Chief Sales Officer

Katie Gibbs

Vice President and Chief Experience Officer

Christopher Graves

Vice President and Chief Investment Officer

Wilson Pang

Vice President and Chief Technology Officer

Randall R. Petro

Vice President and Chief Claims Officer

Mark Ribisi

President and Chief Executive Officer of AIS Management LLC

Jeffrey M. Schroeder

Vice President and Chief Product Officer

Heidi C. Sullivan

Vice President and Chief Human Capital Officer

Erik Thompson

Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer

Charles Toney

Vice President and Chief Actuary

Judy A. Walters

Vice President, Corporate Affairs and Secretary

Simon Zhang

Vice President and Chief Data & Analytics Officer

Mr. George Joseph, Chairman of the Board of Directors, has served in this capacity since 1961. He held the position of Chief Executive Officer of the Company for 45 years from 1961 through 2006. Mr. Joseph has more than 60 years’ experience in the property and casualty insurance business.

Mr. Tirador, Chief Executive Officer, served as the Company’s assistant controller from 1994 to 1996. In 1997 and 1998, he served as the Vice President and Controller of the Automobile Club of Southern California. He rejoined the Company in 1998 as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. He was appointed President and Chief Operating Officer in October 2001 and Chief Executive Officer in 2007. Mr. Tirador has over 30 years' experience in the property and casualty insurance industry and is an inactive Certified Public Accountant.

Mr. Victor Joseph, President and Chief Operating Officer, has been employed by the Company in various capacities since 2009, and was appointed Vice President and Chief Underwriting Officer in July 2017, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer in January 2022, and President and Chief Operating Officer in January 2024. Mr. Victor Joseph is Mr. George Joseph’s son.

Mr. Stalick, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, joined the Company as Corporate Controller in 1997. He was appointed Chief Accounting Officer in October 2000 and Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in 2001. In July 2013, he was named Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Stalick is a Certified Public Accountant.

Ms. Butler, Vice President and Chief Underwriting Officer, joined the Company as a Casualty Claims Adjuster in 2004 and worked in various capacities including as Director of Personal Property Underwriting. Ms. Butler was appointed Vice President and Chief Underwriting Officer in January 2022.

Mr. Colby, Vice President and Chief Sales Officer, joined the Company in 2025. Prior to joining the Company, he served as Commercial Lines Director of Distribution and Sales/Marketing Process Leader for Progressive Insurance from 2018 to 2025. Mr. Colby has over 15 years of experience in sales and marketing.

Ms. Gibbs, Vice President and Chief Experience Officer, joined the Company in 2022. Prior to joining the Company, she served as Vice President, Product Development for Kemper Insurance from 2019 to 2022. Prior to 2019, she held various leadership positions in Product and Corporate Strategy at American Family Insurance and its subsidiaries.

Mr. Graves, Vice President and Chief Investment Officer, has been employed by the Company in the investment department since 1986. Mr. Graves was appointed Chief Investment Officer in 1998, and named Vice President in 2001.

Mr. Pang, Vice President and Chief Technology Officer, joined the Company in 2023. Prior to joining the Company, he served as Chief Technology Officer for Appen from 2018 to 2023 and Chief Data Officer for Ctrip from 2017 to 2018. Prior to 2017, he held various leadership positions at eBay and IBM.

Mr. Petro, Vice President and Chief Claims Officer, has been employed by the Company in the Claims Department since 1987. Mr. Petro was appointed Vice President in March 2014, and named Chief Claims Officer in March 2015.

Mr. Ribisi, President and Chief Executive Officer of AIS Management LLC, joined the Company in 2009 as President and Chief Executive Officer of AIS Management LLC, a significant subsidiary of the Company. Prior to joining the Company, he served as Vice President and Chief Operating Officer for Aon’s Personal Lines Division from 2002 to 2009. Mr. Ribisi has over 35 years' experience in the property and casualty insurance industry and is a Certified Insurance Counselor.

Mr. Schroeder, Vice President and Chief Product Officer, has been employed by the Company since 2010. Prior to his appointment as Vice President and Chief Product Officer, he served as President and Chief Operating Officer of OIC. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Schroeder was a Product Manager at 21st Insurance Company.

Ms. Sullivan, Vice President and Chief Human Capital Officer, joined the Company in 2012. Prior to joining the Company, she served as Senior Vice President, Human Capital for Arcadian Health Plan from 2008 to 2012. Prior to 2008, she held various leadership positions at Kaiser Permanente, Progressive Insurance, and Score Educational Centers.

Mr. Thompson, Vice President, Chief Marketing Officer, joined the Company as Director of Advertising in 2005, and was appointed Vice President, Advertising and Public Relations in October 2017. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Thompson held various leadership positions in advertising, marketing, and public relations at several organizations, including Universal Studios, Inc., Turner, and Columbia TriStar Television.

Mr. Toney, Vice President and Chief Actuary, joined the Company in 1984 as a programmer/analyst. In 1994, he earned his Fellowship in the Casualty Actuarial Society and was appointed to his current position. In 2011, he became a board member of the Personal Insurance Federation of California. Mr. Toney is Mr. George Joseph’s nephew.

Ms. Walters, Vice President, Corporate Affairs and Secretary, has been employed by the Company since 1967, and has served as its Secretary since 1982. Ms. Walters was named Vice President, Corporate Affairs in 1998.

Mr. Zhang, Vice President and Chief Data & Analytics Officer, joined the Company in 2023. Prior to joining the Company, he co-founded a data analytics company, GrowingIO and worked there for 8 years. He served as Senior Director of Business Analytics for LinkedIn from 2010 to 2015. Mr. Zhang has over 20 years of experience in the data analytics and data science fields.

Item 1A.Risk Factors

The Company’s business involves various risks and uncertainties in addition to the normal risks of business, some of which are discussed in this section. It should be noted that the Company’s business and that of other insurers may be adversely affected by a downturn in general economic conditions and other forces beyond the Company’s control. In addition, other risks and uncertainties not presently known or that the Company currently believes to be immaterial may also adversely affect the Company’s business. Any such risks or uncertainties, or any of the following risks or uncertainties, that develop into actual events could result in a material and adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity.

The information discussed below should be considered carefully with the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the other documents and materials filed by the Company with the SEC, as well as news releases and other information publicly disseminated by the Company from time to time.

Risks Related to the Company’s Business

The Company remains highly dependent upon California to produce revenues and operating profits.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company generated approximately 83% of its direct automobile insurance premiums written in California. The Company’s financial results are subject to prevailing regulatory, legal, economic, demographic, competitive, and other conditions in the states in which the Company operates and changes in any of these conditions could negatively impact the Company’s results of operations.

Mercury General is a holding company that relies on regulated subsidiaries for cash flows to satisfy its obligations.

As a holding company, Mercury General maintains no operations that generate cash flows sufficient to pay operating expenses, shareholders’ dividends, or principal or interest on its indebtedness. Consequently, Mercury General relies on the ability of the Insurance Companies, particularly the California Companies, to pay dividends for Mercury General to meet its obligations. The ability of the Insurance Companies to pay dividends is regulated by state insurance laws, which limit the amount of, and in certain circumstances may prohibit the payment of, cash dividends. Generally, these insurance regulations permit the payment of dividends only out of earned surplus in any year which, together with other dividends or distributions made within the preceding 12 months, do not exceed the greater of 10% of statutory surplus as of the end of the preceding year or the net income for the preceding year, with larger dividends payable only after receipt of prior regulatory approval. The inability of the Insurance Companies to pay dividends in an amount sufficient to enable the Company to meet its cash requirements at the holding company level could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition, and its ability to pay dividends to its shareholders.

The Insurance Companies are subject to minimum capital and surplus requirements, and any failure to meet these requirements could subject the Insurance Companies to regulatory action.

The Insurance Companies are subject to risk-based capital standards and other minimum capital and surplus requirements imposed under the applicable laws of their states of domicile. The risk-based capital standards, based upon the Risk-Based Capital Model Act adopted by the NAIC, require the Insurance Companies to report their results of RBC calculations to state departments of insurance and the NAIC. If any of the Insurance Companies fails to meet these standards and requirements, the DOI regulating such subsidiary may require specified actions by the subsidiary.

The Company’s success depends on its ability to accurately underwrite risks and to charge adequate premiums to policyholders.

The Company’s financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity depend on its ability to underwrite and set premiums accurately for the risks it assumes. Premium rate adequacy is necessary to generate sufficient premium to offset losses, loss adjustment expenses, and underwriting expenses and to earn a profit. In order to price its products accurately, the Company must collect and properly analyze a substantial volume of data; develop, test, and apply appropriate rating formulae; closely monitor and timely recognize changes in trends; and project both severity and frequency of losses with reasonable accuracy. The Company’s ability to undertake these efforts successfully, and as a result, price accurately, is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to:

•availability of sufficient reliable data;

•incorrect or incomplete analysis of available data;

•uncertainties inherent in estimates and assumptions, generally;

•selection and application of appropriate rating formulae or other pricing methodologies;

•successful innovation of new pricing strategies;

•recognition of changes in trends and in the projected severity and frequency of losses;

•the Company’s ability to forecast renewals of existing policies accurately;

•unanticipated court decisions, legislation or regulatory action;

•ongoing changes in the Company’s claim settlement practices;

•changes in operating expenses;

•changing driving patterns;

•extra-contractual liability arising from bad faith claims;

•catastrophes, including those which may be related to climate change;

•unexpected medical inflation; and

•unanticipated inflation in automobile repair costs, automobile parts prices, and used car prices.

Such risks and uncertainties may result in the Company’s pricing being based on outdated, inadequate or inaccurate data, or inappropriate analyses, assumptions or methodologies, and may cause the Company to estimate incorrectly future changes in the frequency or severity of claims. As a result, the Company could underprice risks, which would negatively affect the Company’s margins, or it could overprice risks, which could reduce the Company’s volume and competitiveness. In either event, the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity could be materially and adversely affected.

The Company’s insurance rates are subject to approval by the departments of insurance in most of the states in which the Company operates, and to political influences.

In five of the states in which it operates, including California, the Company must obtain the DOI’s prior approval of insurance rates charged to its customers, including any increases in those rates. If the Company is unable to receive approval of the rate changes it requests, or if such approval is delayed, the Company’s ability to operate its business in a profitable manner may be limited and its financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity may be adversely affected. Additionally, in California, the law allows for consumer groups to intervene in rate filings, which frequently causes delays in rate approvals and implementation of rate changes and can impact the rate that is ultimately approved.

From time to time, the automobile insurance industry comes under pressure from state regulators, legislators, and special interest groups to reduce, freeze, or set rates at levels that do not correspond with underlying costs, in the opinion of the Company’s management. The homeowners insurance business faces similar pressure, particularly as regulators in catastrophe-prone states seek an acceptable methodology to price for catastrophe exposure. In addition, various insurance underwriting and pricing criteria regularly come under attack by regulators, legislators, and special interest groups. The result could be legislation, regulations, or new interpretations of existing regulations that adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The effects of emerging claim and coverage issues on the Company’s business are uncertain and may have an adverse effect on the Company’s business.

As industry practices and legal, judicial, social, and other environmental conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims and coverage may emerge. These issues may adversely affect the Company’s business by either extending coverage beyond its underwriting intent or by increasing the number or size of claims. In some instances, these changes may not become apparent until sometime after the Company has issued insurance policies that are affected by the changes. As a result, the full extent of liability under the Company’s insurance policies may not be known for many years after a policy is issued.

Loss of, or significant restriction on, the use of credit scoring in the pricing and underwriting of personal lines products could reduce the Company’s future profitability.

The Company uses credit scoring as a factor in pricing and underwriting decisions where allowed by state law. Some consumer groups and regulators have questioned whether the use of credit scoring unfairly discriminates against some groups of people and are seeking to prohibit or restrict the use of credit scoring in underwriting and pricing. Laws or regulations that significantly curtail or regulate the use of credit scoring, if enacted in a large number of states in which the Company operates,

could negatively impact the Company’s future results of operations.

If the Company cannot maintain its A.M. Best ratings, it may not be able to maintain premium volume in its insurance operations sufficient to attain the Company’s financial performance goals.

The Company’s ability to retain its existing business or to attract new business in its Insurance Companies is affected by its rating by A.M. Best. A.M. Best currently rates all of the Insurance Companies as A (Excellent). On February 15, 2024, A.M. Best affirmed the Financial Strength Rating ("FSR") of A (Excellent) with Stable outlook for the Company's Insurance Companies. The Company believes that if it is unable to maintain its A.M. Best ratings within the A ratings range, it may face greater challenges to grow its premium volume sufficiently to attain its financial performance goals, which may adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The Company may require additional capital in the future, which may not be available or may only be available on unfavorable terms.

The Company’s future capital requirements, including to fund future growth opportunities, depend on many factors, including its ability to underwrite new business successfully, its ability to establish premium rates and reserves at levels sufficient to cover losses, the success of its expansion plans, the performance of its investment portfolio and its ability to obtain financing. The Company may seek to obtain financing through equity or debt issuances, or sales of all or a portion of its investment portfolio or other assets. The Company’s ability to obtain financing also depends on economic conditions affecting financial markets and financial strength and claims-paying ability ratings, which are assigned based upon an evaluation of the Company’s ability to meet its financial obligations. The Company’s current financial strength rating with Fitch and Moody's is A- with Negative outlook and A3 with Negative outlook, respectively. If the Company were to seek financing through the capital markets in the future, there can be no assurance that the Company would obtain favorable ratings from rating agencies. Any equity or debt financing, if available at all, may not be available on terms that are favorable to the Company. In the case of equity financing, the Company’s shareholders could experience dilution. In addition, such securities may have rights, preferences, and privileges that are senior to those of the Company’s current shareholders. If the Company cannot obtain adequate capital on favorable terms or at all, its business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Changes in market interest rates, defaults on securities and tax considerations may have an adverse effect on the Company’s investment portfolio, which may adversely affect the Company’s financial results.

The Company’s financial results are affected, in part, by the performance of its investment portfolio. The Company’s investment portfolio contains interest rate sensitive-investments, such as municipal and corporate bonds. Increases in market interest rates may have an adverse impact on the value of the investment portfolio by decreasing the value of fixed income securities. Declining market interest rates could have an adverse impact on the Company’s investment income as it invests positive cash flows from operations and as it reinvests proceeds from maturing and called investments in new investments that could yield lower rates than the Company’s investments have historically generated. Defaults in the Company’s investment portfolio may produce operating losses and negatively impact the Company’s results of operations.

Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions, and other factors beyond the Company’s control. Although the Company takes measures to manage the risks of investing in a changing interest rate environment, it may not be able to mitigate interest rate sensitivity effectively. The Company’s mitigation efforts include maintaining a high quality portfolio and managing the duration of the portfolio to reduce the effect of interest rate changes. Despite its mitigation efforts, a significant change in interest rates could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. Although the Company monitors the timing and recognition of capital gains and losses in an effort to maximize the realization of deferred tax assets arising from capital losses, no guaranty can be provided that such monitoring or the Company's tax strategies will be effective.

The Company’s valuation of financial instruments may include methodologies, estimates, and assumptions that are subject to differing interpretations and could result in changes to valuations that may materially adversely affect the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

The Company employs a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The fair value of a financial instrument is the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date using the exit price. Accordingly, when market observable data are not readily available, the Company’s own assumptions are set to reflect those that market participants would be presumed to use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Assets and liabilities recorded on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value are categorized based on the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair

value and the level of market price observability.

During periods of market disruption, including periods of significantly changing interest rates, rapidly widening credit spreads, inactivity or illiquidity, it may be difficult to value certain of the Company’s securities if trading becomes less frequent and/or market data become less observable. There may be certain asset classes in historically active markets with significant observable data that become illiquid due to changes in the financial environment. In such cases, the valuations associated with such securities may rely more on management's judgment and include inputs and assumptions that are less observable or require greater estimation as well as valuation methods that are more sophisticated or require greater estimation. The valuations generated by such methods may be different from the value at which the investments ultimately may be sold. Further, rapidly changing and unprecedented credit and equity market conditions could materially impact the valuation of securities as reported within the Company’s consolidated financial statements, and the period-to-period changes in value could vary significantly. Decreases in value may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

Changes in the financial strength ratings of financial guaranty insurers issuing policies on bonds held in the Company’s investment portfolio may have an adverse effect on the Company’s investment results.

In an effort to enhance the bond rating applicable to certain bond issues, some bond issuers purchase municipal bond insurance policies from private insurers. The insurance generally guarantees the payment of principal and interest on a bond issue if the issuer defaults. By purchasing the insurance, the financial strength ratings applicable to the bonds are based on the credit worthiness of the insurer as well as the underlying credit of the bond issuer. These financial guaranty insurers are subject to DOI oversight. As the financial strength ratings of these insurers are reduced, the ratings of the insured bond issues correspondingly decrease. Although the Company has determined that the financial strength ratings of the underlying bond issues in its investment portfolio are within the Company’s investment policy without the enhancement provided by the insurance policies, any further downgrades in the financial strength ratings of these insurance companies or any defaults on the insurance policies written by these insurance companies may reduce the fair value of the underlying bond issues and the Company’s investment portfolio or may reduce the investment results generated by the Company’s investment portfolio, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity.

