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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

COMMISSION FILE NUMBER: 000-16509

CITIZENS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Colorado						84-0755371
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. employer identification no.)

11815 Alterra Pkwy, Suite 1500, Austin, TX 78758

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code (512) 837-7100


Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act

Class A Common Stock	CIA	New York Stock Exchange
(Title of each class)	(Trading symbol(s))	(Name of each exchange on which registered)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act

None

(Title of class)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer

☐

Accelerated filer

☒

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☒

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

As of June 30, 2025, the aggregate market value of the Class A common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $168,532,386.

As of March 6, 2026, the Registrant had 50,299,741 shares of Class A common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Part III of this Report incorporates by reference certain portions of the definitive proxy materials to be delivered to stockholders in connection with the 2026 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the "2026 Proxy Statement"). The 2026 Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


		Page
PART I
Item 1.	Business	2
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	10
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	21
Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	21
Item 2.	Properties	22
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	22
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	22
PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	23
Item 6.	[Reserved]	23
Item 7.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	24
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	49
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	49
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	50
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	50
Item 9B.	Other Information	52
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	52
PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	53
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	53
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	53
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	53
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	53
PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	54
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	108

Signatures		109


CITIZENS, INC.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Form 10-K”) contains "forward-looking statements", within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” "may," “plans,” “predicts,” "projects," "seeks," "should," “will,” and similar expressions, although not all forward‑looking statements contain these identifying words. These statements include, among other things, statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy, expectations regarding capital needs, and objectives for future operations.

Forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations, assumptions and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and other factors - many of which are beyond our control - that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, without limitation, those described in Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors in this Form 10-K, as well as other risks and uncertainties that may arise from time to time.

We operate in a continually evolving and highly competitive environment, and new risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time. We cannot predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in, or implied by, any forward‑looking statements.

Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements for any reason, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise. You should not place undue reliance on these forward‑looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Form 10‑K.

ACCESS TO INFORMATION

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy statements, and other information regarding issuers, including the Company, that file electronically with the SEC. Our own website, www.citizensinc.com, provides free access to the Company's Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, Section 16 filings made by our executive officers and directors, and any amendments to these reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These materials are made available on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we file them with, or furnish them to, the SEC. Information contained on, or accessible through, our website is not incorporated by reference into, and should not be considered part of, this Form 10-K.

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PART I

Item 1. BUSINESS

OVERVIEW

Incorporated in Colorado and based in Austin, Texas, Citizens, Inc. ("Citizens" or the "Company") is an insurance holding company. Since 1969 it has addressed the life insurance needs of people in the United States, and since 1975, it has extended life insurance offerings to clients worldwide. Through our international insurance subsidiary, we provide insurance benefits to residents in over 80 different countries, and through our domestic insurance subsidiaries, we are licensed to issue insurance products in 43 U.S. states. We pursue a strategy of offering insurance products in niche markets where we believe we are able to achieve competitive advantages. We had approximately $1.8 billion of assets and over $5.4 billion of direct insurance in force at December 31, 2025.

We operate in the following two business segments.

International Insurance

We sell U.S. dollar-denominated life insurance, endowment and other financial products to non-U.S. residents, located principally in Latin America and the Pacific Rim.


			CICA Life, A.I. ("CICA International") issues our international policies.

Domestic Insurance

We sell life insurance and other financial products in the United States.


			The majority of first year premiums in our Domestic Insurance segment are generated from final expense whole life products sold through CICA Life Insurance Company of America ("CLOA").
			Security Plan Life Insurance Company ("SPLIC") issues final expense whole life policies throughout Louisiana, Mississippi and Arkansas, which are intended to cover funeral and burial costs.

As an insurance provider, we collect premiums on an ongoing basis from our policyholders and invest the majority of the premiums to pay future benefits, including claims, maturities, surrenders and policyholder dividends. Accordingly, we derive our revenues principally from: (1) life insurance premiums, and (2) net investment income. In addition to paying and reserving for insurance benefits that we pay to our policyholders and their beneficiaries, our expenses consist primarily of the costs of selling our insurance products, operating expenses and income taxes.

Because insurance premiums are the primary source of our revenues, our overall financial performance depends primarily upon the successful development, distribution and persistency of our products. A key to product development is the accuracy of our pricing assumptions, as profitability is affected by actual experience deviations from the established assumptions. We seek to price our insurance policies such that insurance premiums and future net investment income earned on premiums received will cover the ultimate cost of paying claims on our policies, our expenses and will also yield a profit margin. Pricing adequacy depends on a number of factors, including the ability to project future claims based on historical claim experience adjusted for known trends, proper evaluation of underwriting risks, the Company’s response to competitors, commission payments for selling our products, expectations about interest rates, regulatory or legal developments, and expense levels.

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In addition to insurance premiums, the investment return, or yield, on invested assets is an important element of the Company’s earnings since life insurance products are priced with the assumption that premiums received can be invested for a long period of time before benefits are paid. Pursuant to regulatory guidelines, most of the Company’s invested assets are held in available-for-sale ("AFS") fixed maturity securities, primarily in asset classes of corporate bonds, municipal bonds, and government obligation bonds. The interest rate environment has a significant impact on the determination of insurance contract liabilities, our investment rates and yields, and our asset/liability management. The profitability of our "spread-based" product features depends largely on the Company’s ability to earn higher returns on invested assets than the interest we credit to policyholders. The primary investment objective for the Company is to maximize economic value, consistent with acceptable risk parameters, including the management of credit risk and interest rate sensitivity of invested assets, while generating sufficient after-tax income to meet policyholder and corporate obligations. The Company maintains a prudent investment strategy that may vary based on a variety of factors including business needs, regulatory requirements and tax considerations.

STRATEGIC INITIATIVES

The Pursuit of Profitable Growth

Historically, our insurance companies have issued only a few products and had limited distribution channels. Domestically, most of our historical growth came from the acquisition of blocks of insurance business rather than new policy sales. Internationally, we issued mostly endowment products, which pay a maturity benefit if the insured survives the policy term. This has burdened us with contractual high levels of maturities and until recently, with limited products available to replace the maturing business. As a result, from 2017 through 2021, our total premium revenue fell by over $20 million. In 2021, we became a non-controlled company for the first time in over 20 years and under new leadership, our strategy shifted to the pursuit of long-term profitable growth through a 4-pronged strategy:

•Grow first year sales. One of our primary objectives is to drive growth in first-year sales in order to drive total premium increases. This involves a dual approach: introducing innovative new products and expanding our distribution channels to reach broader customer segments.

•Improve Policy Retention (Persistency). We pay certain costs (e.g., commissions, underwriting, marketing expenses) to obtain new policyholders. Additionally, a certain expected retention rate is considered in pricing a product. Accordingly, it is important to preserve policyholder relationships once we have issued a new policy. We are focused on improving the customer experience so they keep their policies longer.

•Focus on execution. To improve the efficiency of project execution, we established a detailed roadmap focused on implementing process upgrades and integrating advanced technologies. These measures are expected to expedite product delivery and provide a better experience for our agents as well as our policyholders.

•Financial and expense discipline. We have no debt and are focused on controlling costs as we invest in the growth of our business.

As a result of these efforts over the last few years, in 2025 we experienced our second straight year of total premium revenue growth. Prior to 2024, our total premium revenue had not grown since 2017.

Status of New and Enhanced Products; Trends in Market Demand

Market demand for our final expense products continued to grow in 2025 - direct first year premiums in our Domestic Insurance segment increased by 23% in 2025 as compared to 2024. The final expense market is a general product that provides coverage amounts intended not as income replacement for working-age individuals but instead smaller amounts to cover common expenses incurred by spouses or heirs in managing the loss of a loved one. As the percentage of the U.S. population older than age 60 continues to increase, the market for final expense has continued to expand, driving the overall growth of these products.

Market demand also necessitated a need to elevate the customer experience through digital tools, as policyholders expect simpler buying experiences that include faster underwriting and digital experiences. Accordingly, our 2025 project roadmap was focused on customer experience enhancements, new technology implementations and regulatory updates. Key efforts focused on improving domestic and international customer processes—including application updates and portal upgrades — while expanding digital capabilities through new QA environments,

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OFAC integrations, document storage phases, claims tools, and authentication enhancements. The year also featured several regulatory and product updates such as reserve rate repricing, form updates, and state compact additions, along with major strategic initiatives like technology modernization projects, and quarterly business enhancements across operations.

Because of the focused execution on our strategic goals, in 2025, we issued the second highest amount of insurance ever within a year by Citizens - $1.1 billion and achieved our highest ever total direct insurance in force - $5.4 billion.

INTERNATIONAL INSURANCE SEGMENT

We operate our International Insurance segment through CICA International. In 2025, our International Insurance segment generated 64% of our total consolidated direct premiums.

Products

CICA International issues primarily individual whole life insurance and endowment products in U.S. dollar-denominated amounts to non-U.S. residents. In addition to death benefits, our products in this segment have living benefit features. Most policies contain guaranteed cash values that can be used during an insured's lifetime by taking a loan or advance on the death benefit, have options for annual premium benefits, and are participating (i.e., provide for cash dividends). Our policyowners have several options with regards to the policy dividends and annual premium benefits, which include, among other things, electing to receive cash, crediting such amounts towards the payment of premiums on the policy, leaving such amounts on deposit with the Company to accumulate at a specified interest rate or assigning them to a third party, Computershare Trust Company, N.A. (an affiliate of Computershare, Inc., our transfer agent), who facilitates their purchase of our Class A common stock, through the Citizens, Inc. Stock Investment Plan (the "SIP"). The SIP is a direct stock purchase plan available to policyowners, shareholders, our employees and directors, independent consultants, and other potential investors through Computershare Trust Company, as administrator of the SIP. The Company has registered the shares of Class A common stock issuable to participants under the SIP on a Form S-3 registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (the "Securities Act") that is on file with the SEC.

Sales and Distribution

We sell our international products through independent marketing agencies and consultants located primarily in Latin America and the Pacific Rim. As of December 31, 2025, we had insurance policies in force in over 80 foreign countries and receive the majority of our premiums from Colombia, Taiwan, Ecuador, Venezuela and Argentina.

The independent marketing agencies and consultants who sell our products specialize in life insurance products. We enter into contracts with the independent marketing agencies pursuant to which they recruit, train and supervise their managers and associates in the sales and service of our products. These agencies receive commissions for products they sell and service, as well as commission overrides on the business that their agents produce and, in return for the override, they guarantee any debt their agents owe to us. Their agents contract directly with us as independent consultants and receive commission compensation directly from us. This allows us to develop a

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relationship with their associates so if an agency contract is terminated for any reason, we may seek to continue the existing independent consultant marketing arrangements with the associates of such agency. Our agreements typically provide that the agencies and their agents are independent consultants responsible for their own operational expenses and are the representative of the prospective insured. Our contracts require the independent marketing agencies and consultants to understand and comply with all laws applicable to sales of our products in their country.

Competition

The life insurance business is competitive. Internationally, we compete with a number of life insurance companies, as well as with financial institutions that offer insurance products. Some of these companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their greater financial resources, histories of successful operations and brand recognition, local licensing, partnering with local insurance companies or larger marketing forces.

We believe that issuing U.S. dollar-denominated products is a key competitive advantage for us. Because premiums on our international policies are paid in U.S. dollars, cash value is accumulated in U.S. dollars, and we pay claims and benefits in U.S. dollars. We believe this provides security and stability to our policy owners and insureds, who are generally individuals in the middle- to upper-middle class in their respective countries with significant net worth and earnings, by providing:

•protection against devaluation of the policyowners' local currency;

•protection against local hyper-inflation that has historically occurred in Latin America; and

•capital investment in a more secure economic environment (i.e., the U.S.).

DOMESTIC INSURANCE SEGMENT

We operate our Domestic Insurance segment through CLOA, SPLIC and Magnolia. In 2025, our Domestic Insurance segment generated 36% of our total consolidated direct premiums.

Products

In the last few years, we began our "white label" program to increase our domestic distribution by expanding CLOA's state licenses, developing new final expense and living benefit products, and filing these new products in multiple states. At December 31, 2025, we were licensed in 43 states and had over 5,000 agents appointed to sell our new products. As a result, in the past two years, we have significantly expanded our domestic premiums and distribution.

SPLIC issues final expense life insurance and critical illness products to lower-income individuals, primarily in Louisiana. Policies issued by Magnolia are primarily burial policies which are sold and serviced through funeral homes, who are also typically the beneficiaries of the policies.

The average life insurance policy face amount issued in 2025 in CLOA was approximately $7,500 per policy and in SPLIC was approximately $13,200 per policy. Due to the lower risk associated with small face amount polices, most of the policies we issue in this segment are "simplified issue", meaning the underwriting performed on the applications is limited and applicants are not required to undergo a physical exam or lab tests. This leads to faster approval and ability to issue a higher volume of policies.

Sales and Distribution

Our domestic products are distributed primarily through a network of independent licensed agents and brokers who market our life insurance offerings directly to individuals and families across the United States. These independent agents operate as non‑employees and typically represent multiple carriers, allowing them to offer consumers a broad range of product options. This distribution model enables us to reach diverse customer segments and geographic markets without maintaining a large captive sales force.

Agents are responsible for prospecting customers, conducting needs‑based consultations, and assisting applicants through the underwriting and policy‑issuance process. We provide agents with access to digital tools, training materials, and customer service resources designed to promote consistent and compliant sales practices. We

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support our independent agents through relationships with independent marketing organizations (“IMOs”), brokerage general agencies (“BGAs”), and other intermediaries that provide recruiting, training, compliance oversight, and product‑specific support. These distribution partners help ensure that agents receive the tools, resources, and administrative services needed to effectively present, position, and service our products.

Compensation for independent agents generally takes the form of commissions, which vary based on product type, premium levels, and policy persistency. Certain distribution partners may also receive override commissions or performance‑based incentives.

Competition

We operate in a highly competitive segment of the life insurance industry. Domestically, we compete with numerous insurance carriers that offer final‑expense and other simplified‑issue life insurance products. Competition is based on a variety of factors, including product features, pricing, underwriting standards, brand reputation, distributor relationships, customer service, and financial strength ratings.

Because we distribute our products primarily through independent agents, a significant component of our competitive position is our ability to develop strong, long‑term relationships with independent distributors and marketing organizations. These distributors often represent multiple carriers, and our ability to tailor product designs, commission structures, and service capabilities to meet their needs is an important differentiating factor. The final‑expense market remains fragmented, and no single competitor dominates the markets in which we operate. We compete with both large national insurers and smaller regional carriers, many of which have substantial financial resources, broader product portfolios, or more extensive distribution networks. We believe that our white-label strategy provides a competitive advantage in this space by offering products that align with the needs of our distributors and policyholders.

We expect competition to remain strong as carriers continue to refine underwriting models, expand digital capabilities, and pursue growth opportunities in underserved demographic segments. We monitor competitive trends closely and adjust our product offerings, distribution support, and pricing strategies as needed to remain competitive.

REINSURANCE

We follow the industry practice of reinsuring a portion of our insurance risks with unaffiliated reinsurers. In a reinsurance transaction, a reinsurer agrees to indemnify another insurer for part or all of its liability under a policy or policies it has issued for an agreed upon premium. We use reinsurance to minimize exposure to significant risks, limit losses, and provide additional capacity for growth. We enter into various agreements with reinsurers that cover individual risks, group risks or defined blocks of business, primarily on a coinsurance and yearly renewable term basis.

In our International Insurance segment, we generally retain the first $250,000 of risk on any one life and reinsure the remainder of the risk with multiple global reinsurance companies. Under the terms of the reinsurance agreements, the reinsurers agree to reimburse us for the ceded amount (i.e., the death benefit amount less our retained risk) in the event a claim is paid.

In our Domestic Insurance segment, in the second quarter of 2024, CLOA entered into a coinsurance agreement with RGA Reinsurance Company ("RGA") in order to provide more capacity for growth. Under this agreement (the "RGA Agreement"), CLOA initially elected for RGA to reinsure 50% of its newly written final expense business, which means that we cede 50% of premiums received for this business to RGA and they reimburse us for 50% of benefits paid to our policyholders.

Cessions under reinsurance agreements do not discharge our obligations as the primary insurer. In the event reinsurers do not meet their obligations under the terms of the reinsurance agreements, reinsurance recoverable balances could become uncollectible. All of our reinsurers are rated A- (Excellent) or higher by A.M. Best. We regularly evaluate the financial condition of our reinsurers and monitor concentration risk with our reinsurers.

Our amounts recoverable from reinsurers represent receivables from and/or reserves ceded to reinsurers. The amount recoverable from reinsurers was $10.9 million as of December 31, 2025.

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NON-INSURANCE ENTERPRISES

Non-Insurance Enterprises includes the results of our parent company, Citizens, Inc.; Nexo Global Services LLC, a Puerto Rico holding company ("Nexo"); Nexo Enrollment Services LLC ("NES"), a Puerto Rico company that provides services to the customers of CICA International; and our non-insurance subsidiary, Computing Technology, Inc., which primarily provides the Company's corporate-support and information technology functions to the insurance operations.

OPERATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY

Most of our operations are based at our corporate headquarters in Austin, Texas. Additional key operations for our International Insurance segment are conducted at our office in Puerto Rico, with some customer service functions occurring in the Philippines. Operations for our Domestic Insurance segment are also conducted in our district offices in Louisiana, Arkansas and Mississippi, and at our service center in Donaldsonville, Louisiana.

We have a single, proprietary, centrally controlled, mainframe-based policy administration system ("PAS") that we use for all of our insurance companies. Our PAS performs various functions to effectively handle our insurance operations. These functions include policy set-up, administration, billing and collections, commission calculation, valuation, automated data edits, storage backup, image management, and other related functions. Each company and block of business we have acquired has been converted onto our PAS. Our PAS and surrounding systems provide:

•our customers and agents with portals to be able to access account information 24/7;

•our policyholder service and claims representatives with a customer account-centric view of our policyholders and beneficiaries, reducing customer inquiry response time and claims processing time;

•streamlined, automated processes that deliver the scalability needed for continued growth; and

•business-to-business solutions.

We are actively engaged in continued modernization of technology to invest and expand into new opportunities, including ongoing research into next generation PAS solutions. We expect that this modernization will allow us to bring new products to market and automate insurance interactions to enhance user experience. This investment is foundational to the Company's growth strategy.

REGULATION

The insurance industry is heavily regulated and both Citizens and our insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulation and supervision by the U.S. states in which they do business, by U.S. federal laws, and for CICA International, by Puerto Rico.

REGULATION OF OUR INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

Puerto Rico

CICA International, our Puerto Rico domiciled subsidiary, is regulated by the Puerto Rico Office of the Insurance Commissioner (“OIC”) and is licensed pursuant to the Puerto Rico Insurance Code (the "Insurance Code"). Although Puerto Rico is a U.S. territory, it has its own tax code and own insurance code, including a provision under its Insurance Code that allows CICA International to be established as an "international insurer" and thus export insurance to international markets. We may not insure risks of residents of Puerto Rico with this type of license and we do not issue policies to U.S. risks through CICA International.