Deterioration of the municipal bond market in general or of specific municipal bonds held by the Company may result in a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity.

At December 31, 2024, approximately 36% of the Company’s total investment portfolio at fair value and approximately 45% of its total fixed maturity securities at fair value were invested in tax-exempt municipal bonds. With such a large percentage of the Company’s investment portfolio invested in municipal bonds, the performance of the Company’s investment portfolio, including the cash flows generated by the investment portfolio, is significantly dependent on the performance of municipal bonds. If the value of municipal bond markets in general or any of the Company’s municipal bond holdings deteriorates, the performance of the Company’s investment portfolio, financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity may be materially and adversely affected.

If the Company’s loss reserves are inadequate, its business and financial position could be harmed.

The process of establishing property and liability loss reserves is inherently uncertain due to a number of factors, including underwriting quality, the frequency and amount of covered losses, variations in claims settlement practices, the costs and uncertainty of litigation, and expanding theories of liability. While the Company believes that its actuarial techniques and databases are sufficient to estimate loss reserves, the Company’s approach may prove to be inadequate. If any of these contingencies, many of which are beyond the Company’s control, results in loss reserves that are not sufficient to cover its actual losses, the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity may be materially and adversely affected.

There is uncertainty involved in the availability of reinsurance and the collectability of reinsurance recoverable.

The Company reinsures a portion of its potential losses on the policies it issues to mitigate the volatility of the losses on its financial condition and results of operations. The availability and cost of reinsurance is subject to market conditions, which are outside of the Company’s control. From time to time, market conditions have limited, and in some cases, prevented insurers from obtaining the types and amounts of reinsurance that they consider adequate for their business needs. As a result, the Company may not be able to successfully purchase reinsurance and transfer a portion of the Company’s risk through reinsurance arrangements. In addition, as is customary, the Company initially pays all claims and seeks to recover the reinsured losses from its reinsurers. Although the Company reports as assets the amount of claims paid which the Company expects to recover from reinsurers, no assurance can be given that the Company will be able to collect from its reinsurers. If the amounts actually recoverable under the Company’s reinsurance treaties are ultimately determined to be less than the amount it has reported as recoverable, the Company may incur a loss during the period in which that determination is made.

The failure of any loss limitation methods employed by the Company could have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.

Various provisions of the Company’s policies, such as limitations or exclusions from coverage which are intended to limit the Company’s risks, may not be enforceable in the manner the Company intends. In addition, the Company’s policies contain conditions requiring the prompt reporting of claims and the Company’s right to decline coverage in the event of a violation of that condition. While the Company’s insurance product exclusions and limitations reduce the Company’s loss exposure and help eliminate known exposures to certain risks, it is possible that a court or regulatory authority could nullify or void an exclusion or legislation could be enacted modifying or barring the use of such endorsements and limitations in a way that would adversely affect the Company’s loss experience, which could have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.

The Company’s business is vulnerable to significant catastrophic property loss, which could have an adverse effect on its financial condition and results of operations.

The Company faces a significant risk of loss in the ordinary course of its business for property damage resulting from natural disasters, man-made catastrophes and other catastrophic events, particularly hurricanes, earthquakes, hail storms, explosions, tropical storms, rain storms, fires, mudslides, sinkholes, war, acts of terrorism, severe weather and other natural and man-made disasters. Such events typically increase the frequency and severity of automobile and other property claims. Because catastrophic loss events are by their nature unpredictable, historical results of operations may not be indicative of future results of operations, and the occurrence of claims from catastrophic events may result in substantial volatility in the Company’s financial condition and results of operations from period to period. Although the Company attempts to manage its exposure to such events, the occurrence of one or more major catastrophes in any given period could have a material and adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations and could result in substantial outflows of cash as losses are paid. See Note 20. Subsequent Event in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II-Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplemental Data for discussion of significant catastrophe losses related to Southern California wildfires that occurred in January 2025.

The Company depends on independent agents who may discontinue sales of its policies at any time.

The Company sells its insurance policies primarily through a network of approximately 6,340 independent agents. The Company must compete with other insurance carriers for these agents’ business. Some competitors offer a larger variety of products, lower prices for insurance coverage, higher commissions, or more attractive non-cash incentives. To maintain its relationship with these independent agents, the Company must pay competitive commissions, be able to respond to their needs quickly and adequately, and create a consistently high level of customer satisfaction. If these independent agents find it preferable to do business with the Company’s competitors, it would be difficult to renew the Company’s existing business or attract new business. State regulations may also limit the manner in which the Company’s producers are compensated or incentivized. Such developments could negatively impact the Company’s relationship with these parties and ultimately reduce revenues.

The Company’s expansion plans may adversely affect its future profitability.

The Company intends to continue to expand its operations in several of the states in which the Company has operations and may expand into states in which it has not yet begun operations. The intended expansion will necessitate increased expenditures. The Company intends to fund these expenditures out of cash flows from operations. The expansion may not occur, or if it does occur, may not be successful in providing increased revenues or profitability. If the Company’s cash flows from operations are insufficient to cover the costs of the expansion, or if the expansion does not provide the benefits anticipated, the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, and ability to grow its business may be harmed.

Any inability of the Company to realize its deferred tax assets, if and when they arise, may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences related to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, and for tax credits. The Company evaluates its deferred tax assets for recoverability based on available evidence, including assumptions about future profitability and capital gain generation. Although management believes that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized, some or all of the Company’s deferred tax assets could expire unused if the Company is unable to generate taxable income of an appropriate character and in a sufficient amount to utilize these tax benefits in the future. Any determination that the Company would not be able to realize all or a portion of its deferred tax assets in the future would result in a charge to earnings in the period in which the determination is made. This charge could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the assumptions used to make this determination are

subject to change from period to period based on changes in tax laws or variances between the Company’s projected operating performance and actual results. As a result, significant management judgment is required in assessing the possible need for a deferred tax asset valuation allowance. The changes in the estimates and assumptions used in such assessments and decisions can materially affect the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.

The carrying value of the Company’s goodwill and other intangible assets could be subject to an impairment write-down.

At December 31, 2024, the Company’s consolidated balance sheets reflected approximately $43 million of goodwill and $8 million of other intangible assets. The Company evaluates whether events or circumstances have occurred that suggest that the fair values of its goodwill and other intangible assets are below their respective carrying values. The determination that the fair values of the Company’s goodwill and other intangible assets are less than their carrying values may result in an impairment write-down. An impairment write-down would be reflected as expense and could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations during the period in which it recognizes the expense. In the future, the Company may incur impairment charges related to goodwill and other intangible assets already recorded or arising out of future acquisitions.

Uncertain economic conditions may negatively affect the Company’s business and operating results.

Uncertain economic conditions could adversely affect the Company in the form of consumer behavior and pressure on its investment portfolio. Consumer behavior could include policy cancellations, modifications, or non-renewals, which may reduce cash flows from operations and investments, may harm the Company’s financial position, and may reduce the Insurance Companies’ statutory surplus. Uncertain economic conditions also may impair the ability of the Company’s customers to pay premiums as they become due, and as a result, the Company’s bad debt reserves and write-offs could increase. It is also possible that claims fraud may increase. The Company’s investment portfolios could be adversely affected as a result of financial and business conditions affecting the issuers of the securities in the Company’s investment portfolio. In addition, declines in the Company’s profitability could result in a charge to earnings for the impairment of goodwill, which would not affect the Company’s cash flows but could decrease its earnings, and could adversely affect its stock price.

The Company may be adversely affected if economic conditions result in either inflation or deflation. In an inflationary environment, established reserves may become inadequate and increase the Company’s loss ratio, and market interest rates may rise and reduce the value of the Company’s fixed maturity portfolio. The departments of insurance may not approve premium rate increases in time for the Company to adequately mitigate inflated loss costs. In a deflationary environment, some fixed maturity issuers may have difficulty meeting their debt service obligations and thereby reduce the value of the Company’s fixed maturity portfolio; equity investments may decrease in value; and policyholders may experience difficulties paying their premiums to the Company, which could adversely affect premium revenue.

Risks Related to the Company’s Industry

The private passenger automobile insurance industry is highly competitive, and the Company may not be able to compete effectively against larger or better-capitalized companies.

The Company competes with many property and casualty insurance companies selling private passenger automobile insurance in the states in which the Company operates. Many of these competitors are better capitalized than the Company, have higher A.M. Best ratings, and have a larger market share in the states in which the Company operates. The superior capitalization of the competitors may enable them to offer lower rates, to withstand larger losses, and to more effectively take advantage of new marketing opportunities. The Company’s competition may also become increasingly better capitalized in the future as the traditional barriers between insurance companies and banks and other financial institutions erode and as the property and casualty industry continues to consolidate. The Company’s ability to compete against these larger, better-capitalized competitors depends on its ability to deliver superior service and its strong relationships with independent agents.

The Company may undertake strategic marketing and operating initiatives to improve its competitive position and drive growth. If the Company is unable to successfully implement new strategic initiatives or if the Company’s marketing campaigns do not attract new customers, the Company’s competitive position may be harmed, which could adversely affect the Company’s business and results of operations. Additionally, in the event of a failure of any competitor, the Company and other insurance companies would likely be required by state law to absorb the losses of the failed insurer and would be faced with an unexpected surge in new business from the failed insurer’s former policyholders.

The Company may be adversely affected by changes in the private passenger automobile insurance industry.

Approximately 62% of the Company’s direct premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2024 were generated

from private passenger automobile insurance policies. Adverse developments in the market for personal automobile insurance or the personal automobile insurance industry in general, whether related to changes in competition, pricing or regulations, could cause the Company’s results of operations to suffer. The property-casualty insurance industry is also exposed to the risks of severe weather conditions, such as rainstorms, snowstorms, hail and ice storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, wild fires, sinkholes, earthquakes and, to a lesser degree, explosions, terrorist attacks, and riots. The automobile insurance business is also affected by cost trends that impact profitability. Factors which negatively affect cost trends include inflation in automobile repair costs, automobile parts costs, new and used car valuations, medical costs, and changes in non-economic costs due to changes in the legal and regulatory environments. In addition, the advent of driverless cars and usage-based insurance could materially alter the way that automobile insurance is marketed, priced, and underwritten.

The Company cannot predict the impact that changing climate conditions, including legal, regulatory and social responses thereto, may have on its business.

Various scientists, environmentalists, international organizations, regulators and other commentators believe that global climate change has added, and will continue to add, to the unpredictability, frequency and severity of natural disasters (including, but not limited to, hurricanes, tornadoes, freezes, droughts, other storms and fires) in certain parts of the world. In response, a number of legal and regulatory measures and social initiatives have been introduced in an effort to reduce greenhouse gas and other carbon emissions that may be chief contributors to global climate change. The Company cannot predict the impact that changing climate conditions, if any, will have on its business or its customers, although the impact on the Company's results of operations or financial condition of incurred losses related to natural disasters that may result from changing climate conditions is mitigated to the extent its reinsurance programs provide coverage for such losses. See "Reinsurance" in "Item 1. Business" for information regarding the Company's reinsurance programs. It is also possible that the legal, regulatory and social responses to climate change could have a negative effect on the Company’s results of operations or financial condition.

Changes in federal or state tax laws could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity.

The Company’s financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity are dependent in part on tax policy implemented at the federal and/or state level. For example, a significant portion of the Company’s investment portfolio consists of municipal securities that receive beneficial tax treatment under applicable federal tax law. The Company’s results are also subject to federal and state tax rules applicable to dividends received from its subsidiaries and its equity holdings. Additionally, changes in tax laws could have an adverse effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and results of operations. The Company cannot predict whether any tax legislation will be enacted in the near future or whether any such changes to existing federal or state tax law would have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations.

The insurance industry is subject to extensive regulation, which may affect the Company’s ability to execute its business plan and grow its business.

The Company is subject to extensive regulation and supervision by government agencies in each of the states in which its Insurance Companies are domiciled, sell insurance products, issue policies, or manage claims. Some states impose restrictions or require prior regulatory approval of specific corporate actions, which may adversely affect the Company’s ability to operate, innovate, obtain necessary rate adjustments in a timely manner or grow its business profitably. These regulations provide safeguards for policyholders and are not intended to protect the interests of shareholders. The Company’s ability to comply with these laws and regulations, and to obtain necessary regulatory action in a timely manner is, and will continue to be, critical to its success. Some of these regulations include:

Required Licensing. The Company operates under licenses issued by the DOI in the states in which the Company sells insurance. If a regulatory authority denies or delays granting a new license, the Company’s ability to enter that market quickly or offer new insurance products in that market may be substantially impaired. In addition, if the DOI in any state in which the Company currently operates suspends, non-renews, or revokes an existing license, the Company would not be able to offer affected products in that state.

Transactions Between Insurance Companies and Their Affiliates. Transactions between the Insurance Companies and their affiliates (including the Company) generally must be disclosed to state regulators, and prior approval of the applicable regulator is required before any material or extraordinary transaction may be consummated. State regulators may refuse to approve or delay approval of some transactions, which may adversely affect the Company’s ability to innovate or operate efficiently.

Regulation of Insurance Rates and Approval of Policy Forms. The insurance laws of most states in which the Company conducts business require insurance companies to file insurance rate schedules and insurance policy forms for review and approval. If, as permitted in some states, the Company begins using new rates before they are approved, it may be required to issue refunds or credits to the Company’s policyholders if the new rates are ultimately deemed excessive or unfair and disapproved by the applicable state regulator. In other states, prior approval of rate changes is required and there may be long delays in the approval process or the rates may not be approved. Accordingly, the Company’s ability to respond to market developments or increased costs in that state can be adversely affected.

Restrictions on Cancellation, Non-Renewal or Withdrawal. Most of the states in which the Company operates have laws and regulations that limit its ability to exit a market, or reduce risk by cancellation or non-renewal of individual policies. For example, these states may, for public policy reasons, limit an insurer’s ability to cancel and non-renew private passenger automobile or homeowners insurance policies. They may also prohibit the Company from withdrawing one or more lines of insurance business from the state unless prior approval is received from the state DOI. In some states, the regulations restricting withdrawal extend to significant reductions in the amount of insurance written, not only to a complete withdrawal. Laws and regulations that limit the Company’s ability to cancel and non-renew policies in some states or locations and that subject withdrawal plans to prior approval requirements may restrict the Company’s ability to control its risk exposure or exit unprofitable markets, which may harm its business and results of operations.

Other Regulations. The Company must also comply with regulations involving, among other matters:

•the use of non-public consumer information and related privacy issues;

•the use of credit history in underwriting and rating;

•limitations on the ability to charge policy fees;

•limitations on types and amounts of investments;

•the payment of dividends;

•the acquisition or disposition of an insurance company or of any company controlling an insurance company;

•involuntary assignments of high-risk policies, participation in reinsurance facilities and underwriting associations, assessments and other governmental charges;

•reporting with respect to financial condition;

•periodic financial and market conduct examinations performed by state insurance department examiners; and

•the other regulations discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The failure to comply with these laws and regulations may also result in regulatory actions, fines and penalties, and in extreme cases, revocation of the Company’s ability to do business in that jurisdiction. In addition, the Company may face individual and class action lawsuits by insured and other parties for alleged violations of certain of these laws or regulations.

In addition, from time to time, the Company may support or oppose legislation or other amendments to insurance regulations in California or other states in which it operates. Consequently, the Company may receive negative publicity related to its support or opposition of legislative or regulatory changes that may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity.

Regulation may become more restrictive in the future, which may adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations.

No assurance can be given that states will not make existing insurance-related laws and regulations more restrictive in the future or enact new restrictive laws. New or more restrictive regulation in any state in which the Company conducts business could make it more expensive for it to continue to conduct business in these states, restrict the premiums the Company is able to charge or otherwise change the way the Company does business. In such events, the Company may seek to reduce its writings in or to withdraw entirely from these states. In addition, from time to time, the United States Congress and certain federal agencies investigate the current condition of the insurance industry to determine whether federal regulation is necessary. The Company cannot predict whether and to what extent new laws and regulations that would affect its business will be adopted, the timing of any such adoption and what effects, if any, they may have on the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Assessments and other surcharges for guaranty funds, second-injury funds, catastrophe funds, and other mandatory pooling arrangements may reduce the Company’s profitability.

Virtually all states require insurers licensed to do business in their state to bear a portion of the loss suffered by some insured parties as the result of impaired or insolvent insurance companies. Many states also have laws that established second-injury funds to provide compensation to injured employees for aggravation of a prior condition or injury which are funded by either assessments based on paid losses or premium surcharge mechanisms. In addition, as a condition to the ability to conduct business in various states, the Insurance Companies must participate in mandatory property and casualty shared-market mechanisms or pooling arrangements, which provide various types of insurance coverage to individuals or other entities that otherwise are unable to purchase that coverage from private insurers. The effect of these assessments and mandatory shared-market mechanisms or changes in them could reduce the Company’s profitability in any given period or limit its ability to grow its business.

The insurance industry faces litigation risks, which, if resolved unfavorably, could result in substantial penalties and/or monetary damages, including punitive damages. In addition, insurance companies incur material expenses defending litigation and their results of operations or financial condition could be adversely affected if they fail to accurately project litigation expenses.

Insurance companies are subject to a variety of legal actions including breach of contract claims, tort claims, fraud and misrepresentation claims, employee benefit claims, and wage and hour claims. In addition, insurance companies incur and likely will continue to incur potential liability for claims related to the insurance industry in general and to the Company’s business in particular, such as those related to allegations for failure to pay claims, termination or non-renewal of coverage, interpretation of policy language, policy sales practices, reinsurance matters, and other similar matters. Such actions can also include allegations of fraud, misrepresentation, and unfair or improper business practices and can include claims for punitive damages.

Court decisions and legislative activity may increase exposures for any of the types of claims insurance companies face. There is a risk that insurance companies could incur substantial legal fees and expenses in any of the actions companies defend in excess of amounts budgeted for defense.

The Company and the Insurance Companies are named as defendants in a number of lawsuits. Those that management believes could have a material effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements are described more fully in "Overview—B. Regulatory and Legal Matters" in "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and Note 18. Commitments and Contingencies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." Litigation, by its very nature, is unpredictable and the outcome of these cases is uncertain. The precise nature of the relief that may be sought or granted in any lawsuit is uncertain and may negatively impact the manner in which the Company conducts its business, which could materially increase the Company’s legal expenses and negatively impact the results of operations. In addition, potential litigation involving new claim, coverage, and business practice issues could adversely affect the Company’s business by changing the way policies are priced, extending coverage beyond its underwriting intent, or increasing the size of claims.

Risks Related to Technology and Cybersecurity

The Company relies on its information technology systems, and those of its service providers, to manage many aspects of its business, and any failure of these systems to function properly or any interruption in their operation could result in a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The Company depends on the accuracy, reliability, and proper functioning of its information technology systems, networks and online sites, including systems maintained by third-party vendors with which we do business (collectively, “IT Systems”). The Company relies on these IT Systems to effectively manage many aspects of its business, including underwriting, policy acquisition, claims processing and handling, accounting, reserving and actuarial processes and policies, and to maintain its policyholder data. We and our providers face various and evolving cybersecurity risks that threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our IT Systems and data, including personal information, that we process. These risks include the risk of a cyber incident, which has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks by threat actors have increased globally, especially given the use of more advanced hacking tools and techniques and the use of artificial intelligence, including by computer hackers, state-sponsored actors, information service interruptions and cyber terrorists, opportunistic hackers and hacktivists, as well as through diverse attack vectors, such as social engineering/phishing, malware (including ransomware), malfeasance by insiders, human or technological error, and as a result of bugs, misconfigurations or exploited vulnerabilities in software or hardware. Techniques used in cyber incidents evolve frequently, may originate from less regulated and remote areas of the world and be difficult to detect and may not be recognized until

launched against a target. Accordingly, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate security barriers or other preventative measures, making it impossible for us to entirely eliminate this risk.

Like many companies, we have been, and expect to continue to be, the target of cyber incidents. While these incidents have not had a material impact to date, as our reliance on technology increases, so do the risks of a security incident. For example, unauthorized parties, whether within or outside the Company, may disrupt or gain access to our IT Systems, or those of third parties with whom we do business, through human error, misfeasance, fraud, trickery, or other forms of deceit, including break-ins, use of stolen credentials, social engineering, phishing, computer viruses or other malicious codes, and similar means of unauthorized and destructive tampering. Though we have adopted cybersecurity measures, such measures cannot provide absolute security, and there can be no assurance that our cybersecurity risk management program and processes, including our policies, controls or procedures, will be fully complied with or effective in protecting our systems and information.

The failure of hardware or software that supports the Company’s information technology systems, the loss of data contained in the systems, or any delay or failure in the full deployment of the Company’s information technology systems could disrupt its business and could result in decreased premiums, increased overhead costs, and inaccurate reporting, all of which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In addition, despite system redundancy, the implementation of security measures, and the existence of a disaster recovery plan for the Company’s information technology systems, these systems are vulnerable to damage or interruption from:

•earthquake, fire, flood and other natural disasters;

•terrorist attacks and attacks by computer viruses, hackers, phishing, ransomware, or other exploits;

•power loss in areas not covered by backup power generators;

•unauthorized access; and

•computer systems, internet, telecommunications or data network failure.

An actual or perceived IT System failure, accident, or security breach could result in a material disruption to the Company’s business and result in the theft, misuse, loss, corruption or improper use or disclosure of data, including personal information or confidential business information. In addition, substantial costs may be incurred to remedy the damages caused by these disruptions. Following implementation of IT Systems, the Company may from time to time install new or upgraded business management systems. To the extent that a critical system fails or is not properly implemented and the failure cannot be corrected in a timely manner, the Company may experience disruptions to the business that could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations. This could result in government investigations, lawsuits (including class actions), enforcement actions and other legal and financial liability, and/or loss of confidence in the availability and security of our products and services, all of which could seriously harm our reputation and brand and impair our ability to attract and retain clients. Cyberattacks could also compromise our own trade secrets and other sensitive information and result in such information being disclosed to others and becoming less valuable, which could negatively affect our business. Although the Company seeks to mitigate the impact and severity of potential cyber threats through cyber insurance coverage, not every risk or liability can be insured, and for risks that are insurable, the policy limits and terms of coverage reasonably obtainable in the market may not be sufficient to cover all actual losses or liabilities incurred. In addition, disputes with insurance carriers, including over policy terms, reservation of rights, applicability of coverage (including exclusions), compliance with provisions (including notice) and/or insolvency of insurance carriers, may significantly affect the amount or timing of recovery.

Cybersecurity risks and the failure to maintain the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of internal or policyholder systems and data could result in damages to the Company’s reputation and/or subject it to expenses, fines or lawsuits.

The Company collects and retains large volumes of internal and policyholder data, including personally identifiable information, for business purposes including underwriting, claims and billing purposes, and relies upon the various information technology systems that enter, process, summarize and report such data. The Company also maintains personally identifiable information about its employees. The confidentiality and protection of the Company’s policyholder, employee and Company data are critical to the Company’s business. The Company’s policyholders and employees have a high expectation that the Company will adequately protect their personal information. As such, we are subject to various federal, state and local laws, regulations and industry standards. The regulatory environment, as well as the requirements imposed by the payment card industry and insurance regulators, governing information, security and privacy laws is increasingly demanding and continues to evolve, resulting in a patchwork of legislation that can be subject to differing interpretation. Maintaining compliance with applicable information security and privacy regulations may increase the Company’s operating costs and adversely impact its

ability to market products and services to its policyholders. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with laws, regulations, policies or regulatory guidance relating to privacy or data security may result in governmental investigations and enforcement actions, litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity, and could cause our customers and consumers to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business.

General Risk Factors

The Company is controlled by a small number of shareholders who will be able to exert significant influence over matters requiring shareholder approval, including change of control transactions.

George Joseph and Gloria Joseph collectively own more than 50% of the Company’s common stock. Accordingly, George Joseph and Gloria Joseph have the ability to exert significant influence on the actions the Company may take in the future, including change of control transactions. From time to time, certain institutional investors also each own over 5% of the Company's common stock. This concentration of ownership may conflict with the interests of the Company’s other shareholders and lenders.

Future equity or debt financing may affect the market price of the Company’s common stock and rights of the current shareholders, and the future exercise of options and granting of shares will result in dilution in the investment of the Company’s shareholders.

The Company may raise capital in the future through the issuance and sale of its common stock or debt securities. The Company cannot predict what effect, if any, such future financing will have on the market price of its common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of its common stock in the public market or issuance of substantial amounts of debt securities could adversely affect the market price of the Company’s outstanding common stock, and may make it more difficult for shareholders to sell common stock at a time and price that the shareholder deems appropriate. Furthermore, holders of some of the Company's securities may have rights, preferences, and privileges that are senior to those of the Company’s current shareholders. In addition, the Company has issued and may issue options to purchase shares of its common stock as well as restricted stock units ("RSUs") to incentivize its executives and key employees. In the event that any options to purchase common stock are exercised or any shares of common stock are issued when the RSUs vest, shareholders will suffer dilution in their investment.

Applicable insurance laws may make it difficult to effect a change of control of the Company or the sale of any of its Insurance Companies.

Before a person can acquire control of a U.S. insurance company or any holding company of a U.S. insurance company, prior written approval must be obtained from the DOI of the state where the insurer is domiciled. Prior to granting approval of an application to acquire control of the insurer or holding company, the state DOI will consider a number of factors relating to the acquirer and the transaction. These laws and regulations may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent a change of control of the Company or the sale by the Company of any of its Insurance Companies, including transactions that some or all of the Company’s shareholders might consider to be desirable.

Although the Company has consistently paid cash dividends in the past, it may not be able to pay or increase cash dividends in the future.

The Company has consistently paid cash dividends since the public offering of its common stock in November 1985 and has consistently increased the dividend per share until 2022. As a result of challenging business conditions, the Company reduced the dividend per share during 2022 for the first time since 1985. Future cash dividends will depend upon a variety of factors, including the Company’s profitability, financial condition, capital needs, future prospects, and other factors deemed relevant by the Board of Directors. The Company’s ability to pay dividends or increase the dividend per share may also be limited by the ability of the Insurance Companies to make distributions to the Company, which may be restricted by financial, regulatory or tax constraints, and by the terms of the Company’s debt instruments. In addition, there can be no assurance that the Company will pay dividends or increase the dividend per share even if the necessary financial and regulatory conditions are met and if sufficient cash is available for distribution.

Changes in accounting standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") or other standard-setting bodies may adversely affect the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The Company’s consolidated financial statements are subject to the application of GAAP, which is periodically revised and/or expanded. Accordingly, the Company is required to adopt new or revised accounting standards from time to time issued by recognized authoritative bodies, including the FASB. It is possible that future changes the Company is required to adopt could change the current accounting treatment that the Company applies to its consolidated financial statements and that such

changes could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.

The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect acts of fraud.

The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is accumulated and communicated to management and is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. The Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, believe that any disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, the Company cannot provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been prevented or detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by an unauthorized override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and the Company cannot assure that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in a cost effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Failure to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting may have an adverse effect on the Company’s stock price.

The Company is required to include in its Annual Report on Form 10-K a report by its management regarding the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, which includes, among other things, an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of the end of its fiscal year, including a statement as to whether or not the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective. This assessment must include disclosure of any material weaknesses in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting identified by management. Areas of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting may require improvement from time to time. If management is unable to assert that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective now or in any future period, or if the Company’s independent auditors are unable to express an opinion on the effectiveness of those internal controls, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of the Company’s financial reports, which could have an adverse effect on the Company’s stock price.

The ability of the Company to attract, develop and retain talented employees, managers and executives, and to maintain appropriate staffing levels, is critical to the Company’s success.

The Company is constantly hiring and training new employees and seeking to retain current employees. An inability to attract, retain and motivate the necessary employees for the operation and expansion of the Company’s business could hinder its ability to conduct its business activities successfully, develop new products and attract customers.

The Company’s success also depends upon the continued contributions of its executive officers, both individually and as a group. The Company’s future performance will be substantially dependent on its ability to retain and motivate its management team. The loss of the services of any of the Company’s executive officers could prevent the Company from successfully implementing its business strategy, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Pandemics, epidemics, widespread health emergencies, or outbreaks of infectious diseases could disrupt the Company's business and adversely affect its results of operations and financial condition.

The Company's operations may be subject to disruptions due to the occurrence of public health emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, or other similar unexpected events, some of which may be intensified by the effects of a government response to such an event. In March 2020, the outbreak of COVID-19 was recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization and shortly thereafter, the President of the United States declared a National Emergency. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant economic and financial turmoil both in the United States and globally.

High inflation levels could have adverse consequences for the Company, the insurance industry and the U.S. economy generally.

The U.S. economy experienced elevated levels of inflation in 2022. Although the inflation moderated in 2023 and 2024,

it has created a heightened level of risk for the Company, the insurance industry and the U.S. economy generally. Rising inflation may impact the reliability of the Company's loss reserve estimates and its ability to accurately price insurance products, and may create additional volatility in the fair value of its investments. Additionally, regulatory agencies, such as various state Departments of Insurance, the U.S. government and Federal Reserve may be slow to approve rate changes or adopt measures to attempt to control inflation during the highly inflationary periods, which could adversely affect the Company's ability to generate profits and cash flow. Continuing significant inflation could have a prolonged effect on the U.S. economy and could in turn increase the Company's operating and loss costs due to higher labor and materials costs, and may negatively affect its business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Company's business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected by geopolitical conflicts and related disruptions in the global economy.

The escalation of geopolitical conflicts and tensions in various parts of the world, including increased trade barriers or restrictions on global trade, could result in, among other things, heightened cybersecurity threats, prolonged supply chain disruptions, protracted or increased inflation, lower consumer demand, fluctuations in interest rates, and increased volatility in financial markets, which could adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations.

Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 1C.Cybersecurity

Risk Management and Strategy

A.Processes for Assessing, Identifying, and Managing Material Risks from Cybersecurity Threats

The Company has developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program designed to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of its critical systems and information. The Company's cybersecurity risk management is integrated into and embedded in its overall enterprise risk management framework, and shares common methodologies, reporting channels and governance processes that apply across the enterprise risk management program to other legal, compliance, strategic, operational, and financial risk areas.

The Enterprise Risk Management Committee oversees cybersecurity risks Company-wide while the Company’s Chief Technology Officer (“CTO”), a member of the Enterprise Risk Management Committee, oversees the Information Security business unit's cybersecurity management programs and activities. The Company’s cybersecurity risk management program includes the following key elements:

•formal cybersecurity risk assessment designed to help identify material cybersecurity risks to the Company’s critical systems, information, services, and its broader enterprise information technology environment led by the Company's Information Security business unit and reported to its Enterprise Risk Management Committee;

•a team comprised of information security, information technology, infrastructure, and compliance personnel responsible for directing the Company’s cybersecurity risk assessment and security processes and its cybersecurity incident response;

•third-party cybersecurity service provider, as needed, to conduct independent review and testing of the Company's cybersecurity risks and report to the Company;

•systems for protecting information technology systems and monitoring for suspicious events, such as threat protection, firewall and anti-virus software;

•cybersecurity awareness and prevention training for all employees;

•a Security Incident Response Plan designed to respond to cybersecurity incidents, which is regularly tested;

•a Vendor Risk Management Process for vetting third party service providers with access to the Company’s information technology systems.

The Information Security business unit regularly evaluates the Company's cybersecurity risk profile and reports to the Board of Directors (the “Board”). In the event that a significant cybersecurity incident is identified, the Company engages a third-party cybersecurity incident response consultant, as needed, to provide an independent evaluation of the incident.

B.Oversight of Cybersecurity Risks Associated with Third Party Service Providers

The Company oversees and identifies material risks from cybersecurity threats related to its use of third-party service providers in accordance with its Vendor Risk Management Process. The contracts with service providers are reviewed during

the onboarding process, renewal periods, and as necessary. The contracts require service providers to report cybersecurity incidents that impact the Company's data or information systems or that can otherwise disrupt its operations to the Company on a timely basis.

C.Impact of Cybersecurity Threats on Business Strategy and Results of Operations

The Company has experienced cybersecurity incidents in the past, and has been impacted by cybersecurity incidents experienced by its service providers, but none has materially affected the Company's operations. The Company has not identified risks from known cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any prior cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected the Company, including its operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. The Company faces certain ongoing risks from cybersecurity threats that, if realized, are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including its operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. See "Risks Related to Technology and Cybersecurity" in "Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors" for additional information.

Governance

A.Board of Directors' Oversight of Risks from Cybersecurity Threats

The Company’s Board considers cybersecurity risk as critical to the enterprise. The full Board oversees the Company’s Enterprise Risk Management program which incorporates cybersecurity risks together with other top operational, reporting and compliance risks the Company manages. The full Board is kept apprised by Management of the Company’s cybersecurity risk assessment results, and an escalation process exists to inform the Board of high-severity cybersecurity incidents that may occur. In addition, the Board periodically engages independent third-party technology experts to test the Company’s information technology systems, including cybersecurity.

The Company's Enterprise Risk Management Committee provides the Board with an overview of cybersecurity risks regularly. Additionally, the Company's Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) provides the Board with an Information Security Incident Report for Board meetings, which summarizes new incidents that did not require "off-cycle" escalation to the Board, and status updates on previously reported high severity incidents, as well as a cybersecurity incident analysis report issued by a third-party cybersecurity service provider.