The Insurance Code does not specifically set forth minimum capital and surplus standards, but rather requires that an insurer submit a business plan for approval to the OIC that includes proposed minimum capital and surplus. CICA International is required to maintain a minimum of $750,000 in capital and maintain a premium to surplus ratio of 7 to 1. The Insurance Code requires us to file annual U.S. GAAP financial statements with the OIC that include schedules providing information regarding premiums written and reinsurance assumed and ceded, as well as an annual actuarial certification.

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In addition to compliance with the Insurance Code, CICA International must comply with other laws and regulations of Puerto Rico, most of which apply to our domestic subsidiaries as well, including the U.S. Bank Secrecy Act and other anti-money laundering laws and regulations of the United States.

Other International Regulation

Generally, all foreign countries in which we offer insurance products require a license or other authority to conduct insurance business in that country. Some of these countries also require that local regulatory authorities approve the terms of any insurance product sold to residents of that country. We operate on a non-admitted basis and are not licensed to do business in any foreign country, and we have never submitted our international insurance policies for approval to any regulatory agency. As described above, we sell our policies to residents of foreign countries through independent marketing agencies and independent consultants located in those countries and we rely on our independent consultants to comply with laws applicable to them in marketing and servicing our insurance products in their respective countries.

We have undertaken a comprehensive compliance review of risks associated with the potential application of foreign laws to our issuance of insurance policies in foreign countries. These laws vary by country. There is a lack of uniform regulation, lack of clarity in certain countries regarding application of regulations and in many cases, lack of legal precedent in addressing circumstances similar to ours. Our compliance review has confirmed certain risks related to foreign insurance laws associated with our business model, at least in certain jurisdictions, as described in detail in Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors.

U.S. REGULATION

In the United States, insurance is primarily regulated at the state level. Our primary regulator is the Colorado Division of Insurance, as both Citizens and CLOA are Colorado companies. We are also regulated by the departments of insurance in Louisiana (SPLIC) and Mississippi (Magnolia), as well as each of the states where we issue insurance. In supervising and regulating insurance companies, state insurance departments aim to protect policyholders and the public rather than our stockholders, and enjoy broad authority and discretion in applying applicable insurance laws and regulation for that purpose. The extent of this regulation varies, but most U.S. jurisdictions have laws and regulations based upon the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC") model rules that govern the financial condition of insurers, including standards of solvency, types and concentration of investments, establishment and maintenance of reserves, credit for reinsurance and requirements of capital adequacy. They also have rules that govern the business conduct of insurers, including marketing and sales practices and claims handling. In addition, statutes and regulations require the licensing of insurers and agents Our insurance companies are also required to file detailed annual reports with our supervisory agencies.

In order for insurance regulators to monitor solvency, insurance companies are subject to risk-based capital ("RBC") requirements. The RBC requirement is a statutory minimum level of capital that is based on two factors - (1) the insurance company's size, and (2) the inherent riskiness of its financial assets and operations, i.e. a company must hold capital in proportion to its risk. The RBC requirement thus determines a minimum level of capital required for an insurer to support its operations and write coverage. The purpose of the RBC requirements is to identify weakly capitalized companies, which facilitates regulatory actions to ensure that the policyholders will receive the benefits promised. Regulators have the legal authority to take preventive and corrective measures depending on the capital deficiency indicated by the RBC result. If a company's ratio of total adjusted statutory capital to control level risk-based capital is above 200%, no regulatory intervention is needed. In 2024, due to our strategic plan to expand CLOA's business, we entered into a capital maintenance agreement with the Colorado Division of Insurance that specifies that Citizens will infuse capital as needed to ensure that CLOA's RBC ratio remains at or above 350%.

In addition to monitoring our financial condition, insurance regulatory authorities, including state law enforcement agencies and attorneys general, periodically make inquiries and conduct examinations regarding compliance with insurance and other laws and regulations regarding the conduct of our insurance businesses. It is our practice to fully and consistently cooperate with such inquiries and examinations and take corrective action when warranted.

In order to sell products in any state, we first have to become licensed in that state. States have various rules for obtaining a license, including capital deposit requirements and seasoning requirements, among others. Once we are licensed in a state, most states require us to file our products for their approval before being able to sell the products. The application and product forms must comply with state insurance laws regarding policy requirements.

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Once an application or product is approved in that state, we must use the approved forms to sell our products. We have to file our domestic forms in both English and Spanish for separate approvals. We are also subject to laws related to our advertising and may have to file certain marketing documents with state regulators as well.

Because Citizens is a holding company that directly and indirectly owns insurance operating subsidiaries, we are also subject to regulation in our three domiciliary states that require us to furnish the respective insurance regulators with financial and other information concerning the operations of, and the interrelationships and transactions among, the companies within our holding company system that may materially affect the operations, management or financial condition of the insurers within the system. Generally, these laws and regulations require that all transactions within a holding company system between an insurer and its affiliates be fair and reasonable and that the insurer's statutory capital and surplus following any transaction with an affiliate be both reasonable in relation to its outstanding liabilities and adequate to its financial needs. For certain types of agreements and transactions between an insurer and its affiliates, these laws and regulations require prior notification to, and non-disapproval or approval by, the insurance regulatory authority of the insurer's jurisdiction of domicile. These laws also require that a controlling party obtain the approval of the insurance commissioner of the insurance company's jurisdiction of domicile prior to acquiring or divesting control of the insurer.

The payment of dividends or other distributions to Citizens by our insurance subsidiaries is also regulated by the insurance laws and regulations of their respective state or jurisdiction of domicile. The laws and regulations of some of these jurisdictions also prohibit an insurer from declaring or paying a dividend except out of its earned surplus or require the insurer to obtain regulatory approval before it may do so. In addition, insurance regulators may prohibit the payment of ordinary dividends or other payments by our insurance subsidiaries to us (such as a payment under a tax sharing agreement or for employee or other services) if they determine such payment could be adverse to policyholders or insurance contract holders of the subsidiary.

Because we maintain sensitive data regarding our customers, we are also subject to additional state regulations in states where we do business, such as data security and state privacy laws.

While primarily regulated at the state level, our domestic business is subject to various federal laws and regulations. Some of the primary federal laws include:

•USA Patriot Act and the Bank Secrecy Act, which require us to institute certain measures to detect and prevent money laundering;

•Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, which makes it unlawful to bribe foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business;

•Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which requires us to explain our information-sharing practices to our customers and to safeguard sensitive data; and

•Securities Act, Securities Exchange Act and Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which establish various requirements for Citizens, as a public company, to comply with, including registration of our Class A common stock, reporting and disclosure requirements, and public company audit and internal control requirements.

Our U.S.-based insurance products and thus our businesses also are affected by U.S. federal, state and local tax laws.

HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our long‑term success depends on the strength, engagement, and integrity of our people. Human capital management is a key component of our business strategy, as our employees and distribution partners play a central role in serving policyholders, driving profitable growth, and executing our strategic priorities.

Workforce Overview

As of December 31, 2025, we employed 243 full-time and 3 part-time individuals across the United States and Puerto Rico, none of whom are subject to a collective bargaining agreement. Our employees work in underwriting, operations, claims, finance, actuarial, legal, compliance, information technology, customer service, product development, and other support functions. In addition to our employees, a large portion of our sales activity is

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conducted through independent agents and consultants, who are not Company employees but who play an essential role in the marketing and distribution of our life insurance products.

Our human capital strategy focuses on attracting, developing, and retaining high‑performing talent; fostering an ethical culture; and creating a safe, healthy, and engaging workplace.

Recruitment, Talent Acquisition and Retention

We seek to attract individuals who are aligned with our mission, values, and commitment to customer service. Our recruitment efforts emphasize:

•Selective hiring practices to meet the specialized needs of insurance operations, underwriting, actuarial services, and compliance.

•Employer‑of‑choice positioning through competitive compensation, professional development opportunities, and a flexible workplace model.

•Digital recruiting tools and partnerships with industry organizations, universities, and professional networks.

Retention remains a priority. We regularly monitor turnover metrics, employee engagement indicators, and labor‑market competitiveness. We also aim to provide clear career paths, opportunities, and succession planning for key roles across the company.

Human Capital Governance

Human capital matters are overseen by our Chief Human Resources Officer, executive management and the Board of Directors (through applicable committees). Management is responsible for programs and policies related to talent acquisition, development, succession planning, compensation, and engagement, and provides periodic updates to the Board on human capital priorities, risks, and progress against objectives.

Item 1A. RISK FACTORS

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide risk factors. However, we believe it is important to disclose the material risks of investing in our securities. If any of these risks develop into actual events, our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows could be materially and adversely affected, and, as a result, the trading price of our Class A common stock could decline. You should read these risk factors together with Part II. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes in Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this report.

Because of the following factors, as well as other factors affecting the Company’s financial condition and operating results, past financial performance should not be considered to be a reliable indicator of future performance, and investors should not use historical trends to anticipate results or trends in future periods.

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS RISKS

A SUBSTANTIAL PORTION OF OUR REVENUE IS GENERATED FROM INSURANCE PRODUCTS SOLD OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES, WHICH SUBJECTS US TO SEVERAL RISKS.

Our sales to residents of foreign countries expose us to unknown risks related to foreign regulation, foreign currency restrictions, and political instability. A significant loss of sales in these foreign markets would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

International Regulatory Risks. As of December 31, 2025, policyholders in international markets - mainly within Latin America and the Pacific Rim - accounted for approximately 64% of our direct insurance premiums. As described in Part I. Item 1. Business, these policies are issued by our Puerto Rico subsidiary, CICA International, which is licensed as an international insurer in Puerto Rico. Our products are sold by independent consultants who generally reside in the foreign countries in which the policies are sold. In most cases, the foreign countries in which we offer insurance products require either us and/or our independent consultants to obtain a license or register to conduct insurance business in that country. Some of these countries also require that local regulatory authorities

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approve the terms and rates of insurance products sold to residents of that country. Some of these countries have laws that state that their residents may not purchase life insurance from us or that a consultant may not sell our life insurance policies unless we become qualified to do business in that country or unless our policies receive prior approval from their insurance regulators. Others have a "consumption abroad" model where their residents may purchase unregistered products only if they are outside of their country when the purchase is made. We do not register to do business in these countries (i.e., we are non-admitted) nor do we seek to have our international products approved by any governmental authority.

While we have undertaken a comprehensive compliance review of risks associated with the potential application of foreign laws to our sales of insurance policies in foreign countries, the laws vary by country and there is a lack of uniform regulation and lack of clarity in certain regulations and thus we face various risks associated with the application of foreign laws to these sales. There is a risk that foreign governments where we sell our products will become more aggressive in enforcing any perceived violations of their laws and seek to impose monetary fines or criminal penalties on us or our independent consultants, and/or order us to cease our sales in that jurisdiction. There is no assurance that, if a foreign country were to require that we qualify to do business in that country or submit our policies for approval by that country’s regulatory authorities, we would be able to, or would conclude that it is financially reasonable to comply with those requirements.

We have sought to mitigate the risks described above by, among other things, not locating any of our offices or assets in these foreign countries or jurisdictions, and selling policies only through independent consultants rather than our own employees. We also try to mitigate risks by relying on laws that allow citizens of some countries to buy insurance abroad or by reverse solicitation. We rely on our independent consultants to comply with laws applicable to them in marketing and servicing our insurance products in their respective countries. There is no assurance that these precautionary measures, practices and policies will partially or entirely mitigate the risks associated with the potential application of foreign laws to our sales of insurance policies in our foreign markets. Although the Company believes that these foreign regulators do not have jurisdiction over the Company and that any actions, including fines, may be unenforceable against the Company, any regulatory action could otherwise absorb Company time and resources (including independent consultants) away from its business operations or the Company may choose to pay such fines in order to do business in a particular country. Alternatively, the Company may determine that the risks associated with a particular market and its regulatory environment outweigh the benefits of conducting further business in that market and discontinue doing business there.

If a foreign government takes action to enforce these laws against us, we may face interruptions in marketing or selling our policies in that country or be forced to exit that market. These consequences could materially harm our premium revenue, increase our expenses, adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition, and cause significant damage to our brand.

International Currency Risks. While we only sell U.S. dollar denominated products, currency control laws or other restrictions could limit our policyholders' ability to remit premiums in U.S. dollars or to receive U.S. dollar benefits, increasing costs and reducing product attractiveness.

International Political Risks. Many of the countries in which we operate, including Venezuela, which is one of our biggest international markets, have a history of political instability, including regime changes, political uprisings, and anti-democratic or anti-U.S. policies. The ability of people living in these countries to purchase and continue to make premium payments to us and our ability to sell our policies in those countries through our independent consultants or otherwise may be adversely affected by political instability. In addition, the imposition of U.S. sanctions against foreign countries where our policyholders reside could make it difficult for us to continue to issue new policies or receive premiums from policyholders in those countries.

We face significant competition for customers and distributors in our international markets. If we are unable to compete effectively in these markets, our business, results of operations and profitability may be adversely affected.

We experience competition for customers and distributors, primarily from the following types of companies, many of which have substantially greater financial, marketing and other resources than we have:

•Companies that operate in the same manner as we do and sell U.S. dollar-denominated products;

•Foreign insurers using locally regulated subsidiaries. These companies may offer both local jurisdiction-regulated products in local currency and regulated or offshore U.S. dollar-denominated policies. This arrangement creates a competitive advantage for these companies because they can

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cross-sell the U.S. dollar-denominated policies through established distributors who sell high-need local insurance policies, such as health insurance; and

•Local carriers. Because the insureds reside in this country, they may have more trust for a local company.

We rely on a small number of foreign agencies that recruit their own independent consultants for distribution of our international products. The fact that we are not a local or admitted company may reduce our ability to attract and retain producers, who may choose to distribute products of our competitors.

We face a greater risk of money laundering activity associated with sales derived from residents of certain foreign countries.

The insurance industry is highly vulnerable to money laundering. Money laundering in the insurance industry typically involves the exploitation of various products and mechanisms to obscure the origins of illicit funds. One common method is through the purchase of insurance policies, such as life insurance, with the use of these illicit funds. Criminals may overpay premiums, surrender policies prematurely, or make fictitious claims to cycle the illicit funds back as legitimate payout. To combat global financial crime, governments and international authorities implement a range of anti-money laundering and countering of terrorist financing (AML/CFT) regulations that impact the insurance sector. Failure to comply with these regulations can result in penalties or heavy fines.

Some of our top international markets, such as Venezuela, are countries that have been identified by the U.S. Department of the Treasury as jurisdictions of high risk for money laundering. Accordingly, as required by applicable U.S. laws and best business practices, we have developed and implemented an anti-money laundering, anti-terrorist financing and sanctions program that includes policies, procedures, controls, independent testing, reporting and recordkeeping requirements for deterring, preventing and detecting potential money laundering, terrorist financing, fraud and other criminal activity and have an officer of the Company responsible for managing this program. Despite our efforts to prevent money laundering through our companies, our controls may not fully mitigate money laundering risk associated with our insurance products, whether in these foreign countries or in the United States, which could expose us to regulatory scrutiny, penalties, litigation, operational burden, and reputational harm.

INSURANCE RISKS

BECAUSE MOST OF OUR REVENUE DERIVES FROM PREMIUMS AND OUR LARGEST EXPENSE IS PAYMENT OF INSURANCE BENEFITS, OUR FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE DEPENDS UPON THE ACCURACY OF OUR PRICING ASSUMPTIONS. DIFFERENCES IN ACTUAL EXPERIENCE, IMPROPER EVALUATION OF UNDERWRITING RISK, MISMANAGEMENT OF CLAIMS, OR OTHER UNFORESEEN EVENTS WOULD CAUSE OUR ACTUAL RESULTS TO DIFFER FROM OUR ASSUMPTIONS, WHICH WOULD REDUCE OUR MARGINS, INCREASE OUR RESERVES AND REMEASUREMENT LOSS, NEGATIVELY AFFECTING OUR PROFITABILITY AND FINANCIAL CONDITION.

Pricing accuracy depends upon our ability to project future losses based on historical loss experience, adjusted for known trends.

In order to price products accurately, the Company must develop and apply appropriate morbidity and mortality estimates, closely monitor and timely recognize changes in trends, and project both severity and frequency of losses with reasonable accuracy to cover these risks. Pricing adequacy is necessary to generate sufficient premiums to cover our cost of sales, payment of policy benefits, costs of operations and to earn a profit. Pricing adequacy is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including, without limitation:

•availability of sufficient reliable data;

•incorrect or incomplete analysis of available data;

•uncertainties inherent in estimates and assumptions;

•selection and application of appropriate rating formulae or other pricing methodologies;

•adoption of successful pricing strategies;

•prediction of policyholder life expectancy and retention;

•unforeseen events that may cause our estimates to be wrong (such as the COVID-19 pandemic);

•unanticipated legislation, regulatory action or court decisions; or

•unexpected changes in interest rates or inflation.

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Such risks may result in the Company’s pricing being based on outdated, inadequate, or inaccurate data, or inappropriate analyses, assumptions, or methodologies, and may cause the Company to estimate incorrectly future changes in the frequency or severity of claims. As a result, the Company could underprice risks, which would negatively affect the Company’s margins, or it could overprice risks, which could reduce the Company’s volume and competitiveness.

Additionally, the actuarial assumptions that underlie our reserves are based upon our best estimates of mortality, lapses, morbidity and discount rates. Our results will be affected to the extent there is a variance between our actuarial assumptions and actual experience. As we continue to experience growth in CLOA, emerging data trends will allow us to refine our assumptions. To the extent that emerging experience differs from previously set assumptions, adjustments to reserve levels may be required. Actuarial assumptions are continually monitored and updated at least annually to reflect overall experience as well as emerging trends.

The Company’s success depends on its ability to accurately underwrite risks in order to charge adequate premiums to policyholders.

The Company’s financial results largely depend on the Company’s ability to underwrite and set premiums accurately for the risks it faces. Failure to adequately underwrite health risks (i.e., to charge lower premiums than should be charged based on an individual’s health or to accept risks of extremely unhealthy individuals) or other types of risks (e.g., politically exposed risks) could negatively impact profitability as we could pay higher benefits than our products are priced for.

Historically, we have fully underwritten most of our products in order to properly evaluate risk. For many of our newer products, primarily in the U.S., we utilize a “simplified” underwriting process where applicants generally must answer some health-related questions, but do not have to take a life insurance medical exam or submit supporting documentation. This change in business mix over time places additional pressure on the assumptions underlying our non-fully-underwritten business, which may lead to volatility in business results if our underwriting classifications are not aligned in practice with what was assumed when pricing these products. The underwriting decision is based on questions answered on the application and may be supplemented with additional medical claims history and lab data information that we get from third parties.

Any shortcomings in the process used to evaluate and price our policies, deviations in mix of business from what is expected, or significant inaccuracies in the life expectancy estimates relating to those policies, could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Inadequate claims processes, training, technology, or fraud detection—or higher fraudulent activity—could increase costs, trigger litigation or fines, and harm our reputation.

Proper claims handling is critical to managing our benefit expenses. Many factors can affect the Company’s ability to pay claims accurately, including the following:

•the training, experience, and skill of the Company’s claims representatives;

•the extent of fraudulent claims and the Company’s ability to recognize and respond to such claims; and

•the Company’s ability to develop or select and implement appropriate procedures, technologies, and systems to support claims functions.