B.Management’s Role in Assessing and Managing Material Risks from Cybersecurity Threats

The Company's Information Security business unit primarily manages the day-to-day operations of monitoring cybersecurity risks to the Company's information systems, takes prevention, detection, and remediation measures for cybersecurity incidents, makes initial assessment of reported cybersecurity incidents, and reports such incidents to the Company's CEO, Chief Operating Officer (“COO”), CTO, Board and Enterprise Risk Management Committee as well as certain regulatory bodies, as needed. The following five management personnel are primarily responsible for assessing and managing the Company's material risks from cybersecurity threats:

•Gabriel Tirador, Chief Executive Officer: The Company’s CEO, along with its COO, oversees the Technology team who monitors the Company’s information technology systems for suspicious events. The Company’s CEO reports to the Board regarding cybersecurity incidents and issues. The Company’s CEO, COO and CTO oversee the use of third-party cybersecurity consultants by the Information Security business unit to engage in periodic evaluations. Mr. Tirador has over 30 years' experience in the property and casualty insurance industry and in the Company and is an inactive Certified Public Accountant. As CEO of the Company, he has overseen its Technology business unit for over 20 years, among other business units.

•Victor Joseph, President and Chief Operating Officer: The Company’s President and COO oversees the technology team who monitors the Company’s information technology systems for suspicious events. Mr. Joseph has overseen the technology team since 2022. Mr. Joseph has been employed by the Company in various capacities since 2009, and was appointed Executive Vice President and COO in January 2022 and President and COO in January 2024.

•Theodore R. Stalick, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer: The Company’s CFO oversees its enterprise risk management program which, among others, includes oversight of cybersecurity risk management and serves as Chairperson of the Company's Enterprise Risk Management Committee. Mr. Stalick has been the Company's CFO since 2001. Mr. Stalick is a Certified Public Accountant and has a Bachelors Degree in Business Administration, Accounting and Finance concentration, and an MBA, Business Analytics concentration.

•Wilson Pang, Vice President and Chief Technology Officer: The Company’s CTO regularly provides the Board with updates on cybersecurity risk management or significant reported cybersecurity incidents. The Company’s CTO works with the Company’s CEO, COO and Head of Information Security to determine the severity of cybersecurity incidents. The Company’s CTO also works with its Head of Information Security to direct action in the event of a severe cybersecurity incident. Mr. Pang has over 20 years’ experience in the

technology industry. He has served in Chief Technology Officer and Chief Data Officer roles in several public companies and has deep expertise in technology, data, and artificial intelligence. He has a Master’s and a Bachelor’s Degree in electrical engineering.

•Dustin Howard, Head of Information Security: The Company’s Head of Information Security supervises efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate, and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, which include briefings from internal security personnel; threat intelligence and other information obtained from governmental, public or private sources, including external cybersecurity service providers; and alerts and reports produced by security tools deployed in the information technology environment. The Company’s Head of Information Security also oversees the creation of remediation action plans with the affected business units. Mr. Howard has over 30 years’ experience managing various aspects of information technology, and has extensive expertise in information security, compliance, and information technology infrastructure and service delivery. He has served in Head of Information Security, Chief Information Officer and Vice President roles in several public companies and has maintained Certified Information Systems Security Professional (“CISSP”) certification since 2001. He has a Bachelor’s Degree in Business Administration and a Master’s Degree in Information Systems.

The five management personnel above also serve in the Company's Enterprise Risk Management Committee and are informed about and discuss updates to the cybersecurity risk management programs and cybersecurity incidents, including any prevention and detection measures as well as mitigation and remediation measures for any reported cybersecurity incidents. The Enterprise Risk Management Committee oversees the Company's overall risk management processes that include oversight of material risks from cybersecurity threats. The CEO and CFO are also members of the Company's Disclosure Committee. The CTO and Head of Information Security participate in Disclosure Committee meetings, as needed, to facilitate discussion and provide information on cybersecurity incidents reported. The CEO, CTO and Head of Information Security provide the Board with information and updates on cybersecurity risks and incidents as in-house technology and cybersecurity experts during Board meetings or as needed.

Depending on the nature and severity of the reported cybersecurity incidents, the Enterprise Risk Management Committee may recommend activation of the Crisis Management Plan under the Company's Business Continuity Management Program. The Disclosure Committee is informed by the CEO of significant cybersecurity incidents for purposes of determining materiality.

Item 2.Properties

The Company owns the following buildings which support all business segments. Space not used by the Company may be leased to independent third party tenants.


Location	Purpose	Size in Square Feet	Percent Leased to Third Parties at December 31, 2024
Brea, CA	Home office and I.T. facilities	80,000	—	%
Folsom, CA	Property held for sale	88,000	—	%
Los Angeles, CA	Executive offices	41,000	5	%

The Company leases additional office space for operations. In addition, the Company owns 5.9 acres of land in Rancho Cucamonga, California, which was classified as a property held for sale as of December 31, 2024. The Company’s properties are well maintained, adequately meet its needs, and are being utilized for their intended purposes.

Office location is not crucial to the Company’s operations. Most of its workforce works from home as a result of the "Mercury's My Workplace" policy that allows most of its employees to work from anywhere in the U.S.

Item 3.Legal Proceedings

The Company is, from time to time, named as a defendant in various lawsuits or regulatory actions incidental to its insurance business. The majority of lawsuits brought against the Company relate to insurance claims that arise in the normal course of business and are reserved for through the reserving process. For a discussion of the Company’s reserving methods, see "Overview-C. Critical Accounting Estimates" in "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

The Company also establishes accruals for estimated liabilities for non-insurance claims related lawsuits, regulatory actions, and other contingencies when the Company believes a loss is probable and is able to estimate its potential exposure. For loss contingencies believed to be reasonably possible, the Company also discloses the nature of the loss contingency and an

estimate of the possible loss, range of loss, or a statement that such an estimate cannot be made. In addition, the Company accrues for anticipated legal defense costs associated with such lawsuits and regulatory actions. While actual losses may differ from the amounts recorded and the ultimate outcome of the Company’s pending actions is generally not yet determinable, the Company does not believe that the ultimate resolution of currently pending legal or regulatory proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or cash flows.

In all cases, the Company vigorously defends itself unless a reasonable settlement appears appropriate. For a discussion of legal matters, see "Overview—B. Regulatory and Legal Matters" in "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and Note 18. Commitments and Contingencies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data," which is incorporated herein by reference.

There are no environmental proceedings arising under federal, state, or local laws or regulations to be discussed.

Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

The shares of the Company's common stock are listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange (trading symbol: MCY).

The closing price of the Company’s common stock on February 6, 2025 was $51.06.

Holders

As of February 6, 2025, there were approximately 137 holders of record of the Company’s common stock.

Dividends

For financial statement purposes, the Company records dividends on the declaration date. The continued payment and amount of cash dividends will depend upon the Company’s operating results, overall financial condition, capital requirements, and general business conditions.

Holding Company Act

Pursuant to the Holding Company Act, California-domiciled insurance companies are required to notify the California DOI of any dividend after declaration, but prior to payment. There are similar limitations imposed by other states on the Insurance Companies’ ability to pay dividends. As of December 31, 2024, the Insurance Companies are permitted to pay in 2025, without obtaining DOI approval for extraordinary dividends, $252 million in dividends to Mercury General, of which $228 million may be paid by the California Companies.

For a discussion of certain restrictions on the payment of dividends to Mercury General by some of its insurance subsidiaries, see Note 13. Dividends, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

Performance Graph

The following graph compares the cumulative total shareholder returns on the Company’s common stock (trading symbol: MCY) with the cumulative total returns on the Standard and Poor’s 500 Composite Stock Price Index ("S&P 500 Index") and the Company’s industry peer group (Custom Peer Group and S&P 500 Property & Casualty Insurance Index) over the last five years. In past years, the Company used the Custom Peer Group as its industry peer group for purposes of the stock performance graph below. However, based on the broad use of the S&P 500 Property & Casualty Insurance Index as an industry peer group among our peers in the insurance industry, as well as the Company's growth as a property and casualty insurance carrier in recent years, the Company determined that the S&P 500 Property & Casualty Insurance Index would be a more appropriate industry peer group to include in the stock performance graph. Accordingly, while both the Custom Peer Group and the S&P 500 Property & Casualty Insurance Index have been included for this transitional year, the Company does not expect to include the Custom Peer Group in future years. The graph assumes an investment of $100 on December 31, 2019 in each of the Company’s Common Stock, the S&P 500 Index and the industry peer group and the reinvestment of all dividends.


	2019		2020		2021		2022		2023		2024
Mercury General	$	100.00	$	113.69	$	120.71	$	81.33	$	92.34	$	168.31
Custom Peer Group	100.00		103.14		128.24		141.87		160.07		208.01
S&P 500 Property & Casualty Insurance Index	100.00		106.96		127.58		151.65		168.05		227.67
S&P 500 Index	100.00		118.40		152.39		124.79		157.59		197.02

The custom peer group consists of Alleghany Corporation, Allstate Corporation, American Financial Group, Arch Capital Group Ltd, Berkley (W.R.), Berkshire Hathaway 'B', Chubb Corporation, Cincinnati Financial Corporation, CNA Financial Corporation, Erie Indemnity Company, Hanover Insurance Group, Markel Corporation, Old Republic International, Progressive Corporation, RLI Corporation, Selective Insurance Group, and Travelers Companies, Inc.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Share Repurchases

The Company does not currently have any share repurchases authorized by the Board. The Company has not repurchased any of its Common Stock since 2000.

Item 6.Reserved

Item 7.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Forward-looking Statements

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a “safe harbor” for certain forward-looking statements. Certain statements contained in this report are forward-looking statements based on the Company’s current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on the Company. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting the Company will be those anticipated by the Company. Actual results may differ from those projected in the forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements involve significant risks and uncertainties (some of which are beyond the control of the Company) and are subject to change based upon various factors, including but not limited to the following risks and uncertainties: changes in the demand for the Company’s insurance products, inflation and general economic conditions, including general market risks associated with the Company’s investment portfolio; the accuracy and adequacy of the Company’s pricing methodologies; catastrophes in the markets served by the Company; uncertainties related to estimates, assumptions and projections generally; the possibility that actual loss experience may vary adversely from the actuarial estimates made to determine the Company’s loss reserves in general; the Company’s ability to obtain and the timing of the approval of premium rate changes for insurance policies issued in states where the Company operates; legislation adverse to the automobile insurance industry or business generally that may be enacted in the states where the Company operates; the Company’s success in managing its business in non-California states; the presence of competitors with greater financial resources and the impact of competitive pricing and marketing efforts; the Company's ability to successfully allocate the resources used in the states with reduced or exited operations to its operations in other states; changes in driving patterns and loss trends; acts of war and terrorist activities; pandemics, epidemics, widespread health emergencies, or outbreaks of infectious diseases; court decisions and trends in litigation and health care and auto repair costs; and legal, cybersecurity, regulatory and litigation risks.

From time to time, forward-looking statements are also included in the Company’s quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, in press releases, in presentations, on its web site, and in other materials released to the public. Investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or, in the case of any document the Company incorporates by reference, any other report filed with the SEC or any other public statement made by the Company, the date of the document, report or statement. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information or future events or otherwise.

OVERVIEW

A. General

The operating results of property and casualty insurance companies are subject to significant quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year fluctuations due to the effect of competition on pricing, the frequency and severity of losses, the effect of weather and natural disasters on losses, general economic conditions, the general regulatory environment in states in which an insurer operates, state regulation of insurance including premium rates, changes in fair value of investments, and other factors such as changes in tax laws. The property and casualty insurance industry has been highly cyclical, with periods of high premium rates and shortages of underwriting capacity followed by periods of severe price competition and excess capacity. These cycles can have a significant impact on the Company’s ability to grow and retain business.

The Company is headquartered in Los Angeles, California and writes primarily personal automobile lines of business selling policies through a network of independent agents, 100% owned insurance agents and direct channels, in 11 states: Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Oklahoma, Texas, and Virginia. The Company also offers homeowners, commercial automobile, commercial property, mechanical protection, fire, and umbrella insurance. Private passenger automobile lines of insurance business accounted for approximately 62% of the $5.5 billion of the Company’s direct premiums written in 2024, and approximately 84% of the private passenger automobile premiums were written in California.

This section discusses some of the relevant factors that management considers in evaluating the Company’s performance, prospects, and risks. It is not all-inclusive and is meant to be read in conjunction with the entirety of management’s discussion and analysis, the Company’s consolidated financial statements and notes thereto, and all other items contained within this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

2024 Financial Performance Summary

The Company’s net income for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $468.0 million, or $8.45 per diluted share,

compared to $96.3 million, or $1.74 per diluted share, for the same period in 2023. Included in net income was $280.0 million of pre-tax net investment income that was generated during 2024 on a portfolio of $6.1 billion, at fair value, at December 31, 2024, compared to $234.6 million of pre-tax net investment income that was generated during 2023 on a portfolio of $5.2 billion, at fair value, at December 31, 2023. Also included in net income were pre-tax net realized investment gains of $88.7 million and $101.0 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively, and pre-tax catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance and reinstatement premiums earned, of approximately $277.0 million and $239.2 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively. Pre-tax net realized investment gains for 2024 and 2023 resulted largely from the increases in fair value of fixed maturity securities and equity securities.

The Company continued its marketing efforts to enhance name recognition and lead generation in 2024, and increased the spending for advertising and marketing. The Company believes that its marketing efforts, combined with its ability to maintain relatively low prices and a strong reputation, make its insurance products competitive in California and in other states.

The Company believes its thorough underwriting process gives it an advantage over its competitors. The Company’s agent relationships and underwriting and claims processes are its most important competitive advantages.

The Company’s operating results and growth have allowed it to consistently generate positive cash flow from operations, which was approximately $1,037 million and $453 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively. Cash flow from operations has been used to pay shareholder dividends and help support growth.

Economic and Industry Wide Factors

•Regulatory Uncertainty—The insurance industry is subject to strict state regulation and oversight and is governed by the laws of each state in which each insurance company operates. State regulators generally have substantial power and authority over insurance companies including, in some states, approving rate changes and rating factors, restricting cancellation and non-renewal of insurance policies, and establishing minimum capital and surplus requirements. In many states, insurance commissioners may emphasize different agendas or interpret existing regulations differently than previous commissioners. There is no certainty that current or future regulations and the interpretation of those regulations by insurance commissioners and the courts will not have an adverse impact on the Company.

•Cost Uncertainty—Because insurance companies pay claims after premiums are collected, the ultimate cost of an insurance policy is not known until well after the policy revenues are earned. Consequently, significant assumptions are made when establishing insurance rates and loss reserves. While insurance companies use sophisticated models and experienced actuaries to assist in setting rates and establishing loss reserves, there can be no assurance that current rates or current reserve estimates will be adequate. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that insurance regulators will approve rate increases when the Company’s actuarial analyses indicate that they are needed.

•Economic Conditions—The Company’s financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity may be negatively impacted by global, national and local economic conditions, such as recessions, increased levels of unemployment, inflation, and large fluctuations in interest rates. Further, volatility in global capital markets could adversely affect the Company’s investment portfolio. The Company is not able to predict the timing and effect of these factors, or their duration and severity.

•Inflation—The largest cost component for automobile insurers is losses, which include medical, replacement automobile parts, and labor costs. There can be significant variation in the overall increases in medical cost inflation, and it is often years after the respective fiscal period ends before sufficient claims have closed for the inflation rate to be known with a reasonable degree of certainty. Therefore, it can be difficult to establish reserves and set premium rates, particularly when actual inflation rates may be higher or lower than anticipated.

•Loss Frequency—Another component of overall loss costs is loss frequency, which is the number of claims per risk insured. Loss frequency trends are affected by many factors such as fuel prices, the economy, the prevalence of distracted driving, collision avoidance and other technology in vehicles, and stay-at-home orders issued by state and local governments due to the pandemic.

•Underwriting Cycle and Competition—The property and casualty insurance industry is highly cyclical, with alternating hard and soft market conditions. The Company believes that the automobile insurance market in most states was hard during 2024 as insurance carriers increased rates reflecting high inflation and loss severity and tightened their underwriting. In addition, in California, several insurance carriers stopped writing new business policies.

Technology

The Company has invested in improvements to customer and agent experience, internal process efficiencies, and cybersecurity protections in 2024. In 2025, the Company will continue to invest in customer experience, automation, and cybersecurity, in addition to upgrades to its architecture.

B. Regulatory and Legal Matters

The process for implementing rate changes varies by state. For more detailed information related to insurance rate approval, see "Item 1. Business—Regulation."

In late 2024, as part of the insurance commissioner’s “Sustainable Insurance Strategy,” the California Department of Insurance issued two regulations that may impact how insurers price and write certain of their California property insurance policies: one allowing insurers to incorporate catastrophe modeling into rate-making with a requirement for them to align their share of insured properties in distressed wildfire-prone areas of the state to at least 85% of their state-wide market share, which may be increased by 5% per year, if necessary, until that level is reached; and the other allowing insurers to incorporate reinsurance costs into rate-making for certain specific catastrophe perils and wildfire exposures when meeting the same requirement governing the use of catastrophe modeling. The commissioner has also implemented changes to the California FAIR Plan, expanding coverage offerings and changing the assessment and recoupment processes in order to enhance market stability: the FAIR Plan’s member insurers may now request the insurance commissioner’s prior approval to collect temporary supplemental fees from their own policyholders in order to recoup up to 50% of amounts assessed up to $2 billion in aggregate assessments on the industry, and 100% of all amounts assessed over that $2 billion threshold. The Company is expected to adhere to the market-share requirements in order to incorporate catastrophe modeling and reinsurance costs into its rate-making, although the process to file, gain approval, and implement the revised rates will likely not be complete until late 2025 at the earliest.