The Company’s failure to pay claims fairly, accurately, and in a timely manner, to recognize fraudulent claims, or to deploy claims resources appropriately, could result in unanticipated costs, lead to material litigation or regulatory fines, undermine customer goodwill and the Company’s reputation in the marketplace, impair its brand image and, as a result, materially and adversely affect its competitiveness, financial results, prospects, and liquidity.

Lower than expected policyholder retention can negatively affect our business operations and liquidity.

A primary liquidity concern is the risk of unanticipated or extraordinary early policyholder withdrawals or surrenders. Some of our insurance policies include provisions, such as surrender charges, that help limit and discourage early withdrawals. However, early withdrawal and surrender levels may differ from anticipated levels for a variety of reasons, including changes in economic conditions, changes in policyholder behavior or financial needs, changes in relationships with our independent consultants, efforts by foreign governments to tax policyholders or increases in

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surrenders of policies that no longer remain subject to surrender charges. These changes in surrender activity may result in remeasurement gains or losses which could increase volatility in our results of operations.

In addition, we face potential liquidity risks if policyholders with mature policies elect to receive lump sum distributions at greater levels than anticipated. Our whole life and endowment products provide the policyholder with alternatives once the policy matures. The policyholder can choose to take a lump sum payout or leave the money on deposit at interest with the Company. The Company has a significant amount of aging endowment products that have begun reaching their maturities and policyholder election behavior is not known. It is uncertain how policyholders will react in response to these maturities. If a large number of policyholders elect lump sum distributions, the Company could be exposed to liquidity risk in years of high maturities.

If we experience unanticipated early withdrawal or surrender activity or greater than expected lump sum distributions of endowment maturities and we do not have sufficient cash flow from our insurance operations to support payment of these benefits, we may have to sell our investments in order to meet our cash needs or be forced to obtain third-party financing. The availability of such financing will depend on a variety of factors, such as market conditions, the availability of credit in general or more specifically in the insurance industry, the strength or weakness of the capital markets, the volume of trading activities, our credit capacity, and the perception of our long- or short-term financial prospects if we incur large realized or unrealized investment losses or if the level of business activity declines due to a market downturn. Therefore, if we are forced to sell our investments on unfavorable terms or obtain financing with unfavorable terms, it could have an adverse effect on our liquidity, results of operations and financial condition.

Reinsurance may not be available or affordable, or reinsurers may be unwilling or unable to meet their obligations under our reinsurance contracts, which may adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.

As part of our overall risk management and capital management strategies, we purchase reinsurance for certain risks. Market conditions beyond our control determine the availability and cost of reinsurance. Any decrease in the amount of reinsurance will increase our risk of loss and may impact the level of capital requirements for our insurance subsidiaries, and any increase in the cost of reinsurance will, absent a decrease in the amount of reinsurance, reduce our results of operations. Accordingly, we may be forced to incur additional expenses for reinsurance or may be unable to obtain sufficient reinsurance on acceptable terms, which may adversely affect our ability to write future business, result in the assumption of more risk with respect to the policies we issue, and increase our capital requirements. The collectability of our reinsurance recoverable is primarily a function of the solvency of the individual reinsurers. We cannot provide assurance that our reinsurers will pay the reinsurance recoverable owed to us or that they will pay these recoverables on a timely basis. The insolvency of a reinsurer or the inability or unwillingness of a reinsurer to comply with the terms of a reinsurance contract may have an adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF OUR PRODUCTS THROUGH INDEPENDENT CONSULTANTS AND AGENCIES REDUCES OUR CONTROL OVER SALES AND DISTRIBUTION AND THUS SUBJECTS US TO CERTAIN RISKS THAT COULD NEGATIVELY IMPACT OUR REVENUES, OUR IN-FORCE BUSINESS, OUR BENEFITS AND EXPENSE COSTS OR OUR REPUTATION.

Sales of our insurance products could decline if we are unable to establish and maintain relationships with independent marketing agencies, independent consultants and agents.

We depend almost exclusively on the services of a small number of independent consulting agencies in our international markets and on independent marketing organizations, general agencies and independent agents in our domestic markets for the distribution of our products. The loss of any of these producers could negatively affect our sales and policy retention.

Significant competition exists among insurers in attracting and maintaining marketers of demonstrated ability. Some of our competitors may offer better compensation packages or commissions or induce agents to sell their products due to their broader product offerings, more distribution resources, better brand recognition, more competitive pricing, lower cost structures or greater financial strength or claims paying ratings than we have. We compete with other insurers for marketing agencies, agents and independent consultants primarily on the basis of our compensation, products and support services. Any reduction in our ability to attract and retain effective sales representatives could materially adversely affect our revenues, results of operations and financial condition.

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Additionally, we are subject to a risk of our independent consultants leaving our Company to sell products for a competitor and inducing our policyholders to lapse or surrender their policies, or otherwise terminate their relationship with us, in order to purchase products from the independent consultant with a competitor company.

Because we sell our products through independent agents, we have less control over the manner in which they sell our products.

As described above in Part I. Item 1. Business - Regulation, insurance regulators focus on market conduct, i.e., the way we sell our products. In the United States, there are several insurance regulations and federal laws that limit how we sell our products, such as the Telephone Consumer Protection Act ("TCPA"), which governs how our agents can contact customers or potential customers via telephone and text. While we expect our agents to comply with their contractual obligations to us and laws such as the TCPA, we have limited control over how they conduct their business. If violations, such as TCPA violations, were attributed to us, we could incur significant fines and if attributed to our agents, may cause them to stop selling our products. Additionally, improper conduct by the agents who sell our products could negatively impact our business reputation.

REGULATORY RISKS

INSURANCE IS A HIGHLY REGULATED BUSINESS. REGULATIONS VARY FROM JURISDICTION TO JURISDICTION AND MAY CHANGE FROM TIME TO TIME. THESE REGULATIONS AFFECT OUR OPERATIONS AND CHANGES COULD NEGATIVELY IMPACT OUR CASH FLOW, THE RESULTS OF OUR OPERATIONS, OUR LIQUIDITY AND OUR FINANCIAL CONDITION.

In addition to the legal risks related to our international operations discussed above in this Item 1A, Risk Factors, we are subject to risks related to the laws and regulations in the jurisdictions where we are domiciled and registered to do business, including Puerto Rico and various U.S. jurisdictions. These material risks are described below.

We are licensed in and subject to regulation in Puerto Rico, 43 U.S. states and Washington, D.C. Each of these jurisdictions have their own licensing and other requirements to do business in such jurisdiction. Failure to comply with all of these rules and regulations could cause us to lose a license, have a license suspended, or subject us to large fines, all of which would negatively impact our ability to do business.

In the U.S., we are primarily subject to regulation at the state-level. CICA International is registered in Puerto Rico and is subject to regulation by the Puerto Rico Office of the Insurance Commissioner ("OIC"). As a Puerto Rico International Insurer, CICA International is governed by Chapter 61 of the Puerto Rico Insurance Code. Additionally, CICA International must comply with other laws and regulations of Puerto Rico, most of which apply to our domestic subsidiaries as well, including U.S. federal laws such as the Bank Secrecy Act.

The OIC and most U.S. insurance regulatory authorities have broad discretion to grant, renew, suspend and revoke licenses and product approvals. Failure to comply with a complex landscape of rules and regulations that apply to us could preclude or temporarily suspend us from carrying on some or all of our activities or result in substantial penalties. If we are unable to maintain all required licenses and approvals, or if our insurance business is determined not to comply fully with the wide variety of applicable laws and regulations and their interpretations, our revenues, results of operations and financial condition and our reputation could be materially adversely affected.

Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to minimum capital and surplus requirements, and any failure to meet these requirements could subject us to regulatory action or other restrictions, including ceasing business.

The capacity for an insurance company's growth in premiums is partially a function of its required statutory surplus. Maintaining appropriate levels of statutory surplus, as measured by statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by a company's jurisdiction of domicile, is the most important solvency measure for insurance regulatory authorities. Failure to maintain required levels of statutory surplus could result in increased regulatory scrutiny and enforcement action by regulatory authorities.

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Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to minimum capital and surplus requirements in the U.S. and Puerto Rico. If we fail to meet these standards and requirements, our various regulators may require specified actions to be taken, including without limitation:

•restricting distributions from our subsidiaries to Citizens; or

•requiring Citizens to contribute additional capital to a subsidiary; or

•requiring Citizens to enter into a guaranty or other agreement to contribute capital to such subsidiary under certain circumstances;

•requiring the applicable insurance company to stop selling new business; or

•as a last resort, the regulator may take over the subsidiary

all of which could have a material and adverse impact on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.

In March of 2024, Citizens and the Colorado Division of Insurance entered into a capital maintenance agreement that specifies that Citizens will infuse capital as needed to ensure that CLOA's RBC remains above 350%. Any required capital contribution could negatively impact our capital resources and liquidity.

In our CLOA business, we pay advance commissions on some of our insurance products, meaning we pay an agent a portion of their first year commission immediately upon sale of a policy, rather than "as earned", or when premiums are received by us. On a statutory basis, commission advances are non-admitted assets, which means that our expenses are increased and our statutory capital reduced until the commissions are recouped from premiums paid. This could cause us to have to contribute extra capital to CLOA to maintain the required level of capital and surplus. Additionally, rapid growth in first year sales of these products creates a significant increase in commission payments, which reduces our available cash, negatively affecting our liquidity. We may seek options, such as loans at the holding company level (from the Credit Facility or otherwise) that would allow us to reduce the liquidity risk should CLOA's commission payments exceed current resources or require additional capital contributions from Citizens. If we are unable to borrow money to contribute capital to CLOA, we could be exposed to cash flow strain.

Citizens is a holding company that has minimal operations of its own and depends on the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends or make service payments to us in sufficient amounts to fund our operations. If they cannot make such payments, Citizens may need to sell investments or seek external capital to cover its operational costs.

As a holding company, our assets consist of the capital stock of our subsidiaries, cash and investments. Accordingly, we rely primarily on statutorily permissible payments from our insurance subsidiaries, principally through dividends or service agreements we have with our subsidiaries, to meet our working capital needs. As discussed above, the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to make payments to us is subject to regulation by the states and jurisdictions in which they are domiciled, and in addition to maintaining minimum capital and surplus ratios, these payments depend primarily on regulatory approval of dividend payments and approved service agreements between us and these subsidiaries.

Because a primary goal of insurance regulations is to protect policyholders, claims of our subsidiaries' creditors, including policyholders, have priority with respect to the assets and earnings of the subsidiaries over the claims of other creditors (including us) and Citizens' shareholders. If any of our subsidiaries become insolvent, liquidates or otherwise reorganizes, our policyholders will have a priority to receive the assets of such subsidiary and Citizens may have no rights to receive cash or other assets of such subsidiaries.

If our internal sources of liquidity prove to be insufficient to cover our holding company operations, we may have to sell investments earlier than we want to sell them or in less than favorable market conditions, or we may have to seek external sources of capital. In May 2024, we renewed our Credit Facility with Regions Bank for an additional three years. See Part IV. Item 15. Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies in the notes to our consolidated financial statements, herein, for a description of the Credit Facility. To date, we have not utilized the Credit Facility, but if internal sources of capital are not sufficient to meet our operating needs, we may need to utilize the Credit Facility or increase the borrowing availability under the Credit Facility. Borrowing money, increasing our borrowing availability under the Credit Facility or obtaining financing for even a small amount of capital could be challenging or expensive in unfavorable market conditions and during periods of economic uncertainty. The availability of financing will depend on a variety of factors such as market conditions, the general availability of credit, the overall availability of credit to the financial services industry, and the possibility that customers or lenders could develop a negative

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perception of our financial prospects. We may also need to raise capital through issuing our stock. Raising capital in unfavorable market conditions could increase our interest expense or negatively impact our shareholders through dilution of their common stock ownership of the Company.

FINANCIAL RISKS

Changes in accounting standards may adversely affect our reported results of operations and financial condition.

Our consolidated financial statements are subject to the application of GAAP in the U.S., which is periodically revised and/or expanded. Accordingly, we are required to adopt new or revised accounting standards issued by recognized authoritative bodies, including the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC"). Updates or revisions, including underlying assumptions, projections, estimates or judgments/interpretations by management, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the required adoption of new accounting standards may result in significant incremental costs associated with initial implementation and ongoing compliance. See Part IV. Item 15. Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the notes to our consolidated financial statements contained herein for additional information regarding accounting updates.

Unexpected losses in future reporting periods may require us to record a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets.

Under U.S. GAAP, we are required to evaluate our deferred tax assets ("DTA") quarterly for recoverability based on available evidence. This process involves management's judgment about assumptions, which are subject to change from period to period due to tax rate changes or variances between our projected operating performance and our actual results. Ultimately, future adjustments to the DTA valuation allowance, if any, will be determined based upon changes in the expected realization of the net deferred tax assets. The realization of the deferred tax assets depends on the existence of sufficient taxable income in either the carry back or carry forward periods under applicable tax law. Due to significant estimates utilized in establishing the valuation allowance and the potential for changes in facts and circumstances, it is reasonably possible that we may be required to record a valuation allowance in future reporting periods. Such an adjustment could have a material adverse effect on our results of operation and financial condition.

Targeted improvements to accounting for long‑duration contracts (LDTI) may increase earnings volatility and reporting complexity.

LDTI requires more frequent unlocking of assumptions for future policy benefits, quarterly discount‑rate updates, fair‑value measurement for certain market risk benefits, and expanded disclosures. These changes could increase earnings and OCI volatility, necessitate additional systems, internal controls, and actuarial processes, and may affect comparability of our results with prior periods.

A ratings downgrade or other negative action by a rating agency could materially affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

A.M. Best reviews CLOA and publishes its financial strength rating as an indicator of our ability to fulfill our contractual obligations. This rating is important to maintaining public confidence in our insurance products. A downgrade or other negative action by A.M. Best with respect to the financial strength rating of CLOA could negatively affect us by limiting or restricting the ability of CLOA to attract independent insurance agencies to distribute our products or reduce the attractiveness of our products to consumers.

ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT RISKS

INVESTMENT INCOME IS A MATERIAL PORTION OF OUR TOTAL REVENUES. CHANGING FINANCIAL CONDITIONS SUCH AS MARKET VOLATILITY, CHANGES IN INTEREST RATES, OR INFLATION MAY

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ADVERSELY AFFECT OUR REVENUES, OUR RESULTS OF OPERATIONS AND OUR FINANCIAL CONDITION.

Global or regional changes in the financial markets or economic conditions could adversely affect our business in many ways, including the following:

•Inflation, recession, an increase in unemployment rates or declines in consumer confidence could lead people to conserve cash, thereby causing a decrease in new sales and renewal premiums, or an increase in surrenders and lapses, which would cause a decline in our premium revenue or increase in benefit expenses paid out.

•Market volatility, specifically declining equity markets, negatively impacts the fair market value of our equity type securities, leading to investment-related losses that negatively affect our GAAP operating revenue and profitability.

•We are subject to credit risk in our investment portfolio. Defaults by third parties in the payment or performance of their obligations under these securities could reduce our investment income or result in the recognition of realized losses. Additionally, downgrades in the bonds in our portfolio may result in the recognition of credit related allowances and cause us to reduce the carrying value of our investment portfolio. Any event reducing the value of our securities on an other than temporary basis may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition. The decision of whether to record a credit loss impairment is determined by our assessment of the financial condition and prospects of a particular issuer, projections of future cash flows and recoverability as well as our ability and intent to hold the securities to recovery or maturity. There can be no assurance that we have accurately assessed the level of impairments taken.

•Low or declining interest rates could negatively affect us for many reasons, including:

◦Our fixed maturity investment portfolio is primarily invested in callable securities. As interest rates remained ultra-low for a decade until 2022, many of these securities were called and we had to reinvest in lower interest rate bonds, leading to reduced net investment income and low yields.

◦Some of our products, principally endowment products and traditional whole life insurance with annuity riders, expose us to the risk that decreases in interest rates will reduce our "spread", or the difference between the amounts we are required to pay under our contracts to policyholders and the rate of return we are able to earn on our investments intended to support obligations under the contracts.

◦An interest or discount rate is used in calculating reserves for our insurance products. We set our reserve discount rate assumptions based on our current and expected future investment yield for assets supporting the reserves, considering current and expected future market conditions. If the discount rate assumed in our reserve calculations is higher than our future investment returns (due to lower interest rates), our invested assets will not earn enough investment income to support our future benefit payments. In that case, we may be required to record additional liabilities and/or increase our capital contributions to our insurance subsidiaries in the period this occurs.

•Rising interest rates may negatively affect us as follows:

◦Rising interest rates typically reduce the market values of fixed income assets, as the interest payments on such assets become less competitive relative to newer high rate fixed income instruments. This leads to material unrealized losses and negatively affects our stockholders' equity.

◦Policies may become less attractive to our policyholders in a rising interest rate environment. They may surrender their policies or make early withdrawals to increase their returns, requiring us to liquidate investments and realize an actual loss.

•Our international business is founded on the basis that having U.S. dollar-denominated products provides additional value and security in countries where we sell business. The relationship between the strength of the U.S. dollar and its position as a reserve currency relative to economic, political, and currency environments within the various countries where we do business is complex and opaque. To the extent that the value proposition of holding U.S. dollar-denominated products erodes relative to local options, it could have a material impact on our business within a given country or region at a given point in time.

•Some of our investments, such as mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities, carry prepayment risk. As interest rates increase, the likelihood of prepayment is lower, as the issuer will want to make payments based on the lower interest rates. If the repayment of principal occurs later than we expected, our cash flow could be negatively impacted. As interest rates decrease, issuers are more likely to pre-pay, which could cause us to have to re-invest the pre-paid cash at lower interest rates, reducing our yields and net investment income.

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CYBERSECURITY AND TECHNOLOGY RISKS

THE COMPANY RELIES ON OUR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS, AND THE DATA MAINTAINED WITHIN THOSE SYSTEMS, TO MANAGE MANY ASPECTS OF OUR BUSINESS. CYBERSECURITY RISKS, THE FAILURE OF OUR SYSTEMS TO OPERATE PROPERLY AND/OR THE FAILURE TO MAINTAIN THE CONFIDENTIALITY, INTEGRITY, AND AVAILABILITY OF POLICYHOLDER AND CLAIMS DATA, INCLUDING PERSONAL IDENTIFYING INFORMATION, COULD RESULT IN A MATERIALLY ADVERSE EFFECT ON OUR BUSINESS, REPUTATION, FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

Our failure to maintain effective information systems could adversely affect our business.

Our policyholder administration system allows us to administer almost all of our business, including issuing policies, crediting premiums, and payment of commissions to our agents. We must maintain and enhance our existing system and develop and integrate new information systems in a cost-effective manner to keep pace with continuing changes in technology, evolving industry and regulatory standards and changing customer preferences. If we do not maintain adequate systems, we could experience adverse consequences, including inability to accept new applications or issue new products, inadequate information on which to base pricing, underwriting and reserve decisions, regulatory problems, failure to meet prompt payment obligations, increases in administrative expenses and loss of customers.