During 2024, the Company implemented rate changes in 11 states. The following are recent rate increases approved by the California DOI for lines of insurance business that accounted for 5% or more of the Company's total net premiums earned in 2024:

•In January 2023, the California DOI approved a 6.9% rate increase on the private passenger automobile line of insurance business for MIC and CAIC. These rate increases became effective in March 2023. The California DOI approved an additional 6.99% rate increase on the private passenger automobile line of insurance business for MIC and CAIC in June 2023. These rate increases became effective in July 2023. In addition, in January 2024, the California DOI approved a 22.5% rate increase for MIC and a 3.8% rate increase for CAIC on the private passenger automobile line of insurance business. These rate increases became effective in February 2024. The private passenger automobile line of insurance business of MIC and CAIC represented approximately 48% and 6%, respectively, of the Company's total net premiums earned in 2024.

•In March 2023, the California DOI approved a 12.6% rate increase on the California homeowners line of insurance business. This rate increase became effective in May 2023. In March 2024, the California DOI approved a 6.99% rate increase on the California homeowners line of insurance business. This rate increase became effective in May 2024. In January 2025, the California DOI approved a 12% rate increase on the California homeowners line of insurance business. This rate increase is expected to become effective in March 2025. The California homeowners line of insurance business represented approximately 16% of the Company's total net premiums earned in 2024.

•In April 2024, the California DOI approved a 14.9% rate increase on the California commercial automobile line of insurance business. This rate increase became effective in July 2024. In addition, in December 2024, the California DOI approved a 15.6% rate increase on the California commercial automobile line of insurance business. This rate increase is expected to become effective in February 2025. The California commercial automobile line of insurance business represented approximately 5% of the Company's total net premiums earned in 2024.

The Company is, from time to time, named as a defendant in various lawsuits or regulatory actions incidental to its insurance business. The majority of lawsuits brought against the Company relate to insurance claims that arise in the normal course of business and are reserved for through the reserving process. For a discussion of the Company’s reserving methods, see "Critical Accounting Estimates" below and Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

The Company also establishes accruals for estimated liabilities for non-insurance claims related lawsuits, regulatory actions, and other contingencies when the Company believes a loss is probable and is able to estimate its potential exposure. For material loss contingencies believed to be reasonably possible, the Company also discloses the nature of the loss contingency and an estimate of the possible loss, range of loss, or a statement that such an estimate cannot be made. In addition,

the Company accrues for anticipated legal defense costs associated with such lawsuits and regulatory actions. While actual losses may differ from the amounts recorded and the ultimate outcome of the Company’s pending actions is generally not yet determinable, the Company does not believe that the ultimate resolution of currently pending legal or regulatory proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or cash flows.

For a discussion of additional regulatory and legal matters, see Note 18. Commitments and Contingencies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." In all cases, the Company vigorously defends itself unless a reasonable settlement appears appropriate.

C. Critical Accounting Estimates

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves ("Loss Reserves")

Preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements requires management’s judgment and estimates. The most significant is the estimate of loss reserves. Estimating loss reserves is a difficult process as many factors can ultimately affect the final settlement of a claim and, therefore, the loss reserve that is required. A key assumption in estimating loss reserves is the degree to which the historical data used to analyze reserves will be predictive of ultimate claim costs on incurred claims. Changes in the regulatory and legal environments, results of litigation, medical costs, the cost of repair materials, and labor rates, among other factors, can impact this assumption. In addition, time can be a critical part of reserving determinations since the longer the span between the incidence of a loss and the payment or settlement of a claim, the more variable the ultimate settlement amount could be. Accordingly, short-tail liability claims, such as property damage claims, tend to be more reasonably predictable than long-tail liability claims.

The Company calculates a loss reserve point estimate rather than a range. There is inherent uncertainty with estimates and this is particularly true with loss reserve estimates. This uncertainty comes from many factors which may include changes in claims reporting and settlement patterns, changes in the regulatory and legal environments, uncertainty over inflation rates, and uncertainty for unknown items. The Company does not make specific provisions for these uncertainties, rather it considers them in establishing its loss reserve by looking at historical patterns and trends and projecting these out to current loss reserves. The underlying factors and assumptions that serve as the basis for preparing the loss reserve estimate include paid and incurred loss development factors, expected average costs per claim, inflation trends, expected loss ratios, industry data, and other relevant information.

The Company also engages independent actuarial consultants to review the Company’s loss reserves and to provide the annual actuarial opinions required under state statutory accounting requirements. The Company analyzes loss reserves quarterly primarily using the incurred loss, paid loss, average severity coupled with the claim count development methods, and the generalized linear model ("GLM") described below. When deciding among methods to use, the Company evaluates the credibility of each method based on the maturity of the data available and the claims settlement practices for each particular line of insurance business or coverage within a line of insurance business. The Company may also evaluate qualitative factors such as known changes in laws or legal rulings that could affect claims handling or other external environmental factors or internal factors that could affect the settlement of claims. When establishing the loss reserve, the Company generally analyzes the results from all of the methods used rather than relying on a single method. While these methods are designed to determine the ultimate losses on claims under the Company’s policies, there is inherent uncertainty in all actuarial models since they use historical data to project outcomes. The Company believes that the techniques it uses provide a reasonable basis in estimating loss reserves.

•The incurred loss method analyzes historical incurred case loss (case reserves plus paid losses) development to estimate ultimate losses. The Company applies development factors against current case incurred losses by accident period to calculate ultimate expected losses. The Company believes that the incurred loss method provides a reasonable basis for evaluating ultimate losses, particularly in the Company’s larger, more established lines of insurance business which have a long operating history.

•The paid loss method analyzes historical payment patterns to estimate the amount of losses yet to be paid.

•The average severity method analyzes historical loss payments and/or incurred losses divided by closed claims and/or total claims to calculate an estimated average cost per claim. From this, the expected ultimate average cost per claim can be estimated. The average severity method coupled with the claim count development method provides meaningful information regarding inflation and frequency trends that the Company believes is useful in establishing loss reserves. The claim count development method analyzes historical claim count development to estimate future incurred claim count development for current claims. The Company applies these development factors against current claim counts by accident period to calculate ultimate expected claim counts.

The Company analyzes catastrophe losses separately from non-catastrophe losses. The Company classifies certain losses as catastrophe losses based on catastrophe events designated by Property Claim Services, a unit of Insurance Services Office, Inc. For catastrophe losses, the Company generally determines claim counts based on claims reported and development expectations from previous catastrophes and applies an average expected loss per claim based on loss reserves established by adjusters and average losses on previous similar catastrophes.

There are many factors that can cause variability between the ultimate expected loss and the actual developed loss. While there are certainly other factors, the Company believes that the following three items tend to create the most variability between expected losses and actual losses.

(1) Inflation

For the Company’s California automobile lines of insurance business, total reserves excluding salvage and subrogation are comprised of the following:

•BI reserves—approximately 75% of total reserves

•Material damage ("MD") reserves, including collision and comprehensive property damage—approximately 5% of total reserves

•Loss adjustment expense reserves—approximately 20% of total reserves.

Loss development on MD reserves is generally insignificant because MD claims are generally settled in a shorter period than BI claims. The majority of the loss adjustment expense reserves are estimated costs to defend BI claims, which tend to require longer periods of time to settle as compared to MD claims.

BI loss reserves are generally the most difficult to estimate because they take longer to close than other coverages. BI coverage in the Company’s policies includes injuries sustained by any person other than the insured, except in the case of uninsured or underinsured motorist BI coverage, which covers damages to the insured for BI caused by uninsured or underinsured motorists. BI payments are primarily for medical costs and general damages.

The following table presents the typical closure patterns of BI claims in the Company's California personal automobile insurance coverage:


	% of Total
	Claims Closed	Dollars Paid
BI claims closed in the accident year reported	38%	12%
BI claims closed one year after the accident year reported	78%	53%
BI claims closed two years after the accident year reported	93%	78%
BI claims closed three years after the accident year reported	98%	89%

BI claims closed in the accident year reported are generally the smaller and less complex claims that settle for approximately $10,000 to $11,000 on average, whereas the total average settlement, once all claims are closed for a particular accident year, is approximately $25,000 to $34,000. The Company creates incurred and paid loss triangles to estimate ultimate losses utilizing historical payment and reserving patterns and evaluates the results of this analysis against its frequency and severity analysis to establish BI loss reserves. The Company adjusts development factors to account for inflation trends it sees in loss severity. As a larger proportion of claims from an accident year are settled, there emerges a higher degree of certainty for the loss reserves established for that accident year. At December 31, 2024, the accident years that are most likely to develop are the 2022 through 2024 accident years; however, it is possible that older accident years could develop as well.

In 2022, inflationary trends accelerated to their highest level since the 1980s. Excessive inflation led to significant increases in loss severities related to vehicle repairs and bodily injuries. The severe inflationary trend continued into 2023, but moderated as the year progressed. During 2024, the inflation rate continued to be moderate for automobile parts and labor but it was at an elevated level for bodily injury costs. In general, the Company expects that historical claims trends will continue with costs tending to increase, which is generally consistent with historical data, and therefore the Company believes that it is reasonable to expect inflation to continue. Many potential factors can affect the BI inflation rate, including changes in claims handling process, changes in statutes and regulations, the number of litigated files, increased use of medical procedures such as

MRIs and epidural injections, general economic factors, timeliness of claims adjudication, vehicle safety, weather patterns, changes in the relative percentages of single- and multi-car accidents, social inflation, and gasoline prices, among other factors; however, the magnitude of the impact of such factors on the inflation rate is unknown.

The Company believes that it is reasonably possible that the California automobile BI severity could vary from recorded amounts by as much as 12%, 8% and 6% for 2024, 2023 and 2022 accident years, respectively; however, the variation could be more or less than these amounts.

During the years 2020 through 2024, the changes in the loss severity amounts for the three preceding accident years from the prior year amounts (BI severity variance from prior year) have ranged as follows:


	High	Low
Immediate preceding accident year	7.9%	(2.4)%
Second preceding accident year	5.4%	(1.0)%
Third preceding accident year	3.6%	(2.6)%

The following table presents the effects on the California automobile BI loss reserves for the 2024, 2023 and 2022 accident years based on possible variations in the severity recorded; however, the actual variations could be more or less than these amounts:

California Automobile Bodily Injury Inflation Reserve Sensitivity Analysis


Accident Year	Number of Claims Expected	Actual Recorded Severity at 12/31/2024		Implied Inflation Rate Recorded (1)		(A) Pro-forma severity if actual severity is lower by 12% for 2024, 8% for 2023, and 6% for 2022		(B) Pro-forma severity if actual severity is higher by 12% for 2024, 8% for 2023, and 6% for 2022		Favorable loss development if actual severity is less than recorded (Column A)		Unfavorable loss development if actual severity is more than recorded (Column B)
2024	21,241	$	33,648	13.4	%	$	29,610	$	37,686	$	85,771,000	$	(85,771,000)
2023	21,257	$	29,663	14.3	%	$	27,290	$	32,036	$	50,443,000	$	(50,443,000)
2022	21,306	$	25,949	13.7	%	$	24,392	$	27,506	$	33,173,000	$	(33,173,000)
2021	20,598	$	22,816	—		—		—		—		—
Total Loss Development—Favorable (Unfavorable)										$	169,387,000	$	(169,387,000)

___________

(1) Implied inflation rate is calculated by dividing the difference between the current and prior year actual recorded severity by the prior year actual recorded severity. The Company believes that severity increases are caused by litigation, medical costs, inflation, and increased utilization of medical procedures.

(2) Claim Count Development

The Company generally estimates ultimate claim counts for an accident period based on development of claim counts in prior accident periods. Typically, almost every claim is reported within one year following the end of an accident year and at that point the Company has a high degree of certainty as to the ultimate claim count. There are many factors that can affect the number of claims reported after an accident period ends. These factors include changes in weather patterns, a change in the number of litigated files, the number of automobiles insured, and whether the last day of the accident period falls on a weekday or a weekend. However, the Company is unable to determine which, if any, of the factors actually impact the number of claims reported and, if so, by what magnitude.

At December 31, 2024, there were 19,018 California automobile BI claims reported for the 2024 accident year and the Company estimates that these are expected to ultimately grow by approximately 11.7%. The Company believes that while actual development in recent years has ranged approximately from 3% to 12%, it is reasonable to expect that the range of the development could be as great as between 0% and 15%. However, actual development may be more or less than the expected range.

The following table presents the effects on loss development of different claim counts within the broader possible range at December 31, 2024:

California Automobile Bodily Injury Claim Count Reserve Sensitivity Analysis


2024 Accident Year	Claims Reported	Amount Recorded at 12/31/2024 at Approximately 11.7% Claim Count Development		Total Expected Amount If Claim Count Development is 0%		Total Expected Amount If Claim Count Development is 15%
Claim count	19,018	21,241		19,018		21,871
Approximate average cost per claim	Not meaningful	$	33,648	$	33,648	$	33,648
Total dollars	Not meaningful	$	714,717,000	$	639,918,000	$	735,915,000
Total Loss Development—Favorable (Unfavorable)				$	74,799,000	$	(21,198,000)

(3) Unexpected Losses

Unexpected losses are generally not provided for in the current loss reserve because they are not known or expected or differ materially from reasonable loss development expectations, and therefore they tend to be unquantifiable. Once known or otherwise quantifiable, the Company establishes a provision for the losses, but it is not possible to provide any meaningful sensitivity analysis as to the potential size of any unexpected losses. These losses can be caused by many factors, including unexpected legal interpretations of coverage, ineffective claims handling, regulations extending claims reporting periods, assumption of unexpected or unknown risks, adverse court decisions as well as many unknown factors.

Unexpected losses are fairly infrequent but can have a large impact on the Company’s losses. To mitigate this risk, the Company has established claims handling and review procedures. However, it is still possible that these procedures will not prove entirely effective, and the Company may have material unexpected losses in future periods. It is also possible that the Company has not identified and established a sufficient loss reserve for all material unexpected losses, even though a comprehensive claims file review was undertaken. The Company may experience additional development on these loss reserves.

Discussion of Losses and Loss Reserves and Prior Period Loss Development

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded its point estimate of approximately $3.15 billion and $2.79 billion ($3.12 billion and $2.75 billion, net of reinsurance), respectively, in loss and loss adjustment expense reserves, which included approximately $1.92 billion and $1.61 billion ($1.92 billion and $1.61 billion, net of reinsurance), respectively, of incurred-but-not-reported liabilities ("IBNR"). IBNR includes estimates, based upon past experience, of ultimate developed costs, which may differ from case estimates, unreported claims that occurred on or prior to December 31, 2024 and 2023, and estimated future payments for reopened claims. Management believes that the liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses is adequate to cover the ultimate net cost of losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred to date; however, since the provisions are necessarily based upon estimates, the ultimate liability may be more or less than such provisions.

The Company evaluates its loss reserves quarterly. When management determines that the estimated ultimate claim cost requires a decrease for previously reported accident years, favorable development occurs and a reduction in losses and loss adjustment expenses is reported in the current period. If the estimated ultimate claim cost requires an increase for previously reported accident years, unfavorable development occurs and an increase in losses and loss adjustment expenses is reported in the current period. For 2024, the Company reported unfavorable development of approximately $25 million on the 2023 and prior accident years’ loss and loss adjustment expense reserves. The unfavorable development in 2024 was primarily attributable to higher than estimated losses and loss adjustment expenses in the commercial automobile and commercial property lines of insurance business, partially offset by favorable reserve development in the private passenger automobile line of insurance business.

The Company recorded catastrophe losses net of reinsurance of approximately $277 million in 2024. Catastrophe losses due to the events that occurred during 2024 totaled approximately $268 million, with no reinsurance benefits used for these losses. The majority of the 2024 catastrophe losses resulted from tornadoes, hailstorms and convective storms in Texas and Oklahoma, winter storms, rainstorms and wildfires in California, and the impact of Hurricane Helene in Florida and Georgia. In addition, the Company experienced unfavorable development of approximately $9 million on prior years' catastrophe losses in 2024.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023

Revenues

Net premiums earned and net premiums written in 2024 increased 18.7% and 20.5%, respectively, from 2023. The increases in net premiums earned and written were primarily due to rate increases in the California automobile and homeowners lines of insurance business and an increase in the number of policies written in the California private passenger automobile and homeowners lines of insurance business.

Net premiums earned included ceded premiums earned of $136.7 million and $109.4 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively. Net premiums written included ceded premiums written of $138.0 million and $109.6 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increases in ceded premiums earned and written resulted mostly from higher reinsurance coverage and rates and growth in the covered book of business.