Our primary policy administration system is a mainframe-based, legacy-type system that requires an ongoing commitment of resources to maintain current standards. Our system utilizes proprietary code requiring highly skilled personnel. Shortages of specialized talent and reliance on legacy systems may slow modernization or increase operational risk. Competition for qualified personnel and vendor dependencies may delay upgrades, elevate costs, or increase the risk of system failures and control deficiencies.

We are continuously enhancing our system and processes and we are licensing new systems as our business depends on our ability to maintain and improve our technology. Due to the complexity and interconnectedness of our systems and processes, these changes, as well as changes designed to update and enhance our protective measures to address new threats, increase the risk of a system or process failure or the creation of a gap in our security measures. Any such failure or gap could adversely affect our business operations and results of operations.

An information technology systems failure could also interfere with our ability to comply with financial reporting and other regulatory requirements, exposing us to potential disciplinary action by regulators.

A cyber attack or other security breach could result in the unauthorized disclosure or loss of confidential data, damage our reputation or relationships, and expose us to significant financial and legal liability, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition.

As an insurer, we collect, maintain and use proprietary and personally identifiable information ("PII") of our applicants, policyholders, independent agents and others. As part of our normal business operations, we engage third-party providers, such as companies who print and mail our policies and premium notices, data programmers, marketing companies, and agents, who may also collect, store, access, process, and transmit this PII. Various federal and state laws, as well as laws of the countries in which our policyholders reside, address the use and disclosure of PII.

We devote significant resources and employ security measures to help protect our information technology systems and confidential information, including PII, and we have programs in place to detect, contain, and respond to cyber security incidents. We also have a stringent process to analyze the systems of our third-party vendors and partners who may collect and/or have access to our PII. However, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently and may be difficult to detect for long periods of time, we and our third-party providers may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures. In addition, hardware, software, or applications we develop or procure from third parties or through open source solutions may contain defects in design or manufacture or other problems that could unexpectedly compromise our information security. Unauthorized parties may disrupt or gain access to our systems, or those of third parties with whom we do business, through human error, misfeasance, fraud, trickery, or other forms of deceit, including break-ins, use of stolen credentials, social engineering, phishing, or other cyber attacks, computer viruses, malicious codes, and similar means of unauthorized and destructive tampering.

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We and our third-party providers may experience information security incidents from time to time. There is no assurance that our security systems and measures will be able to prevent, mitigate, or remediate cyber attacks. A successful penetration or circumvention of the security of our information technology systems, or those of third parties with whom we do business, could cause serious negative consequences for us, including significant disruption of our operations, unauthorized disclosure or loss of confidential information, harm to our brand or reputation, loss of customers and revenues, violations of privacy and other laws, exposure to litigation, monetary damages, regulatory enforcement proceedings, fines, and potentially criminal proceedings and penalties. If we are unaware of the incident for some time after it occurs, our exposure could increase. In addition, the costs to address or remediate systems disruptions or security threats or vulnerabilities, whether before or after an incident, could be significant. As we continue to build our digital capabilities and focus on enhancing the customer experience, the amount of information that we retain and share with third parties is likely to grow, increasing the cost to prevent data security breaches and the cost and potential consequences of such breaches.

Although we have insurance against some cyber risks and attacks, we may be subject to litigation and financial losses that exceed our policy limits, are subject to deductibles or are not covered under any of our current insurance policies.

The failure of our business recovery and incident management processes to resume our business operations in the event of a catastrophe, an epidemic, a cyber attack, or other event could adversely affect our profitability, results of operations, or financial condition.

As mentioned above, we rely on our technology systems to operate our business. In the event of a cyber attack, cyber security breach or other information technology systems failure, whether due to a disaster such as a natural catastrophe, an epidemic, a terrorist attack, or war, the inability to use our policy administration system and other information systems, or an unanticipated problem with our disaster recovery systems, would have a material adverse impact on our ability to conduct business and depending on how long the inability to use such systems lasts, on our results of operations and financial condition.

RISKS RELATED TO HOLDING OUR SECURITIES

The number and location of our shareholders may make it difficult to obtain approval of certain corporate actions.

Because we allow our policyholders to use their policy dividends to purchase our Class A common stock through our Citizens, Inc. Stock Investment Plan (the "SIP"), we have almost 81,000 shareholders and approximately 40% of our shareholders hold less than 100 shares each. Many of these shareholders are located in Latin America and the Pacific Rim, where most of our policies are sold, and English may not be their native language. We believe that because of this, we typically have low voter turn-out at our annual meetings and therefore any proposal, such as one related to a merger or an acquisition of our Company, or an amendment to our articles of incorporation, that may require the affirmative vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of our Class A common stock, may be difficult to get approved.

Our Class A common stock is not registered in any foreign country.

Our Class A common stock sold under the SIP is registered with the SEC pursuant to a Form S-3 registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933, but is not registered under the laws of any foreign jurisdiction. If a foreign securities regulatory authority were to determine the offer and sale of our Class A common stock under the SIP was not allowed under applicable laws and regulations of its jurisdiction, such authority may issue or assert a fine, penalty or cease and desist order against our offer and sale of Class A common stock in that foreign jurisdiction. There is a risk our Class A common stock price could be negatively impacted by a decrease in participation in the SIP.

Applicable insurance laws in the jurisdictions where our insurance subsidiaries are domiciled may discourage takeovers and business combinations that our shareholders might consider to be in their best interests.

Insurance laws in the jurisdictions in which our insurance subsidiaries are domiciled require regulatory actions for certain transactions, such as a merger or acquisition of our Company, that our shareholders might consider in their best interests. To the extent the interests of our policyholders and stockholders conflict, the insurance regulators consider the best interests of policyholders over the best interests of our shareholders. As a result, our shareholders

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may be prevented from receiving the benefit from any premium to the market price of our Class A common stock that may be offered by a bidder in a takeover context or such regulatory approval requirement may delay, deter, render more difficult or prevent a takeover attempt or a change in control.

Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

Item 1C. CYBERSECURITY

Like other firms in the financial services sector, insurers like us are particularly vulnerable to cybercrime due to the nature and volume of customer data we maintain. Insurance-related data is particularly interesting to cybercriminals because of its inherent confidentiality. Often linked to policyholders, sensitive data helps insurers customize their policies, products, and prices for each client. The scope of personally identifiable information and sensitive data processed by insurers puts the industry at increased risk of cybercrime. Cyber attacks can lead to the loss of confidential data, business, and reputation. Additionally, business disruption through cyber incidents is also a major problem for insurance companies, which need to react quickly to fulfill their contracts and maintain the trust of their clients. Because of the risks posed to our business and customers, we have developed robust processes for assessing, identifying and managing our cybersecurity threats.

We recognize the importance of assessing, identifying, and managing material risks associated with cybersecurity threats. Cybersecurity risks related to our business, technical operations, privacy and compliance issues are identified and addressed through a multi-faceted approach including third-party assessments, IT security, and external audits. Cybersecurity risks are integrated into our overall enterprise risk management process. To defend, detect and respond to cybersecurity incidents, we, among other things, periodically perform penetration testing using external third-party tools and techniques to test security controls and conduct employee training.

We have implemented incident response and breach management processes which have four overarching and interconnected stages: 1) preparation for a cybersecurity incident, 2) detection and analysis of a security incident, 3) containment, eradication and recovery, and 4) post-incident analysis. Such cybersecurity incident responses are overseen by leaders from our Information Security, IT, Finance, Compliance and Legal teams.

Security events and data incidents are evaluated, ranked by severity and prioritized for response and remediation. Incidents are evaluated to determine materiality as well as operational and business impact, and reviewed for privacy impact. We also conduct tabletop exercises to simulate responses to cybersecurity incidents.

Our risk management program also assesses third-party risks where we identify and mitigate risks from third-parties such as vendors, suppliers, and other associated business partners. Cybersecurity risks are evaluated when determining the selection and oversight of applicable third-party service providers when handling and/or processing our employee, business or customer data. In addition to new vendor onboarding, we perform periodic ongoing security reviews of our critical vendors.

We describe whether and how risks from identified cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition, under the heading “Cybersecurity and Technology Risks” included as part of our risk factor disclosures at Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors of this 10-K.

While we have devoted significant financial and personnel resources to implement and maintain the security measures described above, and in order to meet regulatory requirements and customer expectations, there can be no guarantee that our policies and procedures will be properly followed in every instance or that those policies and procedures will be effective. Although our Risk Factors include further detail about the material cybersecurity risks we face, cybersecurity incidents have not materially affected our business to date. We can provide no assurance that there will not be incidents in the future or that they will not materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.

Cyber Governance

Cybersecurity is a key element of the Company's enterprise risk management ("ERM"). Identification and management of the Company's key risks, including cybersecurity, starts with the executive management team, who

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is responsible for identifying key strategic, insurance, financial, regulatory and operational risks to the Company and managing them on a day-to-day basis. Because of the importance of cybersecurity, the Company has a Chief Information Security Officer ("CISO") who is primarily responsible for managing our cybersecurity risk in conjunction with our Chief Information Officer. Our CISO is informed about and monitors prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation efforts through regular communication and reporting from employees in the information technology team and through the use of technological tools and software and results from third-party audits. We have an escalation process in place to inform senior management and the Board of Directors of material issues.

Our CISO has served in that position since 2018 and is an experienced security leader with over 20 years’ experience. In addition to his current role, our CISO has led security and IT audit functions at healthcare technology and population health organizations. His experience includes work in the fields of security, application development, and internal audit at a Fortune 100 company. Our CISO is a Certified Information Security Manager ("CISM"), Certified Information Systems Auditor ("CISA"), and a member of the ISACA and ISSA organizations.

Our Audit Committee Charter tasks its committee with oversight of the Company's major enterprise risk exposure, including risks related to cybersecurity, and the steps management takes to monitor and control such exposures. The Audit Committee meets quarterly and receives an information security update report from the Company's CISO, which includes cybersecurity events that may have impacted the Company as well as an overview of the Company's security program and efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate, and remediate issues. The CISO also attends the regularly scheduled Board meetings to give his information security report to all members of the Board.

Item 2. PROPERTIES

We lease our principal office at the Domain in Austin, Texas. We also lease space in Puerto Rico for CICA International and offices in Louisiana, Arkansas and Mississippi related to our SPLIC operations. We also own a small amount of property in Louisiana.

Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

In the first quarter of 2024, a jury trial was held in the “trade secret lawsuit”. The trade secret lawsuit was filed in 2018 by Citizens, CICA Life Ltd. ("CICA Bermuda") and CICA Life Insurance Company of America ("CLOA") (collectively, the “Citizens Companies,” “we,” "us" or "our") against certain former employees and independent consultants who we alleged unlawfully took Citizens’ confidential information in order to unfairly compete with us. Our claims against these parties included various unfair competition, tortious interference, breach of contract and other related claims.

As previously disclosed, the jury found that Citizens should pay Alexis Delgado and Carlos Nalsen Landa, former independent consultants, approximately $1.3 million for “money had and received”, an equitable theory that claimed that the Citizens Companies would be unjustly enriched if they didn’t pay past and future commissions to Delgado and Landa. Additionally, the trial court awarded defendants Michael P. Buchweitz and Randall Riley approximately $3.5 million of their legal fees incurred during the trade secret lawsuit. On August 16, 2024, the judge signed a Final Judgment reflecting the jury decision and the court award of the legal fees. We do not believe the jury properly found that Delgado or Landa were entitled to any prior or future commissions as there was no evidence that we actually held any amount of commissions that they claim they should have received. We also do not believe that Riley and Buchweitz are entitled to legal fees because they were found to have breached the contracts whose fee shifting provisions they sought to invoke.

On September 17, 2024, we filed an appeal bond with the trial court in order to stay any execution of the judgment against us.

We have appealed the judgment against us and the appeal is currently pending in the Court of Appeals, Third District of Texas.

Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Item 5(a)

Market Information. Our Class A common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbol CIA. Our Class B common stock is not registered with the SEC nor traded on any exchange. We hold 100% of our Class B common stock in treasury and thus there are no Class B shares outstanding.

Holders. The number of stockholders of record as of March 6, 2026 was as follows:


•	Class A Common Stock -	80,442
•	Class B Common Stock -	—

Dividend Policy. We have never paid cash dividends on our Class A or B common stock and do not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future, as it is our policy to retain earnings for use in the operation and expansion of our business.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans. See Part IV. Item 15. Note 13. Stock Compensation for equity compensation plan information.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Use of Proceeds. None.

Item 5(c)

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. None.

Item 6. [RESERVED]

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Item 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K generally discusses 2025 and 2024 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2025 and 2024. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this report.

OVERVIEW

For over 55 years, Citizens has been fulfilling the needs of our policyholders and their families by providing insurance products that offer both living and death benefits. We conduct insurance related operations through our insurance subsidiaries, which provide benefits to policyholders globally. We specialize in offering primarily individual whole life insurance, endowment products and final expense insurance in niche markets where we believe we can optimize our competitive position.

As an insurance provider, we collect premiums on an ongoing basis from our policyholders and invest the majority of the premiums to pay future benefits, including claims, surrenders and policyholder dividends. Accordingly, the Company derives its revenues principally from: (1) life insurance premiums earned for insurance coverages provided to insureds in our two operating segments – International Insurance and Domestic Insurance; and (2) net investment income. In addition to paying and reserving for insurance benefits that we pay to our policyholders, our expenses consist primarily of the costs of selling our insurance products (e.g., commissions, underwriting, marketing expenses), operating expenses and income taxes.

Objective of our Management's Discussion and Analysis

We refer to our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations as our “MD&A”. The objective of our MD&A is to provide investors with a succinct analysis of the Company's financial performance from management's perspective. We start by discussing how industry developments and economic circumstances in general (e.g., interest rate environment) affected or could affect our financial performance and then discuss how certain events specifically impacted our business. We summarize our financial highlights and discuss the factors that we believe drive our operating results. We then discuss in more detail our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2025 so an investor or potential investor understands the various line items of our profit and loss statements from management’s perspective. Since our investments are one of two principal sources of our revenues, we describe them in detail. Finally, we discuss our capital resources and liquidity so investors better understand how those resources are utilized and how we are able to meet our cash needs.

Throughout the MD&A, we describe how we view the Company and which matters we believe are reasonably likely to affect future operations. We describe our priorities for the business in Part I. Item 1. Business - Strategic Initiatives and in the MD&A, we describe how we performed on those initiatives and any known trends or uncertainties that might impact our ability to achieve our goals.

ECONOMIC AND INSURANCE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS

Life insurers continue to operate in an environment marked by economic volatility, shifting financial market conditions, evolving regulatory expectations, geopolitical uncertainty and rapid technological change. These developments have influenced profitability, product demand, capital requirements, and consumer behavior across the industry, including our Company.

Interest Rate Environment, Market Volatility and Inflation. The material uptick in interest rates over the past few years has generally benefited life insurers by improving reinvestment yields and net investment income. However, these benefits have been partially offset by unrealized losses in fixed-income portfolios as market values declined during the rate‑rising cycle, a trend observable across the industry. Life insurers remain sensitive to interest‑rate movements given the asset‑intensive nature of the business and long‑duration liabilities.

Inflation has also affected insurers by reducing customer discretionary income and potentially increasing lapse rates, especially among lower- and middle-income policyholders. Additionally, inflation can increase operating

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expenses and claims‑related costs. Prolonged inflationary pressure may continue to affect both consumer purchasing behavior and overall insurer expense structures.

Prior to 2022, the life insurance industry operated for more than a decade in a sustained low interest rate environment, which constrained investment yields and compressed spreads. As older, higher-yielding assets matured or were called, insurers were required to reinvest at lower rates, reducing margins on products with guaranteed minimum interest rates. These dynamics contributed to reserve strengthening, loss recognition events, and faster amortization of deferred acquisition costs for certain products across the sector. Although the rate environment has shifted, legacy portfolios and in‑force blocks continue to be influenced by these earlier conditions.

Reinsurance Market Dynamics. Reinsurance markets have tightened due to factors such as increased cybersecurity risks, significant weather-related losses, pandemic losses, and volatility in asset valuations. These pressures have led to a decline in the availability of reinsurance, tighter terms (such as, for example, pandemic exclusions) and/or increased reinsurance prices. Continued market tightening could increase our cost of reinsurance or limit availability, which may affect our risk transfer strategies and capital management.

Technology, Innovation and Digitization. Technological advancement continues to reshape the life insurance sector. Insurers are investing in digital distribution capabilities, automated underwriting, advanced analytics, and generative artificial intelligence to improve customer experience, enhance agent productivity, and streamline operations. These innovations are transforming how products are designed, marketed, and serviced. While technology presents opportunities to increase efficiency and support profitable growth, it also introduces industry‑wide challenges related to cybersecurity, data governance, and compliance with evolving regulatory frameworks. These technological developments also require continuous investment in digital platforms, system modernization, and data capabilities. Failure to invest adequately could impair our ability to compete effectively, support our distribution partners, meet policyholder expectations, or comply with evolving cybersecurity and data‑governance standards. Ongoing investment is therefore an important component of our long‑term strategy.

RE-SEGMENTATION OF REPORTABLE SEGMENTS

Effective December 31, 2025, the Company reorganized its insurance reporting structure, shifting from Life Insurance and Home Service Insurance segments to Domestic Insurance and International Insurance segments.

The Company’s reportable segments are based on the geographic location of operations and the nature of products and services offered. Management believes this structure provides a more meaningful view of the business and better reflects the way performance is assessed internally. Historically, our operations were organized into (i) Life Insurance, which included both U.S. domestic life insurance products and our international life operations, and (ii) Home Services Insurance, which consisted primarily of our Louisiana‑based, face‑to‑face home services business. Management has implemented several strategic initiatives over the past few years aimed at enhancing profitability and operational efficiency. These efforts, combined with improved sales performance, have strengthened the Company’s overall business. Given these developments, management concluded that the prior segmentation no longer reflected how the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") reviews performance, allocates resources, and assesses the strategic direction of the business. Accordingly, we have combined our former domestic life and home services operations into a single Domestic Insurance segment and report all non‑U.S. operations in the International Insurance segment.

Recast of Prior‑Period Financial Information

In accordance with the segment reporting guidance under ASC 280, we have recast prior‑period segment information within this report to conform to the new segment structure. These changes affect only how we present results by segment and had no impact on our previously reported consolidated financial statements, including net income, earnings per share, total assets, or cash flows.

Recast segment results for prior periods are included within this Form 10‑K to provide comparability and to assist readers in understanding trends in our operating performance under the revised structure.

Impact on MD&A

The MD&A reflects our results for fiscal year 2025 and all comparative periods under the Domestic Insurance and International Insurance segment structure. Management believes this realignment enhances transparency and more

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accurately reflects the manner in which we operate the business, evaluate performance, and execute our strategic priorities.

EVENTS THAT IMPACTED OUR BUSINESS

From time to time, certain events may affect our business in ways that cause current or future results to differ from past results. In addition to factors described in Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors, the following events impacted our results of operations or financial condition.

Coinsurance Agreement with RGA Reinsurance Company

In the second quarter of 2024, CLOA entered into an automatic coinsurance reinsurance agreement with RGA Reinsurance Company ("RGA") in order to provide more capacity for growth in our Domestic Insurance segment. Under this agreement (the "RGA Agreement"), CLOA elected for RGA to reinsure 50% of its newly written final expense business, which means we cede 50% of direct premiums we receive for our CLOA final expense products that were issued since the date we entered into the RGA Agreement, to RGA. In return, RGA pays 50% of death benefits paid for these products and also pays CLOA an expense allowance to cover its share of expenses such as commissions.