Net premiums earned, a GAAP measure, represents the portion of net premiums written that is recognized as revenue in the financial statements for the periods presented and earned on a pro-rata basis over the term of the policies. Net premiums written is a non-GAAP financial measure which represents the premiums charged on policies issued during a fiscal period less any applicable reinsurance. Net premiums written is a statutory measure designed to determine production levels.

The following is a reconciliation of total net premiums earned to net premiums written:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
	(Amounts in thousands)
Net premiums earned	$	5,075,456	$	4,274,378
Change in net unearned premiums	302,854		189,821
Net premiums written	$	5,378,310	$	4,464,199

Expenses

Loss and expense ratios are used to interpret the underwriting experience of property and casualty insurance companies. The following table presents the Insurance Companies’ loss, expense, and combined ratios determined in accordance with GAAP:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Loss ratio	72.6	%	82.3	%
Expense ratio	23.4	%	23.1	%
Combined ratio	96.0	%	105.4	%

Loss ratio is calculated by dividing losses and loss adjustment expenses by net premiums earned. The Company’s loss ratio was affected by unfavorable development of approximately $25 million and favorable development of approximately $36 million on prior accident years’ loss and loss adjustment expense reserves for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The unfavorable development in 2024 was primarily attributable to higher than estimated losses and loss adjustment expenses in the commercial automobile and commercial property lines of insurance business, partially offset by favorable reserve development in the private passenger automobile line of insurance business. The favorable development in 2023 was primarily attributable to lower than estimated losses and loss adjustment expenses in the private passenger automobile and homeowners lines of insurance business, partially offset by unfavorable reserve development in the commercial property line of insurance business. The moderating inflationary trend in 2023 after the severe inflation in 2022 was a major contributor to the favorable reserve development in the private passenger automobile line of insurance business for 2023.

The 2024 loss ratio was negatively impacted by a total of approximately $268 million of catastrophe losses, excluding unfavorable development of approximately $9 million on prior years' catastrophe losses, primarily due to tornadoes, hailstorms and convective storms in Texas and Oklahoma, winter storms, rainstorms and wildfires in California, and the impact of Hurricane Helene in Florida and Georgia. The 2023 loss ratio was negatively impacted by a total of approximately $247 million

of catastrophe losses, excluding favorable development of approximately $8 million on prior years' catastrophe losses, primarily due to the rainstorms and hail in Texas and Oklahoma, winter storms and rainstorms in California, and the impact of Tropical Storm Hilary in California.

Excluding the effect of estimated prior periods’ loss development and catastrophe losses, the loss ratio was 66.8% and 77.4% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decrease in the loss ratio was primarily due to an increase in net premiums earned resulting from rate increases in the California automobile and homeowners lines of insurance business, partially offset by increases in loss severity and frequency in the California automobile line of insurance business.

Expense ratio is calculated by dividing the sum of policy acquisition costs and other operating expenses by net premiums earned. The expense ratio increased slightly, primarily due to increases in expenses for profitability-related accruals and advertising, partially offset by the rate increases discussed above.

Combined ratio is equal to loss ratio plus expense ratio and is the key measure of underwriting performance traditionally used in the property and casualty insurance industry. A combined ratio under 100% generally reflects profitable underwriting results; a combined ratio over 100% generally reflects unprofitable underwriting results.

Income tax expense was $106.9 million and $3.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The $103.8 million increase in income tax expense was mainly due to a significant increase in pre-tax income of $475.5 million.

The Company’s effective income tax rate can be affected by several factors. These generally include large changes in fully-taxable income including net realized investment gains or losses, tax-exempt investment income, nondeductible expenses, and periodically, non-routine tax items such as adjustments to unrecognized tax benefits related to tax uncertainties. Income tax expense of $106.9 million on pre-tax income of approximately $574.9 million, including tax-exempt investment income of $83.3 million, resulted in an effective tax rate of 18.6%, below the statutory tax rate of 21%, for 2024, and income tax expense of $3.1 million on pre-tax income of approximately $99.4 million, including tax-exempt investment income of approximately $86.6 million, resulted in an effective tax rate of 3.1% for the corresponding period in 2023.

Investments

The following table presents the investment results of the Company:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023
	(Amounts in thousands)
Average invested assets at cost (1)	$	5,683,973		$	5,096,428
Net investment income (2)(3)
Before income taxes	$	279,989		$	234,630
After income taxes	$	235,419		$	200,209
Average annual yield on investments (2)
Before income taxes	4.5		%	4.3		%
After income taxes	3.8		%	3.7		%
Net realized investment gains (losses)	$	88,671		$	101,014

__________

(2)Net investment income includes approximately $25.5 million and $14.5 million of interest income earned on cash (approximately $20.2 million and $11.5 million after tax) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Average annual yield on investments does not include interest income earned on cash.

(3)Net investment income before and after income taxes increased primarily due to higher average yield combined with higher average invested assets and cash. Average annual yield on investments before and after income taxes increased primarily due to the maturity and replacement of lower yielding investments purchased when market interest rates were lower with higher yielding investments.

The following tables present the components of net realized investment gains (losses) included in net income:


	Year Ended December 31, 2024
	Gains (Losses) Recognized in Income
	Sales		Changes in fair value		Total
	(Amounts in thousands)
Net realized investment gains (losses):
Fixed maturity securities (1)(2)	$	(2,745)	$	6,566	$	3,821
Equity securities (1)(3)	63,070		8,352		71,422
Short-term investments (1)	(714)		909		195
Notes receivable (1)	—		(162)		(162)
Options sold	12,781		614		13,395
Total	$	72,392	$	16,279	$	88,671


	Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Gains (Losses) Recognized in Income
	Sales		Changes in fair value		Total
	(Amounts in thousands)
Net realized investment gains (losses):
Fixed maturity securities (1)(2)	$	(1,463)	$	62,833	$	61,370
Equity securities (1)(3)	(14,265)		45,046		30,781
Short-term investments (1)	(4)		107		103
Note receivable (1)	—		174		174
Options sold	8,955		(369)		8,586
Total	$	(6,777)	$	107,791	$	101,014

__________

(1)The changes in fair value of the investment portfolio and notes receivable resulted from the application of the fair value option.

(2)The increases in fair value of fixed maturity securities in 2024 and 2023 were primarily due to decreases in certain market interest rates associated with the Company's fixed maturity securities.

(3)The increases in fair value of equity securities in 2024 and 2023 were primarily due to the overall improvement in equity markets associated with the Company's equity securities.

Net Income


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
	(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Net income	$	467,953	$	96,336
Basic average shares outstanding	55,373		55,371
Diluted average shares outstanding	55,377		55,371
Basic Per Share Data:
Net income	$	8.45	$	1.74
Net realized investment gains, net of tax	$	1.27	$	1.44
Diluted Per Share Data:
Net income	$	8.45	$	1.74
Net realized investment gains, net of tax	$	1.26	$	1.44

Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2022

See "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of the Company's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 for a discussion of changes in its results of operations from the year ended December 31, 2022 to the year ended December 31, 2023.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

A. General

The Company is largely dependent upon dividends received from its insurance subsidiaries in the current and prior years to pay debt service costs and to make distributions to its shareholders. Under current insurance law, the Insurance Companies are entitled to pay ordinary dividends of approximately $252 million in 2025 to Mercury General. As of December 31, 2024, Mercury General had approximately $49 million in investments and cash that could be utilized to satisfy its direct holding company obligations.

The principal sources of funds for the Insurance Companies are premiums, sales and maturity of invested assets, and dividend and interest income from invested assets. The principal uses of funds for the Insurance Companies are the payment of claims and related expenses, operating expenses, dividends to Mercury General, and the purchase of investments.

B. Cash Flows

The Company has generated positive cash flow from operations since the public offering of its common stock in November 1985. The Company does not attempt to match the duration and timing of asset maturities with those of liabilities; rather, it manages its portfolio with a view towards maximizing total return with an emphasis on after-tax income. With combined cash and short-term investments of $1,004.1 million at December 31, 2024 as well as $50 million of undrawn credit in its unsecured credit facility, the Company believes its cash flow from operations is adequate to satisfy its liquidity requirements without the forced sale of investments. Investment maturities are also available to meet the Company’s liquidity needs. However, the Company operates in a rapidly evolving and often unpredictable business environment that may change the timing or amount of expected future cash receipts and expenditures. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the Company’s sources of funds will be sufficient to meet its liquidity needs or that the Company will not be required to raise additional funds to meet those needs or for future business expansion, through the sale of equity or debt securities or from credit facilities with lending institutions.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $1,037.1 million, an increase of $584.1 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to an increase in premium collections and an increase in investment income received, partially offset by increases in payments for taxes and policy acquisition costs. The Company utilized the cash provided by operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily for the net purchases of investment securities and payment of dividends to its shareholders. The average annual net cash provided by operating activities for the past 10 years was approximately $468 million, and cash generated from operations was sufficient to meet the liquidity requirements over this period.

The following table presents the estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities at December 31, 2024 by contractual maturity in the next five years.


	Fixed Maturity Securities
	(Amounts in thousands)
Due in one year or less	$	221,776
Due after one year through two years	355,962
Due after two years through three years	327,227
Due after three years through four years	194,976
Due after four years through five years	266,394
	$	1,366,335

See "D. Debt" below for cash flow related to outstanding debt.

C. Invested Assets

Portfolio Composition

An important component of the Company’s financial results is the return on its investment portfolio. The Company’s investment strategy emphasizes safety of principal and consistent income generation, within a total return framework. The investment strategy has historically focused on maximizing after-tax yield with a primary emphasis on maintaining a well-diversified, investment grade, fixed income portfolio to support the underlying liabilities and achieve return on capital and profitable growth. The Company believes that investment yield is maximized by selecting assets that perform favorably on a long-term basis and by disposing of certain assets to enhance after-tax yield and minimize the potential effect of downgrades and defaults. The Company believes that this strategy enables the optimal investment performance necessary to sustain investment income over time. The Company’s portfolio management approach utilizes a market risk and consistent asset allocation strategy as the primary basis for the allocation of interest sensitive, liquid and credit assets as well as for determining overall below investment grade exposure and diversification requirements. Within the ranges set by the asset allocation strategy, tactical investment decisions are made in consideration of prevailing market conditions.

The following table presents the composition of the total investment portfolio of the Company at December 31, 2024:


	Cost(1)		Fair Value
	(Amounts in thousands)
Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. government bonds	$	94,102	$	93,837
Municipal securities	3,018,428		2,987,054
Mortgage-backed securities	271,444		259,421
Corporate securities	863,323		841,715
Collateralized loan obligations	623,817		626,255
Other asset-backed securities	111,344		105,096
	4,982,458		4,913,378
Equity securities:
Common stock	634,821		741,369
Non-redeemable preferred stock	52,206		42,603
Private equity funds measured at net asset value (2)	108,041		95,203
	795,068		879,175
Short-term investments	283,792		283,817
Total investments	$	6,061,318	$	6,076,370

__________

(1)Fixed maturities and short-term bonds at amortized cost and equities and other short-term investments at cost.

(2)The fair value is measured using the net asset value practical expedient. See Note 4. Fair Value Measurements, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" for additional information.

At December 31, 2024, 36.4% of the Company’s total investment portfolio at fair value and 45.0% of its total fixed maturity investments at fair value were invested in tax-exempt state and municipal bonds. Equity holdings consist of non-redeemable preferred stocks, dividend-bearing common stocks on which dividend income is partially tax-sheltered by the 50% corporate dividend received deduction, and private equity funds. At December 31, 2024, 99.4% of short-term investments consisted of highly rated short-duration securities redeemable on a daily or weekly basis.

Fixed Maturity Securities and Short-Term Investments

Fixed maturity securities include debt securities, which may have fixed or variable principal payment schedules, may be held for indefinite periods of time, and may be used as a part of the Company’s asset/liability strategy or sold in response to changes in interest rates, anticipated prepayments, risk/reward characteristics, liquidity needs, tax planning considerations, or other economic factors. Short-term investments include money market accounts, options, and short-term bonds that are highly rated short duration securities and redeemable within one year.

A primary exposure for the fixed maturity securities is interest rate risk. The longer the duration, the more sensitive the asset is to market interest rate fluctuations. As assets with longer maturity dates tend to produce higher current yields, the

Company’s historical investment philosophy has resulted in a portfolio with a moderate duration. The Company's portfolio is heavily weighted in investment grade tax-exempt municipal bonds. Fixed maturity securities purchased by the Company typically have call options attached, which further reduce the duration of the asset as interest rates decline. The holdings, that are heavily weighted with high coupon issues, are expected to be called prior to maturity. Modified duration measures the length of time it takes, on average, to receive the present value of all the cash flows produced by a bond, including reinvestment of interest. As it measures four factors (maturity, coupon rate, yield and call terms) which determine sensitivity to changes in interest rates, modified duration is considered a better indicator of price volatility than simple maturity alone.

The following table presents the maturities and durations of the Company's fixed maturity securities and short-term investments:


	December 31, 2024	December 31, 2023
	(in years)
Fixed Maturity Securities
Nominal average maturity:
excluding short-term investments	11.7	11.4
including short-term investments	11.1	11.0
Call-adjusted average maturities:
excluding short-term investments	4.2	3.8
including short-term investments	4.0	3.6
Modified duration reflecting anticipated early calls:
excluding short-term investments	3.6	3.1
including short-term investments	3.4	3.0
Short-Term Investments	—	—

Another exposure related to the fixed maturity securities is credit risk, which is managed by maintaining a weighted-average portfolio credit quality rating of A+, at fair value at December 31, 2024, consistent with the average rating at December 31, 2023. The Company’s municipal bond holdings, of which 74.0% were tax exempt, represented 60.8% of its fixed maturity portfolio at December 31, 2024, at fair value, and were broadly diversified geographically.

To calculate the weighted-average credit quality ratings as disclosed throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, individual securities were weighted based on fair value and a credit quality numeric score that was assigned to each security’s average of ratings assigned by nationally recognized securities rating organizations.

Taxable holdings consist principally of investment grade issues. At December 31, 2024, fixed maturity holdings rated below investment grade and non-rated bonds totaled $6.2 million and $62.3 million, respectively, at fair value, and represented 0.1% and 1.3%, respectively, of total fixed maturity securities. The majority of non-rated issues are a result of municipalities pre-funding and collateralizing those issues with U.S. government securities with an implicit AAA equivalent credit risk. At December 31, 2023, fixed maturity holdings rated below investment grade and non-rated bonds totaled $6.4 million and $15.1 million, respectively, at fair value, and represented 0.1% and 0.3%, respectively, of total fixed maturity securities.

During 2024, approximately 90.3% of the Company's fixed maturity securities at fair value experienced no changes in their overall credit ratings, and approximately 7.2% and 2.5% experienced upgrades and downgrades, respectively.

The following table presents the credit quality ratings of the Company’s fixed maturity securities by security type at fair value:


	December 31, 2024
Security Type	AAA(1)			AA(1)			A(1)			BBB(1)			Non-Rated/Other (1)			Total Fair Value(1)
	(Dollars in thousands)
U.S. government bonds and agencies:
Agencies	$	998		$	16,966		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	17,964
Treasuries	16,095			59,778			—			—			—			75,873
Total	17,093			76,744			—			—			—			93,837
	18.2		%	81.8		%	—		%	—		%	—		%	100.0		%
Municipal securities:
Insured	18,703			285,672			155,740			31,522			1,067			492,704
Uninsured	85,185			969,752			1,289,810			142,920			6,683			2,494,350
Total	103,888			1,255,424			1,445,550			174,442			7,750			2,987,054
	3.5		%	42.0		%	48.4		%	5.8		%	0.3		%	100.0		%
Mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial	15,696			—			316			—			—			16,012
Agencies	244			73,322			—			—			—			73,566
Non-agencies:
Prime	47,263			109,654			4,928			—			6,963			168,808
Alt-A	—			407			101			—			527			1,035
Total	63,203			183,383			5,345			—			7,490			259,421
	24.4		%	70.6		%	2.1		%	—		%	2.9		%	100.0		%
Corporate securities:
Basic Materials	—			—			—			4,408			—			4,408
Communications	—			—			—			6,168			—			6,168
Consumer, cyclical	—			1,955			33,787			32,178			—			67,920
Consumer, non-cyclical	—			3,510			70,179			13,149			—			86,838
Energy	—			6,576			11,595			48,503			—			66,674
Financial	—			28,672			296,245			58,724			4,920			388,561
Industrial	—			62,102			98,234			32,844			—			193,180
Technology	—			—			1,685			757			—			2,442
Utilities	—			—			8,873			16,651			—			25,524
Total	—			102,815			520,598			213,382			4,920			841,715
	—		%	12.2		%	61.8		%	25.4		%	0.6		%	100.0		%
Collateralized loan obligations:
Corporate	145,889			209,137			222,861			—			48,368			626,255
Total	145,889			209,137			222,861			—			48,368			626,255
	23.3		%	33.4		%	35.6		%	—		%	7.7		%	100.0		%

Other asset-backed securities	2,001			2,359			61,861			38,875			—			105,096
	1.9		%	2.2		%	58.9		%	37.0		%	—		%	100.0		%
Total	$	332,074		$	1,829,862		$	2,256,215		$	426,699		$	68,528		$	4,913,378
	6.8		%	37.2		%	45.9		%	8.7		%	1.4		%	100.0		%

__________

(1)Intermediate ratings are included at each level (e.g., AA includes AA+, AA and AA-).