Investment Related Losses due to BlackRock write-down

Investment related gains and losses derive principally from our investments in equity securities and include unrealized gains and losses from market price changes in these equities during the period. Investment related gains and losses can cause significant fluctuations from period to period and while they are included in our operating revenue, we do not believe they are indicative of our operating results.

As discussed in our 2024 Form 10-K, in December 2024, BlackRock, Inc. ("BlackRock") announced a substantial write-down of its Global Renewable Power Fund III, a $4.8 billion flagship renewable fund, due to the collapse of two key investments: Northvolt and SolarZero. In 2025, BlackRock continued to review the valuation of this fund and reduced the net asset value further. We had invested in this fund as part of our environmental, social and governance ("ESG") initiatives and although we did not sell this investment, we reported an investment related loss on this investment of $3.3 million in the fourth quarter of 2024 and an additional $5.2 million in 2025. This sector has experienced market headwinds primarily driven by rising interest rates, supply chain disruption and less certain policy environment. In 2025, the write-down of our BlackRock investment was offset by positive fair value changes in some of our other limited partnership type investments.

Legal Proceedings

See Part IV. Item 15. Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies, as well as Part I. Item 3. Legal Proceedings - Trade Secret Lawsuit for a discussion of the trade secret lawsuit, which impacted our results of operations in 2024 and could negatively impact our cash if we do not succeed in our appeal.

FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS

Summary

Net income before federal income tax increased to $17.5 million in 2025 from $15.0 million in 2024 due to a $10.6 million increase in total revenues offset by a $8.1 million increase in total benefits and expenses.

Total revenues increased due to:

•Increase in total premium revenues for the second straight year;

•Improvement in investment related gains and losses;

•Increase in net investment income due to our diversified investment strategy; and

•Increase in other income related to strategic issuance of supplemental contracts.

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Total benefits and expenses increased primarily due to:

•$6.4 million increase in total insurance benefits paid or provided due to increased matured endowments in our International Insurance segment, partially offset by

◦a decrease in future policy benefit reserves, and

◦a decrease in policyholder liability remeasurement loss due to better than expected experience in our Domestic Insurance segment; and

•$0.8 million increase in other general expenses due to strategic growth initiatives and increased participation in our equity compensation program in addition to being negatively impacted in 2024 by the accrual of $3.5 million in legal fees awarded to the certain defendants in the trade secret lawsuit.

Financial Condition at December 31, 2025

•Total assets of $1.8 billion.

•Total direct insurance in force of $5.4 billion.

•Total investments of $1.4 billion; fixed maturity securities comprised 89% of total investments.

•No debt.

•Diluted earnings per share of Class A common stock of $0.28.

•Book value per share of Class A common stock of $4.67.

•Adjusted book value per share of Class A common stock of $6.431.

The Factors that Drive our Operating Results

We see the following as the primary factors that drive our operating results.

•Sales of our products and the premiums we receive from these sales

•Investments and the income that they generate

•Claims and surrenders

•Operating expenses

•Actuarial assumptions

Sales of our Products. We believe sales statistics are meaningful to gain an understanding of, among other things, the attractiveness of our products, how expansion of our distribution channels affects our revenue, customer retention and the performance of our business from period-to-period. Throughout the MD&A, we describe: the actions and initiatives we are taking to increase sales and improve retention, sales performance in each period and as compared to prior year periods, and how we view trends with respect to sales and retention.

One sales factor that is key to our profitability is product mix. We offer a competitive product mix designed to meet the needs of our specific customer demographics and actively manage new product margins and in-force profitability. Product mix can have an impact on profitability; when we sell a higher volume of lower-margin products, we may receive more premiums, but may not be as profitable as in periods when we sell a greater percentage of higher-margin products. Our product mix in both the International Insurance segment and Domestic Insurance segment has been trending towards sales of our newer whole life products, which have a smaller margin than sales of our international endowment products. We expect this trend to continue due to the anticipated volumes of endowment maturities being replaced by higher volumes of whole life products.

Premium Revenues. Premium revenues consist of all money deposited by customers into new and existing insurance policies. We view these premiums in two categories - first year premiums are premiums received within the first 12 months of a policy's issuance and any premiums received thereafter are renewal premiums.

Throughout the MD&A, we refer to "direct" premiums as all premiums received and "net" or "total" premiums as all premiums received less premiums ceded to our reinsurers. Direct premium revenue increased 5.5% in 2025, to $188.8 million from $178.8 million in 2024. This increase was driven by sales in our Domestic Insurance segment of CLOA final expense whole life products. This was the second consecutive year of total premium revenue growth, which prior to 2024, had not increased since 2017.

1 Adjusted book value per of Class A common share is a non-GAAP measure that is calculated by dividing actual Class A common stockholders’ equity, excluding AOCI, by the number of Class A common shares outstanding at the end of the period.

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First Year Premiums. Direct first year premiums increased 16%, to $38.3 million in 2025, compared to $33.0 million in 2024, including 23% growth in our Domestic Insurance segment driven by new products and an increased number of producing agents. First year premiums also increased in our International Insurance segment in 2025 from 2024 as we continue to work with our distribution partners to expand products and sales.

Renewal Premiums. In 2025, our direct renewal premium revenues increased as a result of robust sales in 2024 in our Domestic Insurance segment, which resulted in a greater volume of policies making renewal premium payments in 2025. Premium growth was constrained by the high level of surrenders and matured endowments in our International Insurance segment during the last few years, which has lowered the number of policies remaining in force and paying renewal premiums in this segment.

Investment Income. Our net investment income increased from 2024 to 2025. In 2025, we received a special dividend of $1.7 million from one of our limited partnership investments due to the sale of one of its assets. Additionally, we began investing in investment grade private placement fixed income securities and structured notes, which led to slightly higher net investment income in 2025.

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Claims and Surrenders. Payment of policyholder benefits for claims and surrenders is our largest expense and thus key to our profitability. The three largest components of this expense are reflected in the graphs below. In 2025, compared to 2024,

•death claim benefits decreased due to a combination of lower volume of claims and the RGA Agreement alleviating some of our liability to pay these claims in 2025 as compared to 2024,

•surrenders decreased as we continue to focus on retention efforts, and

•matured endowments increased as expected due to many of our endowment policies reaching their contractual maturity dates.

Operating Expenses. Operating expenses are our second largest expense and thus also drive our operating results. Operating expenses are meaningful to gaining an understanding of how we manage our business, including among other things, salaries, benefits, and spending on growth initiatives. The primary reason for the increase in 2025 was our continued investment in the growth of our business and higher costs associated with our equity compensation program as a result of increased stock price and additional participants. Operating expenses in 2024 were negatively impacted by the accrual of $3.5 million in legal fees awarded to certain defendants in the trade secret lawsuit. We have not paid any fees and have appealed the judgment against us. See Part IV. Item 15. Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies, as well as Part I. Item 3. Legal Proceedings - Trade Secret Lawsuit for additional details.

Actuarial Assumptions. The actuarial assumptions that underlie our reserves are based upon our best estimates of certain factors such as mortality, lapses, morbidity and discount rates. Our results will be affected to the extent there is a variance between our actuarial assumptions and actual experience. This is reflected in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income as Increase (Decrease) in Future Policy Benefit Reserves and Policyholder Liability Remeasurement (Gain) Loss.

In 2025, we experienced a rebalancing in our mix of business due to the volume of maturities in our international endowment business, as well as continued growth in our Domestic Insurance segment. Our current profitability is affected by how closely actual experience matches our actuarial assumptions for these shifts, and by the amount of reserves we must hold. Updated assumptions to policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss improved our operating results by $2.2 million in 2025 due to better than expected experience in our Domestic Insurance segment. Actuarial assumptions are continually monitored and updated at least annually to reflect overall experience as well as emerging trends.

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CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Our Operating Segments

We manage our business in two operating segments: International Insurance and Domestic Insurance. See Part I. Item 1. Business for a discussion about the business operations in each segment.

Our insurance operations are the primary focus of the Company, as these operations generate most of our income. See the discussion under Segment Operations below for detailed analysis. The amount of direct insurance, number of policies, and average face amounts for life policies issued during the periods indicated are shown below.


Years Ended December 31,			2025			2024
	Amount of Insurance Issued		Number of Policies Issued	Average Policy Face Amount Issued		Amount of Insurance Issued		Number of Policies Issued	Average Policy Face Amount Issued

International Insurance	$	480,392,802	4,337	$	110,766	$	475,692,442	4,465	$	106,538
Domestic Insurance	579,717,319		64,021	9,055		664,213,309		58,188	11,415
Total	$	1,060,110,121	68,358			$	1,139,905,751	62,653

In 2025, we issued $1.1 billion in new insurance, the second highest amount of insurance ever issued in a year by our company, as we continued to grow our inforce business with our newer products tailored to our specific markets.

Our International Insurance segment benefited from increased sales of our whole life product, which accounted for 64% of total insurance issued in this segment in 2025. This product tends to have higher policy face amounts than our older endowment products, leading to an increase in insurance issued internationally.

In our Domestic Insurance segment, implementation of new initiatives in CLOA, including use of information to enhance underwriting decisions with additional medical and lab data from third parties, resulted in sales of products with lower policy face amounts, which led to a lower amount of insurance issued despite a higher number of policies issued. We believe growth in this segment is being impacted by inflation on the cost of living, which has affected new sales since the customer demographic is primarily lower-income individuals.

The amount of direct insurance inforce for the years indicated is shown below.

Overall insurance inforce has grown due to the issuance of new business, but growth has been and will be impacted by persistency rates, policy maturities and surrenders.

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CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Our revenues are generated primarily by life insurance premiums and investment income from invested assets.

REVENUES


Years ended December 31, (In thousands)	2025		2024
Revenues:
Premiums:
Life insurance	$	174,611	171,561
Accident and health insurance	1,760		1,785
Property insurance	—		(18)
Net investment income	72,039		69,712
Investment related gains (losses)	140		(2,626)
Other income	7,066		4,587
Total revenues	$	255,616	245,001


Years ended December 31, (In thousands)	2025		2024
Life and A&H premiums:
Direct premiums:
First year	$	38,292	33,022
Renewal	150,474		145,819
Total direct life and A&H premiums	188,766		178,841
Reinsurance	(12,395)		(5,495)
Total premiums	$	176,371	173,346

Our first year direct premiums increased 16% in 2025 compared to 2024 due to sales of our newer product offerings and expanded distribution in our Domestic Insurance segment. Renewal premiums increased from strong first year sales in 2024 in our Domestic Insurance segment leading to higher number of policies paying renewal premiums in 2025, which more than offset the impact from matured endowments and the high level of surrenders during the last few years in our International Insurance segment.

Reinsurance ceded premiums increased in 2025 compared to 2024 due to the RGA Agreement we entered into the second quarter of 2024, which relates to our CLOA final expense business.

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Net Investment Income. A summary of our net investment income and net investment income performance is as follows:


Years ended December 31, (In thousands, except for %)	2025			2024
Gross investment income:
Fixed maturity securities	$	63,340		60,940
Equity securities	212			302
Policy loans	5,275			5,597
Other long-term investments	5,427			4,846
Other	760			834
Total investment income	75,014			72,519
Investment expenses	(2,975)			(2,807)
Net investment income	$	72,039		69,712

Average invested assets, at amortized cost	$	1,544,033		1,527,356
Yield on average invested assets	4.67		%	4.56	%

Fixed maturity securities constitute the vast majority, or 89%, of our investment portfolio based on fair value and thus provide the majority of our net investment income. Our net fixed maturity investment portfolio, primarily invested in callable securities, has faced challenges due to the sustained low interest rate environment for the 10 years prior to 2021. Many securities were called between 2019 and 2021, which required us to reinvest in lower interest rate fixed maturity assets, which impacts net investment income and yields. In order to enhance yields, we are investing in new opportunities, including investment grade private placement fixed income securities and other asset classes, while maintaining a prudent risk profile.

Investment Related Gains (Losses). We recorded an investment related gain of $0.1 million during 2025, compared to a loss of $2.6 million in 2024. As discussed above, the loss in 2024 was due to our write-down of the BlackRock ESG investment. In 2025, positive fair value changes in limited partnership investments, specifically our private late-stage growth and global equity funds, counterbalanced the impact of the BlackRock write-down. The changes in fair values of our equity securities are reflected as investment related gains or losses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income, in addition to executed transactions that result in a gain or loss.

Other Income. Other income consists primarily of supplemental contracts issued to policyholders in our International Insurance segment upon the surrender or maturity of their original policies. Supplemental contracts offer our policyholders the opportunity to leave their cash with us and be paid interest at a guaranteed rate or receive an annuity, at their option.

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BENEFITS AND EXPENSES


Years ended December 31, (In thousands)	2025		2024
Benefits and expenses:
Insurance benefits paid or provided:
Claims and surrenders	$	165,025	146,082
Increase (decrease) in future policy benefit reserves	(14,857)		(4,286)
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss	2,573		4,756
Policyholders' dividends	5,550		5,355
Total insurance benefits paid or provided	158,291		151,907
Commissions	47,265		49,118
Other general expenses	53,041		52,266
Capitalization of deferred policy acquisition costs	(39,801)		(41,302)
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	18,899		17,435
Amortization of cost of insurance acquired	451		597

Total benefits and expenses	$	238,146	230,021

Payments of claims and surrenders benefits constitute the vast majority of our expenses.

Claims and Surrenders.


Years ended December 31, (In thousands)	2025		2024
Claims and surrenders:
Death claim benefits	$	22,067	24,292
Surrender benefits	51,119		53,609
Endowment benefits	6,424		7,554
Matured endowment benefits	76,816		53,551
A&H and other policy benefits	8,599		7,076



Total claims and surrenders	$	165,025	146,082

Death claim benefits decreased 9% in 2025 compared to 2024 due to both lower volume and the RGA Agreement, which alleviates some of our liability to pay death claims. We did not have the RGA Agreement during a portion of 2024.

90% of our surrender benefits payments are made on policies surrendered in our International Insurance segment. These policies are generally policies that have been in place for many years, built up cash values, and have little or no surrender charges remaining. Surrender benefits decreased 5% in 2025 compared to 2024 and vary from one period to another. We continue to focus efforts on retention initiatives.

Over the past several years, many of our endowment policies have been reaching their contractual maturity dates and in 2025, we experienced our highest level of matured endowment benefits payments ever. We anticipated this $23.3 million increase in 2025 based upon the contractual maturity dates. We expect matured endowment benefits to remain at elevated, but slightly lower levels over the next few years, as more of these contracts expire.

Increase (Decrease) in Future Policy Benefit Reserves. Future policy benefit reserves reflect the liability established to provide for the future payment of policy benefits and thus they generally increase when we have a larger in force block of business due to higher sales and persistency (i.e., more policies on which we expect to pay future benefits) and decrease when we have lower sales and persistency. In the year ended December 31, 2025,

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the change in future policy benefit reserves decreased significantly as compared to 2024 despite the increase in our inforce business, due to the amount of reserves released in connection with matured endowments.

Policyholder Liability Remeasurement (Gain) Loss. Most of our products are long-duration contracts that provide a specified, fixed amount of insurance benefit in exchange for a fixed premium. When a policy is initially issued, we establish a "net premium ratio" ("NPR") using assumptions regarding expected premiums and policyholder benefit liabilities. On a quarterly basis, we review actual versus expected experience in such quarter, which is reported as a policyholder liability remeasurement gain (if better performance than assumptions) or loss (if lower performance than assumptions). Additionally, the best estimate assumptions are updated every year in our third quarter and are reflected on our income statement as a policyholder liability remeasurement gain or loss. In 2025, the remeasurement (gain) loss was positively affected by updates to mortality and lapse assumptions that better reflect emerging experience for each of our segment blocks of business.

Commissions. Commission expenses are a cost of acquiring business, as commissions are the primary compensation paid to our independent agents for selling our products. First year commission rates are higher than renewal commission rates and thus commissions fluctuate directly in relation to first year sales. Although first year sales increased in 2025 as compared to 2024, commissions decreased due to the RGA Agreement since RGA shares in commission expenses.

Other General Expenses. Total general expenses increased $0.8 million in 2025 compared to 2024. Although we continue to incur costs related to our strategic growth initiatives and costs incurred associated with our equity compensation program due to higher stock price and additional participants, we incurred a $3.5 million legal fee in the 2024 due to the trade secret lawsuit. We continue to work on managing controllable operating expenses while investing in growth initiatives.

Capitalization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs ("DAC"). We capitalize costs related to successful sales of our insurance products, which include certain commissions, policy issuance costs, and underwriting and agency expenses. These costs vary based upon amounts of premiums received and ceded related to new and renewal business.

Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs. Amortization of DAC totaled $18.9 million and $17.4 million in 2025 and 2024, respectively. DAC is amortized on a constant level basis over the expected term of the related contracts to approximate straight-line amortization.

Federal Income Tax. Tax expense increased in 2025 resulting in an effective tax rate of 16.5%, compared to 0.5% in 2024. The increase in 2025 primarily reflects higher taxable U.S. income and discrete tax adjustments recorded in the year. Excluding the discrete tax adjustments, the effective tax rate in 2025 would have been 11.6%. In 2025, the Company recognized an $0.8 million return-to-provision true-up related to 2024 Subpart F income adjustments from partnership investments, which increased tax expense in the year.

The Company's tax rate was impacted by differences between our effective tax rate and the statutory tax rate resulting from income and expense items that are treated differently for financial reporting and tax purposes. In addition, CICA International is considered a controlled foreign corporation for federal tax purposes and CICA International's activity gives rise to taxable income in the U.S. as Subpart F Income, which is treated as a permanent tax difference and therefore included in the Company's effective tax rate calculation. See Part I . Item 1 . Note 11. Income Taxes in the notes to our consolidated financial statements herein.

SEGMENT OPERATIONS

These segments are reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The Company evaluates profit and loss performance based on U.S. GAAP net income (loss) before federal income taxes for these segments. The Company's Other Non-Insurance enterprises include non-insurance operations such as IT and corporate-support functions, which are included in the table presented below to properly reconcile the segment information with the consolidated financial statements of the Company.

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The re-segmentation has been applied retrospectively to all periods presented to ensure comparability. The following tables present segment information for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, as if the current segment structure had been in place during those periods. The following table sets forth income (loss) before federal income taxes by segment during the periods indicated.