U.S. Government Bonds

The Company had $93.8 million and $174.5 million, or 1.9% and 4.0% of its fixed maturity portfolio, at fair value, in U.S. government bonds at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Moody's and Fitch ratings for U.S. government-issued debt were Aaa and AA+, respectively, at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company understands that market participants continue to use rates of return on U.S. government debt as a risk-free rate and have continued to invest in U.S. Treasury securities. The modified duration of the U.S. government bonds portfolio reflecting anticipated early calls was 1.3 years and 0.9 years at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Municipal Securities

The Company had $2.99 billion and $2.78 billion, or 60.8% and 64.3% of its fixed maturity securities portfolio, at fair value, in municipal securities at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, of which $492.7 million and $431.2 million, respectively, were insured by bond insurers. The underlying ratings for insured municipal bonds have been factored into the average rating of the securities by the rating agencies with no significant disparity between the absolute bond ratings and the underlying credit ratings as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, 72.7% and 70.3% of the insured municipal securities, at fair value, most of which were investment grade, were insured by bond insurers that provide credit enhancement in addition to the ratings reflected by the financial strength of the underlying issuers. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the average rating of the Company’s insured municipal securities was A+, which corresponded to the average rating of the investment grade bond insurers. The remaining 27.3% and 29.7% of insured municipal securities at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, were insured by non-rated or below investment grade bond insurers that the Company believes did not provide credit enhancement. The modified duration of the municipal securities portfolio reflecting anticipated early calls was 3.6 years and 3.0 years at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Company considers the strength of the underlying credit as a buffer against potential market value declines which may result from future rating downgrades of the bond insurers. In addition, the Company has a long-term time horizon for its municipal bond holdings, which generally allows it to recover the full principal amounts upon maturity and avoid forced sales prior to maturity of bonds that have declined in market value due to the bond insurers’ rating downgrades. Based on the uncertainty surrounding the financial condition of these insurers, it is possible that there will be additional downgrades to below investment grade ratings by the rating agencies in the future, and such downgrades could impact the estimated fair value of those municipal bonds.

Mortgage-Backed Securities

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, the mortgage-backed securities portfolio of $259.4 million and $186.9 million, or 5.3% and 4.3% of the Company's fixed maturity securities portfolio, at fair value, was categorized as loans to "prime" residential and commercial real estate borrowers. The Company had holdings of $16.0 million and $33.0 million, at fair value, in commercial mortgage-backed securities at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The weighted-average rating of the entire mortgage backed securities portfolio was AA+ at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The modified duration of the mortgage-backed securities portfolio reflecting anticipated early calls was 4.9 years and 8.7 years at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Corporate Securities

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, the company had corporate securities of $841.7 million and $599.6 million, or 17.1% and 13.9% of its fixed maturity securities portfolio, at fair value. The weighted-average rating was A and A- at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The modified duration reflecting anticipated early calls was 3.0 years and 2.4 years at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Collateralized Loan Obligations

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, the Company had collateralized loan obligations of $626.3 million and $484.9 million, or 12.7% and 11.2% of its fixed maturity securities portfolio, at fair value. The weighted-average rating was AA- at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The modified duration reflecting anticipated early calls was 4.9 years and 3.5 years at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Other Asset-Backed Securities

The Company had other asset-backed securities of $105.1 million and $96.2 million, which represented 2.1% and 2.2% of its fixed maturity securities portfolio, at fair value, at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The weighted-average rating was A- at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The modified duration reflecting anticipated early calls was 1.4 years and 2.2 years at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Equity Securities

Equity holdings of $879.2 million and $730.7 million, at fair value, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, consisted of non-redeemable preferred stocks, common stocks on which dividend income is partially tax-sheltered by the 50% corporate dividend received deduction, and private equity funds. The net gains due to changes in fair value of the Company’s equity portfolio were $8.4 million and $45.0 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively. The primary cause for the increases in fair value of the Company's equity securities in 2024 and 2023 was the overall improvement in equity markets.

The Company’s common stock allocation is intended to enhance the return of and provide diversification for the total portfolio. At December 31, 2024, 14.5% of the total investment portfolio, at fair value, was held in equity securities, compared to 14.0% at December 31, 2023.

The following table presents the equity security portfolio by industry sector at December 31, 2024 and 2023:


	December 31,
	2024				2023
	Cost		Fair Value		Cost		Fair Value
			(Amounts in thousands)
Equity securities:
Basic materials	$	37,257	$	28,814	$	20,521	$	20,274
Communications	39,463		43,801		19,667		20,045
Consumer, cyclical	36,810		41,510		35,118		42,889
Consumer, non-cyclical	62,377		71,520		57,277		67,806
Energy	114,379		120,619		83,758		95,427
Financial	100,075		97,470		106,078		104,008
Funds	133,934		128,541		116,006		110,656
Industrial	49,442		75,748		53,794		73,443
Technology	103,828		147,102		59,133		87,310
Utilities	117,503		124,050		103,587		108,835
	$	795,068	$	879,175	$	654,939	$	730,693

D. Debt

The Company's debt consists of the following:


				December 31,
	Lender	Interest Rate	Expiration	2024		2023
				(Amounts in thousands)

Senior unsecured notes(1)	Publicly traded	4.40%	March 15, 2027	$	375,000	$	375,000
Unsecured credit facility(2)	Bank of America, Wells Fargo Bank, BMO Bank, and U.S. Bank	Term SOFR plus 112.5-150.0 basis points	November 18, 2027	200,000		200,000
Total principal amount				575,000		575,000
Less unamortized discount and debt issuance costs(3)				872		1,271
Total				$	574,128	$	573,729

__________

(1) On March 8, 2017, the Company completed a public debt offering issuing $375 million of senior notes. The notes are unsecured senior obligations of the Company, with a 4.4% annual coupon payable on March 15 and September 15 of each

year commencing September 15, 2017. These notes mature on March 15, 2027. The Company used the proceeds from the notes to pay off amounts outstanding under the existing loan and credit facilities and for general corporate purposes. The Company incurred debt issuance costs of approximately $3.4 million, inclusive of underwriters' fees. The notes were issued at a slight discount of 99.847% of par, resulting in the effective annualized interest rate, including debt issuance costs, of approximately 4.45%.

(2) On March 31, 2021, the Company entered into an unsecured $75 million five-year revolving credit facility. On November 18, 2022, the Company entered into the First Amendment to this credit facility. The First Amendment extended the maturity date of the loan to November 16, 2026 from March 31, 2026 with possible further extension if certain conditions are met, increased the aggregate commitments by all the lenders to $200 million from $75 million, and replaced the LIBOR with the term SOFR. On November 30, 2023, the Company entered into the Second Amendment to this credit facility, which further increased the aggregate commitments by all the lenders to $250 million from $200 million. On November 22, 2024, the Company entered into the Third Amendment to this credit facility, which extended and fixed the maturity date of the loan to November 18, 2027. The interest rates on borrowings under the credit facility are based on the Company's debt to total capital ratio and range from Term SOFR plus 112.5 basis points when the ratio is under 20% to Term SOFR plus 150.0 basis points when the ratio is greater than or equal to 30%. Commitment fees for the undrawn portions of the credit facility range from 12.5 basis points when the ratio is under 20% to 22.5 basis points when the ratio is greater than or equal to 30%. The debt to total capital ratio is expressed as a percentage of (a) consolidated debt to (b) consolidated shareholders' equity plus consolidated debt. The Company's debt to total capital ratio was 22.8% at December 31, 2024, resulting in a 15.0 basis point commitment fee on any undrawn portion of the credit facility. As of February 11, 2025, a total of $200 million was drawn under this facility on a three-month revolving basis at an annual interest rate of approximately 5.79%, with $50 million available to be drawn. The Company contributed $150 million of the total amount drawn to the surplus of its consolidated insurance subsidiaries, and used the remainder for general corporate purposes.

(3) The unamortized discount and debt issuance costs are associated with the publicly traded $375 million senior unsecured notes. These are amortized to interest expense over the life of the notes, and the unamortized balance is presented in the Company's consolidated balance sheets as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the debt. The unamortized debt issuance cost of approximately $0.6 million associated with the $250 million unsecured revolving credit facility maturing on November 18, 2027 is included in other assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheets and amortized to interest expense over the term of the credit facility.

The Company was in compliance with all of its financial covenants pertaining to minimum statutory surplus, debt to total capital ratio, and RBC ratio under the unsecured credit facility at December 31, 2024.

For a further discussion, see Note 8. Notes Payable, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

E. Uses of Capital

Dividends

Cash returned to shareholders through dividends in 2024, 2023 and 2022 totaled approximately $70.3 million, $70.3 million and $105.5 million, respectively. On February 7, 2025, the Board of Directors declared a $0.3175 quarterly dividend per share payable on March 27, 2025 to shareholders of record on March 13, 2025, with an expected payout of approximately $18 million. The Company currently expects quarterly dividends to continue in future periods, although the declaration and amount of any future cash dividends are at the discretion and subject to the approval of its Board of Directors. The decisions of the Company's Board of Directors regarding the amount and payment of dividends will depend on many factors, such as its financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, business conditions, debt service obligations, industry practice, legal requirements, regulatory constraints, and other factors that its Board of Directors may deem relevant. The Company expects to fund its future dividend payments primarily with a combination of cash expected to be generated from future operations and cash and short-term investments on hand.

For a further discussion, see Note 13. Dividends, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

Capital Expenditures

The Company's capital expenditures were approximately $46.1 million, $36.8 million and $35.5 million for 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and they were primarily related to improving the Company's information technology infrastructure and

corporate facilities. The Company expects the capital spending for 2025, primarily for continued investments in its technology assets, to be somewhat larger than that for 2024. The Company expects to fund its 2025 capital expenditures primarily with a combination of cash expected to be generated from future operations and cash and short-term investments on hand.

Contractual Obligations

The Company’s material cash requirements include the following contractual obligations at December 31, 2024:


Contractual Obligations			Payments Due By Period
	Total		2025		2026		2027		2028		2029		Thereafter
					(Amounts in thousands)
Debt (including interest)(1)	$	649,736	$	28,080	$	28,080	$	593,576	$	—	$	—	$	—
Lease obligations(2)	21,543		8,628		6,129		3,842		2,223		514		207
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves(3)	3,152,031		1,798,324		627,685		284,109		182,949		97,578		161,386
Total contractual obligations	$	3,823,310	$	1,835,032	$	661,894	$	881,527	$	185,172	$	98,092	$	161,593

__________

(1)The Company’s debt contains various terms, conditions and covenants which, if violated by the Company, would result in a default and could result in the acceleration of the Company’s payment obligations. Amounts differ from the balances presented on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 because the debt amounts above include interest and exclude the discount and issuance costs of the debt.

(2)The Company is obligated under various non-cancellable lease agreements providing for office space, automobiles, office equipment, and electronic data processing equipment that expire at various dates through the year 2030. Lease obligations include $4.0 million in lease commitments that have not yet commenced as of December 31, 2024. See Note 7. Leases, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" for additional information on lease obligations.

(3)Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves represents an estimate of amounts necessary to settle all outstanding claims, including IBNR as of December 31, 2024. The Company has estimated the timing of these payments based on its historical experience and expectation of future payment patterns. However, the timing of these payments may vary significantly from the amounts shown above. The ultimate cost of losses may vary materially from recorded amounts which are the Company’s best estimates. For more detailed information on the Company's historical loss experience and payment patterns, see "Overview—C. Critical Accounting Estimates" in "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," as well as Note 12. Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

The Company expects to meet these contractual obligations primarily with a combination of cash expected to be generated from future operations and cash and short-term investments on hand, except for the payment of the principal of the debt, which is expected to be made with a future borrowing.

F. Regulatory Capital Requirements

The Insurance Companies must comply with minimum capital requirements under applicable state laws and regulations. The RBC formula is used by insurance regulators to monitor capital and surplus levels. It was designed to capture the widely varying elements of risks undertaken by writers of different lines of insurance business having differing risk characteristics, as well as writers of similar lines where differences in risk may be related to corporate structure, investment policies, reinsurance arrangements, and a number of other factors. The Company periodically monitors the RBC level of each of the Insurance Companies. As of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, each of the Insurance Companies exceeded the minimum required RBC level, as determined by the NAIC and adopted by the state insurance regulators. None of the Insurance Companies’ RBC ratios were less than 350% of the authorized control level RBC as of December 31, 2024, none less than 350% as of December 31, 2023, and none less than 330% as of December 31, 2022. Generally, an RBC ratio of 200% or less would require some form of regulatory or company action.

Among other considerations, industry and regulatory guidelines suggest that the ratio of a property and casualty insurer’s annual net premiums written to statutory policyholders’ surplus should not exceed 3.0 to 1. Based on the combined surplus of all the Insurance Companies of $2.03 billion at December 31, 2024 and net premiums written in 2024 of $5.4 billion, the ratio of premiums written to surplus was 2.65 to 1.

The following table presents a summary of recent examinations:

State

Exam Type

Period Under Review

Status

Market Conduct

2022

Field work is complete. Awaiting the preliminary examination report.

During the course of and at the conclusion of the examinations, the examining DOI generally reports findings to the Company. No material findings have been communicated to the Company on the Texas market conduct examination noted above.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risks

The Company is subject to various market risk exposures primarily due to its investing and borrowing activities. Primary market risk exposures are changes in interest rates, equity prices, and credit risk. Adverse changes to these rates and prices may occur due to changes in the liquidity of a market, or to changes in market perceptions of creditworthiness and risk tolerance. The following disclosure reflects estimates of future performance and economic conditions. Actual results may differ.

Overview

The Company’s investment policies define the overall framework for managing market and investment risks, including accountability and controls over risk management activities, and specify the investment limits and strategies that are appropriate given the liquidity, surplus, product profile, and regulatory requirements of the Company's subsidiaries. Executive oversight of investment activities is conducted primarily through the Company’s investment committee. The Company’s investment committee focuses on strategies to enhance after-tax yields, mitigate market risks, and optimize capital to improve profitability and returns.

The Company manages exposures to market risk through the use of asset allocation, duration, and credit ratings. Asset allocation limits place restrictions on the total amount of funds that may be invested within an asset class. Duration limits on the fixed maturity securities portfolio place restrictions on the amount of interest rate risk that may be taken. Comprehensive day-to-day management of market risk within defined tolerance ranges occurs as portfolio managers buy and sell within their respective markets based upon the acceptable boundaries established by investment policies.

Credit Risk

Credit risk results from uncertainty in a counterparty’s ability to meet its obligations. Credit risk is managed by maintaining a high credit quality fixed maturity securities portfolio. As of December 31, 2024, the estimated weighted-average credit quality rating of the fixed maturity securities portfolio was A+, at fair value, consistent with the average rating at December 31, 2023.

The following table presents municipal securities by state in descending order of holdings at fair value at December 31, 2024:

States

Fair Value

Average Rating

(Amounts in thousands)

Florida

345,934

California

258,847

AA-

Texas

210,911

AA-

New York

189,504

Illinois

142,821

A+

Other states

1,839,037

A+

Total

2,987,054

At December 31, 2024, the municipal securities portfolio was broadly diversified among the states and the largest holdings were in populous states such as Florida and California. These holdings were further diversified primarily among cities, counties, schools, public works, hospitals, and state general obligations. The Company seeks to minimize overall credit risk and ensure diversification by limiting exposure to any particular issuer.

Taxable fixed maturity securities represented 55.0% of the Company’s fixed maturity portfolio at December 31, 2024. 3.5% of the Company’s taxable fixed maturity securities were comprised of U.S. government bonds, which were rated AAA at December 31, 2024. 0.2% of the Company’s taxable fixed maturity securities, representing 0.1% of its total fixed maturity portfolio, were rated below investment grade at December 31, 2024. Below investment grade issues are considered "watch list" items by the Company, and their status is evaluated within the context of the Company’s overall portfolio and its investment policy on an aggregate risk management basis, as well as their ability to recover their investment on an individual issue basis.

Equity Price Risk

Equity price risk is the risk that the Company will incur losses due to adverse changes in the equity markets.

At December 31, 2024, the Company’s primary objective for common equity investments was current income. The fair

value of the equity investments consisted of $741.4 million in common stocks, $42.6 million in non-redeemable preferred stocks, and $95.2 million in private equity funds. Common stocks are typically valued for future economic prospects as perceived by the market.

Common stocks represented 12.2% of total investments at fair value at December 31, 2024. Beta is a measure of a security’s systematic (non-diversifiable) risk, which is measured as the percentage change in an individual security’s return for a 1% change in the return of the market.

Based on hypothetical reductions in the overall value of the stock market, the following table illustrates estimated reductions in the overall value of the Company’s common stock portfolio at December 31, 2024 and 2023:


	December 31,
	2024		2023
	(Amounts in thousands, except Average Beta)
Average Beta	0.90		0.87
Hypothetical reduction of 25% in the overall value of the stock market	$	166,252	$	129,742
Hypothetical reduction of 50% in the overall value of the stock market	$	332,504	$	259,483

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that the Company will incur a loss due to adverse changes in interest rates relative to the interest rate characteristics of interest bearing assets and liabilities. The Company faces interest rate risk, as it invests a substantial amount of funds in interest sensitive assets and issues interest sensitive liabilities. Interest rate risk includes risks related to changes in U.S. Treasury yields and other key benchmarks, as well as changes in interest rates resulting from widening credit spreads and credit exposure to collateralized securities.

The fixed maturity portfolio at December 31, 2024, which represented 80.9% of total investments at December 31, 2024, at fair value, is subject to interest rate risk. As market interest rates decrease, the value of the portfolio increases and vice versa. A common measure of the interest sensitivity of fixed maturity assets is modified duration, a calculation that utilizes maturity, coupon rate, yield and call terms to calculate an average age to receive the present value of all the cash flows produced by such assets, including reinvestment of interest. The longer the duration, the more sensitive the asset is to market interest rate fluctuations.

The Company has historically invested in fixed maturity securities with a goal of maximizing after-tax yields and holding assets to the maturity or call date. Since assets with longer maturities tend to produce higher current yields, the Company’s historical investment philosophy resulted in a portfolio with a moderate duration. Fixed maturity securities purchased by the Company typically have call options attached, which further reduce the duration of the asset as interest rates decline. The modified duration of the overall fixed maturity securities portfolio reflecting anticipated early calls was 3.4 years at December 31, 2024.

If interest rates were to rise by 100 and 200 basis points, the Company estimates that the fair value of its fixed maturity securities portfolio at December 31, 2024 would decrease by $178.9 million and $357.9 million, respectively. Conversely, if interest rates were to decrease, the fair value of the Company’s fixed maturity securities portfolio would rise, and it may cause a higher number of the Company’s fixed maturity securities to be called away. The proceeds from the called fixed maturity securities would likely be reinvested at lower yields, which would result in lower overall investment income for the Company.

Item 8.Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


			Page
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (KPMG LLP, Los Angeles, CA, Auditor Firm ID: 185)			56

Consolidated Financial Statements:
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 202 4 and 202 3			59
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 202 4 , 202 3 , and 202 2			60
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 202 4 , 202 3 , and 202 2			61
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 202 4 , 202 3 , and 202 2			62
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements			63

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors

Mercury General Corporation:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Mercury General Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedules I, II, and IV (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 11, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves

As discussed in Notes 1 and 12 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company estimates loss and loss adjustment expense reserves (loss reserves) to cover incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses. Specifically, loss reserves are established based on the Company’s assessment of claims pending and the development of prior years’ loss liabilities. As of December 31, 2024, the loss and loss adjustment expense reserves balance was $3.15 billion, which included catastrophe losses.

We identified the evaluation of loss reserves, excluding catastrophe losses, as a critical audit matter. Subjective auditor judgment was required to assess the Company’s selected methods and assumptions, such as paid and incurred loss development factors, used to estimate loss reserves. Specialized actuarial skills and knowledge were needed to evaluate the Company’s actuarial methodologies and the estimate of future claims payment and reporting patterns based on observed historical patterns.

The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company’s reserving process. This

included controls related to the selection of methods and assumptions used in the estimate of loss reserves. We also involved actuarial professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:

• assessing the Company’s methodology for estimating loss reserves by comparing it to generally accepted actuarial methods

• evaluating the Company’s estimates for certain lines of business by performing independent analyses of loss reserves using the Company’s underlying historical claims data

• evaluating the Company’s estimates for the remaining lines of business in comparison to internal experience and related industry trends

• developing a range of reserves based on actuarial methodologies and comparing to the Company’s total recorded loss reserves

• evaluating the year-over-year movements of the Company’s recorded loss reserves within the developed range of reserves.

/s/ KPMG LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1963.

Los Angeles, California

February 11, 2025

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors

Mercury General Corporation:

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited the Mercury General Corporation and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedules I, II, and IV (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 11, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Los Angeles, California

February 11, 2025

MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands)


	December 31,
	2024		2023
ASSETS
Investments, at fair value:
Fixed maturity securities (amortized cost $4,982,459; $4,394,983)	$	4,913,378	$	4,319,336
Equity securities (cost $795,068; $654,939)	879,175		730,693
Short-term investments (cost $283,792; $179,375)	283,817		178,491
Total investments	6,076,370		5,228,520
Cash	720,257		550,903
Receivables:
Premiums	697,176		607,025
Allowance for credit losses on premiums receivable	(6,400)		(5,300)
Premiums receivable, net of allowance for credit losses	690,776		601,725
Accrued investment income	67,630		59,128
Other	62,118		25,603
Total receivables	820,524		686,456
Reinsurance recoverables (net of allowance for credit losses $0; $12)	28,613		31,947
Deferred policy acquisition costs	335,332		293,844
Fixed assets, net	138,177		151,183
Operating lease right-of-use assets	13,407		14,406
Current income taxes	—		4,081
Deferred income taxes	45,854		33,013
Goodwill	42,796		42,796
Other intangible assets, net	7,682		8,333
Other assets	81,620		57,915
Total assets	$	8,310,632	$	7,103,397
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	$	3,152,031	$	2,785,702
Unearned premiums	2,039,830		1,735,660
Notes payable	574,128		573,729
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	242,118		175,219
Operating lease liabilities	13,580		14,231
Current income taxes	20,752		—
Other liabilities	321,669		270,711
Total liabilities	6,364,108		5,555,252
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders’ equity:
Common stock without par value or stated value:
Authorized 70,000 shares; issued and outstanding 55,389; 55,371	99,699		98,947
Retained earnings	1,846,825		1,449,198
Total shareholders’ equity	1,946,524		1,548,145
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	8,310,632	$	7,103,397

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(in thousands, except per share data)


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Revenues:
Net premiums earned	$	5,075,456	$	4,274,378	$	3,952,482
Net investment income	279,989		234,630		168,356
Net realized investment gains (losses)	88,671		101,014		(488,080)
Other	31,517		19,609		10,308
Total revenues	5,475,633		4,629,631		3,643,066
Expenses:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	3,684,511		3,517,853		3,362,219
Policy acquisition costs	858,261		708,525		654,612
Other operating expenses	327,157		279,656		279,718
Interest	30,824		24,169		17,232
Total expenses	4,900,753		4,530,203		4,313,781
Income (loss) before income taxes	574,880		99,428		(670,715)
Income tax expense (benefit)	106,927		3,092		(158,043)
Net income (loss)	$	467,953	$	96,336	$	(512,672)
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic	$	8.45	$	1.74	$	(9.26)
Diluted	$	8.45	$	1.74	$	(9.26)

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(in thousands)


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Common stock, beginning of year	$	98,947	$	98,947	$	98,943
Proceeds from stock options exercised	752		—		—
Share-based compensation expense	—		—		15
Withholding tax on stock options exercised	—		—		(11)
Common stock, end of year	99,699		98,947		98,947
Retained earnings, beginning of year	1,449,198		1,423,184		2,041,338
Net income (loss)	467,953		96,336		(512,672)
Dividends paid to shareholders	(70,326)		(70,322)		(105,482)
Retained earnings, end of year	1,846,825		1,449,198		1,423,184
Total shareholders’ equity, end of year	$	1,946,524	$	1,548,145	$	1,522,131

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income (loss)	$	467,953	$	96,336	$	(512,672)
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	73,433		72,240		82,390
Net realized investment (gains) losses	(88,671)		(101,014)		488,080
Net (gains) losses on sales of fixed assets	(20,111)		(5,879)		86
Loss on property held for sale	6,420		—		841
(Increase) decrease in premiums receivable	(89,051)		(35,615)		49,630
Decrease (increase) in reinsurance recoverables	3,334		(6,052)		19,105
Changes in current and deferred income taxes	11,992		60,945		(131,500)
Increase in deferred policy acquisition costs	(41,488)		(27,369)		(8,216)
Increase in loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	366,329		200,792		358,480
Increase in unearned premiums	304,170		190,021		25,840
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued expenses	67,139		23,162		(15,844)
Other, net	(24,332)		(14,563)		(3,631)
Net cash provided by operating activities	1,037,117		453,004		352,589
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Fixed maturity securities available for sale in nature:
Purchases	(1,720,986)		(784,752)		(1,794,817)
Sales	171,432		276,805		856,291
Calls or maturities	940,858		294,309		480,023
Equity securities available for sale in nature:
Purchases	(1,663,525)		(1,356,493)		(1,042,913)
Sales	1,550,229		1,356,132		1,154,523
Calls	7,185		—		—
Changes in securities payable and receivable	32,327		(36,435)		22,124
(Increase) decrease in short-term investments	(92,156)		(48,446)		38,141
Purchases of fixed assets	(46,138)		(36,810)		(35,508)
Sales of fixed assets	12,707		29,860		3
Other, net	11,411		10,377		5,749
Net cash used in investing activities	(796,656)		(295,453)		(316,384)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Dividends paid to shareholders	(70,326)		(70,322)		(105,482)
Proceeds from stock options exercised	752		—		—
Payments on finance lease obligations	(1,533)		(1,102)		(1,504)
Proceeds from bank loan	—		175,000		25,000
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(71,107)		103,576		(81,986)
Net increase (decrease) in cash	169,354		261,127		(45,781)
Cash:
Beginning of year	550,903		289,776		335,557
End of year	$	720,257	$	550,903	$	289,776
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW DISCLOSURE
Interest paid	$	30,077	$	23,000	$	16,665
Income taxes paid (refunded), net	$	94,935	$	(57,853)	$	(26,542)

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

General

Mercury General Corporation ("Mercury General") and its subsidiaries (referred to herein collectively as the "Company") are primarily engaged in writing personal automobile insurance through 12 Insurance Companies in 11 states, principally California. The Company also writes homeowners, commercial automobile, commercial property, mechanical protection, fire, and umbrella insurance. The private passenger automobile line of insurance business accounted for more than 61% of the Company’s direct premiums written in 2024, 2023, and 2022, and approximately 84%, 82%, and 82% of the private passenger automobile premiums were written in California in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Premiums written represents the premiums charged on policies issued during a fiscal period, which is a statutory measure designed to determine production levels.

Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Mercury General Corporation and its subsidiaries:


Insurance Companies

Mercury Casualty Company ("MCC")						American Mercury Insurance Company
Mercury Insurance Company ("MIC")						American Mercury Lloyds Insurance Company(1)
California Automobile Insurance Company ("CAIC")						Mercury County Mutual Insurance Company(2)
California General Underwriters Insurance Company, Inc.						Mercury Indemnity Company of America
Mercury Insurance Company of Illinois						Orion Indemnity Company
Mercury Insurance Company of Georgia						Mercury Indemnity Company of Georgia

Non-Insurance Companies

Mercury Select Management Company, Inc.						AIS Management LLC
Mercury Insurance Services LLC						Auto Insurance Specialists LLC
Animas Funding LLC(3)						PoliSeek AIS Insurance Solutions, Inc.
Fannette Funding LLC(3)						Mercury Plus Insurance Services LLC
Upper Animas Holdings LLC(3)						Mercury Information Technology Services LLC(4)
Mercury (Shanghai) Information Technology Services Co., Ltd. ("Mercury Shanghai")(5)

__________

(1)American Mercury Lloyds Insurance Company is not owned but is controlled by the Company through its attorney-in-fact, Mercury Select Management Company, Inc.

(2)Mercury County Mutual Insurance Company is not owned but is controlled by the Company through a management contract.

(3)Special purpose investment vehicle.

(4)Parent company of Mercury Shanghai.

(5)Mercury Shanghai provides software development and related technical services to the Company's subsidiaries.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"), which differ in some respects from those filed in reports to insurance regulatory authorities. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current period presentation.

The Company did not have other comprehensive income (loss) in 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and

assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates require the Company to apply complex assumptions and judgments, and often the Company must make estimates about effects of matters that are inherently uncertain and will likely change in subsequent periods. The most significant assumptions in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements relate to reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Investments and Other Financial Instruments

Financial instruments recorded in the consolidated balance sheets include investments, notes receivable, other receivables, accounts payable, options sold, and notes payable. The Company’s investments include securities issued by the U.S. government and its agencies, securities issued by states and municipal governments and agencies, certain corporate and other debt securities, equity securities, and exchange traded funds.

The Company applies the fair value option to all fixed maturity and equity securities and short-term investments at the time an eligible item is first recognized. The primary reasons for electing the fair value option were simplification and cost benefit considerations as well as the expansion of the use of fair value measurement by the Company consistent with the long-term measurement objectives of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") for accounting for financial instruments. Gains and losses due to changes in fair value for items measured at fair value pursuant to application of the fair value option are included in net realized investment gains in the Company's consolidated statements of operations, while interest and dividend income on investment holdings are recognized on an accrual basis on each measurement date and are included in net investment income in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. The Company’s fixed maturity and equity securities are classified as “trading” and carried at fair value as required when applying the fair value option. The majority of equity holdings, including non-redeemable preferred stocks, are actively traded on national exchanges or trading markets, and are valued at the last transaction price on the balance sheet date.

The fair value of a financial instrument is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Due to their short-term maturity, the carrying values of other receivables and accounts payable approximate their fair values. 98.4% of the fair value of its investments at December 31, 2024 is based on observable market prices, observable pricing parameters, or is derived from such prices or parameters. The availability of observable market prices and pricing parameters can vary by financial instrument. Observable market prices and pricing parameters of a financial instrument, or a related financial instrument, are used to derive a price without requiring significant judgment.

The Company may hold or acquire financial instruments that lack observable market prices or pricing parameters because they are less actively traded currently or in future periods. The fair value of such instruments is determined using techniques appropriate for each particular financial instrument. These techniques may involve some degree of judgment. The price transparency of the particular financial instrument will determine the degree of judgment involved in determining the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments. Price transparency is affected by a wide variety of factors, including the type of financial instrument, whether it is a new financial instrument and not yet established in the marketplace, and the characteristics particular to the transaction. Financial instruments for which actively quoted prices or pricing parameters are available or for which fair value is derived from actively quoted prices or pricing parameters will generally have a higher degree of price transparency. By contrast, financial instruments that are thinly traded or not quoted will generally have diminished price transparency. Even in normally active markets, the price transparency for actively quoted financial instruments may be reduced during periods of market dislocation. Alternatively, in thinly quoted markets, the participation of market makers willing to purchase and sell a financial instrument provides a source of transparency for products that otherwise are not actively quoted. For a further discussion, see Note 4. Fair Value Measurements.

Fixed maturity securities include debt securities, which may have fixed or variable principal payment schedules, may be held for indefinite periods of time, and may be used as a part of the Company’s asset/liability strategy or sold in response to changes in interest rates, anticipated prepayments, risk/reward characteristics, liquidity needs, tax planning considerations, or other economic factors. Premiums and discounts on fixed maturities are amortized using first call date and are adjusted for anticipated prepayments. Premiums and discounts on mortgage-backed securities are adjusted for anticipated prepayment using the retrospective method, with the exception of some beneficial interests in securitized financial assets, which are accounted for using the prospective method.

Equity securities consist of non-redeemable preferred stocks, common stocks on which dividend income is partially tax-sheltered by the 50% corporate dividend received deduction, and private equity funds.

Short-term investments include money market accounts, options, and short-term bonds that are highly rated short duration securities and redeemable within one year.

In the normal course of investing activities, the Company either forms or enters into relationships with variable interest entities ("VIEs"). A VIE is an entity that either has investors that lack certain essential characteristics of a controlling financial interest, such as simple majority kick-out rights, or lacks sufficient funds to finance its own activities without financial support provided by other entities. The Company performs ongoing qualitative assessments of the VIEs to determine whether the Company has a controlling financial interest in the VIE and therefore is the primary beneficiary. The Company is deemed to have a controlling financial interest when it has both the ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Based on the Company's assessment, if it determines it is the primary beneficiary, the Company consolidates the VIE in its consolidated financial statements.

From time to time, the Company forms special purpose investment vehicles to facilitate its investment activities involving derivative instruments such as total return swaps, or limited partnerships such as private equity funds. These special purpose investment vehicles are consolidated VIEs as the Company has determined it is the primary beneficiary of such VIEs. Creditors have no recourse against the Company in the event of default by these VIEs. The Company had no implied or unfunded commitments to these VIEs at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company's financial or other support provided to these VIEs and its loss exposure are limited to its collateral and original investment.

The Company invests, directly or indirectly through its consolidated VIEs, in limited partnerships or limited liability companies such as private equity funds. These investments are non-consolidated VIEs as the Company has determined it is not the primary beneficiary of such VIEs. The Company's maximum exposure to loss with respect to these VIEs is limited to the total carrying value that is included in equity securities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had approximately $5 million and $8 million, respectively, in unfunded commitments to these VIEs.

Securities on Deposit

As required by statute, the Company’s insurance subsidiaries have securities deposited with the departments of insurance or similar governmental agencies in the states in which they are licensed to operate ("DOI") with fair values totaling approximately $15 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

MERCURY GENERAL CORP 10-K