Years ended December 31, (In thousands)	2025		2024
Income before federal income taxes:
Segments:
International	$	14,382	23,512
Domestic	12,133		1,914
Total Segments	26,515		25,426
Other Non-Insurance Enterprises	(9,045)		(10,446)
Total income before federal income taxes	$	17,470	14,980

INTERNATIONAL INSURANCE

Detailed results of operations for the International Insurance segment for the periods indicated are as follows:


Years ended December 31, (In thousands)	2025		2024
Revenues:
Premiums:
Life insurance	$	117,646	118,042
Accident and health insurance	709		761
Net investment income	50,869		49,174
Investment related gains (losses), net	(478)		(1,929)
Other income	6,913		4,534
Total revenues	175,659		170,582
Benefits and expenses:
Insurance benefits paid or provided:
Claims and surrenders	139,017		117,730
Increase (decrease) in future policy benefit reserves	(27,310)		(15,364)
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss	7,175		4,400
Policyholders' dividends	5,214		4,891
Total insurance benefits paid or provided	124,096		111,657
Commissions	22,381		22,333
Other general expenses	22,154		20,818
Capitalization of deferred policy acquisition costs	(21,371)		(21,232)
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	14,017		13,494


Total benefits and expenses	161,277		147,070
Income (loss) before federal income taxes	$	14,382	23,512

In our International Insurance segment, income before federal income tax was $14.4 million in 2025, as compared to $23.5 million in 2024. Maturing endowments over the last several years have negatively impacted renewal premiums and in 2025, we had our highest level of matured endowments, which led to the $21.3 million increase in claims and surrenders. We expect this amount to decrease in 2026 and consistently over the next few years, as these contracts continue to expire.

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Premium breakout is detailed below.


Years ended December 31, (In thousands)	2025		2024
Premiums:
Direct premiums:
First year	$	16,231	15,104
Renewal	103,946		105,352
Total direct premiums	120,177		120,456
Reinsurance	(1,822)		(1,653)
Total premiums	$	118,355	118,803

Direct premiums decreased by $0.3 million in 2025 as compared to 2024 due to the impact the matured endowments have had on renewal premiums. First year premiums continued to grow due to sales of new products.

Our International Insurance segment derives its premiums from policyholders residing in nearly 80 countries worldwide. The following table sets forth our premiums by top locations for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.


Years ended December 31, (In thousands)	2025		2024
International premiums:
Colombia	$	28,115		25,727
Taiwan	14,359			16,690
Ecuador	13,550			13,159
Venezuela	13,322			14,305
Argentina	11,758			10,319
Other	40,135			40,090


Reinsurance and change in premium accruals	(2,884)			(1,487)
Total premiums	$	118,355		118,803

Sales in Taiwan have been declining recently due to leadership succession related difficulties within our primary distribution agency in Taiwan, regulatory challenges and geopolitical shift. We are facing some headwinds in Venezuela that may affect premium revenues due to the strength of the U.S. dollar compared to the local currency and their difficulties to obtain dollars. The recent political instability may cause further decline in this business. We continue to closely monitor emerging trends in our Venezuela business.

Investment Related Gains (Losses), Net. Investment related gains and losses improved in 2025 compared to 2024 largely due to the BlackRock write-down in 2024. These gains and losses are generally a result of the change in estimated fair market value for our limited partnerships, as previously discussed.

Other Income. Other income consists primarily of supplemental contracts issued to policyholders upon the surrender or maturity of their original policies. Supplemental contracts offer our policyholders the opportunity to leave their cash with us and be paid interest at a guaranteed rate or receive an annuity, at their option. As our matured endowments have increased, a growing number of policyholders have chosen to enter into a supplemental contract and thus other income has steadily increased over the last few years.

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Benefits and Expenses.

Claims and surrender benefits breakout is detailed below.


Years ended December 31, (In thousands)	2025		2024
Claims and surrenders:
Death claim benefits	$	2,449	2,231
Surrender benefits	46,170		48,767
Endowment benefits	6,419		7,546
Matured endowment benefits	76,087		52,859
A&H and other policy benefits	7,892		6,327


Total claims and surrenders	$	139,017	117,730

As discussed, the majority of our claims and surrender benefits in this segment were related to payment of matured endowment benefits. Surrender benefits are also a large component of this expense; often as surrender charges expire on endowments after certain periods, policyholders surrender their policies to access the cash value. Surrenders decreased in 2025 compared to 2024, which we believe is due to our retention efforts.

Other General Expenses. General expenses increased due primarily to elevated convention costs and increased consulting related to the campaigns to expand our market to drive long-term value.

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DOMESTIC INSURANCE

Detailed results of operations for the Domestic Insurance segment for the periods indicated are as follows:


Years ended December 31, (In thousands)	2025		2024
Revenues:
Premiums:
Life insurance	$	56,965	53,519
Accident and health insurance	1,051		1,024
Property insurance	—		(18)
Net investment income	20,420		19,654
Investment related gains (losses), net	587		(680)
Other income (loss)	28		(30)
Total revenues	79,051		73,469
Benefits and expenses:
Insurance benefits paid or provided:
Claims and surrenders	26,008		28,352
Increase in future policy benefit reserves	12,453		11,078
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss	(4,602)		356
Policyholders' dividends	336		464
Total insurance benefits paid or provided	34,195		40,250
Commissions	24,884		26,785
Other general expenses	20,936		20,052
Capitalization of deferred policy acquisition costs	(18,430)		(20,070)
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	4,882		3,941
Amortization of cost of insurance acquired	451		597
Total benefits and expenses	66,918		71,555
Income (loss) before federal income taxes	$	12,133	1,914

In our Domestic Insurance segment, income before federal income tax was $12.1 million in 2025, as compared to $1.9 million in 2024. The significant increase was driven by increased premiums and lower insurance benefits paid or provided due to better experience in this segment.

Premium breakout is detailed below.


Years ended December 31, (In thousands)	2025		2024
Life & A&H premiums:
Direct Life & A&H premiums:
First year	$	22,061	17,918
Renewal	46,528		40,467
Total direct life and A&H premiums	68,589		58,385
Reinsurance	(10,573)		(3,842)
Total life and A&H premiums	$	58,016	54,543

Total direct premiums increased in 2025 compared to 2024 due largely to continued first year premium growth in our CLOA final expense business as well as higher renewal premiums due to the large volume of sales in 2024.

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Because of the RGA Agreement, reinsurance premiums ceded also increased significantly, leading to an overall increase in premium revenue in this segment of $3.5 million.

Benefits and Expenses.

Claims and surrender benefits breakout is detailed below.


Years ended December 31, (In thousands)	2025		2024
Claims and surrenders:
Death claim benefits	$	19,618	22,061
Surrender benefits	4,949		4,842
Endowment benefits	5		8
Matured endowment benefits	729		692

A&H and other policy benefits	707		749


Total claims and surrenders	$	26,008	28,352

In our Domestic Insurance segment, the majority of claims and surrender benefits is death claim benefits. Death claim benefits decreased 11% in 2025 compared to 2024 due to a combination of lower volume and our coinsurance agreement with RGA alleviating some of our liability to pay these claims. We did not have the RGA Agreement during a portion of 2024. Mortality experience is closely monitored by the Company as a key performance indicator and fluctuates from quarter-to-quarter based on reported claims.

Policyholder Liability Remeasurement (Gain) Loss. In 2025, remeasurement gain increased significantly as a result of favorable mortality experience compared to our previous assumptions.

Other General Expenses. Other general expenses increased by $0.9 million in 2025 compared to 2024 due to growth in this business.

NON-INSURANCE ENTERPRISES


Years ended December 31, (In thousands)	2025		2024
Income (loss) before federal income tax	$	(9,045)	(10,446)

This operating unit represents the administrative support functions for the insurance operations. Its revenues are primarily intercompany and have been eliminated in consolidation under U.S. GAAP, which typically results in a loss. Revenue in this operating unit consists primarily of net investment income and investment related gains or losses, while expenses consist of other general expenses related to corporate functions. The loss reported for 2025 decreased mostly due to a $3.5 million legal fee incurred during the second quarter of 2024, which did not recur in 2025, though this was somewhat offset by increased equity incentive compensation program from additional participants and a higher share price, which led to greater costs recognized as these awards vest.

INVESTMENTS

Our investments are an integral part of our business success, as we invest the majority of premiums collected to pay for future benefits and rely on net investment income for our ongoing operations. Our cash and invested assets at December 31, 2025 were $1.5 billion, of which 88% was invested in fixed maturity securities, all of which are classified as available-for-sale. We closely monitor the duration of our fixed maturity investments, and investment purchases and sales are executed with the objective of having adequate funds available to satisfy our insurance obligations.

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The following table shows the carrying value of our investments by investment category and cash and cash equivalents and the percentage of each to total cash, cash equivalents and invested assets.


As of December 31, (In thousands, except for %)	2025		%		2024		%
Cash, cash equivalents and invested assets:
Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. Treasury and U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises	$	7,008	0.5	%	$	9,213	0.6	%
Corporate	866,870		59.2		794,989		56.0
Municipal bonds (1)	268,792		18.3		268,302		18.9
Mortgage-backed (2)	111,982		7.6		93,953		6.6
Asset-backed	33,209		2.3		54,504		3.9

Total fixed maturity securities	1,287,861		87.9		1,220,961		86.0

Cash and cash equivalents	22,976		1.6		29,271		2.0
Other investments:
Policy loans	67,455		4.6		71,216		5.0
Equity securities	1,356		0.1		5,447		0.4
Other long-term investments	85,439		5.8		93,604		6.6
Total cash, cash equivalents and invested assets	$	1,465,087	100.0	%	$	1,420,499	100.0	%

(1) Includes $106.9 million and $113.4 million of securities guaranteed by third parties at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(2) Includes $101.1 million and $92.8 million of U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The carrying value of the Company’s fixed maturity securities investment portfolio at December 31, 2025 was $1.3 billion compared to $1.2 billion at December 31, 2024. This increase primarily reflects the impact of interest rate sensitivity on the fair value of our fixed maturity securities. The distribution of the credit ratings of our portfolio of fixed maturity securities by carrying value as of December 31, 2025 did not materially change from December 31, 2024 – the weighted average was “A” at both dates.

Cash and cash equivalents decreased as of December 31, 2025 compared to December 31, 2024 and fluctuate from period to period primarily due to the timing of operating and investing activities.

Other long-term investments decreased to $85.4 million as of December 31, 2025, as compared to $93.6 million as of December 31, 2024 primarily due to the fact that we divested from one of our holdings to invest in new opportunities, including investment grade private placement fixed income securities and structured notes. This reduction was partially counterbalanced by capital contributions to other investments and the impact of changes in the fair market value of our limited partnership holdings.

The following table shows annualized investment yields by segment and on a consolidated basis as of December 31 for each year presented.


Year	International Insurance		Domestic Insurance		Consolidated
2025	4.70	%	4.59	%	4.67	%
2024	4.59	%	4.49	%	4.56	%

Yields on invested assets vary between segment operations due to different portfolio mixes and durations in each segment's portfolio. The consolidated yields include our other non-insurance enterprises. Our fixed maturity investment portfolio, primarily invested in callable securities, has faced challenges due to the sustained low interest rate environment over the past decade. Many securities were called between 2019 and 2021, necessitating

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reinvestment in lower interest rate fixed maturity assets, which has begun and will continue to impact net investment income and yields. However, diversification of our investment portfolio into limited partnership investments helped offset that challenging investment environment.

Credit quality is an important feature of our fixed maturity securities because it directly affects the likelihood that an issuer will repay its debt—and therefore impacts both risk and return in a bond portfolio. Credit ratings are assigned by a Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization ("NRSRO") such as Moody’s Investors Service and Standard & Poor’s. A credit rating assigned by a NRSRO is a quality-based rating, with AAA representing the highest quality (i.e., strong finances and lowest default risk) and D the lowest, with BBB and above being considered high-quality investment grade. If an issuer does not have a NRSRO rating, we may look at credit ratings assigned by the NAIC Securities Valuation Office ("SVO"). Fixed maturity securities that we hold that are rated by the SVO are grouped together with the bonds held in the equivalent NRSRO category, and securities that are not rated by a NRSRO or SVO are included in the "other" category.

The following table shows the credit ratings of our fixed maturity securities portfolio by carrying value.


December 31, (In thousands, except for %)	2025		%		2024		%
AAA	$	46,889	3.6	%	$	36,458	3.0	%
AA	323,248		25.1		332,010		27.2
A	457,705		35.6		393,598		32.2
BBB	443,486		34.4		449,117		36.8
BB and other	16,533		1.3		9,778		0.8
Totals	$	1,287,861	100.0	%	$	1,220,961	100.0	%

Our investment policy requires us to invest primarily in fixed maturity securities that are investment grade. The small percentage of non-investment grade securities that we hold are primarily the result of ratings downgrades. Additionally, in the third quarter of 2025, the Company purchased a structured note that includes a component categorized as non-investment grade fixed maturity securities.

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Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions

18% of the Company’s fixed maturity securities investment portfolio at December 31, 2025 consists of municipal bonds, which are securities that are obligations of states and political subdivisions. A portion of these municipal bonds include third-party guarantees, which enhances a bond's credit rating. A presentation of our municipal bonds by credit rating and third-party guarantee is below.


	December 31, 2025
	General Obligation			Special Revenue		Other		Total		% Based on Amortized Cost
(In thousands, except for %)	Fair Value		Amortized Cost	Fair Value	Amortized Cost	Fair Value	Amortized Cost	Fair Value	Amortized Cost
Municipal fixed maturity securities shown including third-party guarantees:
AAA	$	12,054	11,898	12,837	12,996	3,366	3,235	28,257	28,129	9.6	%
AA	41,346		41,441	111,291	126,886	8,438	8,607	161,075	176,934	60.0
A	2,894		3,148	64,804	73,625	2,143	2,120	69,841	78,893	26.8
BBB	122		124	7,016	7,688	—	—	7,138	7,812	2.7
BB and other	2,446		2,544	35	35	—	—	2,481	2,579	0.9
Total	$	58,862	59,155	195,983	221,230	13,947	13,962	268,792	294,347	100.0	%
Municipal fixed maturity securities shown excluding third-party guarantees:

AA	$	30,747	30,657	37,487	42,910	4,554	4,569	72,788	78,136	26.6
A	13,080		13,297	75,294	84,000	2,975	3,094	91,349	100,391	34.1
BBB	2,588		2,737	20,607	22,014	46	56	23,241	24,807	8.4
BB and other	12,447		12,464	62,595	72,306	6,372	6,243	81,414	91,013	30.9
Total	$	58,862	59,155	195,983	221,230	13,947	13,962	268,792	294,347	100.0	%

The table below shows the categories in which we held investments in special revenue municipal bonds that were greater than 10% of the fair value of our total municipal bond portfolio at December 31, 2025.


(In thousands, except for %)	Fair Value		Amortized Cost	% of Total Fair Value
Education	$	40,029	45,849	14.9	%
Utilities	42,493		46,251	15.8	%
Transportation	32,662		39,555	12.2	%

The Company's municipal bond portfolio consists of bonds from state and political subdivisions in many states; however, as of December 31, 2025, municipal bonds from issuers in Texas and California comprised 21% and 17%, respectively, of the portfolio. There were no other states or individual issuer holdings equal to or greater than 10% of the total municipal bond portfolio as of December 31, 2025.

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The table below reflects our Texas municipal bonds by credit rating at December 31, 2025.


	General Obligation			Special Revenue		Other		Total
(In thousands)	Fair Value		Amortized Cost	Fair Value	Amortized Cost	Fair Value	Amortized Cost	Fair Value	Amortized Cost
Texas state and political subdivision fixed maturity securities including third-party guarantees:
AAA	$	11,548	11,396	2,487	2,496	—	—	14,035	13,892
AA	13,540		13,525	16,229	18,703	46	55	29,815	32,283
A	—		—	10,845	14,730	—	—	10,845	14,730
BBB	—		—	2,948	2,920	—	—	2,948	2,920

Total	$	25,088	24,921	32,509	38,849	46	55	57,643	63,825

Texas state and political subdivision fixed maturity securities excluding third-party guarantees:

AA	$	20,768	20,606	4,242	4,760	—	—	25,010	25,366
A	3,093		3,090	13,011	14,888	—	—	16,104	17,978
BBB	—		—	6,222	6,281	46	55	6,268	6,336
BB and other	1,227		1,225	9,034	12,920	—	—	10,261	14,145
Total	$	25,088	24,921	32,509	38,849	46	55	57,643	63,825

The table below reflects our California municipal bonds by credit rating at December 31, 2025.


	General Obligation			Special Revenue		Other		Total
(In thousands)	Fair Value		Amortized Cost	Fair Value	Amortized Cost	Fair Value	Amortized Cost	Fair Value	Amortized Cost
California state and political subdivision fixed maturity securities including third-party guarantees:

AA	$	2,136	2,108	32,879	39,142	4,571	4,743	39,586	45,993
A	1,329		1,650	5,744	6,584	—	—	7,073	8,234


Total	$	3,465	3,758	38,623	45,726	4,571	4,743	46,659	54,227
California state and political subdivision fixed maturity securities excluding third-party guarantees:

AA	$	461	446	5,505	7,083	732	760	6,698	8,289
A	3,004		3,312	18,606	21,604	1,835	1,975	23,445	26,891

BB and other	—		—	14,512	17,039	2,004	2,008	16,516	19,047
Total	$	3,465	3,758	38,623	45,726	4,571	4,743	46,659	54,227

IMPAIRMENT CONSIDERATIONS RELATED TO INVESTMENTS IN FIXED MATURITY AND EQUITY SECURITIES

We analyze our available-for-sale ("AFS") fixed maturity securities that are experiencing unrealized losses to ascertain if there is an expectation of credit-related impairments. We did not record any credit valuation allowances on fixed maturity securities in either 2025 or 2024.

Gross unrealized losses on AFS fixed maturity securities amounted to $154.3 million as of December 31, 2025 and $185.7 million as of December 31, 2024. The enhancement in gross unrealized losses seen in 2025 stemmed from the rise in average market interest rates at the close of 2025, relative to those at the end of 2024.

Information on both unrealized and realized gains and losses by category is set forth in Part IV. Item 15. Note 2. Investments of the notes to our consolidated financial statements.

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REINSURANCE

Our insurance subsidiaries use reinsurance to share life insurance risks with other companies, reducing exposure beyond their chosen retention limits and managing statutory capital. The Company periodically reviews and may adjust its retention levels, which can affect ceded premiums and revenues. Despite reinsurance, our subsidiaries remain responsible for policy obligations and may be liable if reinsurers fail to meet their commitments.

By evaluating our surplus in relation to the insured liabilities we maintain after retention, we consider our reinsurance arrangements to adequately provide for flexibility of strategy while protecting against downside risk.

The effect of reinsurance on premiums is as follows.


Years ended December 31, (In thousands)	2025		2024
Direct premiums	$	188,766	178,836
Reinsurance assumed	51		67
Reinsurance ceded	(12,446)		(5,575)
Net premiums	$	176,371	173,328

Our insurance subsidiaries monitor the solvency of their reinsurers to minimize the risk of loss in the event of default by a reinsurer. The primary reinsurers of our insurance subsidiaries are large, well-capitalized entities who have ratings by A.M. Best Company ranging from A- (Excellent) to A+ (Superior).

The effect of reinsurance on life insurance in force is as follows.


As of December 31, (In millions)	2025		2024
Direct written life insurance in force	$	5,432	5,228
Reinsurance assumed	3		3
Reinsurance ceded	(910)		(821)
Net life insurance in force	$	4,525	4,410

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Below are our primary capital resources (based on carrying value) at December 31, 2025 and 2024.


(In thousands)	2025		2024
Fixed maturity securities	$	1,287,861	1,220,961
Cash and cash equivalents	22,976		29,271

Liquidity refers to a company's ability to generate sufficient cash flows to meet the needs of its operations. Cash provided by operating activities is an important liquidity metric because it reflects, during a given period, the amount of cash generated that is available to pay operating expenses, invest in our business or make strategic acquisitions. We manage our insurance operations as described herein in order to ensure that we have stable and reliable sources of cash flows to meet our obligations. In the year ended December 31, 2025, our operations provided $18.0 million of net cash.

We currently anticipate meeting our short-term and long-term cash needs with cash generated by our insurance operations and from our invested assets. 89% of our investments consist of marketable fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale that could be readily converted to cash for liquidity needs. Additionally, we may raise capital by selling shares in our SIP (as defined below) and may access our Credit Facility if needed (also as described below). Citizens had no debt at December 31, 2025.

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We have traditionally also had significant cash flows from both scheduled and unscheduled investment security maturities, redemptions, and prepayments. These cash flows, for the most part, are reinvested in new investments. The investing activities fluctuate from period to period due to timing of securities activities such as calls and maturities and reinvestment of those funds. We purchased $170.4 million of fixed maturity securities and we also used $17.0 million to purchase other long-term investments in 2025.

PARENT COMPANY LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Citizens is a holding company and has minimal operations of its own. Our assets consist of the capital stock of our subsidiaries, cash and investments. Our liquidity requirements are met primarily from two sources: cash generated from our operating subsidiaries and our invested assets. Our ability to obtain cash from our insurance subsidiaries depends primarily upon the availability of statutorily permissible payments, including payments we receive from service agreements with our insurance subsidiaries and dividends from the subsidiaries. The ability to make payments to the holding company is limited by applicable laws of the U.S. states of domicile and by the Puerto Rico Office of Commissioner of Insurance, which all subject insurance operations to significant regulatory restrictions. As discussed in Part I. Item 1. Business and Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors, these laws and regulations require, among other things, that our insurance subsidiaries maintain minimum solvency or premium to surplus ratio requirements, which limit the amount of dividends that can be paid to the holding company. The regulations also require approval of our service agreements with the applicable regulatory authority in order to prevent insurance subsidiaries from moving large amounts of cash to the less regulated holding company.

In addition to the above-mentioned sources of cash, we offer a Stock Investment Plan ("SIP"), which allows investors, policyholders, independent contractors and agents, employees and directors to directly purchase our stock. At our option, purchases of stock under the SIP can be made from newly issued or treasury stock, rather than in the open market, in which case, we can raise capital by selling our shares.

We renewed our Credit Facility with Regions Bank on May 3, 2024 for an additional three years. See Part IV. Item 15. Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies in the notes to our consolidated financial statements, herein, for a description of the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility provides additional liquidity to the Company for short-term or longer-term needs. As of December 31, 2025, we have not borrowed any money under the Credit Facility.

INSURANCE COMPANY SUBSIDIARY LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

The liquidity requirements of our insurance operations are primarily met by premium revenues, investment income and proceeds from investment maturities, calls or sales. Primary cash needs are for payments of policyholder benefits, investment purchases, and operating expenses. We manage our insurance operations in order to ensure that we have stable and reliable sources of cash flow to meet our obligations. As we have discussed, we have been growing our domestic CLOA business by developing new products and expanding our distribution channels, which has led to significant increases in first year premiums (i.e., new sales) in our Domestic Insurance segment in the last two years. When selling new policies, we incur upfront policy acquisition costs, such as agent commission payments. While historically, cash flows from our operations have been sufficient to meet our cash needs, we entered into the RGA Agreement to help with some of the costs, and the insurance subsidiaries also have the available-for-sale fixed maturity investment portfolio available to create additional cash flows if required. Two of our insurance subsidiaries are members of the Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") of Dallas. FHLB membership provides the insurance subsidiaries with access to various low-cost collateralized borrowings and funding agreements. While not the only source of additional liquidity, the FHLB could provide the insurance subsidiaries with an additional source of liquidity, if needed.

We believe that we have adequate capital resources and ability to obtain additional capital if needed to support the short-term and longer-term liquidity requirements of our insurance operations. See Contractual Obligations and Off-balance Sheet Arrangements below for a discussion of known and estimated cash needs. Cash flow projections and cash flow tests under various market interest rate scenarios are performed annually to assist in evaluating liquidity needs and adequacy.

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Trends, Demands and Restrictions on our Uses of Cash

Payments of benefits for claims and surrenders are our largest use of cash. There are three primary components of these payments: death claims, surrenders and matured endowments.

Matured Endowments. Our endowment products have contractual maturity dates and provide the policyholder with alternatives once the policy matures - they can choose to take a lump sum payout or leave the money on deposit at interest with the Company. Approximately 15% of the endowments in force will mature in the next five years, totaling approximately 5% of our in force business as of December 31, 2025. Policyholder election behavior is unknown, but if too many policyholders elect lump sum distributions, the Company could be exposed to liquidity risk in years of high maturities. Meeting these distributions could require the Company to sell its investments at inopportune times to pay policyholder withdrawals. Alternatively, if the policyholders were to leave the money on deposit with the Company at interest, our profitability could be impacted if the product guaranteed rate is higher than the market rate we are earning on our investments. We currently anticipate that our available operating cash flow and capital resources will be adequate to meet our needs for funds, and we are closely monitoring our policyholder behavior patterns, and in 2024, introduced a new product designed to allow policyholders with maturing endowments to purchase a new life insurance policy.

Surrenders. Surrender benefits, which have been high the last several years, slightly decreased during 2025. In order to mitigate the risk of early policyholder surrenders, we include provisions in our insurance policies, such as surrender charges, that help limit and discourage early withdrawals, but as many of our policies reach the age where surrender charges have expired or significantly decreased, we have experienced high levels of surrenders. We believe that surrenders have been high due to other reasons, including the loss of one of our biggest distributors in Venezuela in 2018, increasing interest rates, which may encourage policyholders to seek higher rates of return in different investment products, post-pandemic beliefs that life insurance may not be as important as it was during the pandemic, and inflationary pressures, which may cause policyholders to want the cash values of their policies due to decreased purchasing power elsewhere. To the extent that early surrenders are higher than expected, our use of cash could be higher than expected. We continue to monitor surrenders and early withdrawals and focus on our retention initiatives and efforts to retain cash when policyholders surrender their policies.

Our liquidity is also negatively impacted with high matured endowments and surrenders, as they lead to lower renewal premiums.

Death Claims. Our product pricing assumes a certain mortality rate and thus a primary liquidity concern is the risk of higher than expected mortality experience. Our death benefit payments decreased in the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to 2024, partially as a result of RGA paying a portion of the death benefits pursuant to the RGA Agreement.

Commissions. Another significant use of cash is payment of commissions. In our Domestic Insurance segment, we pay advance commissions on some of our insurance products, meaning we pay an agent a portion of their first-year commission immediately upon sale of a policy, rather than "as earned", or when premiums are received by us. Because of this, another liquidity concern is that rapid growth in first year sales of these products creates a significant increase in commission payments. Since CLOA sales have increased significantly since the third quarter of 2023, in order to offset some of this strain on our capital, we entered into the RGA Agreement in the second quarter of 2024 and elected to cede 50% of our final expense business to RGA. We may also seek other options, such as loans at the holding company level (from the Credit Facility or otherwise) that would allow us to reduce the liquidity risk should required commission payments exceed current resources.

See Part IV. Item 15. Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies, as well as Part I. Item 3. Legal Proceedings - Trade Secret Lawsuit, for a discussion of the trade secret lawsuit, which could negatively impact our cash if we do not succeed in our appeal.

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Regulatory Restrictions on our Use of Cash

As discussed above, we are subject to regulatory capital requirements that could affect the Company’s ability to access capital from our insurance operations or cause the Company to have to put additional cash in our wholly-owned subsidiaries.

Our domestic companies are subject to minimum capital requirements set by the NAIC in the form of risk-based capital ("RBC"). RBC considers the type of business written by an insurance company, the quality of its assets, and various other aspects of an insurance company's business to develop a minimum level of capital called "Authorized Control Level Risk-Based Capital". This level of capital is then compared to an adjusted statutory capital that includes capital and surplus as reported under statutory accounting principles, plus certain investment reserves. Should the ratio of adjusted statutory capital to control level RBC fall below 200% for our domestic companies, a series of remedial actions by the affected company would be required. Additionally, we have a Capital Maintenance Agreement between Citizens and CLOA, Citizens' wholly-owned subsidiary domiciled in Colorado, that would require Citizens to contribute capital to CLOA in order to maintain a RBC level above 350%. At December 31, 2025, our domestic insurance subsidiaries were above the required minimum RBC levels and CLOA was above 350%.

CICA International is a Puerto Rico domiciled company. The Insurance Code of Puerto Rico does not specifically set forth minimum capital and surplus standards, but rather requires that an insurer submit a business plan for approval to the OIC that includes proposed minimum capital and surplus. CICA International is required to maintain a minimum of $750,000 in capital and maintain a premium to surplus ratio of 7 to 1. At December 31, 2025, CICA International exceeded the required minimum capital and related ratio.

Any capital that Citizens is required to contribute to its insurance subsidiaries would negatively impact the holding Company's capital resources and liquidity.

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AND OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

As a life insurance company, the vast majority of our known contractual and other obligations relate to our future policy benefits payable. These amounts have been projected utilizing assumptions based upon our historical experience and anticipated future experience. Because life insurance is a long-duration product, we believe that 81% of our future policy benefit reserves will be payable in more than 5 years, due to the ages of our insureds, years to policy maturity, and our past experience with persistency, claims and surrenders.

Expected timing of those payments and other known obligations are as follows:


Year ended December 31, 2025 (In thousands)	Total		Less than 1 Year	1 to 3 Years	3 to 5 Years	More than 5 Years
Contractual Obligations:
Investment commitments	$	10,909	4,532	2,924	1,625	1,828
Real estate leases	7,868		1,602	3,251	3,015	—








Future policy benefit reserves	1,453,366		72,771	106,563	100,081	1,173,951



Policy claims payable	8,772		8,772	—	—	—

Other obligations	4,800		4,800	—	—	—
Total contractual obligations	$	1,485,715	92,477	112,738	104,721	1,175,779

Other Obligations. Other obligations are related to the legal accrual for litigation expense awarded in the trade secret lawsuit, as disclosed in Part I. Item 3. Legal Proceedings and in Part IV. Item 15. Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies of the notes to consolidated financial statements.

The Company does not have off-balance sheet arrangements at December 31, 2025. We do not utilize special purpose entities as investment vehicles, nor do we invest in any such entities that engage in speculative activities of any nature. In addition, we do not hedge our investment positions.

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We have no known material cash requirements other than those described above.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and related disclosures. Management considers an accounting estimate to be critical if: (1) it requires assumptions to be made that were uncertain at the time the estimate was made; and (2) changes in the estimate, or different estimates that could have been selected, could have a material effect on our consolidated results of operations or financial condition. While we believe that our estimates, assumptions and judgments are reasonable, they are based on information presently available. Changes in our assumptions, estimates or assessments as a result of unforeseen events or otherwise could have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.

Management has discussed the development and selection of its critical accounting estimates with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, and the Audit Committee has reviewed the disclosure presented. See Part IV. Item 15. Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for further information on our accounting policies.

VALUATION OF INVESTMENTS IN FIXED MATURITY SECURITIES

Based upon current accounting guidance, investment securities must be classified as held-to-maturity, available-for-sale ("AFS") or trading. Management determines the appropriate classification at the time of purchase. The classification of securities is significant since it directly impacts the accounting for unrealized gains and losses on securities. Fixed maturity securities are classified as held-to-maturity and carried at amortized cost when management has the positive intent and the Company has the ability to hold the securities to maturity. The Company currently does not hold any fixed maturity securities classified as held-to-maturity. Fixed maturity securities classified as AFS are carried at fair value, with the unrealized holding gains and losses, net of tax, reported in other comprehensive income (loss) and are not reported in earnings until realized. Our fixed maturity securities consist primarily of bonds classified as AFS.

The Company monitors all fixed maturity securities on an on-going basis relative to changes in credit ratings, market prices, earnings trends and financial performance, in addition to specific region or industry reviews. The Company evaluates whether a credit impairment exists for fixed maturity securities by considering primarily the following factors: (a) changes in the financial condition of the security's underlying collateral; (b) whether the issuer is current on contractually obligated interest and principal payments; (c) changes in the financial condition, credit rating and near-term prospects of the issuer; and (d) the payment structure of the security. The Company's best estimate of expected future cash flows used to determine the credit loss amount is a quantitative and qualitative process. Quantitative review includes information received from third-party sources such as financial statements, pricing and rating changes, liquidity and other statistical information. Qualitative factors include judgments related to business strategies, economic impacts on the issuer, overall judgment related to estimates and industry factors as well as the Company's intent to sell the security, or if it is more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell a security before recovery of its amortized cost.

The Company's best estimate of future cash flows involves assumptions including, but not limited to, various performance indicators, such as historical and projected default and recovery rates, credit ratings, and current delinquency rates. These assumptions require the use of significant management judgment and include the probability of issuer default and estimates regarding timing and amount of expected recoveries, which may include estimating the underlying collateral value. In addition, projections of expected future fixed maturity security cash flows may change based upon new information regarding the performance of the issuer. Any credit losses are presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down of AFS fixed maturity securities.

DEFERRED POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS

Deferred policy acquisition costs ("DAC") are costs that are incremental and directly related to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts. Such costs include the incremental direct costs of contract acquisition, such as sales commissions; the portion of employees’ total compensation and payroll-related fringe benefits related directly to time spent performing acquisition activities, such as underwriting, issuing, and processing

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policies for contracts that have actually been acquired; and other costs related directly to acquisition activities that would not have been incurred if the contract had not been acquired.

Inherent in the capitalization and amortization of DAC are certain management judgments about what acquisition costs are deferred, the ending asset balance and the annual amortization. Approximately 92% of our capitalized DAC are attributed to first year and renewal excess commissions. The remaining 8% are attributed to other costs that vary with and are directly related to the successful acquisition of new insurance business. Those costs generally include costs related to the production, underwriting and issuance of new business.

DAC is amortized on a constant level basis over the expected term of the related contracts to approximate straight-line amortization. For CICA International and CLOA, the constant level basis used is policy count in force. For SPLIC, the constant level basis used is face amount in force. The constant level bases used for amortization are projected using mortality and lapse assumptions that are based on the Company’s experience, industry data, and other factors at the end of each reporting period and are consistent with those used for the liability for future policy benefit life reserves. Annually, the Company completes experience studies to evaluate mortality and lapse assumptions. If those assumptions are updated, the DAC amortization basis is recalculated and the impact of the assumption change will be reflected in the cohort level amortization in future periods.

POLICY LIABILITIES

As premium revenue is recognized, a liability for future policy benefits is accrued. The liability for a future policy benefit is the present value of estimated future policy benefits to be paid to or on behalf of policyholders less the present value of estimated future net premiums to be collected from policyholders. The liability is estimated using current assumptions that include investment yields, discount rate, mortality, lapses and withdrawals. These current assumptions are based on judgments that consider the Company’s historical experience, industry data, and other factors. Annually, the Company completes experience studies to evaluate mortality and lapse assumptions. The results of these studies are used to update current year best estimate assumptions used in establishing benefit liabilities and DAC.

The current discount rate assumption is a yield curve that equals the yield of an upper-medium grade fixed income instrument, based on A-quality corporate bonds. The current discount rate assumption is updated quarterly and used to remeasure the liability at the reporting date, with the resulting change reflected in other comprehensive income. For liability cash flows that are projected beyond the duration of market-observable A credit-rated fixed-income instruments, the Company uses the last market-observable yield level and uses linear interpolation to determine yield assumptions for durations that do not have market observable yields. The locked-in discount rate for policies issued prior to the LDTI transition date equals the rate set at contract issuance. For current year issues, the locked-in discount rate is the average of the current year quarterly discount rates and will change throughout the year as new discount rates are calculated, with the change reflected in net income.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

See Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data and "Accounting Pronouncements" in Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the notes to our consolidated financial statements.

Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

As a smaller reporting company, we have elected to comply with certain scaled disclosure reporting obligations and therefore are not required to provide the information required by this Item.

Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Reference is made to the consolidated financial statements, the notes thereto, and the report of our independent registered public accounting firm, as listed on the table of contents.

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All other schedules have been omitted as the required information is inapplicable or the information required is presented in the financial statements or the notes thereto filed elsewhere herein.

Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

(a) EVALUATION OF DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act")) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act as of December 31, 2025, the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2025 to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC and such information is accumulated and reported to management, including our principal executive and financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding disclosure.

(b) MANAGEMENT REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management evaluated the design and operating effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO"). Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 was effective.

Grant Thornton LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025. Their attestation report is included in Item 9A(c) of this Annual Report.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Board of Directors and Stockholders

Citizens, Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Citizens, Inc. (a Colorado corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO"). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by COSO.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB"), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025, and our report dated March 12, 2026, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

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become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

Fort Lauderdale, Florida

March 12, 2026

(d) CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

During the three months ended December 31, 2025, none of the Company’s directors or executive officers adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of Citizens, Inc. securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement.”

Item 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.

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PART III

The information in this Part III indicated below is incorporated by reference from other sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or from our definitive proxy statement pursuant to General Instruction G(3) of Form 10-K. We plan to file our definitive proxy statement for our 2026 annual meeting of shareholders within 120 days after December 31, 2025.

Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Item 10 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K incorporates by reference the information in the sections entitled "Board of Directors", "Corporate Governance", "Executive Officers" and "Other Matters" in our Proxy Statement.

Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Item 11 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K incorporates by reference the information in the sections entitled "Board of Directors - Director Compensation", "Corporate Governance - Board Processes - Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation" and "Executive Compensation" in our Proxy Statement.

Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

Item 12 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K incorporates by reference the information in the sections entitled "Stock Ownership Information" and "Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans" in our Proxy Statement.

Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

Item 13 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K incorporates by reference the information in the section entitled "Corporate Governance" in our Proxy Statement.

Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

Item 14 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K incorporates by reference the information in the section entitled "Audit Committee Matters" in our Proxy Statement.

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PART IV

Item 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a)Documents filed as part of this Report

(1) and (2) Financial Statements and Schedules

The financial statements and schedules listed on the following index to financial statements and financial statement schedules are filed under Part III. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data as part of this Form 10-K.


Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules			Page Reference
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 248)			55
Financial Statements at December 31, 2025 and 2024 and for the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:
Consolidated Balance Sheets			57
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)			59
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity			60
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows			61
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies			63
Note 2: Investments			69
Note 3: Fair Value Measurements			74
Note 4: Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs & Cost of Insurance Acquired			78
Note 5: Policyholders' Liabilities			80
Note 6: Policy Claim Liability			87
Note 7: Reinsurance			87
Note 8: Commitments and Contingencies			88
Note 9: Stockholders' Equity and Restrictions			90
Note 10: Segment and Other Operating Information			92
Note 11: Income Taxes			95
Note 12: Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			98
Note 13: Stock Compensation			99
Note 14: Benefit Plans			100
Note 15: Related Party Transactions			100
Note 16: Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited)			101
Note 17: Subsequent Events			101
Financial Statement Schedules at December 31, 2025 and 2024 and for the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:
Schedule II – Condensed Financial Information of Registrant			102
Schedule III – Consolidated Supplementary Insurance Information			105
Schedule IV – Consolidated Schedule of Reinsurance			106

All other schedules have been omitted because the required information is inapplicable or the information required is presented in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto filed elsewhere herein.

(3) Exhibits

See the Index of Exhibits.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Board of Directors and Stockholders

Citizens, Inc.

Opinion on the financial statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Citizens, Inc. (a Colorado corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes and financial statement schedules included under Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), and our report dated March 12, 2026 expressed an unqualified opinion.

Basis for opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical audit matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Assumptions used in the Estimation of the Liability for Future Policy Benefit Reserves - Life Insurance

As described further in Notes 1 and 5 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company estimates a liability for future policy benefit reserves which is calculated as the present value of estimated future policy benefits to be paid to or on behalf of policyholders of life insurance contracts, less the present value of estimated future net premiums to be collected from policyholders on those same life insurance contracts. Management’s estimate of the liability for future policy benefit reserves for life insurance was $1.19 billion as of December 31, 2025. The liability is estimated using actuarial assumptions including those for mortality and lapse. Changes to the mortality and lapse assumptions impact both the timing and amount of estimated future policy benefits to be paid and future net premiums to be collected from policyholders on life insurance contracts. These assumptions, which are updated annually, are based

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on judgments that consider the Company’s historical experience, industry data and other factors. We identified the updating of the mortality and lapse assumptions used in the estimation of the liability for future policy benefit reserves – life insurance as a critical audit matter.

The principal considerations for our determination that the updating of the mortality and lapse assumptions used in the estimation of the liability for future policy benefit reserves for life insurance contracts is a critical audit matter is that the updating of these assumptions requires management to make significant assumptions regarding mortality and lapse based on historical experience, industry data and other factors. As such, auditing the updating of such assumptions involved subjective and complex auditor judgment, including the involvement of an actuarial specialist to assess the reasonableness of these assumptions.

Our audit procedures related to the updating of the mortality and lapse assumptions used in the estimation of the liability for future policy benefit reserves - life insurance included the following, among others.

•We tested the design and operating effectiveness of management’s review control over the mortality and lapse assumption updating and approval processes.

•With the assistance of an actuarial specialist, we evaluated management’s methodologies and assessed the reasonableness of the assumptions for mortality and lapse used in management’s calculation of future policy benefit reserves on life insurance contracts.

/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2021.

Fort Lauderdale, Florida

March 12, 2026

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CITIZENS, INC. AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Balance Sheets
December 31, (In thousands)	2025		2024
Assets:
Investments:
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost: $1,432,454 and $1,401,301 in 2025 and 2024, respectively)	$	1,287,861	1,220,961

Equity securities, at fair value	1,356		5,447

Policy loans	67,455		71,216


Other long-term investments (portion measured at fair value $85,157 and $93,337 in 2025 and 2024, respectively)	85,439		93,604

Total investments	1,442,111		1,391,228
Cash and cash equivalents (restricted portion: $1,554 in 2025 and 2024)	22,976		29,271
Accrued investment income	18,241		17,546
Receivable for securities	90		—
Reinsurance recoverable	10,874		6,941
Deferred policy acquisition costs	220,537		199,635
Cost of insurance acquired	8,995		9,446


Federal income tax receivable	624		148

Property and equipment, net	9,835		10,574
Due premiums	11,299		11,721

Other assets (less allowance for losses of $740 and $516 in 2025 and 2024, respectively)	9,178		8,815
Total assets	$	1,754,760	1,685,325

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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CITIZENS, INC. AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Balance Sheets
December 31, continued (In thousands, except share amounts)	2025		2024
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity:
Liabilities:
Policy liabilities:
Future policy benefit reserves:
Life insurance	$	1,188,089	1,172,034
Accident and health insurance	1,338		1,071
Total future policy benefit reserves	1,189,427		1,173,105
Policyholders' funds:
Annuities	175,569		149,977
Dividend accumulations	51,360		47,768
Premiums paid in advance	29,055		31,182
Policy claims payable	8,772		8,822
Other policyholders' funds	7,955		7,271
Total policyholders' funds	272,711		245,020
Total policy liabilities	1,462,138		1,418,125
Commissions payable	4,186		4,546
Deferred federal income tax liability, net	5,996		3,442


Other liabilities	47,455		48,857
Total liabilities	1,519,775		1,474,970
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 7 and 8)
Stockholders' Equity:
Common stock:
Class A, no par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 54,625,652 and 54,235,165 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, including shares in treasury of 4,327,810 in 2025 and 2024	272,294		269,799
Class B, no par value, 2,000,000 shares authorized, 1,001,714 shares issued and outstanding in 2025 and 2024, including shares in treasury of 1,001,714 in 2025 and 2024	3,184		3,184
Retained earnings	71,653		57,062
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(88,421)		(95,965)
Treasury stock, at cost	(23,725)		(23,725)
Total stockholders' equity	234,985		210,355
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	1,754,760	1,685,325

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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CITIZENS, INC. AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Years Ended December 31, (In thousands, except share amounts)	2025		2024
Revenues:
Premiums	$	176,371	173,328



Net investment income	72,039		69,712
Investment related gains (losses), net	140		(2,626)

Other income	7,066		4,587
Total revenues	255,616		245,001
Benefits and Expenses:
Insurance benefits paid or provided:
Claims and surrenders	165,025		146,082
Increase (decrease) in future policy benefit reserves	(14,857)		(4,286)
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss	2,573		4,756
Policyholders' dividends	5,550		5,355
Total insurance benefits paid or provided	158,291		151,907
Commissions	47,265		49,118
Other general expenses	53,041		52,266
Capitalization of deferred policy acquisition costs	(39,801)		(41,302)
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	18,899		17,435
Amortization of cost of insurance acquired	451		597
Total benefits and expenses	238,146		230,021
Income before federal income tax	17,470		14,980
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	2,879		68
Net income	14,591		14,912

Per Share Amounts:
Basic earnings per share Class A common stock	$	0.29	0.30
Diluted earnings per share Class A common stock	0.28		0.29

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss):
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities:
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during period	36,097		(30,982)
Reclassification adjustment for losses (gains) included in net income	(349)		699
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities, net	35,748		(30,283)
Change in current discount rate for liability for future policy benefits	(27,117)		56,613
Income tax expense (benefit) on other comprehensive income items	1,087		4,140
Other comprehensive income (loss)	7,544		22,190
Total comprehensive income (loss)	$	22,135	37,102

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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CITIZENS, INC. AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

Common Stock

Retained Earnings

Accumulated

Other

Comprehensive

Income (Loss)

Treasury

Stock

Total

Stockholders'

Equity

(In thousands)

Class A

Class B















Balance at December 31, 2023	$	268,675	3,184	42,150	(118,155)	(23,725)	172,129
Comprehensive income (loss):
Net income (loss)	—		—	14,912	—	—	14,912
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—	—	22,190	—	22,190
Total comprehensive income (loss)	—		—	14,912	22,190	—	37,102


Stock-based compensation	1,124		—	—	—	—	1,124

Balance at December 31, 2024	269,799		3,184	57,062	(95,965)	(23,725)	210,355
Comprehensive income (loss):
Net income (loss)	—		—	14,591	—	—	14,591
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—	—	7,544	—	7,544
Total comprehensive income (loss)	—		—	14,591	7,544	—	22,135


Stock-based compensation	2,495		—	—	—	—	2,495

Balance at December 31, 2025	$	272,294	3,184	71,653	(88,421)	(23,725)	234,985

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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CITIZENS, INC. AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows


Years Ended December 31, (In thousands)	2025		2024
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income	$	14,591	14,912
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Investment related (gains) losses on sales of investments and other assets, net	(140)		2,626
Net deferred policy acquisition costs	(20,902)		(23,867)
Amortization of cost of insurance acquired	451		597
Depreciation	741		619
Amortization of premiums and discounts on investments	4,436		5,116
Stock-based compensation	2,774		1,517
Deferred federal income tax expense (benefit)	1,467		(1,800)

Change in:
Accrued investment income	(695)		(186)
Reinsurance recoverable	(3,933)		(2,950)
Due premiums	422		(457)
Future policy benefit reserves	(10,795)		(423)
Other policyholders' liabilities	32,022		22,476
Federal income tax payable	(476)		1,398
Commissions payable and other liabilities	(1,332)		13,754
Other, net	(645)		(1,414)
Net cash provided by operating activities	17,986		31,918
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Sales of fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	94,668		15,161
Maturities and calls of fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	40,573		51,234

Purchases of fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	(170,432)		(84,412)

Purchases of equity securities	(120)		—
Sales of equity securities	4,482		—
Principal payments on mortgage loans	9		9

(Increase) decrease in policy loans, net	3,761		4,143
Sales of other long-term investments	24,857		3,565
Purchases of other long-term investments	(17,023)		(16,210)
Purchases of property and equipment	(447)		(663)




Net cash used in investing activities	(19,672)		(27,173)

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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CITIZENS, INC. AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, Continued


Years Ended December 31, (In thousands)	2025		2024
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:

Annuity deposits	$	2,419	7,500
Annuity withdrawals	(6,750)		(9,578)


Other share repurchases	(278)		(393)
Net cash used in financing activities	(4,609)		(2,471)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	(6,295)		2,274
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	29,271		26,997
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$	22,976	29,271

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF OPERATING ACTIVITIES:

Cash paid for income taxes during 2025 and 2024 was $1.9 million and $0.5 million, respectively.

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF NONCASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:

During 2025 and 2024, various fixed maturity issuers exchanged securities with book values of $16.0 million and $3.7 million, respectively, for securities of equal value.

The Company had $0.1 million net unsettled security trades at December 31, 2025 and none at December 31, 2024.

The Company recognized $0.9 million right-of-use assets in exchange for new operating lease liabilities during 2025 and none during 2024.

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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CITIZENS, INC.			NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(1) SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND CONSOLIDATION

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of Citizens, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP").

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts and operations of Citizens, Inc. ("Citizens" or the "Company"), a Colorado corporation, and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, CICA Life Insurance Company of America ("CLOA"), CICA Life Ltd. ("CICA Bermuda"), Security Plan Life Insurance Company ("SPLIC"), Security Plan Fire Insurance Company ("SPFIC"), Magnolia Guaranty Life Insurance Company ("MGLIC"), Computing Technology, Inc. ("CTI"), Nexo Global Services LLC, a Puerto Rico holding company ("Nexo") and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, CICA Life A.I., a Puerto Rico company ("CICA International") and Nexo Enrollment Services LLC, a Puerto Rico service company ("NES"). All significant inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Citizens and its wholly-owned subsidiaries are collectively referred to as the "Company," "we," "it," "us," or "our".

Reportable Segments and Reclassification of Prior Year Presentation

These changes align our segments with how we currently manage our business and better reflect the Company’s long-term growth strategy and optimize resource allocation across these segments. The information that our chief operating decision maker is regularly provided and reviews for purposes of allocating resources and assessing performance reflects these segment changes. Consequently, historical segment data has been recast to conform to the way we currently internally manage and monitor our business. For further information, see Note 10 . Segment and Other Operating Information.

The recast of prior period information had no impact on our consolidated balance sheets, consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), or consolidated cash flows statements.

International Insurance. All International policies are issued by CICA International. CICA International offers U.S. dollar-denominated products to non-U.S. residents/citizens internationally, including endowment products, which are principally accumulation contracts that incorporate an element of life insurance protection and whole life insurance. These contracts are designed to provide a fixed amount of insurance coverage over the life of the insured and may utilize rider benefits to provide additional increasing or decreasing coverage and annuity benefits to enhance accumulations.

NES provides services to policyholders of CICA International.

Domestic Insurance. Our Domestic Insurance segment operates through our subsidiaries CLOA, which issues whole life, final expense and life products with living benefits throughout the U.S. and SPLIC and MGLIC, which focus on the life insurance needs of the lower-income markets, primarily in Louisiana, Mississippi and Arkansas. Prior to June 30, 2023, SPFIC issued dwelling and contents property insurance policies. As of June 30, 2023, the Company ceased all operations for SPFIC and SPFIC was dissolved in 2024.

CTI provides data processing systems and services to the Company.

SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

INVESTMENTS

Investment securities are classified as held-to-maturity ("HTM"), available-for-sale ("AFS") or trading. Management determines the appropriate classification at the time of purchase. The classification of securities is significant since it directly impacts the accounting for unrealized gains and losses on securities. Fixed maturity securities are classified as HTM and carried at amortized cost when management has the positive intent and the Company has the ability to hold the securities to maturity. Securities classified as AFS are carried at fair value, with the unrealized

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CITIZENS, INC.			NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
			(Continued)

holding gains and losses, net of tax, reported in other comprehensive income (loss) and are not reported in earnings until realized. Our fixed maturity securities consist primarily of bonds classified as AFS. The Company does not classify any fixed maturity securities as trading or as HTM. Equity securities are measured at fair value with the change in fair value recorded through the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

Unrealized gains (losses) of fixed maturity securities held as AFS are shown as a separate component of stockholders' equity, net of tax, and is a separate component of other comprehensive income (loss).

The Company assesses AFS fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position for expected credit losses. First, we assess whether we intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost. If either of the criteria is met, the security's amortized cost is reduced to its fair value. For AFS fixed maturity securities that do not meet either criteria, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If management deems a credit loss has occurred, the impairment is recorded through an allowance for credit losses rather than as a write-down. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded through investment related gains and losses. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on our consolidated balance sheets.

The Company made a policy election to exclude accrued interest from the amortized cost of AFS fixed maturity securities and report accrued interest separately in accrued investment income on the consolidated balance sheets. AFS fixed maturity securities are placed on non-accrual status when we no longer expect to receive all contractual amounts due. Accrued interest receivable is reversed against interest income when a security is placed on non-accrual status. Accordingly, we do not recognize an allowance for credit loss against accrued interest receivable.

Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted over the life of the related security as an adjustment to yield using the effective interest method. Dividend and interest income are recognized when earned. Realized gains and losses are included in earnings and are derived using the specific identification method for determining the cost of securities sold.

The Company from time to time may dispose of an impaired security in response to asset/liability management decisions, future market movements, business plan changes, or if the net proceeds can be reinvested at a rate of return that is expected to recover the loss within a reasonable period of time.

Policy loans are reported at unpaid principal balances.

Other long-term investments consist primarily of investments in limited partnerships, Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") common stock and mortgage loans. We initially estimate the fair value of investments in limited partnerships by reference to the transaction price. Subsequently, we obtain the fair value of these investments from net asset value information provided by the general partner or manager of the investments, the financial statements of which are audited annually. Recognition of investment income on these funds is delayed due to the availability of the related financial statements, which are generally obtained from the partnerships' general partners. As a result, our limited partnerships are generally reported on a three-month delay.

We are a member of the FHLB of Dallas and such membership requires members to own stock in the FHLB. Our FHLB stock is carried at amortized cost, which approximates fair value.

Mortgage loans on real estate are reported at unpaid principal balances.

The Company had restricted cash equivalents and fixed maturity securities with an aggregate fair value of $8.1 million and $7.9 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, on deposit with various state regulatory authorities to fulfill statutory requirements.

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

Cash consists of balances on hand and on deposit in banks and financial institutions. Cash equivalents consist of securities whose duration does not exceed 90 days at the date of acquisition. Restricted cash represents amounts

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CITIZENS, INC.			NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
			(Continued)

on deposit with state regulatory authorities noted above and our appeal bond discussed in Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies.

REINSURANCE RECOVERABLE

Reinsurance recoverable includes expected reimbursements for policyholder claim amounts in excess of the Company's retention, as well as profit sharing and experience refund accruals. Reinsurance recoverable is reduced for estimated uncollectible amounts, if any.

Reinsurance premiums, benefits and expenses are accounted for on a basis consistent with those used in accounting for the original policies issued and the terms of the reinsurance contracts. The cost of reinsurance related to long duration contracts is accounted for over the life of the underlying reinsured policies using assumptions consistent with those used to account for the underlying policies. The cost of reinsurance related to short duration contracts is accounted for over the coverage period. Profit-sharing and similar adjustable provisions are accrued based on the experience of the underlying policies.

DEFERRED POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS

Deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”) are costs that are incremental and directly related to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts. Such costs include the incremental direct costs of contract acquisition, such as sales commissions; the portion of employees’ total compensation and payroll-related fringe benefits related directly to time spent performing acquisition activities, such as underwriting, issuing and processing policies for contracts that have actually been acquired; and other costs related directly to acquisition activities that would not have been incurred if the contract had not been acquired.

Contracts are grouped by contract type and issue year into cohorts consistent with the grouping used in estimating the associated liability. DAC is amortized on a constant level basis for the grouped contracts over the expected term of the related contracts to approximate straight-line amortization. For the CICA International and the CLOA businesses, the constant level basis used is policy count in force. For the SPLIC business, the constant level basis used is face amount in force. The constant level bases used for amortization are projected using mortality and lapse assumptions that are based on the Company’s experience, industry data, and other factors at the end of each reporting period and are consistent with those used for the liability for future policy benefit life reserves. Annually, the Company completes experience studies with respect to mortality and lapse assumptions. If those assumptions are updated, the DAC amortization basis is recalculated and the effect of the assumption change will be reflected in the cohort level amortization in future periods.

Amortization of DAC is included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The DAC balance on the consolidated balance sheets is reduced for actual experience in excess of expected experience. Changes in future estimates are recognized prospectively over the remaining expected contract term.

COST OF INSURANCE ACQUIRED

The Company recognizes an intangible asset that arises in the application of U.S. GAAP purchase accounting as the difference between the reported value and the fair value of insurance contract liabilities, or comparable amounts determined in purchased insurance business combinations. This intangible asset is referred to as the Cost of Insurance Acquired (“COIA”), which is amortized on a basis consistent with DAC, such that it is amortized in proportion to policies in force for the CICA International and the CLOA business and face amount in force for the SPLIC business to approximate straight-line amortization.

A recoverability test that considers, among other things, actual experience and projected future experience is performed at least annually. These annual recoverability tests are based initially on an estimate of the available premium (gross premium less the benefit and expense portion of premium) for the next 50 years. Management

December 31, 2025 | 10-K 65

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CITIZENS, INC.			NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
			(Continued)

believes that our COIA is recoverable for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. This belief is based upon the analysis performed on estimated future results of the block and our annual recoverability testing.

The value of COIA resulting from our various acquisitions was determined based on the present value of future profits discounted at annual rates ranging from 3.7% to 8.5%.

PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

Property and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation of property and equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the useful lives of the assets, ranging from three years to thirty years.

The following is a summary of property and equipment.


December 31, (In thousands)	2025		2024
Property and equipment:
Home office, land and buildings	$	3,986	3,995
Furniture and equipment	1,381		1,359
Electronic data processing equipment and computer software	6,454		6,044

Real estate and equipment leases (See Note 8)	7,359		7,789

Total property and equipment	19,180		19,187
Accumulated depreciation	(9,345)		(8,613)
Property and equipment, net	$	9,835	10,574

CITIZENS, INC. 10-K